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Economics : Journal for Economic Theory and Analysis
Number of Followers: 5  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 2303-5005 - ISSN (Online) 2303-5013 Published by Sciendo  [389 journals]
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- Dynamic Interconnections and Contagion Effects Among Global Stock Markets:
A Vecm Analysis
Abstract: This paper investigates the nature of the associations and the potential existence of both short-run and long-run relationships between the stock market indices of Morocco, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, and the United States from January 2014 to January 2024. The purpose of analyzing dynamic interconnections and contagion effects is to determine how the stock markets of these countries influence and relate to each other. The study employs a time series Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach, incorporating stationarity, cointegration, and Granger causality tests. Additionally, the Impulse Response Function (IRF) is used to analyze the response of variables to shocks. The bivariate Granger causality test reveals significant causal influences: from France, Germany, and the USA to Morocco; from the USA to the DAX and France; and from the UK to Germany. After establishing the Granger causal relationships, long-run and short-run relationships are further examined. Using the Johansen multivariate cointegration approach, the study suggests a long-term equilibrium among the six stock market indices over time. The short-run adjustments are analyzed using the VECM, which reveals that adjustments in the CAC 40, DAX, and MASI tend to correct deviations from equilibrium, indicating a tendency to move towards equilibrium. For the FTSE 100, S&P 500, and SSEC, the VECM captures the speed and direction of adjustments as these indices respond to short-term disruptions and work towards restoring equilibrium. The findings underscore the importance of closely connected global stock markets, which means that international regulators must coordinate their efforts to reduce the risks of contagion. Policymakers should prioritize improving financial stability through integrated frameworks considering short-term disruptions and long-term equilibrium trends.
PubDate: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- The Ascendency of Emotional Intelligence on Academic Teaching Staff Stress
with the Mediating Role of Psychological Capital
Abstract: Purpose According to the Workplace Health Reports 2023, around 76% of employees worldwide have experienced moderate-to-high stress levels. Around 26% of Indians are stressed due to their current work environment with long working hours, lack of job security, low wages, and growing competition. It is often believed that teaching is an extremely difficult job, in particular, academic staff experience a lot of stress due to several stressors. Emotional intelligence is a set of non-cognitive abilities, to effectively handle environmental demands and stresses. The current investigation seeks to project the effect of psychological capital as a mediator linking emotional intelligence (EI) and occupational stress to academic teaching faculties in Chennai City.Research Methodology The proposed study used a questionnaire prepared, and distributed among college faculties of various levels of 325 respondents in Chennai city.FindingsThe research results indicate that while psychological capital acts as a mediating factor in the association between EI and occupational stress, EI itself has a favorable impact on both psychological capital and occupational stress.Research Limitations We suggest delving further into this in subsequent research to ascertain the degree to which the findings may be generalized outside the study population. Secondly, we neglected to examine the influence of additional work-related stressors on the degree of work-related stress.Practical/Social Implications The investigation’s implications can be used by top management authorities of private colleges and universities to concentrate on the enhancement of EI and how it reduces the work-place stress of teaching faculties with the mediating variable as psychological capital, which improves the productivity of the employees.
PubDate: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- With Job Satisfaction or Not' The Role of Job Satisfaction in the
Relationship Between Training and Rewards on Employee Productivity
Abstract: With a harmonious pattern between the workforce and the company, job satisfaction will result. East Kalimantan is very popular for its abundant natural resources, including mining. Referring to the terminology above, this paper focuses on the causality between training and rewards on employee productivity by involving job satisfaction as a mediator. The focus of this paper is one of the largest companies operating in the mining sector located in the Balikapan area. The assessment was carried out by distributing an open questionnaire to 346 employees who worked at the company. The quantitative approach is implemented in Smart-PLS, where the output is two schemes (outer model and inner model). In general, the statistic analysis finds that training and rewards have direct implications for employee job satisfaction and productivity. At the same time, job satisfaction does not have direct implications for employee productivity. Unfortunately, job satisfaction is unable to mediate the relationship between training and rewards on employee productivity. In essence, although training and rewards function in stimulating job satisfaction and employee productivity, they have not been proven optimal in encouraging employee productivity which is mediated by job satisfaction. Therefore, companies need to prioritize job satisfaction with more comprehensive proportions.
