 Subjects -> ELECTRONICS (Total: 207 journals)
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- Sparse Vector Coding for Short-Packet Transmission on Industrial
Communications: Reference Architecture and Design Challenges
Authors:
Iñigo Bilbao;Lorenzo Fanari;Eneko Iradier;Pablo Angueira;Jon Montalban;
Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: Reliable, fast, and deterministic communications are fundamental for future industrial wireless systems. This goal requires multiple cooperating technologies that pertain to different areas of the communication arena. The weight of the waveform and coding technique choices are critical to match industrial use cases' reliability and latency requirements. Specifically, this article contributes to the field of channel coding in wireless fieldbus links. Classical block coding schemes were designed to maximize information bit rates without stringent latency requirements. Their performance in applications that use short messages degrades significantly. Recently, sparse vector coding (SVC) has been proposed as a coding approach suitable for short-packet communications with moderate complexity and low processing latency. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of SVC and a reference communication framework for its implementation on a wireless system. A set of simulations is also designed to establish the cross correlation between the different parameters involved in the code design. As a result, the coding matrix has been identified as a critical parameter that can improve coding performance. In addition, this article includes two new procedures for determining the matrix that could lead to a gain of up to 2 dB with respect to the current state of the art.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Automatic Generation of Charging Point's Digital Twin for Virtual
Commissioning of Their Automation Systems
Authors:
Nikolai Galkin;Chen-Wei Yang;Valeriy Vyatkin;
Pages: 14 - 26
Abstract: The wide propagation of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure integrated into the energy distribution network poses numerous challenges for the engineering and control of the latter: the load dynamic characteristics become more unsteady, requiring more advanced control, predictions, and virtual commissioning. One step toward the automation of the design and simulation of new charging stations can be reached through the integration of the EV-specific standards and protocols with other widely spread electrical standards and, thereby, improving the compatibility between standards, increasing the reuse of the intelligent work results, and promoting the development of EVs’ infrastructure. A method for virtual commissioning of electrical charging stations is proposed, implemented, and tested in a form of a software tool in which the electrical system description from the widely used IEC 61850 standard is used as an input. The designed tool builds a digital twin of the charging station that consists of its Simulink model as well as two automatically generated communication code primitives using the open charge point protocol for control and management purposes over the autogenerated model. The generated digital twin can be used for virtual commissioning purposes. The application of the method is illustrated in a case study.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Open Sensing System for Long Term, Low Cost Water Quality Monitoring
Authors:
Quentin Quevy;Mimoun Lamrini;Mohamed Chkouri;Gianluca Cornetta;Abdellah Touhafi;Alexandre Campo;
Pages: 27 - 41
Abstract: Water is a major preoccupation for our generation since it is crucial in keeping a healthy ecosystem and supporting biodiversity. The state of aquatic systems and water bodies needs to be continuously monitored to make informed decisions and trigger sanitation when necessary. However, observing and tracking the evolution of many water bodies without disturbing and polluting the biotopes is expensive, not scalable, and thus, infeasible. This article presents a way to make sustainable measurements using a new low-cost, open-source, and autonomous monitoring system deployable in a broad network. The smart buoy is deployed and controlled by a central unit that uses lab-graded sensors to measure ambient factors. The custom electronic board offers sustainable electronics integration emphasizing power path and network connectivity. The smart buoy showed an average power consumption of 1.8 mA and a cost of 932 euros per device. Currently, five spots have been monitored, which allowed the understanding of why biological events, such as a massive fish death, occurred. The system is easily expandable and can be used in various applications to increase the knowledge of the underwater ecosystem.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Testing-Oriented Development and Open-Source Documentation of
Interoperable Benchmark Models for Energy Systems
Authors:
Antonio De Paola;Dimitrios Thomas;Alexandros Paspatis;Edmund Widl;Antonios Marinopoulos;Evangelos Kotsakis;Alkistis Kontou;Panos Kotsampopoulos;Nikolaos Hatziargyriou;
Pages: 42 - 51
