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Diabetology
Number of Followers: 2  Open Access journalISSN (Online) 2673-4540 Published by MDPI  [258 journals]
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- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 19-27: Glycemia and New-Onset Diabetes among
COVID-19 Patients with Prediabetes: A Follow-Study of Case Series in India
Authors: Nirmala Devi Chandrasekaran, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
First page: 19
Abstract: Studies have shown that COVID-19 patients with prediabetes frequently present with high plasma glucose levels on hospital admission. However, whether the glycemic abnormalities are temporary or persist after recovery from the illness is unclear. We conducted a follow-up study of the case series of 69 COVID-19 patients with prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7–6.4%) who were admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India, from May to October 2020 and were discharged alive. Over a mean follow-up of 146.6 (SD: 72.5) days, the mean fasting plasma glucose rose significantly by 16.8 mg/dL (from 119.3–136.1 mg/dL), 2-hr post-prandial glucose by 61.0 mg/dL (from 176.2–237.2 mg/dL), and HbA1c by 0.6% (5.9–6.5%). Of the 49 (84.5%) patients who were discharged with glucose-lowering medications, 40 (81.6%) continued taking them at the first follow-up visit (mean of 50.1 days from admission), and 39 (79.6%) continued taking them at the second follow-up visit (mean of 114.3 days from the first follow-up visit). In addition, 12.1% of patients developed new-onset diabetes after recovery from the illness. These findings underscore the importance of regular monitoring of glycemic parameters in COVID-19 patients with prediabetes after recovery.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-01-06
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010003
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 28-29: Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of
Diabetology in 2022
Authors: Diabetology Editorial Office Diabetology Editorial Office
First page: 28
Abstract: High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-01-19
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010004
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 30-45: Are Dietary Sugars Potent Adipose Tissue
and Immune Cell Modulators'
Authors: Pedro Barbosa, Eugenia Carvalho
First page: 30
Abstract: Glucose, fructose, and galactose are widely used in the food industry as sweeteners and food additives. The over-consumption of these carbohydrates has been identified as a possible trigger of non-communicable diseases. These include insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. These sugars induce an energy overload with consequent adipose tissue (AT) expansion, contributing to the development of obesity. Furthermore, a common feature of these non-communicable diseases is the detrimental, chronic, low-grade inflammation contributing to their onset. In the present review, we identify the most widely used dietary free sugars and their direct impacts on AT metabolism and inflammation, as well as their involvement in systemic inflammation and effects on the immune cell phenotype and function. Additionally, we discuss the capacity of the free sugars to induce immune modulation, enhancing inflammation, an underlying hallmark of insulin resistance, obesity, and T2DM. Dietary sugars have an important and deleterious metabolic impact on AT and also on immune cells. More research is needed to effectively understand the impact of chronic exposure to high levels of individual or combined sugars on metabolism, with the impact on immunomodulation being especially important.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-01-19
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010005
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 46-61: Transitioning to Telehealth during
COVID-19: Experiences and Insights from Diabetes Prevention and Management
Program Providers in Los Angeles County
Authors: Sally L. Bullock, Telma Menendez, Liz Schwarte, Lisa Craypo, Jennifer T. Mosst, Gabrielle Green, Noel C. Barragan, Tony Kuo
First page: 46
Abstract: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 accelerated the efforts of several organizations providing the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) and the Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) program to rapidly transition from in-person service delivery to program administration via telehealth. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 National DPP and DSMES experts and providers in Los Angeles County to gain a better understanding of the challenges and benefits associated with this transition. Interviews were completed during June to October 2021. Thematic analyses were performed using the Social-Ecological Model as a guiding framework. The analyses revealed several factors that influenced the transition, including at the individual (e.g., technology and health behaviors), interpersonal (e.g., social connections and support), organizational (e.g., provider workload and program enrollment and retention), community (e.g., recruitment), and policy (e.g., government support and reimbursement for telehealth services) levels. Findings suggest that the transition to telehealth was challenging for most National DPP and DSMES providers. However, because of its lower cost, ability to reach long distances virtually, and potential efficiency when employed as part of a hybrid approach, this delivery modality remains viable, offering benefits beyond the traditional program models.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-01-31
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010006
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 62-63: Editorial to “Gender
Differences in Diabetes”
Authors: Giancarlo Tonolo
First page: 62
Abstract: Welcome to this Special Issue of Diabetology entitled “Gender Difference in Diabetes” [...]
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-02-03
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010007
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 64-75: The Lipids and Volume in Satiation and
Satiety (LIVES) Hypothesis: A Proposed Alternative Model for the
Pathogenesis of Obesity
Authors: Andrew Warrilow, Kate Pumpa, Shawn Somerset, Nenad Naumovski
First page: 64
Abstract: Obesity is one of the most important factors responsible for the marked increase in both the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in recent decades. Addressing the lifestyle factors associated with the progression to T2DM would present a potential rational early prevention strategy. The current evidence suggests that excessive energy intake is mediated via dietary fat. Biochemical signals released in response to the ingestion of food require supportive signalling from the presence of food in the stomach. The degree of supportive volume signalling emanating from the stomach influences both the satiation and satiety phases. The Lipids and Volume in Satiation and Satiety (LIVES) Hypothesis proposes that the biological feedback from fat intake appears to be influenced by the other macronutrients with which it is consumed. By identifying the various possible macronutrient combinations with fat, it is possible to construct a matrix of food composition/volume scenarios, which may help elucidate dysfunction in the human food energy regulation system within the context of the modern food environment.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-02-14
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010008
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 76-85: Knowledge of Diabetes among Adults at
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Jeemon Panniyammakal, Brian Oldenburg
First page: 76
Abstract: We aimed to study the knowledge of diabetes among individuals with a high risk for developing type 2 diabetes in the Trivandrum district of the Indian state of Kerala. The baseline data collected from 1007 participants of the Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program were analyzed. Diabetes knowledge was assessed using a scale adapted from a large nationwide study conducted in India. The composite score of the scale ranged from 0 to 8. The mean age of the participants was 46.0 (SD: 7.5) years, and 47.2% were women. The mean diabetes knowledge score was 6.9 (SD: 2.1), with 59.5% having the maximum possible score of 8. Of the 1007 participants, 968 (96.1%) had heard the term diabetes, and of them, 87.2% knew that the prevalence of diabetes is increasing, 92.9% knew at least one risk factor for diabetes, 79.6% knew that diabetes can cause complications in organs, and 75.9% knew that diabetes can be prevented. While the overall level of knowledge of diabetes about its risk factors, complications, and prevention was generally high, an alarmingly low proportion of participants knew that diabetes can affect key organs such as the eyes (24.0%), heart (20.1%), feet (10.2%), and nerves (2.9%), and nearly a quarter (24.1%) were not aware that diabetes can be prevented. It is essential to educate high-risk individuals about diabetes complications and the importance of and strategies for diabetes prevention in the Trivandrum district of Kerala.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-02-16
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010009
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 86-92: Managing Hospitalized Patients Taking
SGLT2 Inhibitors: Reducing the Risk of Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Julia Selwyn, Ariana R. Pichardo-Lowden
First page: 86
Abstract: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are emerging as an important therapy not only for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but also for heart disease and kidney disease. As these medicines gain acceptance, the number of hospitalized patients receiving them is likely to rise. During clinical trials, SGLT2 inhibitors were noted to have a potential risk for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), particularly DKA with relatively normal blood glucose levels, ‘euglycemic DKA’. Similar to DKA that is not associated with SGLT2 inhibitors, most of these events seem to be related to acute illnesses or other changes in a patient’s medications or self-management circumstances. This creates a need among hospital providers to create strategies to prevent DKA in their hospitalized patient and guidance on monitoring and treating euglycemic DKA. Our combined experience concerning this phenomenon has given a great deal of insight into this problem and the knowledge needed to improve patient care, by augmenting patient education, inpatient surveillance, and early treatment for euglycemic DKA.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-02-21
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010010
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 93-107: Achieving Remission in the Era of
Clinical Inertia: What Is Preventing Us from Treating Type 2 Diabetes'
Authors: Austen Suits, Ridhi Gudoor, Jay H. Shubrook
First page: 93
Abstract: Despite evolution in treatment options and improved understanding of pathophysiology, the treatment of type 2 diabetes remains unsatisfactory. Current management guidelines complicated by clinical inertia have resulted in over half of patients failing to meet glycemic targets. Expert consensus has defined a state of diabetes remission whereby treatment can induce sustained normalization of glucose levels. Evidence suggests that metabolic surgery, intensive lifestyle modification, and pharmacologic approaches are each viable options for achieving remission when implemented early in the disease course. The authors review each of these strategies and include practical considerations to aid in the pursuit of remission.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-02-24
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010011
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 108-118: Diabetes Management in Danish Primary
School: A Survey of Experiences of Parents of Children with Type 1
Diabetes
Authors: Mia K. Iken, Nuri C. Mateu, Lise B. Johansen, Kasper A. Pilgaard, Annette K. Mouritsen, Anders J. Schou, Line S. Høst, Anne Ø. Nannsen, Kurt Kristensen, Stine Hangaard, Mette Madsen, Dan Grabowski
First page: 108
Abstract: Supporting diabetes self-care in school is important for optimal glycemic control and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate parental experiences of diabetes management in Danish schools, with an emphasis on the importance of school staff support in self-care. This cross-sectional study surveyed parents of schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes aged 6 to 16 years in Denmark. The parents were identified among members of the Danish Diabetes Association and were invited to complete an online questionnaire. A total of 252 parents of schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes answered the questionnaire. Only 28% of the children had a designated staff member responsible for support in diabetes self-care during school hours. Having a designated staff member responsible for support in self-care was positively associated with parental experiences of better school–parent cooperation (p < 0.001), better experience of diabetes management in school (p < 0.001), and larger proportions of children and parents feeling comfortable in school (p = 0.022 and p = 0.049, respectively). School staff support was positively associated with better parental experience of diabetes management and with some parameters of mental health in schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes and their parents in Denmark.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-03-02