PubDate: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- The Linking of the Fama French Five Factor and Environmental Performance
on Market Value
Abstract: The pharmaceutical industries are crucial for the nation’s health and economy; therefore, their performance must be maintained. When they obtain the more successful performance indicators that can sway investors to raise their confidence as well as market value. This study aims to examine the effect of the Fama-French five factors and environmental performance on share returns. This was conducted on pharmaceutical industries listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and all data was obtained from annual-quarterly reports in the period 2017–2023. A total of 196 panel data observations have been conducted, and the analysis technique has employed quantitative approaches, notably autoregressive distributed lag analysis, of time series data. The results showed that market risk premium (MRP), firm size (SMB), profitability (RMW), and environment performance (EP) have a significant impact on share returns (SR), while firm size (SMB) and book value to equity (CMA) have not been significant statistically. The study is important for a variety of stakeholders, including managers, investors, and policymakers, who are interested in resolving the financial and environmental performance of pharmaceutical companies and preserving market prices by establishing mitigation strategies related to the specific factors. However, this study has limited relevance to the presence of F-F five factors and environmental performance that cannot maximally encourage the disclosure of market value.
PubDate: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- The Impact of the Circular Economy on Mitigating the Consequences of
Climate Change in the Regions of Ukraine
Abstract: Climate change and its impact on the economic and social welfare is a vitally important problem explored everywhere in the modern world. The objective of this research is to determine a correlation between the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in Ukrainian regions and their economic and demographic indicators: gross regional product, turnover of business entities and population density. The study is focused on CO2 emissions from stationary pollution source. The article provides evidence-based arguments that circular economy is the model integrating two central objectives: economic growth and mitigation of effects from climate change. The study revealed a strong correlation between the implementation of circular economy practices and objectives of Sustained Development Goas, in particular with respect to minimization of СО2 emissions. A statistical analysis of the relationship between СО2 emissions and gross regional product (GRP), turnover of business entities and population density at the level of Ukrainian regions was made. It was revealed that all the Ukrainian regions with high rates of per capita GRP growth there is no tendency to increase CO2 emissions. This complies with circular economy priorities: minimization of resource extraction through processing and re-production. The regions with a higher population density were revealed to have lower СО2 emissions, which can be attributed to the fact that a higher population density often entails a more compact urban habitat. The regions with the largest turnover of business entities include regions with their highest population density. Economically developed regions often push technological innovations with breakthrough effects for energy technologies, transport and industrial processes, which help reduce CO2 emissions.
PubDate: Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Pattern of European Regional Creativity: Exploring Endogenous
Sustainability
Abstract: During the latest decades, regional creativity has often been considered as the precondition for innovativeness and sustainability. However, quantitative indicators of creativity are the subject of discussion. The paper aims to analyse the patterns and causes of European regional creativity distribution, revealing the influence of endogenous determinants on regional innovative development. An empirical analysis of regional patenting activity and a selection of indicators of regional creativity is conducted. Among the indicators, we include the development of regional institutions that are assessed through the data of the European Quality of Government Index. Besides the learning ability of the region (indicators of higher education prevalence and digital skills), the abundance of the creative class, regional innovative infrastructure, and population agglomeration were taken into account. The paper concludes concerning the most crucial factors contributing to endogenous sustainability through the lenses of European regions. In general, the formed model turned out to be significant with an acceptable level of standard error and a high predictive value. The influence of most of the parameters (except for the intelligence) was positive and significant. It is especially worth highlighting the parameters of regional institutions’ quality and volumes of private research and development expenditures, which exert the greatest positive influence on the resulting variable.