Abstract: This article provides novel fundamental tools for the open-source design and documentation of benchmark network models. The procedure for model development is motivated and described in detail in all its different phases: after an initial discussion on the relevance of open-source benchmark models, particularly in the context of an interoperable power system, the general conceptual framework for model documentation, based on the holistic test description and PreCISE paradigms, is presented. Building up on this theoretical basis, the procedure for model development is structured according to a testing-oriented approach, providing clear examples on how to map and translate the proposed conceptual framework into a practical and complete model description. Finally, to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the proposed method, a complete example of model documentation for a developed low-voltage network is described and validated in simulation. The complete model description is publicly available online as a guide and reference for the proposed model documentation procedure.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Inverter Temperature Monitoring of Cordless Tool Motor Drives
Authors:
Anton Dianov;
Pages: 52 - 62
Abstract: Nowadays, with the recent advances in battery technologies, cordless tools are gaining more popularity and many manufacturers have enhanced their series of autonomous devices with powerful instruments like circular saws and punches. However, the development of battery-operated tools is not an easy task and many challenging problems must be solved. The most significant of these are limited working time without recharging and controllability of the motor drives. As a result, tool manufacturers are substituting conventional universal motor drives with permanent magnet synchronous motor drives, which require more complicated electronics, but can provide the desired characteristics. In order to guarantee normal operation and satisfy safety standards, devices have to properly handle any possible hazardous situations. One of these situations is overheating of inverter switches, thus, the temperature of each transistor has to be monitored. This task is typically implemented using negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistors, whereby voltage is sensed by analog to digital converter of microcontroller. This article proposes a software algorithm for temperature estimation and monitoring of each inverter switch, which allows excludes NTCs, decreasing overall costs and saving space on the printed circuit board. Proper operation of the developed technology is proven by the experimental results and safety certification according to UL60730.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Composite Adaptive Synchronous Control of Dual-Drive Gantry Stage With
Load Movement
Authors:
Pengwei Shi;Xinghu Yu;Xuebo Yang;Juan J. Rodríguez-Andina;Weichao Sun;Huijun Gao;
Pages: 63 - 74
Abstract: In gantry systems, load usually moves according to different production tasks. The continuous change of the beam centroid position is a non-negligible factor for achieving high-performance synchronous control. Therefore, it cannot be simply treated as an external disturbance. In addition, advanced controller design and model parameter identification are very important for precision motion control systems. This article addresses the synchronous control of dual-drive gantry platforms with load movement to improve their steady-state and transient performance. Based on the analysis of the rigid and flexible characteristics of gantry mechanical components, a rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model is proposed, which provides a theoretical basis for the control system design. To ensure zero steady-state tracking error and parameter convergence in the presence of parameter uncertainties and unknown disturbances, a composite adaptive control method integrating excellent output tracking performance and parameter estimation is presented. Furthermore, the bridge between load movement and centroid position is established through frequency domain identification, which facilitates reasonable thrust distribution. Comparative experimental results are presented that confirm the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed synchronous control scheme.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Challenges of TSO-DSO Voltage Regulation Under Real-Time Data Exchange
Paradigm
Authors:
MERKEBU ZENEBE DEGEFA;Henrik Lundkvist;Santiago Sanchez-Acevedo;Kristoffer N. Gregertsen;
Pages: 75 - 84
Abstract: As conventional power generation units are being replaced with distributed energy resources, operational practices such as voltage regulation and congestion management are expected to be challenging. To address these challenges, regular and automated intercontrol center operational coordination will be needed between transmissions and distributions system operators (TSO and DSO). In this study, the data exchange required for the near-real-time operational coordination is investigated for a reactive power management use case. A realistic ICCP/TASE 2 protocol is implemented in a laboratory environment where the physical network is simulated in a real-time simulator while optimal set-points are communicated from the control centers to simulated assets being communicated through the IEC 60870-5-104. In addition, the sufficiency of the common information model (CIM) and common grid model exchange standard (CGMES) is evaluated for TSO-DSO network data exchange. The results from the cyber-physical test setup show that the detailed DSO grid model knowledge by the TSO results in lower system losses. Such data can be difficult to prepare, exchange, and compute. However, results show that simplified equivalent models can be acceptable if they are properly tailored to the specific use case. The experiences from the CIM implementation with the CGMES profile are found out to be sufficient for such operational data exchange.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Hierarchical Model-Predictive Droop Control for Voltage and Frequency