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010012
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 119-127: Lipodystrophies from Insulin
Injection: An Update of the Italian Consensus Statement of AMD-OSDI Study
Group on Injection Technique
Authors: Sandro Gentile, Ersilia Satta, Giuseppina Guarino, Felice Strollo
First page: 119
Abstract: The causes and metabolic consequences of lipohypertrophy (LH) from incorrect insulin injection techniques have been well-known for a long time and are the subject of countless publications. However, only some researchers propose structured research modalities for LH and programs to teach patients how to prevent them and minimize their effects, thus contributing to complete rehabilitation. Experts and scientific societies have produced consensus documents and recommendations to spread the culture of LH and its complications among clinicians. However, they should go deeper into LH detection methods. This short article analyzes the recent literature on the best way to explore and find more or less evident LH lesions by using a structured and validated clinical methodology to benefit the many clinicians without access to technological equipment such as ultrasonography. This text also aims to bring awareness that since the last published recommendations on injection techniques, new needles for insulin injection, more technologically advanced and suitable for specific populations, have come to market but still need a thorough evaluation.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2023-03-03
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010013
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2023)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 1-10: Impact of Sugars on Hypothalamic Satiety
Pathways and Its Contribution to Dysmetabolic States
Authors: Adriana M. Capucho, Silvia V. Conde
First page: 1
Abstract: Food behaviour is a complex and multifaceted cooperation between physiologic, psychological, social, and genetic factors, influencing meal timing, amount of food intake, food preferences, and food selections. Deregulation of the neurobiological mechanisms controlling food behaviour underlies the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, two epidemics of the present century. Several brain nuclei are involved in the regulation of the different components of food behaviours; the hypothalamus is the key in controlling appetite and energy homeostasis. In this review, we will explain the role of the hypothalamus in the control of food intake and its interplay with other brain nuclei important in food behaviour. We will also highlight the deregulation of satiety pathways in type 2 diabetes and obesity and the mechanisms behind this deregulation. Finally, knowing that there are different categories of sugars and that they differently impact food behaviours, we will review in a concise manner the studies referring to the effects of sugars in satiety and reward pathways and their impacts on metabolic diseases.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-12-24
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010001
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 4, Pages 11-18: The Impact of Moderate-to-High-Intensity
Exercise Protocols on Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Type 2 Diabetes
Patients
Authors: Ana Pedrosa, Guilherme Furtado, Marcelo Paes de Barros, André Luís Lacerda Bachi, José Pedro Ferreira, Vilma A. Sardão, Luís Rama, Ana Teixeira
First page: 11
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health issue that is closely linked to the epidemic of obesity. In addition to genetic factors, environmental and health-risk behaviours (i.e., high-carbohydrate diet and physical inactivity) contribute to a variety of pathophysiological disorders. Advanced exercise protocols, such as Moderate-to-intensity (MIT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), revealed a strategy for mitigating and/or attenuating the DTMII’s harmful effects by controlling glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The goals of this review were to summarize the most recent evidence on the impact of HIIT on HbA1c levels. A mini-review protocol was performed through the PubMed/Medline database. The search comprised experimental and randomized controlled trial studies published in English between 2016 and 2021. The terms HbA1c, T2DM, MIT and HIIT, and their analogues were used. A total of seven studies were finally included. Our findings showed that the HIIT protocol is an effective strategy to induce HbA1c balance and improve glycaemic control than moderate training. The HIIT conducted in the laboratory and involving aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer appears to be more efficient that MIT. Additional findings include improved beta-cell function, decreased low-grade inflammation, and the induction of cardiovascular benefits. More research is required to investigate the feasibility and safety of HIIT protocols in T2DM patients.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-12-28
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology4010002
Issue No: Vol. 4, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 502-513: A Pilot Study of the Effect of Evening
Almond Butter Consumption on Overnight and Fasting Interstitial Glucose
Authors: Emily A. Johnston, Nelson A. Roque, Barbara H. Cole, Michael P. Flanagan, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Kristina S. Petersen
First page: 502
Abstract: Approximately 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) experience an early-morning rise in fasting glucose that is not effectively treated by available oral hypoglycemic agents. This study aimed to determine the acute effect of consuming almond butter as an evening snack on fasting and overnight interstitial glucose, compared to a no-snack control, in people with T2D. Adults with T2D, not taking insulin, were recruited to participate in this two-week randomized, controlled, crossover pilot study. Participants received 2 tbsp of natural almond butter as an evening snack, or a no-snack control, for one week each. Glucose was measured by continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Analyses were performed using linear mixed effect modeling in R. Ten adults (60% female; age: 57 ± 5.6 years) completed the study. The intervention did not significantly influence fasting glucose [4–6 a.m.; β = 5.5, 95% CI = [−0.9, 12.0], p = 0.091; Marginal R2 = 0.001, Conditional R2 = 0.954] or overnight glucose (12–3 a.m.; β = 5.5, 95% CI = [−0.8, 11.8], p = 0.089; Marginal R2 = 0.001, Conditional R2 = 0.958). Significant variability in continuously measured glucose was observed. These findings will inform the design of a larger investigation.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-09-26
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040038
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 514-523: Neurocognitive Disorders in Post and
Long Covid Patients: Preliminary Data, Gender Differences and New Diabetes
Diagnosis
Authors: Concetta Mezzatesta, Sara Bazzano, Rosa Gesualdo, Simone Marchese, Maria Luisa Savona, Mario Tambone Reyes, Vincenzo Provenzano
First page: 514
Abstract: The research is based on a clinical observation of the neurological and neuro-cognitive status of 300 patients, belonging to the Partinico Hospital and the Post-Long Covid clinic, which had contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the period between April 2021 and May 2022. In this paper, we present the analysis of the first 100 patients subjected to a neurocognitive screening protocol. The procedure consists of tests that examine the mechanism of different brain domains to check for the presence of cognitive deficits that arose after the negativization of the viral infection. Through a neurocognitive protocol, the research aims to investigate different brain areas and mental functioning. This allowed us to raise the possibility that the presence of cognitive alterations may be related to the evidence of point-like brain alterations (from the cortex to the trunk) visible through neuroimaging techniques. In the article, we highlight the hypothesis that SARS-covid 2, as stated in recently published studies, can produce an alteration of executive functions such as to configure a real dysexecutive syndrome. This research evaluates the symptomatic gender variability within the sample, the presence of important differences in the affective state, and provides a first observation of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 in diabetic pathology as well.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-10-06
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040039
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 524-538: Investigating the Protective Effects
of a Rhenium (V) Compound with Uracil-Derived Ligands on Liver Damage
Associated with Prediabetes in Diet-Induced Prediabetic Rats
Authors: Angezwa Siboto, Akinjide Moses Akinnuga, Muhammed Bilaal Ismail, Irvin Noel Booysen, Ntethelelo Hopewell Sibiya, Phikelelani Ngubane, Andile Khathi
First page: 524
Abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with prediabetes and can be treated by using a combination of metformin and dietary modification. However, people often fail to adhere to dietary modifications and become more dependent on pharmaceutical intervention, and this affects the effectiveness of the drug. In this study, we investigated the effects of rhenium (V) compound with uracil-derived ligands on liver health in diet-induced prediabetic rats in both the presence and absence of dietary modification. Prediabetic male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with the rhenium (V) compound for 12 weeks in both the presence and absence of dietary modification while monitoring fasting blood glucose levels. Antioxidant enzyme activity, inflammation markers and liver enzymes were measured together with liver glycogen and plasma triglycerides after sacrificing. The administration of rhenium (V) compound to prediabetic rats in both the presence and absence of dietary modification resulted in reduced concentrations of fasting blood glucose and triglycerides. There was also reduced liver glycogen, oxidative stress and liver enzymes while increasing antioxidant enzymes. Altogether, the rhenium (V) compound ameliorated liver injury and prevented hepatotoxicity.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-10-17
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040040
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 539-548: Glucocorticoid Receptor Blockers
Pretreatment Did Not Improve Infarct Volume in Type-2 Diabetic Mouse Model
of Stroke
Authors: Rashmi Kumari, Lisa Willing
First page: 539
Abstract: Impaired glucocorticoid signaling in diabetes mellitus and its relation to suppressed immune function and hyperglycemia during acute stroke has been shown to be detrimental. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) blockers in a type-2 diabetic mouse model following hypoxia–ischemia (HI). We induced stroke in diabetic db/db and non-diabetic db/+ mice by unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 20 min of HI. Mice were pretreated with RU-486, GCRII blocker (40 mg/kg), intraperitoneally, the day before, during stroke and post-HI. Blood and brain samples were collected at 24 h post-HI to measure blood glucose, corticosterone and infarct size. Similarly, another set of mice was pretreated with RU-486 + spironolactone, GCR1 blocker (25 mg/kg) subcutaneously for a week before inducing stroke and during recovery. Samples were collected at 48 h post-HI for various analyses. RU-486 treatment did not lower the blood glucose significantly, but RU-486 + spironolactone decreased the blood glucose in db/db mice post-HI. However, none of the treatment groups decreased the ischemia-induced serum corticosterone level or infarct size. This study suggests that even though GCR blockers improve hyperglycemia, they did not improve the infarct volume.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-10-21
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040041
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 549-560: Impact of Dietary Sugars on Gut
Microbiota and Metabolic Health
Authors: Karina Garcia, Gonçalo Ferreira, Flávio Reis, Sofia Viana
First page: 549
Abstract: Excessive sugar consumption is a risk factor for the development of several disorders, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological conditions and even some cancers, and has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. The popularization of the typical Western diet, featured by an excessive intake of saturated fats and added sugars and a low consumption of unprocessed fruits, vegetables and fiber, may directly affect the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota, staggering the balance of the intestinal microbiome that ultimately culminates into gut dysbiosis. Although added sugars in the form of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners are generally considered as safe, a growing body of evidence correlate their consumption with adverse effects on gut microbial ecosystem; namely an abnormal synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, altered intestinal barrier integrity and chronic inflammation that often fuel a panoply of metabolic conditions. Accordingly, this work revisited the available preclinical evidence concerning the impact of different types of dietary sugars—nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners—on gut microbiota and metabolic health. Future research should consider gender and species vulnerability when the impact of such substances on GM community and metabolic health is scrutinized in order to guide their adequate use at doses relevant to human use.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-10-28