PubDate: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Customer Value and Sustainable Choice Behaviour in Social Commerce
Abstract: The emergence of Social Commerce, facilitated by social media platforms such as Facebook, Snapchat, and Instagram, has revolutionized electronic commerce, reshaping consumer behavior and business dynamics. This study investigates the connection between customer value and sustainable choice behavior in Social Commerce, focusing on individuals aged 18 and above actively engaged with these platforms. Employing a convenience sampling method and a survey of 383 participants, a structural equation model was utilized to assess various hypotheses. The findings highlight the significant impact of word of mouth, intention, offers, and trust on purchase decisions within Social Commerce. These factors play pivotal roles in shaping customer perspectives, emphasizing the importance of integrating online brand communities into marketing and communication strategies. By leveraging social media, vendors can facilitate the discovery, sharing, recommendation, and transaction of goods and services, enhancing customer value and promoting sustainable choices. This study contributes to the understanding of consumer behavior in the context of Social Commerce, offering insights for businesses to adapt and thrive in an increasingly digital marketplace.
PubDate: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Potential For Using Artifical Intelligence In Public Administration
Abstract: Artificial intelligence has become a defining technology for the last decade and possibly the next few. Every day, new and new applications are created based on large language models (LLM), a little hastily called artificial intelligence (AI). This reveals new and new opportunities for their use in various spheres of public life. Public administration, despite its inherent conservatism, is also one such area where AI can be used to enhance its administrative capacity and citizens’ satisfaction with administrative services. The aim of this article is to address the possibilities of using AI in public sector organizations and to reveal the limitations that hinder it. In this sense, the object of the research is the Bulgarian state institutions, and the subject - the application of AI in their work. A study was conducted that shows that the employees in the Bulgarian state administration still do not know the possibilities of AI and how to use it in their work. Abstention is due to both ignorance and lack of regulation about what apps can be used where, as well as fear of possible risks. The report presents the possibilities of using some AI-based applications in the implementation of basic work processes in administrations and justifies the need to introduce strict regulations for this. The author’s hypothesis will defend the claim that the Bulgarian administration does not know well the possibilities of digital transformation and AI, through which their work and efficiency can be improved.
PubDate: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- The Impact of Saudi Arabia’s Accession to the Brics Bloc on the
Performance of Saudi Exports
Abstract: This study aims to analyze the expected impacts of Saudi Arabia’s accession to the BRICS bloc, which is intergovernmental organization comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. By analyzing the intra-trade flows of Saudi Arabia with the BRICS countries from the implementation of the bloc until 2023 and measuring the impact of Saudi exports and imports with BRICS on the balance of merchandise trade, and to discuss the extent of the impact of the net intra-trade situation of Saudi Arabia with BRICS on the balance of merchandise trade. The most prominent Saudi export sectors were diagnosed, and their corresponding customs tariff averages in the BRICS countries were analyzed to determine the expected effects of implementing a regional trade agreement (RTA) between the BRICS bloc. The study is based on the ARDL model and Saudi data from (2003-2022), using three models by applying on exports, imports, and trade balance of Saudi Arabia, the findings suggests that there is no significant relationship between Saudi Arabia’s trade balance on the one hand, and exports, imports and the trade balance with BRICS on the other hand, which reduces the impact of Saudi Arabia’s accession to BRICS on Saudi exports. which requires further negotiation of mutual obligations and potential gains between the member states of BRICS.
PubDate: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- How Does Fintech Development Affect Financing Constraints of Smes'
Evidence From China
Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an indispensable role in China’s economy through making huge contributions to GDP, national employment, financial innovation and government taxation. However, SMEs in China have long faced financing constraints due to their inherent problems, such as financial information asymmetry, immature governance mechanisms, and lack of collateral under the traditional financial system, which have hindered their long-term development. In recent years, financial technology (Fintech) has entered a rapid development track, especially in China, providing new ideas and methods for solving the financing difficulties of SMEs from a technical perspective. In order to examine this, this paper measures the degree of financing constraints through the cash flow sensitivity of cash model and explores how the Fintech development affects financing constraints of SMEs in China and how this impact further communicated to the performance and the risks of SMEs by adopting two-way fixed effects models. The results show that Fintech could alleviate the financing constraints of SMEs. Furthermore, the mediating role of ownership is identified, presenting a better mitigating effect of Fintech on the financing constraints for private SMEs. In addition, both the performance and the risks of SMEs showed the upward single-sided U-shaped relationship with the increase of the Fintech development index, which indicates that Fintech could amplify performance while magnifying the risks of SMEs. The findings of this paper offer an important implication for China that regulatory authorities should consider and balance the financing constraint mitigation effect and risk amplification effect of Fintech.