Restoration in AC Microgrids
Authors:
Iresha Poonahela;Abdelbasset Krama;Sertac Bayhan;Ugur Fesli;Mohammad B. Shadmand;Haitham Abu-Rub;Miroslav M. Begovic;
Pages: 85 - 97
Abstract: The hierarchical control structure was introduced to allow the integration of power-electronics-based distributed generation into the microgrid in a smart and flexible manner. The main aim of the primary controller in such a structure is to achieve accurate active and reactive power sharing, whereas the secondary control aims to ensure voltage and frequency (V/f) stability. Generally, converter-level secondary controllers utilize classical nested loop control that suffer from a slow dynamic response and cumbersome parameter tuning. The existing-model-based and estimation-based secondary controllers are fast, but require complex design methodology, high communication bandwidth, and, consequently, higher data analysis and computational burden. This article presents a simple predictive-based secondary control for the ac microgrid that is fast and robust and has a low design complexity, low communication bandwidth, and no parameter tuning requirement in the secondary control layer. The proposed predictive control optimally restores voltage and frequency in the microgrid by predicting their trajectory deviations and leveraging the droop characteristic curves. Experimental tests performed with three parallel-connected grid-forming inverters in an islanded operation validate that the controller can accurately maintain V/f stability, while ensuring active and reactive power sharing.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Alignment of the IEEE Industrial Agents Recommended Practice Standard With
the Reference Architectures RAMI4.0, IIRA, and SGAM
Authors:
Paulo Leitão;Stamatis Karnouskos;Thomas I. Strasser;Xiaodong Jia;Jay Lee;Armando Walter Colombo;
Pages: 98 - 111
Abstract: Industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPS) are a key element that acts as the backbone infrastructure for realizing innovative systems compliant with the fourth industrial revolution vision and requirements to realize it. Several architectures, such as the reference architectural model industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0), the industrial Internet reference architecture (IIRA), and the smart grid architecture model (SGAM), have been proposed to develop and integrate ICPS, their services, and applications for different domains. In such architectures, the digitization of assets and interconnection to relevant industrial processes and business services is of paramount importance. Different technological solutions have been developed that overwhelmingly focus on the integration of the assets with their cyber counterpart. In this context, the adoption of standards is crucial to enable the compatibility and interoperability of these network-based systems. Since industrial agents are seen as an enabler in realizing ICPS, this work aims to provide insights related to the use and alignment of the recently established IEEE 2660.1 recommended practice to support ICPS developers and engineers to integrate assets in the context of each one of the three referred reference architectures. A critical discussion also points out some noteworthy aspects that emerge when using the IEEE 2660.1 in these architectures and discusses limitations and challenges ahead.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Suitability of Generalized GAROs on FPGAs as PUFs or TRNGs Considering
Spatial Correlations
Authors:
Miguel Garcia-Bosque;Abel Naya;Guillermo Díez-Señorans;Carlos Sánchez-Azqueta;Santiago Celma;
Pages: 112 - 122
Abstract: In the last years, guaranteeing the security in Internet of things communications has become an essential task. In this article, the bias of a wide set of oscillators has been studied to determine their suitability as both true random number generators (TRNGs) and physically unclonable functions (PUFs). For this purpose, a generic configurable structure has been proposed and implemented in an field programmable gate array (FPGA). With this implementation, by introducing some external signals it is possible to configure the system in different oscillator topologies. This way, we have managed to analyze 2730 oscillators composed by seven lookup tables (LUTs) without having to resynthesize the code each time. The performed analysis has included conventional ring oscillators, Galois ring oscillators, and newly proposed oscillator topologies. From this analysis, we have concluded that none of these oscillators behave as an ideal TRNG but ring oscillators present the closest to an ideal behavior. Regarding their suitability as PUFs, some of the newly proposed oscillators in this article present a high reproducibility, higher than that of conventional ring oscillator PUF (RO-PUF) and a high uniqueness. Furthermore, we have noticed that both their reproducibility and their uniqueness tend to improve when increasing the length of the oscillators, which opens the possibility of finding new oscillators with even better properties by studying oscillators of bigger lengths. Finally, by studying the spatial correlation of the bias of these oscillators, we have observed that they present a much lower spatial correlation compared to the ring oscillators, which opens the possibility of using these oscillators in PUF architectures that use more comparisons than typical RO-PUFs.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Characterization of GaN HEMTs' Aging Precursors and Activation Energy
Under a Wide Range of Thermal Cycling Tests
Authors:
Hussain Sayed;Gnana Sambandam Kulothungan;Harish S. Krishnamoorthy;