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040042
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 561-582: Augmentation and Evaluation of an
Olive Oil Based Polyherbal Combination against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in
Experimental Model of Rodents
Authors: Arshiya Shamim, Hefazat H. Siddiqui, Tarique Mahmood, Tanveer A. Wani, Seema Zargar, Mohammad Haris Siddiqui, Alvina Farooqui, Farogh Ahsan, Mohammad Shariq, Saba Parveen, Muhammad Wahajuddin, Pranay Wal, Akash Ved
First page: 561
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is prima facie a cause for numerous macro and micro vascular complications. A common macroscopic complication associated with diabetes is cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle, where the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid. As cardiomyopathy worsens, the heart becomes weaker and is unable to conduct the right amount of blood through the body and maintain a normal electrical rhythm. This can lead to heart failure or arrhythmias. Chronic diabetes is one of the instigating factors behind the etiology of this cardiac complication. Type-II diabetes is associated with impaired glucose metabolism that increases the dependence of a diabetic heart on fatty acid oxidation to meet its functional demands, resulting in mitochondrial uncoupling, glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and initially subclinical cardiac dysfunction that finally gives way to heart failure. The increasing diabetic population with cardiac disorders and the ironically decreasing trend in newer medications to counter this complication leave us at a crossroads for pharmacological management of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Keeping this in view, the present study proclaims a newly developed polyherbal combination (PHC) with three herbs, namely Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Boerhavia diffusa based in olive oil and administered in fixed dose (PHC-6 and PHC-10) to screen its cardioprotective potential against a well-established experimental model for diabetic cardiomyopathy. The three herbs mentioned have been known through the traditional literature for their antidiabetic and cardioprotective roles, hence they became the obvious choice. The study follows an experimental model proposed by Reed et al., where the capacity of the β-cell is unobtrusively impeded without totally compromising insulin release, bringing about a moderate disability in glucose resilience. Various sophisticated parameters, namely intraventricular septum thickness of hearts, Western blot of α/β- MHC monoclonal antibody (Ab), cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, medium chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) enzyme, etc. showed promising results where treatment with PHC (PHC-6 and PHC-10) significantly (*** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001) prevented the symptoms of cardiomyopathy in subsequent groups when compared to disease control group.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-11-02
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040043
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 583-595: The Bitter Side of Sugar Consumption:
A Mitochondrial Perspective on Diabetes Development
Authors: Mariana S. Diniz, Carolina Tocantins, Luís F. Grilo, Susana P. Pereira
First page: 583
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased worldwide at an alarming rate. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major risk factor for T2D development. One of the main reasons for the abrupt rise in MetS incidence, besides a sedentary lifestyle, is the westernized diet consumption, with high content of industrialized foods, rich in added dietary sugars (DS), mainly sucrose and fructose. It has been suggested that a higher intake of DS could impair metabolic function, inducing MetS, and predisposing to T2D. However, it remains poorly explored how excessive DS intake modulates mitochondrial function, a key player in metabolism. This review explores the relationship between increased consumption of DS and mitochondrial dysfunction associated with T2D development, pointing to a contribution of the diet-induced accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), with brief insights on the impact of maternal high-sugar diet and AGEs consumption during gestation on offspring increased risk of developing T2D later in life, contributing to perpetuate T2D propagation.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-11-07
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040044
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 596-605: Gut Metabolism of Sugars: Formation of
Glycotoxins and Their Intestinal Absorption
Authors: Tamaeh Monteiro-Alfredo, Paulo Matafome
First page: 596
Abstract: Glycotoxins include the group of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their precursors, most of them highly reactive intermediary compounds of sugar metabolism. Glycotoxins and products of the Maillard reaction are present in high concentrations in foods rich in sugars and processed at high temperatures and are often associated with the flavour of the food. Proteins undergoing this type of molecular modification are targets for gut peptidases and may be absorbed into circulation. AGEs are associated with the toxic effects of glucose in diabetic patients, and some studies have shown that they also contribute to metabolically unhealthy obesity and prediabetes development. Restriction of dietary glycotoxins was shown to improve insulin resistance in humans. However, the real contribution of dietary AGEs to such mechanisms is still not understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge about glycotoxin formation from dietary sugars, their digestion throughout the gastrointestinal system, and the mechanisms of their intestinal absorption.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-11-10
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040045
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 606-614: Diet Modifications towards Restoration
of Insulin Sensitivity and Daily Insulin Fluctuations in Diabetes
Authors: Ana Magalhães, Cátia Barra, Ana Borges, Lèlita Santos
First page: 606
Abstract: The circadian rhythm is essential in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Disruption of circadian mechanisms is associated with the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Lifestyle changes such as an equilibrated diet and physical activity are known to improve glycaemic control in diabetic patients. One of the mechanisms possibly involved in such an improvement is the restoration of insulin circadian rhythms. There are several available dietary schemes based on circadian rhythms. Some of them are associated with better regulation of daily insulin fluctuations and the improvement of Type 2 Diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In the current review, we aim to explore how the different types of diet can impact glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes, highlighting the interactions with the mechanisms of circadian insulin rhythm and the prevention of hyperinsulinemia.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-11-22
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040046
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 615-619: Insulin Injection-Related Skin
Lipodystrophies: Blemish or Pathology'
Authors: Felice Strollo, Ersilia Satta, Sandro Gentile
First page: 615
Abstract: The number of adult individuals with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (DM) is steadily increasing worldwide. The main local complications of insulin injection are lipohypertrophies (LHs), i.e., subcutaneous nodules consisting of aggregates of macro-adipocytes and fibrin. These nodules result from errors repeatedly made by patients while injecting insulin. Despite being very common, LH lesions/nodules due to incorrect insulin injection techniques are often flat and hardly visible and thus require thorough deep palpation examination and ultrasonography (US) for detection. Identifying LHs is crucial, especially in elderly and frail subjects, because they may eventually result in poor diabetes control due to associated unpredictable insulin release patterns. Raising awareness of the adequate detection of LHs and their clinical consequences is crucial and urgent. A call to action is required on this topic at all levels of undergraduate and postgraduate education.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040047
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 620-633: Multicenter, Open Label, Randomized
Controlled Superiority Trial for Availability to Reduce Nocturnal
Urination Frequency: Study Protocol for a TOP-STAR Study
Authors: Hanako Nakajima, Hiroshi Okada, Akinori Kogure, Takafumi Osaka, Takeshi Tsutsumi, Toru Tanaka, Goji Hasegawa, Shinichi Mogami, Kazuteru Mitsuhashi, Noriyuki Kitagawa, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Miho Yano, Muhei Tanaka, Akane Kitamura, Michiyo Ishii, Naoto Nakamura, Akio Kishi, Emi Ushigome, Masahide Hamaguchi, Michiaki Fukui
First page: 620
Abstract: Nocturia is a common disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that can reduce the quality of life. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors increase the urine volume and are often discontinued when polyuria occurs, although tofogliflozin, which has a short half-life in the blood, may improve nocturia by managing hyperglycemia and hypertension, without aggravating nocturia. As excessive sodium intake worsens nocturia and increases urine volume, sodium restriction is also effective in managing nocturia. This multicenter, open-label, randomized parallel-group trial will examine 80 patients with type 2 diabetes who experienced nocturia. After the baseline examination, the patients are randomly stratified into two groups and receive tofogliflozin treatment with or without sodium restriction for 12 weeks. The primary outcome is nocturia frequency at 12 weeks. The secondary outcomes are the frequency of daytime urine, changes in urine volume, and changes in home blood pressure.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-12-07
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040048
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 634-638: Sources of Free and Added Sugars and
Their Nutritional Impact in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Tatiana Fernandes, Ana Faria, Helena Loureiro
First page: 634
Abstract: A high consumption of sugar leads to an increase in caloric intake, which in turn will lead to a higher risk of developing health issues. Foods contain both naturally occurring sugars and added sugars. The World Health Organization recommends that the daily intake of free sugars be below 10% of the total daily energy intake. Food performs a key role in maintaining an adequate glycaemic control in people with diabetes. However, there is a low compliance to dietary recommendations, namely in the amount of sugar intake. This review article aims to assess and compare the intake of various types of sugars in the general population and among individuals with and without a diabetes diagnosis, identify the food sources that contribute to the intake of free and added sugars, and understand their impact on health. Studies performed on the general population found that the consumption of sugar was high, and that children and teens are more likely to exceed the recommended amounts. It was found that diabetics consume less total and added sugar than non-diabetics, as well as a less sugary drinks. Guidelines and public health policy measures aimed at limiting the intake of free and added sugars are needed in order to minimize the consumption of foods high in empty calories.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-12-12
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3040049
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 4 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 384-392: Gender Inequality and Well-Being of
Healthcare Workers in Diabetology: A Pilot Study
Authors: Tatiana Lai, Sofia Cincotti, Cristian Pisu
First page: 384
Abstract: Several factors affect the relationship between a diabetic patient and a healthcare worker. Among these, there is the well-being of healthcare workers and how they perceive their work environment, especially in the context of the presence or absence of gender inequality. To show the importance of these aspects, a selected sample of healthcare workers who were exposed daily to people (mainly diabetic patients) within the working environment were interviewed. The different opinions of the interviewees show that in an environment where factors that negatively affected their work and personal well-being were minimized, healthcare workers were able to fully express their potential. They expressed great satisfaction with their work involving daily contact with patients, while achieving the type of patient–healthcare worker relationship model desired for a better management of diabetic patients’ care.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-06-21
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030029
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 393-406: Verapamil and Its Role in Diabetes
Authors: Paul Zimmermann, Felix Aberer, Max L. Eckstein, Sandra Haupt, Maximilian P. Erlmann, Othmar Moser
First page: 393