PubDate: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Business Models of Enterprises in the Conditions of Digital
Transformation: Global and Domestic Experience
Abstract: The article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of both theoretical concepts and practical applications regarding the transformation of business models in the context of digitalizing the economy. In the current digital landscape, traditional business models may no longer suffice to sustain growth and competitiveness. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify and adopt novel approaches that leverage digital technologies to their fullest potential. By examining the latest trends and emerging paradigms in economy’s, the article aims to re-think their strategies and embrace digital transformation proactively. This involves not only incorporating technology into existing operations but also reimagining the entire business model to capitalize on new opportunities and address evolving consumer behaviors. Furthermore, the article aims to provide practical insights and actionable recommendations for businesses looking to embark on their digital transformation journey.
PubDate: Wed, 03 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- The Impact of Inflation on Financial Sector Performance: Evidence from
OECD Countries
Abstract: This research article investigates the relationship between inflation and the performance of the financial sector within OECD countries, a group critical to global economic stability. The financial sector is a basis of sustainable economic growth, and its performance is heavily influenced by the macroeconomic environment, particularly inflation. This study analyses how inflation, alongside other significant factors such as real GDP growth, government size, trade openness, and interest rates, impacts the financial sector development. By examining data from 38 OECD countries over a 20-year period (2002-2021), this research employs a comprehensive approach using both static and dynamic panel regression models. The results consistently indicate a negative correlation between inflation and the key financial sector variables, suggesting that higher inflation levels undermine financial sector performance. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining low and stable inflation to foster an efficient and stable financial sector. This study makes a valuable contribution to the literature by focusing specifically on OECD countries, which are often seen as benchmarks for economic policies and financial systems.
PubDate: Wed, 03 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- CBDC, Trust in the Central Bank and the Privacy Paradox
Abstract: Privacy/anonymity of digital transactions is an issue that potentially may affect demand for central bank digital currency. Does discussions about privacy paradox related to CBDC' In this paper, basing on the respondent’s survey, we construct indexes of privacy preferences (in general, in digital and financial environment) to identify relations between stated preferences in different contexts and between choice toward anonymity vs functionality of CBDC, trust to central bank as CBDC issuer and its independence as a precondition to guaranty anonymity of transactions. We find that generally respondents demonstrate consequence of preferences in terms of, what we call, general privacy, privacy in digital and financial environment. Distribution of obtained 3 indexes demonstrates some differences. Probit model also demonstrates that relation between choice toward anonymity over functionality of CBDC and level of 3 indexes is modest. Where is no correspondence between choice toward anonymity over functionality and trust in central bank and its independence. However, respondents demonstrate high level of trust in central bank ability to guaranty anonymity of transactions and view independence as supporting it even opting functionality over anonymity. We reach a conclusion that some weak form of privacy paradox is exist, central banks, promoting CBDC, should stress on functionality of it. However, privacy should not be ignored. It is better to have it as “nice bonus” to functionality of CBDC.
PubDate: Mon, 24 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Comparative Study of Digitalization Impact on Global Goods and Services
Markets in Advanced and Developing Economies
Abstract: In the era of rapid technological progress, the influence of dizitalization on different aspects of international economic activity can’t be overstated. The aim of this article is to conduct a comprehensive comparative study of digitalization’s impact on global goods and services markets, with a specific focus on advanced and developing economies using multiple linear regression. The research methodology involved comprehensive data collection for 35-38 advanced economies and 52-66 developing economies depending on the availability of data. The analysis included depended variables (18 export and import goods sectors and 18 export and import services), independent variables (digitalization, consisting of ICT deployment, ICT export and import, ICT investment variables), control variables such as GDP growth, CPI, trade openness, exchange rate and political stability. The findings demonstrate the ICT infrastructure and ICT exports positive impact on export of technology-intensive goods, such as ores and metals, machinery and equipment, and tools and devices in advanced economies. Digitalization’s positive impact on trade in goods appeared weaker in developing economies, potentially due to lower levels of ICT adoption or differing export focuses. ICT export has positive impact on financial services imports, indicating a reliance on imported financial services while exporting ICT capabilities. The model shows a high success rate depending on variables. The study highlights digitalization’s varied impact on advanced and developing economies, emphasizing its importance for trade, competitiveness and policymakers in the global market.