Pages: 123 - 134
Abstract: In this article, 650-V/7.5-A-rated enhancement-mode gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with integrated gate drivers are characterized under thousands of accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) at different junction temperature stresses. This research helps in developing fundamental insights into GaN HEMTs' aging characteristics through the degradation of 10 devices under ATC tests. For over 20 000 thermal cycles, the forward and reverse conduction losses, IGSS, Coss, and the RDSon are experimentally measured to identify the parameter shifts and the corresponding precursors. Results indicate that both IGSS and Coss do not deviate much, but the values of RDSon, the forward and reverse conduction losses vary considerably with device aging. This article also presents an empirical method to estimate the correlation between the acceleration factors of the GaN FETs' degradation process and the thermal cycling conditions. The value of the activation energy of the tested GaN HEMT devices is also derived using the empirical equations to be about 1.13 eV under the applied stress factors. This study finds that the degradation process of GaN HEMTs with age facilitates a reasonable correlation with different failure mechanisms, which further helps in reliability improvement.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- A 5-Level HERIC Active-Clamped Inverter With Full Reactive Power
Capability for Grid-Connected Applications
Authors:
Yaroslav Y. Syasegov;Majid Farhangi;Reza Barzegarkhoo;Yam P. Siwakoti;Li Li;Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu;Ricardo P. Aguilera;Josep Pou;
Pages: 135 - 148
Abstract: Distributed generation systems integrated into the modern electrical grid demand novel circuit architectures that can combine high efficiency and high power density together. The transformerless highly efficient and reliable inverter concept (HERIC) topologies are notable due to their mitigated leakage current concerns, constant common-mode voltage, and high efficiency. Nonetheless, the HERIC-based structures feature a maximum of three-level ac output voltage, forcing the conversion system to integrate large output filters to meet the grid codes. This article introduces a novel HERIC active-clamped converter with bidirectional power flow and full reactive power capabilities that can achieve five-level output voltage. This is accomplished by means of a phase-shifted pulsewidth modulation technique that effectively doubles the apparent switching frequency of the inverter and improves the quality of the injected ac power. Consequently, the topology can achieve higher power conversion efficiency, while using the same or a smaller output filter. To verify the feasibility of the proposed converter, a 2.5-kW SiC-based prototype was built and tested in the laboratory under different operation conditions.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Effective Circuit Configuration and Control for Coil-Array Wireless Power
Transmitters
Authors:
Hirokazu Matsumoto;Wataru Yoneyama;Aozora Hata;Yuki Sato;
Pages: 149 - 158
Abstract: This article presents a circuit configuration and control for coil-array wireless power transmitters. The target coil arrays have coils that are uniform in shape and dimensions and are regularly arranged with an angular interval of 120°. The system has a three-leg half-bridge inverter, which simultaneously feeds the three coils in the transmitter. It can deal with more than three coils by adding a switch set between the inverter and the coils. The system has a configuration to cancel mutual inductances between the transmitter coils and improve the power factor of the system. It can maximize the efficiency from the transmitter coils to the receiver coil and can output uniform power regardless of the receiver position. The current condition for achieving these features is derived, and a field-programmable-gate-array-based control for realizing the current condition is presented. The performance of the proposed system is experimentally validated with an implemented prototype. Results show that the system has a power variation of less than 5.8% depending on the receiver position. The system can operate at approximately maximum efficiency.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
- Long Prediction Horizon FCS-MPC for Power Converters and Drives
Authors:
Eduardo Zafra;Sergio Vazquez;Tobias Geyer;Ricardo P. Aguilera;Leopoldo G. Franquelo;
Pages: 159 - 175
Abstract: Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is a salient control method for power conversion systems that has recently enjoyed remarkable popularity. Several studies highlight the performance benefits that long prediction horizons achieve in terms of closed-loop stability, harmonic distortions, and switching losses. However, the practical implementation is not straightforward due to its inherently high computational burden. To overcome this obstacle, the control problem can be formulated as an integer least-squares optimization problem, which is equivalent to the closest point search or closest vector problem in lattices. Different techniques have been proposed in the literature to solve it, with the sphere decoding algorithm (SDA) standing out as the most popular choice to address the long prediction horizon FCS-MPC. However, the state of the art in this field offers solutions beyond the conventional SDA that will be described in this article alongside future trends and challenges in the topic.
PubDate:
2023
Issue No: Vol. 4 (2023)
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