Abstract: Autoimmune pancreatic β-cell loss and destruction play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of type 1 diabetes, with a prospective increased risk for developing micro- and macrovascular complications. In this regard, orally administrated verapamil, a calcium channel antagonist, usually intended for use as an anti-arrhythmic drug, has previously shown potential beneficial effects on β-cell preservation in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, observational data suggest a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes development. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well investigated and remain widely inconclusive. The aim of this narrative review was to detail the role of verapamil in promoting endogenous β-cell function, potentially eligible for early treatment in type 1 diabetes, and to summarize existing evidence on its effect on glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-07-06
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030030
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 407-422: Implementation of Chronic Care Model
for Diabetes Self-Management: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Rashid M. Ansari, Mark F. Harris, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Nicholas Zwar
First page: 407
Abstract: Objective: The main aim of this study was to implement the Chronic Care Model (CCM) for the self-management of type 2 diabetes in primary health care settings of rural areas of Pakistan and identify its effectiveness and develop strategies for overcoming its challenges. The two core elements of the Chronic Care Model: patient Self-Management Support (SMS) and Delivery System Design (DSD), were implemented to improve the quality of life and risk behaviour of type 2 diabetes patients in the middle-aged population of rural Pakistan. Methods: Thirty patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 healthcare professionals were included in this study consisting of 10 general practitioners and 10 nurses recruited from various clinics (medical centres) of Al-Rehman Hospital in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The quantitative content analysis method was used to identify the frequency of the most recurring statements. A t-test was performed to see the mean difference of HbA1c at baseline after 3-months and 6-months follow-up between male and female patients with diabetes. The hypothesis was tested to identify that diabetes self-management has a gendered dimension in rural areas of Pakistan. Results: The quantitative analysis demonstrated that diabetes self-management has a gendered dimension in the rural areas of Pakistan as the mean difference of HbA1c after a 6-month intervention of the two components of the chronic care model between male and female patients of diabetes was 0.83 (p = 0.039) with 95% CI (−0.05; −1.61). The mean difference in BMI after the intervention of 6 months between males and females was significant (p < 0.05). The mean difference was 4.97 kg/m2, p = 0.040 with 95% CI (−0.24; −9.69). The results have shown that the two components of CCM were effective and improved clinical outcomes for diabetes patients of the rural areas of Pakistan. Conclusions: The application of the two Chronic Care Model’s components provided a viable structure for diabetes self-management education and assistance. As a result, developing systems that incorporate long-term diabetes self-management education has an effect on the health care system’s outcomes.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-07-06
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030031
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 423-446: Effects of Acute Muscle Contraction on
the Key Molecules in Insulin and Akt Signaling in Skeletal Muscle in
Health and in Insulin Resistant States
Authors: Gagandeep Mann, Michael C. Riddell, Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
First page: 423
Abstract: Insulin signaling plays a key role in glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and protein and lipid synthesis. In insulin-resistant states like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, these processes are dysregulated. Regular physical exercise is a potential therapeutic strategy against insulin resistance, as an acute bout of exercise increases glucose disposal during the activity and for hours into recovery. Chronic exercise increases the activation of proteins involved in insulin signaling and increases glucose transport, even in insulin resistant states. Here, we will focus on the effect of acute exercise on insulin signaling and protein kinase B (Akt) pathways. Activation of proximal proteins involved in insulin signaling (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphoinoside-3 kinase (PI3K)) are unchanged in response to acute exercise/contraction, while activation of Akt and of its substrates, TBC1 domain family 1 (TBC1D1), and TBC domain family 4 (TBC1D4) increases in response to such exercise/contraction. A wide array of Akt substrates is also regulated by exercise. Additionally, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) seems to be a main mediator of the benefits of exercise on skeletal muscle. Questions persist on how mTORC1 and AMPK, two opposing regulators, are both upregulated after an acute bout of exercise.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-07-28
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030032
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 447-459: Narrative Review: Obesity, Type 2 DM
and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea—Common Bedfellows
Authors: Dimitar Sajkov, Bliegh Mupunga, Jeffrey J. Bowden, Christopher Langton, Nikolai Petrovsky
First page: 447
Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and type 2 DM mellitus (T2DM) share obesity as a major risk factor. Furthermore, these conditions share overlapping mechanisms including inflammation, activation of the autonomic nervous system, and hypoxia-linked endocrinopathy. Hence, the pathogenesis of the two conditions may be more closely related than previously recognised. This raises the question of whether treatment of OSA might assist resolution of obesity and/or T2DM. Here, we present a narrative review of the literature to identify clinical and scientific data on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea and T2DM control. We found there is a paucity of adequately powered well-controlled clinical trials to directly test for a causal association. While routine screening of all T2DM patients with polysomnography cannot currently be justified, given the high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in the overweight/obese population, all T2DM patients should at a minimum have a clinical assessment of potential obstructive sleep apnoea risk as part of their routine clinical care. In particular, screening questionnaires can be used to identify T2DM subjects at higher risk of OSA for consideration of formal polysomnography studies. Due to morbid obesity being a common feature in both T2DM and OSA, polysomnography should be considered as a screening tool in such high-risk individuals.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-08-08
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030033
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 460-469: Why We Need Sex-Gender Medicine: The
Striking Example of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Giuseppe Seghieri, Flavia Franconi, Ilaria Campesi
First page: 460
Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a widespread and a chronic disease associated with micro- and macrovascular complications and is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which are among the most important causes of death in diabetic patients. This disease is strongly affected by sex and gender: sex-gender differences have been reported to affect diabetes epidemiology and risk factors, as well as cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes. This suggests the need for different therapeutic approaches for the management of diabetes-associated complications in men and women. In this review, we describe the known sex-gender differences in diabetic men and women and discuss the therapeutic approaches for their management. The data reported in this review show that a sex-gender approach in medicine is mandatory to maximize the scientific rigor and value of the research. Sex-gender studies need interdisciplinarity and intersectionality aimed at offering the most appropriate care to each person.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-08-11
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030034
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 470-476: Hypothetical Reason for the
Restoration of HbA1c Level for Pre-Diabetic Patients through the Recovery
of Arterial Blood Flow Access to Rhomboid Fossa
Authors: Alexandre A. Vetcher, Kirill V. Zhukov, Bagrat A. Gasparyan, Alexander Y. Shishonin
First page: 470
Abstract: We demonstrate that the recovery of cervical vertebral arterial blood flow access to the rhomboid fossa causes the restoration of HbA1c level for the patients with pre-diabetic (pre-DM) condition. This observation is in good agreement with the consideration of the human body as a dissipative structure. Such consideration is the focus of the recently announced centralized aerobic-anaerobic energy balance compensation (CAAEBC) theory. According to the theory, observed connections between high blood pressure (HBP) and the lifted level of HbA1c can be hypothetically linked through the restrictions of blood flow access to rhomboid fossa, causing the delivery of incorrect information of blood oxygen availability. Below we provide detailed information of how in this case CAAEBC theory explains the very initiation of multiple chronic diseases, starting with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM).
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-08-16
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030035
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 477-493: Diabetic Ketoacidosis Was Associated
with High Morbidity and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19
in the NYC Public Health System
Authors: Sahana Parthasarathy, Natalia Chamorro-Pareja, Amrin Kharawala, Kenneth H Hupart, Joan Curcio, Christina Coyle, Daniel Buchnea, Dimitris Karamanis, Robert Faillace, Leonidas Palaiodimos, Preeti Kishore
First page: 477
Abstract: Background: COVID-19 has been associated with a higher risk of death in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, there is a dearth of data regarding the effects of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in these patients. We explored the in-hospital outcomes of patients who presented with COVID-19 and DKA. Methods: A propensity score-matched observational retrospective cohort study was conducted in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the public healthcare system of New York City from 1 March 2020 to 31 October 2020. Patients were matched, and a subgroup analysis of patients with DKA and COVID-19 and patients without COVID-19 was conducted. Results: 13,333 (16.0%) patients with COVID-19 and 70,005 (84.0%) without COVID-19 were included in the analysis. The in-hospital mortality rate was seven-fold in patients with DKA and COVID-19 compared to patients with COVID-19 and without DKA (80 (36.5%) vs. 11 (5.4%), p < 0.001). Patients with COVID-19 and DKA had a two-fold higher likelihood for in-hospital death (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.41–2.70; p < 0.001) after adjusting for multiple variables. Conclusions: DKA was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-09-06
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030036
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 494-501: An Evaluation of Point-of-Care HbA1c,
HbA1c Home Kits, and Glucose Management Indicator: Potential Solutions for
Telehealth Glycemic Assessments
Authors: Dessi P. Zaharieva, Ananta Addala, Priya Prahalad, Brianna Leverenz, Nora Arrizon-Ruiz, Victoria Y. Ding, Manisha Desai, Amy B. Karger, David M. Maahs
First page: 494
Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer in-person clinic visits resulted in fewer point-of-care (POC) HbA1c measurements. In this sub-study, we assessed the performance of alternative glycemic measures that can be obtained remotely, such as HbA1c home kits and Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) values from Dexcom Clarity. Home kit HbA1c (n = 99), GMI, (n = 88), and POC HbA1c (n = 32) were collected from youth with T1D (age 9.7 ± 4.6 years). Bland–Altman analyses and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (𝜌c) were used to characterize the agreement between paired HbA1c measures. Both the HbA1c home kit and GMI showed a slight positive bias (mean difference 0.18% and 0.34%, respectively) and strong concordance with POC HbA1c (𝜌c = 0.982 [0.965, 0.991] and 0.823 [0.686, 0.904], respectively). GMI showed a slight positive bias (mean difference 0.28%) and fair concordance (𝜌c = 0.750 [0.658, 0.820]) to the HbA1c home kit. In conclusion, the strong concordance of GMI and home kits to POC A1c measures suggest their utility in telehealth visits assessments. Although these are not candidates for replacement, these measures can facilitate telehealth visits, particularly in the context of other POC HbA1c measurements from an individual.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-09-13
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3030037
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 3 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 266-267: Editorial: Diabetology: Feature Papers
2021
Authors: Peter M. Clifton
First page: 266
Abstract: We begin this editorial with a discussion about insulin [...]