PubDate: Mon, 24 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Does Creativity and Product Innovation Build Business Continuity'
Investigation of Samarinda Weaving Craft
Abstract: In practice, it is often found that the iconic woven sarong products from Samarinda still produce classic models without any new breakthroughs according to tastes, interests across generations, and market segmentation. Until now, another obstacle has been the difficulty of finding skilled artisans to modernize Samarinda’s woven sarongs. Following up on these dynamics, the manuscript aims to explore the causality between creativity and product innovation on the business continuity of the Samarinda woven sarong craft. In the study context, the independent variable is modified to include creativity and product innovation, while the dependent variable is focused on business continuity. To project the effect of creativity and product innovation on business continuity, a purposive sampling approach was associated with 261 sarong-woven craftswomen in Samarinda who still exist today. From the existing interview data, the data is tabulated using a multiple linear regression technique. Quantitative evidence shows that creativity has a significant effect on business continuity in the Samarinda woven sarong craft, but product innovation has an insignificant effect on business continuity in the Samarinda woven sarong craft. The implications for the future can be evaluated based on this research. Then, further theoretical insights can be expanded by exploring factors beyond creativity and product innovation.
PubDate: Tue, 18 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Prerequisites for Business Development in South-Eastern Europe in the
Conditions of Polycrisis and Digital Transformation
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to identify prerequisites for business development in the conditions of polycrisis in the EU member states of South-Eastern Europe. In the context of digital transformation and the low-carbon transition, this can have an impact on changing their economic policy.Design/Methodology/Approach: The object of research are selected macroeconomic performance indicators of selected EU member states from Southeast Europe (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia), which are key their business development. The subject is the determination for the business development in conditions of polycrisis and digital transformation. Methodology is mainly based on descriptive analysis and statistical analysis. The main hypothesis proves the statement that in the conditions of polycrisis in the studied period between 2018 and 2022, the three SEE countries (Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia), underestimate the significance of business development in the field of investments and innovations, reforms and institutional environment, and fiscal policy efficiency.Findings: Identifying key determinants that respond to exogenous shocks in specific regions of the EU may be useful for changing its fiscal policy and also help countries take measures to create the conditions for business development. Also, it can lead to optimization of corporate management and investment processes.
PubDate: Tue, 18 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Sustainable Information System for Enhancing Virtual Company Resilience
Through Machine Learning in Smart City Socio-Economic Scenarios
Abstract: This paper introduces an innovative framework for the management of virtual companies in smart urban environments, with an emphasis on socio-economic resilience facilitated by Sustainable Information Systems. The system aims to equip virtual enterprises in smart cities with tools for robust operations amid socio-economic challenges. Its effectiveness is evidenced by improvements in investment risk assessment, business process simulation, and HR project management, enhancing efficiency and foresight. A key feature is predictive analytics for crisis demand forecasting, enabling swift market adjustments and strategic inventory management. It also helps identify alternative clients and suppliers, ensuring business continuity. Integrating machine learning and augmented reality, the system supports automation and strategic decision-making, significantly benefiting the e-commerce sector by addressing fluctuating demand, supply chain issues, and market adaptations during crises. The Sustainable Information System for Virtual Company Management in Smart Cities offers crucial support for e-businesses facing these socio-economic challenges, facilitating their navigation through turbulent times. Its meticulously designed architecture and functionalities make it a powerful instrument for assisting virtual companies in crisis conditions, fostering their sustainable growth within the socio-economic framework of smart urban settings. Comparative studies with existing models underscore this system’s superior efficiency and holistic approach, highlighting its contribution to enhancing the operational efficiency of virtual companies by 95%, reducing the time needed for critical activities like investment risk analysis and business process simulation, and bolstering the socio-economic resilience of smart cities against crises
PubDate: Fri, 07 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Formation of the Baby Economy as a Prerequisite for the Development of the
