Authors:
Shimpei Sato;Yoshihiro Maeda;
Pages: 309 - 319 Abstract: The frequency-domain curve fitting of dynamic system models in modal summation form is an essential process in mechatronics control, and it is widely used in various industries. However, as the fitting problem often results in a nonconvex optimization problem, gradient-based methods, such as the nonlinear least-squares (NLSs) method, tend to become trapped in local optima owing to sensitivity to initial parameters, whereas metaheuristics-based methods, such as the genetic algorithm (GA), are hindered by extensive parameter search times. This article presents a novel curve fitting method based on a cooperative optimization approach that combines the GA and least-squares method. The proposed method efficiently and accurately identifies (quasi)global optimal parameters for nonconvex fitting problems without requiring complex initial parameter settings. Experimental results on a galvanometer scanner demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms conventional NLS-based and GA-based methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency. PubDate:
THU, 13 FEB 2025 09:18:12 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Xiang Yin;Jinhua She;Jingcheng Guo;Wei Guo;Gang Su;
Pages: 320 - 330 Abstract: The equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) approach is effective to suppress the influences of disturbances. However, an EID-based control system suffers from severe fluctuations when an exogenous disturbance appears and disappears, which degrades the transient performance. This article uses the composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) to deal with such a problem and is the first time to do that. Moreover, an $n$-order low-pass filter is designed for the EID approach to improving the disturbance-rejection performance. Combining the $n$-order EID estimator with the CNF, a CNF-based $n$-order EID approach is presented, which not only improves the disturbance-rejection performance but also degrades the fluctuations of the system output when the disturbance appears and disappears. Analyzing the configuration of the $n$-order low-pass filter, this article finds and proves its general mathematical express using the mathematical induction method. Next, the stability analysis is broken into stability conditions of two subsystems. Then, the design of the $n$-order EID estimator is transformed into an optimization problem based on the stability conditions. Finally, the simulation results show the validity and superiority of the presented method. PubDate:
THU, 06 FEB 2025 09:17:49 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
João Marcus S. Callegari;Lucas S. Chaves;Lucas S. Araujo;Braz J. Cardoso Filho;Danilo I. Brandao;
Pages: 331 - 344 Abstract: Feedback, feedforward, and disturbance decoupling control actions are commonly addressed to the well-known current control of distributed energy resources (DERs). This article extends these control actions to centralized grid-connected microgrids (MGs) aiming to improve the dynamics at their point of common coupling (PCC). Three strategies are comprehensively compared considering 1) feedback action (F control); 2) feedforward and disturbance decoupling actions (fD control); and 3) all three actions (FfD control). Time-varying experimental results obtained using an experimental laboratory-scale single-phase MG show the feasibility of these centralized control schemes in real-field applications. Comparison is carried out regarding the PCC power reference tracking, MG control dynamic stiffness, and stability evaluation related to communication link nonidealities. Among the strategies, F and fD controls show lower susceptibility to communication latency. The proposed complete strategy, i.e., FfD, shows wider reference tracking bandwidth and increased low-frequency dynamic stiffness to load and communication disturbances. These enhanced capabilities are attained by properly applying the well-established control actions at the MG firmware level, without requiring any MG hardware retrofit. PubDate:
THU, 13 FEB 2025 09:18:12 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Tomasz Święchowicz;Sebastian Styński;Krzysztof Kulikowski;
Pages: 345 - 357 Abstract: The popularity of sigma-delta measurement (SDM) in power electronics is increasing due to its high accuracy but is hampered by the significant measurement delay it introduces. This delay is further increased if the SDM's digital filter is designed to attenuate not only the quantization noise but also the pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-related harmonics. The main objective of this article is to improve the SDM methodology by adding and verifying a new digital filter, named the TSS filter, which reduces measurement delay while remaining robust against the presence of PWM ripple. Given the limited amount of published information on SDM accuracy in PWM voltage-source converters (VSCs), the secondary objective of this article is to experimentally compare it against regular sampled measurement (RSM) on a dedicated platform. To show that the resulting inaccuracies are inherent to RSM rather than stemming from poor converter design, an analysis of measurement error sources in PWM VSCs is conducted. PubDate:
MON, 03 MAR 2025 09:17:31 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Manuel Martínez-Gómez;Marcos E. Orchard;Serhiy Bozhko;Patrick Wheeler;Claudio Burgos-Mellado;