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-04-01
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020017
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 268-275: Evaluating the Influence of Mood and
Stress on Glycemic Variability in People with T1DM Using Glucose
Monitoring Sensors and Pools
Authors: Jose Manuel Velasco, Marta Botella-Serrano, Almudena Sánchez-Sánchez, Aranzazu Aramendi, Remedios Martínez, Esther Maqueda, Oscar Garnica, Sergio Contador, Juan Lanchares, José Ignacio Hidalgo
First page: 268
Abstract: Objective: Assess in a sample of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus whether mood and stress influence blood glucose levels and variability. Material and Methods: Continuous glucose monitoring was performed on 10 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, where interstitial glucose values were recorded every 15 min. A daily survey was conducted through Google Forms, collecting information on mood and stress. The day was divided into six slots of 4-h each, asking the patient to assess each slot in relation to mood (sad, normal or happy) and stress (calm, normal or nervous). Different measures of glycemic control (arithmetic mean and percentage of time below/above the target range) and variability (standard deviation, percentage coefficient of variation, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and mean of daily differences) were calculated to relate the mood and stress perceived by patients with blood glucose levels and glycemic variability. A hypothesis test was carried out to quantitatively compare the data groups of the different measures using the Student’s t-test. Results: Statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.05) were found between different levels of stress. In general, average glucose and variability decrease when the patient is calm. There are statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.05) between different levels of mood. Variability increases when the mood changes from sad to happy. However, the patient’s average glucose decreases as the mood improves. Conclusions: Variations in mood and stress significantly influence blood glucose levels, and glycemic variability in the patients analyzed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, they are factors to consider for improving glycemic control. The mean of daily differences does not seem to be a good indicator for variability.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-04-11
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020018
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 276-291: Fasting during Ramadan: A
Comprehensive Review for Primary Care Providers
Authors: Sumera Ahmed, Natasha Khokhar, Jay H. Shubrook
First page: 276
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus has become a non-infectious pandemic. The incidence of T2D has risen dramatically and recent rates have increased in many countries including Muslim countries. As the number of people who participate in Ramadan increases, health care professionals will need to become familiar with the traditions and help people stay healthy during the holy month of Ramadan. A key part of Ramadan is the practice of one month of fasting from sunrise to sunset. While this is a religious practice, it has significant impacts on the management of people with diabetes. This article will discuss the traditions associated with Ramadan and how to help people safely manage their diabetes while participating in Ramadan.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-04-11
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020019
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 292-309: Beneficial Effects of the Ketogenic
Diet in Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Authors: Anouk Charlot, Joffrey Zoll
First page: 292
Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major societal concern due to its increasing prevalence and its high risk of cardiovascular complications. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high fat, low carbohydrate, and non-caloric restrictive diet, is a new popular weight loss intervention but its beneficial effects are controversial. This study aims to gather all of the relevant studies using KD for metabolic disease treatment to determine its beneficial effects and evaluate its safety and efficacy for patients. Following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we included 20 articles in the final review. Overall, most of the studies showed a significant effect of KD on weight loss (17/19 articles), BMI (7/7), glucose levels (9/13), insulin levels (7/9), HOMA-IR (4/5), HbA1c (7/7), total cholesterol (6/9), TG (13/15), AST (3/4), and ALT (3/5), and no major side effects. The results heterogeneity seems to be explained by a difference of diet composition and duration. In conclusion, KD is a safety diet which seems to be a promising approach for obesity and MetS treatment, even if the optimal carbohydrate proportion and diet duration must be explored to enhance the beneficial effects of KD.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-04-24
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020020
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 310-314: Running with Type 1 Diabetes: A Case
Report on the Benefit of Sensor Technology
Authors: Nireshni Chellan, Christo J. F. Muller
First page: 310
Abstract: Technological advances in the management and treatment of type 1 diabetes have afforded some patients the resources to better manage their condition and live full, healthy lives. One of these technologies is continuous glucose monitoring which allows patients and medical practitioners alike to receive real-time blood glucose readings, evaluate trends, and tailor insulin dosing to avoid both hyper- and hypoglycemic events. The benefit of such technology during exercise, particularly running or cycling, is invaluable. In this case report, we describe the effect of using a continuous glucose monitoring technology in a 38-year-old, brittle, type 1 diabetic female runner over two years. The combined effect of continuous glucose monitoring and exercise, primarily running, resulted in an almost two-fold reduction in HbA1C, a 21% reduction in total daily insulin usage from diagnosis approximately 20 years ago. The patient recorded an over 100% improvement in running capacity.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-04-24
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020021
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 315-327: Comparison between Policaptil Gel
Retard and Metformin by Testing of Temporal Changes in Patients with
Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Giuseppina Guarino, Felice Strollo, Teresa Della-Corte, Ersilia Satta, Carmine Romano, Carmelo Alfarone, Gerardo Corigliano, Marco Corigliano, Giuseppe Cozzolino, Clementina Brancario, Carmine Martino, Domenica Oliva, Agostino Vecchiato, Clelia Lamberti, Luca Franco, Sandro Gentile
First page: 315
Abstract: Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a pathologic condition characterized by Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Until now, specific drugs such as metformin (MET) have been used to address its individual components; however, according to the recommendation of WHO, various plant extracts might be used as alternative medicines due to the side effects of pharmacologic agents. Policaptil Gel Retard® (PGR), a macromolecule complex based on polysaccharides which slows down the absorption rates of carbohydrates and fats, proved effective against glucose abnormalities. Our study aimed to verify the short-term efficacy and safety of PGR under real-life conditions. Methods: We evaluated both the 6-month changes in metabolic parameters in Italian patients with MS and T2DM, and the 10-year CV risk score (10-y-CV-RS) from the CUORE equation, competitively randomized to Policaptil Gel Retard (2172 mg before each main meal); Group A, n = 75, or Metformin (1500–2000 mg/day equally divided between the two main meals), and Group B, n = 75. Results: Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c decreased significantly and similarly (p < 0.001) in the two groups. A significant decrease in BMI (−20% in the PGR group (p < 0.01), −14.3% in the MET group (p < 0.05)), % visceral fat, and UA levels was also apparent in both groups (p < 0.01). The opposite occurred for lipid profile, which improved significantly in the PGR group but remained unchanged in the MET group. Consequently, only the PGR group experienced a significant decrease in the 10-y-CV-RS (31.4 ± 8.0 vs. 19.7 ± 5.2, p < 0.0001), whereas this remained unchanged in the MET group (32.2 ± 3.3 vs. 30.5 ± 8.7; p n.s.). Conclusions: PGR could represent a suitable alternative to MET as a first-line treatment option, especially now that an ever-increasing number of people prefer natural products based on plant extracts. This is particularly pertinent given that, besides trying to avoid gastrointestinal side-effects as much as possible, patients might be sensitive to ecotoxicology-related problems involving plants and animals caused by the worldwide spread of environmental MET metabolites.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-04-26
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020022
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 328-333: Gender Differences in Migration
Authors: Francesca Ena
First page: 328
Abstract: There are about 200 million people on the move in the world, and approximately 50% of them are women. There are no clear migration plans for women leaving as a result of persecution, war, famine, climatic disasters or moving away from contexts of external abuse and even intrafamily violence. Gender-related violence, to which women are exposed in cultural contexts characterized by a patriarchal social organization, is manifested through different ways including, but not limited to, early marriages and genital mutilation, with reproductive health already being seriously impaired at an early age. To this must be added the consideration that low-income countries are not able to deal with chronic degenerative diseases with a multidisciplinary approach such as diabetes. Fragile or non-existent health systems are not prepared for this need, which now affects a third of all deaths from this cause. Compared to Italian mothers, women from high-migration pressure countries had a higher risk of gestational diabetes; in addition, young women of Ethiopian ethnicity are more exposed to increased diabetes risk, in an age- and BMI-dependent way. Gender inequalities are also more evident in migrants for other non-communicable diseases besides diabetes. A major effort is needed in terms of training practitioners and reorganization of basic health services, making them competent in an intercultural sense. Health education of the population as a whole and of women specifically is also needed to contain risk behavior and prevent the early onset of metabolic syndromes in general and of type 2 diabetes in particular.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-05-05
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020023
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 334-347: Improved Self-Management in People
with Type 1 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study of Sense of Coherence in Daily
Life One Year after the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Denmark
Authors: Kristine Zoëga Mikkelsen, Anna-Sofie Holtze Rosholm, Kim Lee, Dan Grabowski
First page: 334
Abstract: During the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic, people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were worried, stressed, and experienced changes in their self-management practices. Studies found that many had difficulties managing their disease, while others showed improvements. Since the first lockdown, the virus and subsequent lockdowns have become a more regular part of everyday life. The present study investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic, one year after its outbreak, has affected self-management in people with T1D. The dataset consisted of seven semi-structured interviews with adults with T1D, which were interpreted using Antonovsky’s theory of Sense of Coherence (SOC). We found that the pandemic and the ensuing lockdowns had contributed to better self-management in people with T1D, as they had developed a strong SOC. Knowledge from healthcare professionals and their own experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic had caused them to experience stronger comprehensibility, which had been crucial to experiencing strong manageability, enabling them to make active choices to maintain good glycemic control. Furthermore, better opportunities and more motivation had allowed them to experience stronger meaningfulness regarding immersing themselves in their treatment. Our findings show that, during health crises, having a strong SOC is important for disease management among people with T1D.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-05-05