Human Economy and Adaptation of the National Economy of Ukraine to the
Principles of Sustainable Development
Abstract: The processes of kinship, gender and age stratification, early learning opportunities, socialization, and the ability to engage in creativity and optimize craft are crucial for developing the education economy. All these factors in the development of the education economy should turn a young person into an economic person with the ability to make effective production, technological, and managerial decisions regarding the development of his or her personality, society, and economic element.It is worth noting that Ukraine is only forming a baby economy system. There are separate parts of it that the will of the state policy should unite. However, the private production and research sector should also be aimed at cooperating with educational institutions both in terms of production practices and highly specialized career guidance. Also, the education economy should be integrated into global educational processes, especially at the bachelor’s and master’s levels of university education.Ukraine is joining global university networks to optimize higher education. Joining exemplary examples of global education should influence the development of Ukraine’s national economy in the context of globalization. The processes of kinship, gender and age stratification, early learning opportunities, socialization, and the ability to engage in creativity and optimize craft are crucial for developing the education economy. All these factors in the development of the economy of education and upbringing should turn a young person into an economic person with the ability to make effective production, technological, and managerial decisions regarding the development of his or her personality, society, and economic element.
PubDate: Fri, 07 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- De-Dollarisation in International Payments: Trend or Fiction
Abstract: The present research paper is focused the widely debated topic related to de-dollarization. It examines the trend of de-dollarization to check if the statements that the dollar is losing its weight and is about to lose its leading position in international trade payments are substantiated. Firstly, the theoretical framework behind the dollarization is explored. Secondly, the factors believed to be the basis of the de-dollarization process have been identified and analyzed, which are related to: geopolitical processes, changes in international payments policy in some BRICS countries, changes in international trade, etc. A performed analysis of the currency turnover in international trade, based on data from official sources, was made through forecast regression, which predicts the development of the share of the dollar in international payments. A correlation matrix was also calculated, showing the correlation links between the dollar and the other leadng currencies. The hypothesis, which is confirmed by the practical research, is that the de-dollarization process is proceeding slowly and uncertainly, and will continue to develop at a low pace leading to insignificant changes in the structure of the currency composition of international payments in the short and medium term. Further research could further explore each of the factors that could lead to a real dedollarisation trend in international payments.
PubDate: Fri, 07 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT
- Tourism Competitiveness and Mobile Data: A Grey Relational Analysis for
European Entrepreneurship Pre & During Pandemic
Abstract: The tourism country’s competitiveness is important especially when countries strive for bigger market shares as European countries are. The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on tourism and the entire tourism industry must be rethinking and reshaping given some opportunities and challenges to the entrepreneurs, local communities, local administrations, governments of competitiveness destinations. In this paper we measured if the Google and Apple mobility indices cand predict (or not) the movement of TTCI during pandemic compared with pre-pandemic TTCI ranks by using grey system theory and statistical methods. The aim of the paper is to validate the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) as identifier of the good predictor (statistically significant for p-value< 0.05) for European tourism competitiveness (measured by TTCI) in particular conditions, especially before and during COVID-19 pandemic time by take into consideration the Google Mobility and Apple Mobility data and their relationship with overnight stays for 11 European countries. To validate the GRA as method for good and accurate predictor for tourism competitiveness for TTCI 2021 (during COVID-19 pandemic time) a GLM – General Linear Model ANOVA with interaction effects and Tukey HSD Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons was applied. Our results validated the powerful of GRA for tourism competitiveness, statistically significant according to GLM with interaction effects, and emphasis (especially for entrepreneurs) that the overnight stays will give the right rank on top of tourism competitiveness, prior to other ITC support as Google and Apple Mobility indices proved by reflection of overnights on TTCI 2021 – during pandemic.
PubDate: Wed, 29 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT