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020024
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 348-354: Can Health Improvements from a
Community-Based Exercise and Lifestyle Program for Older Adults with Type
2 Diabetes Be Maintained' A Follow up Study
Authors: Morwenna Kirwan, Kylie Gwynne, Thomas Laing, Mellissa Hay, Noureen Chowdhury, Christine L. Chiu
First page: 348
Abstract: Background: Older people consistently report a desire to remain at home. Beat It is a community-based exercise and lifestyle intervention that uses evidence-based strategies to assist older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to improve physical and functional fitness, which are crucial to maintain independence. This follow up, real-world study assessed the efficacy of Beat It and whether older adults with T2DM were able to maintain improvements in physical activity, waist circumference and fitness one year post completion. Methods: We have previously reported methods and results of short-term outcomes of Beat It. This paper reports anthropometric measurements and physical fitness outcomes of Beat it at 12-months post program completion and compares them to validated standards of fitness required to retain physical independence. Results: Improvements that were observed post program were maintained at 12 months (n = 43). While the number of participants who met fitness standards increased post program, not all increases were maintained at 12 months. Conclusions: This study provides promising early evidence that an eight-week, twenty-hour community-based clinician-led exercise and lifestyle program can improve health outcomes in older adults with T2DM which were retained for at least a year after program completion.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-05-19
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020025
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 355-363: Is Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Connected with Cognition' The Complex Interplay between Liver and
Brain
Authors: Matina Kouvari, Domenico Sergi, Nathan D’Cunha, Amanda Bulman, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, Nenad Naumovski
First page: 355
Abstract: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is increasing in parallel with the rising rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Approximately one in four adults are diagnosed with liver steatosis globally. NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity, visceral adiposity, and dyslipidaemia. These risk factors are often accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress, which also play a role in extrahepatic diseases, including conditions related to the central nervous system, such as mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The number of people living with dementia is approximately 55 million and is estimated to increase to approximately 2 billion people by 2050. Recent studies have found that NAFLD is associated with poorer cognition. The aim of this review was to summarise the findings of hitherto studies that have linked NAFLD with cognition and dementia, as well as to discuss the potential liver–brain pathways.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-06-14
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020026
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 364-368: Gender Difference in Type 1 Diabetes:
An Underevaluated Dimension of the Disease
Authors: Patrizio Tatti, Singh Pavandeep
First page: 364
Abstract: Gender difference in all fields of medicine and biology has recently become a topic of great interest. At present, most studies report gender differences in their secondary analysis; however, this information receives scant attention from clinicians, and is often overwhelmed by press trumpeting the overall main positive results. Furthermore, and more importantly, any statistical evaluation of results obtained without specific and careful planning in the study for the topic of research is probably worthless. There are few studies in animals, but these are not typically useful because of the different biology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics compared to humans. Type 1 diabetes is a disease where gender difference can be easily evaluated. Irrespective of the cause of the loss of pancreatic beta-cell function, the common denominators of all forms of type 1 diabetes are the absence of circulating insulin and a reduction in peripheral insulin sensitivity leading to exogenous injections being required. Consequently, exogenous insulin infusion, with any of the widely used research tools, such as the insulin–glucose clamp, can be easily used to evaluate gender difference. Female patients with type 1 diabetes have many factors that impact glucose level. For example, the hormones that drive the ovulatory/menstrual cycle and the connected change at the time of the menopause have a role on insulin action; thus, one should expect great research emphasis on this. On the contrary, there is a dearth of data available on this topic, and no pump producer has created a gender-specific insulin infusion profile. Patients are usually approached on the basis of their diagnosis. This review is intended to focus on personalized treatment, more specifically on gender, according to the modern way of thinking.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-06-20
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020027
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 369-383: Insulin in Frail, Older People with
Type 2 Diabetes—Low Threshold for Therapy
Authors: Ahmed Abdelhafiz, Shail Bisht, Iva Kovacevic, Daniel Pennells, Alan Sinclair
First page: 369
Abstract: The global prevalence of comorbid diabetes and frailty is increasing due to increasing life expectancy. Frailty appears to be a metabolically heterogeneous condition that may affect the clinical decision making on the most appropriate glycaemic target and the choice of the most suitable hypoglycaemic agent for each individual. The metabolic profile of frailty appears to span across a spectrum that starts at an anorexic malnourished (AM) frail phenotype on one end and a sarcopenic obese (SO) phenotype on the other. The AM phenotype is characterised by significant weight loss and less insulin resistance compared with the SO phenotype, which is characterised by significant obesity and increased insulin resistance. Therefore, due to weight loss, insulin therapy may be considered as an early option in the AM frail phenotype. Insulin-related weight gain and the anabolic properties of insulin may be an advantage to this anorexic phenotype. There is emerging evidence to support the idea that insulin may improve the muscle function of older people with diabetes, although this evidence still needs further confirmation in future large-scale prospective studies. Long acting insulin analogues have a lower risk of hypoglycaemia, comapred to intermediate acting insulins. Additionally their simple once daily regimen makes it more appropriate in frail older patients. Future research on the availability of new once-weekly insulin analogues is appealing. The goals of therapy are to achieve relaxed targets, avoid hypoglycaemia and to focus on the maintenance of quality of life in these vulnerable patients.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-06-20
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3020028
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 1-16: Implementation and Evaluation of a Mobile
Retinal Image Acquisition System for Screening Diabetic Retinopathy: Study
Protocol
Authors: Sílvia Rêgo, Matilde Monteiro-Soares, Marco Dutra-Medeiros, Filipe Soares, Cláudia Camila Dias, Francisco Nunes
First page: 1
Abstract: Screening diabetic retinopathy, a major cause of blindness, is time-consuming for ophthalmologists and has some constrains in achieving full coverage and attendance. The handheld fundus camera EyeFundusScope was recently developed to expand the scale of screening, drawing on images acquired in primary care and telescreening made by ophthalmologists or a computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) system. This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the interpretation of images captured using EyeFundusScope and perform its technical evaluation, including image quality, functionality, usability, and acceptance in a real-world clinical setting. Physicians and nurses without training in ophthalmology will use EyeFundusScope to take pictures of the retinas of patients with diabetes and the images will be classified for the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy and image quality by a panel of ophthalmologists. A subgroup of patients will also be examined with the reference standard tabletop fundus camera. Screening results provided by the CADx system on images taken with EyeFundusScope will be compared against the ophthalmologists’ analysis of images taken with the tabletop fundus camera. Diagnostic accuracy measures with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) will be calculated for positive and negative test results. Proportion of each category of image quality will be presented. Usability and acceptance results will be presented qualitatively.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-01-04
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010001
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 17-29: Experiences of Diabetes Self-Management:
A Focus Group Study among the Middle-Aged Population of Rural Pakistan
with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rashid M. Ansari, Mark F. Harris, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Nicholas Zwar
First page: 17
Abstract: Objectives: The middle-aged population from rural areas of Pakistan is disproportionately at risk of developing and mismanaging their diabetes. The purpose of this study was to explore the self-management experiences of two focus groups in the middle-aged population with type 2 diabetes mellitus living in rural Pakistan. Methods: The study design is based on the exploratory research using a qualitative approach. Purposive sampling was used to recruit patients with diabetes from the metabolic outpatient clinics of medical centers in rural areas of Pakistan. The data were collected for two focus groups consisting of 20 persons (10 men and 10 women) with type 2 diabetes mellitus, ranging in age from 40 to 65 years, who were receiving diabetic care at a local health facility. Focus group discussions with a sample size of 10 participants each were all recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. The data were evaluated thematically. Results: Participants described diabetes management as emotionally, physically, and socially taxing. The analysis of the data indicated three major themes: (1) diabetes as a challenging disease; (2) understanding diabetes and its challenges; (3) following diabetes self-management practices. Throughout the session, participants discussed the impact of diabetes on their daily life. This study provided new insights into the experiences of the middle-aged population of Pakistan regarding their self-management of diabetes. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals should become involved in diabetes self-management education as soon as feasible to alleviate patient worry and establish better patient-centered, culturally sensitive professional abilities. Along with monitoring patients’ self-management, healthcare professionals should place a greater emphasis on patients’ understanding of the disease and its challenges and associated complications. It is recommended to establish diabetes support groups to encourage patients to share their experiences of diabetes self-management.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-01-06
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010002
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 30-45: Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Physical
Function: A Growing Problem
Authors: Ehtasham Ahmad, Jack A. Sargeant, Tom Yates, David R. Webb, Melanie J. Davies
First page: 30
Abstract: The focus in diabetes care has traditionally been around the optimisation of the glycaemic control and prevention of complications. However, the prevention of frailty and improvement in physical function have now emerged as new targets of diabetes management. This is mainly driven by the significant adverse impact that early onset frailty and decline in physical function have on health outcomes, functional independence, and quality of life in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is an increasing emphasis in the expert consensus and management algorithms to improve physical function in people with T2D, predominantly through lifestyle interventions, including exercise and the control of modifiable risk factors. Trials of novel glucose-lowering therapies (GLTs) also now regularly assess the impact of these novel agents on measures of physical function within their secondary outcomes to understand the impact that these agents have on physical function. However, challenges remain as there is no consensus on the best method of assessing physical function in clinical practice, and the recognition of impaired physical function remains low. In this review, we present the burden of a reduced physical function in people with T2D, outline methods of assessment used in healthcare and research settings, and discuss strategies for improvement in physical function in people with T2D.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-01-11
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010003
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 46-55: Evaluation of Tribulus terrestris
Extracts Relative to Metformin on Oxidative Stress and Histopathology of
the Liver for Diabetic Male Rats
Authors: Rasha A. Al-Eisa, Hend M. Tag, Mohamed Salah ElNaggar, Heba M. A. Abdelrazek, Nahla S. El-Shenawy
First page: 46
Abstract: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a metabolic condition that induces blood glucose levels to rise due to insulin deficiency and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this study is to assess how efficient the antioxidant extracts Tribulus terrestris (TT) and metformin (MET) are in reducing oxidative stress and histopathology produced by streptozotocin in rat hepatocytes. The 36 male rats weighing 170–190 g of this study were randomly sorted into 6 groups. The first group was considered a normal control group, and the second and third groups were normal and remedy with MET and TT extract, respectively. The fourth group was positive diabetic, and the fifth and sixth groups were diabetic rats that were treated with MET and TT extract, respectively. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) were detected, and the histopathology of the liver was evaluated after 8 weeks of treatment. Compared to regulation, morphological changes in the liver were found in diabetic animals, with a rise in LPO and a change in GSH levels as well as CAT and GST activities. The oxidative stress and histological architecture of the hepatocytes caused by hyperglycemia were improved as a result of therapy in the rats with MET and TT extract. Because of its antioxidant activities, diabetic rats with TT extract are more effective than MET in normoglycemia and hepatocyte reconditioning. Beneficial intervention tends to benefit primarily from direct ROS scavenging and CAT, GST, and GSH regeneration.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-01-12
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010004
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 56-71: Recent Progress and Perspectives on
Non-Invasive Glucose Sensors
Authors: Nicholas B. Davison, Christopher J. Gaffney, Jemma G. Kerns, Qiandong D. Zhuang
First page: 56
Abstract: Self-monitoring of blood glucose forms an important part of the management of diabetes and the prevention of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. Current glucose monitoring methods either use needle-prick enzymatic glucose-meters or subcutaneous continuous glucose sensors (CGM) and thus, non-invasive glucose measurements could greatly improve the self-management of diabetes. A wide range of non-invasive sensing techniques have been reported, though achieving a level of precision comparable to invasive meters remains a challenge. Optical sensors, which utilise the interactions between glucose and light, offer the potential for non-invasive continuous sensing, allowing real-time monitoring of glucose levels, and a range of different optical sensing technologies have been proposed. These are primarily based upon optical absorption and scattering effects and include infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT), with other optical techniques such as photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and polarimetry also reported. This review aims to discuss the current progress behind the most reported optical glucose sensing methods, theory and current limitations of optical sensing methods and the future technology development required to achieve an accurate optical-based glucose monitoring device.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-01-12
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010005
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 72-78: Diet and Management of Type II Diabetes
Mellitus in the United Kingdom: A Narrative Review
Authors: Sheeraz A. Rajput, Suhel Ashraff, Muhammad Siddiqui
First page: 72
Abstract: Diabetes is a major public health problem and is emerging as a pandemic. The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories burned up. Physical activity is one of the mainstay clinical interventions for preventing metabolic diseases, and dietary habits are the primary factor for the rapidly rising incidence of DM. Reducing weight and maintaining a healthy weight, reducing energy intake, and food intake high in vegetables, fruit, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and dairy products are core parts of management. We performed a narrative literature review, manual-search of reference lists of included articles, and relevant reviews. The main purpose of this review was to discuss the role of psychosocial factors and diet in the control of type II Diabetes.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-02-07
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010006
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 79-96: Novel Insights into the
Immunotherapy-Based Treatment Strategy for Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sanjay Rathod
First page: 79
Abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells by their own immune system, resulting in lifelong insulin deficiency. Continuous exogenous insulin replacement therapy is the current standard of care for T1D. Transplantation of primary pancreatic islets or the entire pancreas is a viable remedy for managing patients with autoimmune T1D. However, this strategy is not feasible due to several obstacles, including a scarcity of donors, islet cells, and poor vascular engraftment of islets post-transplantation, as well as the need for prolonged immune suppression. Innovative approaches must be developed to counteract pancreatic β-cell destruction and salvage endogenic insulin production, thereby regulating blood glucose levels. This review includes an overview of autoimmune T1D, immune cells involved in T1D pathophysiology, and immunotherapy-based strategies to treat and prevent autoimmune T1D. Recent immunotherapy progress toward targeting pancreatic islet-specific immune pathways tangled tolerance has fueled the advancement of therapies that may allow for the prevention or reversal of this autoimmune T1D while avoiding other adverse reactions associated with the previous attempt, which was mostly immunosuppressive. As a result, significant efforts are currently underway to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy-based approaches by leveraging the beneficial actions of immune cells, specifically effector CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T cells. This review will provide an overview of currently available immune-based therapeutic options for T1D and will examine the growing evidence that supports the use of immune cell-based approaches to improve therapeutic outcomes in the prevention or reversal of autoimmune T1D.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-02-07
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010007
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 97-107: Cutaneous Reactions to Antidiabetic
Agents: A Narrative Review
Authors: Aleia Boccardi, Jay H. Shubrook
First page: 97
Abstract: Diabetes is a common and complex disease affecting multiple organ systems throughout the body. With a consensus in care guidelines emphasizing the importance of glycemic control in determining the disease progression, people with diabetes worldwide have been placed on medication regimens targeting glucose stability from a variety of pathophysiologic pathways. Each of these medications also possesses its own potential for adverse events. In recent years, there has been increased reports of skin reactions to diabetes medications, adding to the more widely known eruptions such as insulin-induced lipohypertrophy and contact dermatitis of subcutaneous injections. The authors searched PubMed, Google, and Embase for articles including adverse reactions to anti-hyperglycemic medications. Key words and titles searched included, “antidiabetic drugs”, “skin reactions”, “adverse drug reactions”, “allergic reactions”, “diabetes”, “metformin”, “insulin”, “DPP4 inhibitors”, “thiazolindineones”, “sulfonylureas”, “SGLT2 inhibitors”, “GLP-1 agonists”, “diabetic medication”, “injection site reactions”. As a result, a total of 59 papers are included in this review. The great majority were case reports ranging from benign fixed drug eruptions to severe cutaneous reactions that threaten patients’ lives. Increasing physician awareness of both the potential for, and presentation of, such reactions to diabetes medications can reduce hospitalizations and optimize care in an already vulnerable patient population.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-02-07
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010008
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 108-116: Examine the Association between
Metabolic Syndrome and Frailty in an Older Asian Population
Authors: Hiep Huu Hoang Dao, Anh Trung Nguyen, Huyen Thi Thanh Vu, Tu Ngoc Nguyen
First page: 108
Abstract: Background: There has been evidence that metabolic syndrome (MetS) may increase the risk of frailty. However, there is limited evidence on this association in Asian populations. Aims: This study aims to identify the association between MetS and frailty in older people in Vietnam. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of a dataset that was obtained from an observational study on frailty and sarcopenia in patients aged ≥60 at a geriatric hospital in Vietnam. Frailty was defined by the frailty phenotype. The participants were defined as having MetS if they had ≥3 out of 5 criteria from the definition of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adults Treatment Panel (ATP) III. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to estimate the risk of having frailty in patients with MetS. Results: Of the 669 participants (mean age 71, 60.2% female), 62.3% had MetS and 39.0% were frail. The prevalence of frailty was 42.2% in participants with MetS and 33.7% in participants without MetS (p = 0.029). On the logistic regression models, MetS was associated with an increased likelihood of being frail (adjusted OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.01–2.28), allowing for age, sex, education, nutritional status, history of hospitalization, and chronic diseases. Conclusion: There was a significant association between MetS and frailty in this population. Further longitudinal studies are required to confirm this association.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-02-08
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010009
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 117-158: Insulin Past, Present, and Future: 100
Years from Leonard Thompson
Authors: Stuart J. Brink
First page: 117
Abstract: Before the discovery of insulin and the critical role of the pancreas vis-à-vis diabetes mellitus pathophysiology, childhood diabetes or what we now call type 1 or autoimmune diabetes mellitus was almost universally fatal. In limited-resource countries (LRC) around the world, this remains sadly true because of the expense and unavailability of medical care, medical information, and/or medications. In 1889, Minkowski and Mering identified the pancreas as the likely source of the problem in pancreatectomized dog experiments, and Langerhans, working with Virchow, identified the islands of pancreatic tissue now named after Langerhans as the likely source of the problem. Prior to that, Cawley, Boucherdat, Zuelzer, Gley, de Meyer, Schafer, Scott, Kleiner, and Paulescu all worked on this problem with varying results until Banting, Best, MacLeod, and Collip in Toronto in 1921 successfully treated pancreatectomized dogs with an alcohol-based pancreatic extract and then were the first to do the same with children and adults with diabetes, starting with Leonard Thompson in early 1922. Urinary and blood glucose levels were reduced, and clinical symptoms decreased concurrently. The magnificent medical historical work by Professor Michael Bliss, also from Toronto, as well as an excellent US NPR Television documentary, describes the trials and tribulations of this event that culminated in the “fastest Nobel Prize” awarded. Progressive biopharmaceutical advances have modified insulin from pigs and cows and then genetically engineered insulin to work much faster and also much slower to provide more modernized ways of providing insulin. Insulin pens then replaced vial and syringe administration, and then insulin pumps coupled with continuous blood glucose sensors have made delivery more physiologic in addition to more attention paid to nutrition advice, education, and psychosocial support around the world. Programs to assist delivery of expensive insulin to LRC administered by Insulin for Life, Life for a Child (LFAC), Changing Diabetes in Children (CDIC) coupled with support by ISPAD (International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes) have continued to make such advances available thorough wonderful philanthropy in insulin manufacturers and manufacturers of blood glucose monitoring equipment and insulin pump/sensor suppliers.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-02-09
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010010
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 159-175: Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview on
Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Prawej Ansari, Noushin Tabasumma, Nayla Nuren Snigdha, Nawfal Hasan Siam, Rachana V. N. R. S. Panduru, Shofiul Azam, J. M. A. Hannan, Yasser H. A. Abdel-Wahab
First page: 159
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequently occurring metabolic disorders (DMs), impairing healthy life around the globe, with mild-to-severe secondary complications. DM is associated with secondary complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), which damages the retina and can lead to vision loss. Diabetic patients often suffer from extreme retinal capillary aneurysms, hemorrhage, and edema, which is likely to lead to non-proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR or PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Several epidemiological studies have illustrated that the occurrence of DR can vary by age of diabetes onset, diabetes type, and ethnicity. Although DR is very well-known, the complexity of its etiology and diagnosis makes therapeutic intervention difficult and challenging. We have reviewed different pathological aspects of diabetic retinopathy and its underlying mechanism of occurrence. In this review, we aim to provide an in-depth understanding and illustration of the progression of diabetic retinopathy, its pathophysiology, epidemiology, and prospective therapeutic targets.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-02-15
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010011
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 176-192: Provider–Patient Interactions as
Predictors of Lifestyle Behaviors Related to the Prevention and Management
of Diabetes
Authors: Brenda Robles, Tony Kuo
First page: 176
Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that healthcare provider advice may reduce alcohol use, increase physical activity, and improve the adoption of other desirable lifestyle behaviors among patients. However, how brief interventions and other provider–patient interactions can shape the cumulative adoption of multiple modifiable behaviors is less well studied for diabetes prevention and control. Using weighted Internet panel survey data from a large socio-demographically diverse urban population in the United States (n = 1003), the present study describes differences in group characteristics among those who ‘had been ever diagnosed’ with prediabetes/diabetes versus those who had not. It also examines the associations between the cumulative adoption of lifestyle behaviors and each of the following: (a) lifetime prediabetes/diabetes diagnosis; (b) brief lifestyle intervention exposure (i.e., ever received provider encouragement to modify lifestyle behaviors); and (c) recent provider–patient communication about diabetes. There were several group differences among those who ‘had been ever diagnosed’ with prediabetes/diabetes versus those who had not, by age, employment status, health status, nutrition knowledge, blood pressure/hypertension diagnosis, and diabetes-related health behaviors (p < 0.05). Each of the three provider–patient interactions of interest were positively associated with a higher cumulative sum of adopted modifiable lifestyle behaviors for diabetes prevention and management. The results suggest that provider advice/provider–patient interactions of any type can have a salutary impact on whether individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes will engage in recommended lifestyle behavior modifications.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-03-01
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010012
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 193-235: Deciphering the Neurosensory Olfactory
Pathway and Associated Neo-Immunometabolic Vulnerabilities Implicated in
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) and COVID-19 in a Diabetes
Backdrop—A Novel Perspective
Authors: Maryada Sharma, Hari Pankaj Vanam, Naresh K. Panda, Sourabha K. Patro, Rhythm Arora, Sanjay K. Bhadada, Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy, Mini P. Singh, Purushotham Reddy Koppula
First page: 193
Abstract: Recent Mucorales-mediated outbreaks of infections and an association of fungal infection with COVID-19 cases, as observed for COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM), have posed new challenges for the management of patients in critical care units. Diabetes and hyperglycemia are integrally linked to the severity of COVID-19, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 have recently been (independently or in combination) associated with the emergence of aggressive mucormycosis due to attendant defects in innate immune recognition pathways. Therefore, the identification of novel global cellular stressors upregulated during diabetes to understand the contribution of diabetes-associated metabolic vulnerabilities can help build a Metabolic-Stress-Associated Interactome (MSAI). This interactome can help reshape the metabolic inflammation (meta-inflammation) underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 to facilitate the rational design of effective therapies for COVID-19 and CAM. Accordingly, an important area of research in COVID-19 therapeutics is engaged with identifying diabetes-associated pan-cellular stressors to understand their role in immune deregulation during COVID-19 and CAM, including investigating the distant trans-neuro-vascular–endocrine axis’s role in coordinating cellular-stress recognition, transmission, compensation, and decompensation during inter-organ regulation of metabolic homeostasis in diabetes. We reviewed clinico-pathological and laboratory data to propose potential diabetes-linked novel neo-vulnerabilities that can reshape the olfactory mucosal immune landscape during airway infections such as COVID-19 and CAM.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-03-04
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010013
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 236-245: Availability and Affordability of
Medicines for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease across Countries:
Information Learned from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological Study
Authors: Tu Ngoc Nguyen, Salim Yusuf, Clara Kayei Chow
First page: 236
Abstract: The global burden of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing and, while cardiovascular event incidence is falling in some high-income countries (HICs), increasing rates are being observed in many middle-income countries (MICs) and low-income countries (LICs). There have been discrepancies in the availability and affordability of medicines for diabetes and cardiovascular disease among countries, of which LICs and MICs have seen low availability and affordability. The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study is a large prospective cohort study of over 200,000 people aged 35–70 years from 27 HICs, MICs, and LICs across six geographical regions (Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, North America, and the Middle East). Analyses from this study have contributed greatly to the understanding of the determinants of cardio–metabolic health in LICs and MICs especially. Here, we discuss information learned from the PURE study regarding the availability and affordability of key medicines for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-03-10
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010014
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 246-257: The Diabetes Team Dynamics Unraveled:
A Qualitative Study
Authors: Eefje Van Nuland, Irina Dumitrescu, Kristien Scheepmans, Louis Paquay, Ellen De Wandeler, Kristel De Vliegher
First page: 246
Abstract: Background: Diabetes is a complex disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach. However, the dynamics of this collaboration and the involvement of healthcare providers remain unclear. Aim(s): To explore the composition, the division of roles/tasks, and the collaboration in a diabetes team. Methods: A qualitative, explorative study with six focus groups was conducted, of which four focus groups were with healthcare providers (n = 34) and two with informal caregivers and persons with diabetes (n = 13). In addition, two in-depth interviews with doctors were performed. An iterative process of data analysis took place, guided by the Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven (QUAGOL). Results: All participants confirm the importance of patient empowerment and the fact that the person with diabetes should have a central role within the team. However, this has not been achieved yet. This research gives a clear insight into the dynamics of a diabetes team. Roles and tasks are allocated according to the specific expertise and knowledge of the different healthcare providers. Interprofessional collaboration is the ultimate goal. However, the diabetes team is often formed ad hoc depending on the needs of the person with diabetes and the preferences for collaboration of the healthcare providers. Furthermore, this study revealed some important bottlenecks with regard to the knowledge of healthcare providers, persons with diabetes and their informal caregivers, the regulation and reimbursement. Discussion: Our study uncovers the dynamics of a diabetes team and its members. Healthcare providers work mainly alone, except in hospitals, where they can consult other healthcare providers briefly if necessary. Although collaboration proves to be difficult, all healthcare providers ask for a more intensive interprofessional collaboration. Conclusion: In order to improve quality of diabetes care, patient-centered care and the satisfaction of patients, informal caregivers, and healthcare providers, efforts have to be made to facilitate interprofessional collaboration. This can be achieved by sharing information via electronic shared patient records, coordination, overview, local task agreements, simplified legal regulations, and an adjusted financing system.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-03-10
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010015
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
- Diabetology, Vol. 3, Pages 258-265: Early Pregnancy Serum Concentration of
Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4, Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 5,
and Chemerin in Obese Women Who Develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rik H. J. Beernink, Joost H. N. Schuitemaker, Marijke M. Faas, Lucilla Poston, Sara L. White
First page: 258
Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4), secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (sFRP5), and chemerin serum concentrations in early pregnancy are associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in an obese cohort. In previous studies, increased sFRP4 and chemerin, and decreased sFRP5 concentrations were associated with the development of GDM in normal and overweight women. Methods: In this exploratory case control study, sFRP4, sFRP5, and chemerin serum concentrations were determined by ELISA in 50 obese women who developed GDM and 100 uncomplicated control pregnancies. Serum samples were obtained between 15+0–18+6 weeks’ gestational age and based on a priori known associations with the development of GDM, body mass index (BMI) and maternal age were selected for adjustment in multivariate analyses. Results: In this obese cohort (median BMI 35.7 kg/m2, IQR 33.2–40.3 kg/m2), the biochemical markers showed no association with GDM: sFRP5 odds ratio (OR) 0.44 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–23.18, p = 0.687), sFRP4 OR 0.55 (95% CI 0.09–3.52, p = 0.528), and chemerin OR 3.47 (95% CI 0.05–227.72, p = 0.560). Adjustment for BMI and maternal age did not influence the association. None of the markers were significantly correlated with insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR). Conclusion: No association was found between sFRP4, sFRP5, or chemerin concentration and the development of GDM in a cohort of obese pregnant women. The absence of the association may indicate that these proteins play a lesser biological role in the pathophysiology of GDM in obese women.
Citation: Diabetology
PubDate: 2022-03-16
DOI: 10.3390/diabetology3010016
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2022)