Pages: 358 - 379 Abstract: Multiple interconnected ac and dc microgrids (MGs) are being studied by academia and industry because of their benefits despite their operational challenges. Coordinating distributed generators (DGs) is complex, so communication-based controllers are proliferating in the literature. Then, this work proposes a distributed control strategy for islanded ac/dc multi-MGs interconnected by interlinking converters (ILCs). The proposed scheme is implemented in the ILCs and consists of distributed controllers that equalize global generation costs, allowing secondary control in each MG. Control actions that safeguard the saturated operation of MGs and ILCs are included in the control designs. The simultaneous operation with multiple objectives is possible due to adjusting control parameters according to a prioritization criterion. Experiments are conducted through an extensive simulated environment. The results show the proposed multiobjective controllers could maintain global optimal costs during normal operation while not overloading DGs, ILCs, subgrids, and clusters of ILCs. Furthermore, the strategy may reduce operational costs in the long term by protecting the lifetime of critical MG components. Desynchronization of incremental costs is enforced at 15% at most under demanding conditions. Also, it is possible to operate against considerable ($>$250 [ms]) time delays in the tests. PubDate:
TUE, 04 MAR 2025 09:16:59 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Ali M. Hosseini;Wolfgang Kastner;Thilo Sauter;
Pages: 380 - 395 Abstract: The digital transformation of Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) within the Industry 4.0 paradigm is essential for industrial organizations to remain competitive, while cybersecurity is an enabler. However, security measures, often implemented late in the engineering process, lead to costly and complicated implementations. Thus, this article is concerned with the “security by design” principle in ICSs and facilitates compliance with ICS security standards, which can be legally mandated for some critical systems or adopted by asset owners to protect their assets. Current methods for compliance demand manual efforts from security experts, making the compliance process time-consuming and costly. To address this, we propose a framework for leveraging large language models (LLMs) combined with knowledge graphs to automate the interpretation of security requirements and system architecture as two main elements of the design phase. Our knowledge graph-augmented LLM framework converts system architectures into human natural language, enhancing the automation of various security analyses, especially those that need to handle textual requirements. The framework enables validating applicable security requirements provided by IEC 62443-3-3 (a widely-used ICS security standard) concerning system designs through a question-and-answer interface. To evaluate the framework, various questions with reference responses from human experts were prepared in the context of a use case, and the quality of the LLMs' responses was measured across various metrics. Moreover, we compared the framework with a baseline approach based on formal queries. The results show that the proposed framework effectively automates security tasks and offers a user-friendly interface accessible to nonexperts. PubDate:
WED, 26 FEB 2025 09:17:39 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Kun Cui;Ming Chi;Yong Zhao;Zhi-Wei Liu;
Pages: 396 - 414 Abstract: Amidst the escalating challenges of global warming and energy crises, the rapid development of distributed renewable energy resources has emerged as a critical strategy. Regional integrated energy systems (RIESs) have garnered significant attention for their potential to integrate and optimize both distributed renewable energy resources and conventional energy facilities. This article presents a bilevel optimization framework for the electricity-storage coupling market in multi-RIES, considering the integration of 6G network slicing technology and battery energy storage (BES) capacity sharing. The upper-level model maximizes the profit of generation units by optimizing their bidding strategies, while the lower-level model aims to maximize social welfare through market clearing. The proposed line search-based global Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm addresses the limitations of existing algorithms with necessary and innovative improvements to tackle the challenge of global convergence in nonsmooth optimization problems. Numerical case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, demonstrating enhanced BES utilization, increased renewable energy generation, and improved social welfare. The results also highlight the sensitivity of social welfare to communication costs, underscoring the importance of careful cost calibration. PubDate:
FRI, 14 FEB 2025 09:16:56 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Ton Hoang Nguyen;Ty Trung Nguyen;Jae Wook Jeon;
Pages: 415 - 428 Abstract: In this study, we propose a modified model predictive control (MMPC) approach combined with an adaptive second-order disturbance observer (ASDO) for efficient speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motors in the presence of unknown disturbances, such as system parameter variations and external load torque. The MMPC incorporates feedforward reference compensation (FFRC) and a posterior constraint compensation (PCC) technique. When the motor operates on a nonconstant velocity profile, the FFRC technique reduces the tracking delay associated with conventional MPC methods. In addition, the PCC technique addresses control signal constraints under a step velocity profile without requiring the solution of complex optimization problems at each time step, thereby reducing the computational effort for the controller. Furthermore, the ASDO utilizes a second-order disturbance observer to enhance the robustness of the MMPC. An adaptive observer bandwidth algorithm is proposed to minimize random noise and current ripple. The performance of the proposed methods was evaluated by applying them to an industrial motor drive, confirming their validity and practicality in real-world operations. PubDate:
TUE, 04 MAR 2025 09:16:59 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Yi-Hung Liao;Jia-Sheng Liu;Pu-Yi Huang;Ping-Ju Chen;
Pages: 429 - 444 Abstract: In a three-phase three-level ac/dc converter, the T-type rectifier features high efficiency and lower power switch stress, and it allows the dc-side voltage to serve as two independent output voltage sources. In practical applications, the operation of the T-type rectifier under unbalanced three-phase grid conditions must be considered. This article establishes an improved direct power control structure based on extended power theory under unbalanced grid conditions to achieve distortion-free current for the T-type rectifier. Additionally, a feedforward virtual capacitor power compensation is created to eliminate the output voltage ripples caused by the ripple power of the rectifier inductance under the unbalanced three-phase grid. The controller design of the improved direct power control and the choice of the virtual capacitor are analyzed. Furthermore, the proposed method regulates the neutral point voltage of the T-type rectifier, eliminates neutral point current disturbances, and provides a stable and accurate dc output voltage, ensuring high quality power supply. The proposed strategy does not require a phase-locked loop or ac-side system parameters, resulting in excellent dynamic performance and robustness against parameter mismatches. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control strategy are verified through simulation results and the implementation of a 2.4 kW three-phase T-type rectifier. PubDate:
MON, 10 MAR 2025 09:16:41 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Roberto Martín López;Sergio de López Diz;Alessandro Faro;Emilio José Bueno Peña;Alessandro Lidozzi;
Pages: 445 - 458 Abstract: One of the primary challenges associated with single-phase AC railway electrification is the unbalance created within the three-phase supply grid. This problem does not arise in DC electrification systems. The aim of this article is to introduce a novel Grid-Forming control strategy, which applied to a power electronics based topology allows the generation of an AC catenary from the DC catenary. Focusing on the capabilities of the control algorithm, the system is presented as a fully scalable solution employing multiple grid-forming DC/AC converters. These converters use power control loops based on the Virtual Synchronous Machine concept, adapted to single-phase operation. A key advantage of this approach is that all converters within the system contribute to supporting both voltage and frequency stability. In addition, the implementation does not require a higher-level controller or communication system. Through an appropriate power control design, the power supplied by each converter, relative to the total load demand, can be determined. PubDate:
WED, 05 MAR 2025 09:17:30 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Jorge Jiménez-Giménez;Antonio Lázaro;Álvar Mayor;Jaime López-López;Andrés Barrado;
Pages: 459 - 477 Abstract: This article presents a set of bidirectional dc–dc power converter solutions for high-voltage, high-power applications using magnetic and semiconductor devices that need to handle a small fraction of the rated power and voltage. The elements are integrated in an interleaved operation, which results in the generation of a low rms and pseudosine phase current. All these features result in a topology with a high level of efficiency, maintaining soft-switching over the entire operating range. Steady-state equations and simulation results are presented and then experimentally validated with a 25 kW prototype converter. Finally, it is verified that the solution is suitable for the needs of the proposed dc-microgrid scenario, that includes hydrogen production and an EV-charger, using solar PV-panels and battery energy storage systems as energy sources. PubDate:
FRI, 07 MAR 2025 10:41:37 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Abdullah Berkay Bayindir;Ali Sharida;Sertac Bayhan;Haitham Abu-Rub;
Pages: 478 - 490 Abstract: This article presents an approach for enhancing the reliability and robustness of electric vehicle (EV) chargers, particularly the dc–dc side of the EV chargers, by using the inverse model predictive control (IMPC). IMPC, a recently introduced control method for power electronic converters, leverages the strengths of model predictive control (MPC), while minimizing its computational burden. IMPC excels in managing sophisticated and nonlinear systems, controlling multiple objectives, and adhering to various constraints. However, the effectiveness of conventional IMPC is heavily dependent on the accurate dynamic model of the power converter. This dependency makes IMPC susceptible to uncertainties and disturbances. To address this challenge, the proposed method employs an adaptive estimation strategy utilizing a recursive least square algorithm for online dynamic model estimation. This real-time estimated model enables IMPC to predict optimal switching states with improved reliability. The proposed control technique is designed to provide constant power, constant current, and constant voltage modes, with the ability to seamlessly transition between them. The efficacy of this technique is demonstrated through extensive simulations and experimental validation for a dual active bridge (DAB) converter. This adaptive method underscores the potential of IMPC for practical EV charging scenarios, ensuring reliable and high-performance charging. PubDate:
MON, 24 MAR 2025 09:17:30 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Mahdis Haddadi;Saman A. Gorji;Samson S. Yu;
Pages: 491 - 521 Abstract: Inertia is a critical factor in maintaining the frequency stability of power systems. However, the growing integration of power electronics-based renewable energy sources (RESs) has significantly reduced system inertia. AC and dc microgrids have emerged as key solutions for integrating RESs. Unlike traditional synchronous generators, power electronic converters interfacing RESs lack inherent inertia and damping, posing challenges to the control and stability of these microgrids. To address these challenges, virtual inertia control strategies, which emulate the behavior of synchronous generators, have been widely adopted to enhance the stability of ac microgrids. Drawing on the analogies between ac and dc systems, similar virtual inertia concepts have been extended to dc microgrids, demonstrating their potential to improve system stability. This article provides a comprehensive review of inertia enhancement strategies for dc microgrids, examining their key features, benefits, and limitations. The analogy between synchronous generators/dc machines and energy storage systems is explored, with a particular focus on the implementation of virtual inertia and damping control in energy storage converters as a promising solution to mitigate power fluctuations. In addition, this article investigates the grid-forming and grid-following converter analogies in ac and dc microgrids. Various stability analysis methods applied to inertia enhancement strategies are also reviewed, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research. By addressing the conceptual and technical analogies between ac and dc systems, this review aims to provide valuable insights for developing advanced control strategies for next-generation microgrids. PubDate:
TUE, 11 MAR 2025 09:16:44 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Seong Jin Lim;Sung-Geun Song;Guangxu Zhou;Feel-Soon Kang;
Pages: 522 - 534 Abstract: Metal oxide varistor (MOV) is a nonlinear resistive element whose resistance decreases rapidly when the applied voltage exceeds a threshold value. A dc solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) uses MOVs or MOV with resistor-capacitor-diode (RCD) snubber circuit combinations to reduce the surge voltage that occurs when breaking a fault current. The more MOV and RCD circuit components are added, the greater the surge voltage reduction effect. However, an increase in several parts leads to a rise in the cost of the snubber circuit. This article aims to find an economical circuit structure that improves the surge voltage reduction rate and does not increase the cost significantly by adding MOV and RCD snubber combinations to the conventional MOV-based surge voltage reduction circuits. First, three circuit combinations employing MOV, R, C, and diodes are presented. We confirm the proposed snubber circuit structures effectively reduce surge voltage by comparing surge voltage reduction rates through theoretical analysis, simulation, and experiment. Second, cost model analysis for the proposed circuits is used to calculate the total price of components. Finally, the economic feasibility of the proposed snubber circuits is evaluated by the cost required to achieve a 1% surge voltage reduction rate. The results of this article facilitate the selection of an economical circuit structure that combines additional MOV or RCD snubbers in the conventional MOV-based snubber circuits to reduce the surge voltage of SSCBs while minimizing cost increase. PubDate:
FRI, 14 MAR 2025 09:16:46 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Andre Thommessen;Christoph M. Hackl;
Pages: 535 - 547 Abstract: Historically, grid-connected synchronous machines have formed the grid voltage and frequency. Today, the high penetration of inverter-based resources poses challenges to grid stability, as conventional grid-following control methods do not provide grid-forming capabilities. New grid-forming control methods need to stabilize the grid. Therefore, electromagnetic transient modeling is essential for control design and stability analysis in future power systems. This article proposes a novel reduced-order modeling and identification approach for doubly fed induction machines (DFIMs) with a grid-connected stator and inverter-connected rotor. The proposed generic modeling remains valid under varying grid or stator conditions. Consequently, the modeling approach is also applicable to induction machines with an inverter-connected stator. In this article, DFIM measurements identify a holistic current-to-flux mapping to model nonlinear magnetic saturation effects. A virtual current injection method is introduced to identify all differential inductances without additional measurements. Various simplified and holistic nonlinear modeling approaches are compared, and measurements validate the proposed holistic flux dynamics model under varying grid conditions. PubDate:
WED, 19 FEB 2025 09:17:35 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Chi-Fong Ieong;Hou-Wa Wong;Io-Wa Iam;Chi-Seng Lam;
Pages: 548 - 559 Abstract: In the underwater environment, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have seen substantial use in the submarine environment. To avoid surfacing the AUV for recharging, magnetic coupler (MC)-embedded docking stations and AUVs for underwater wireless charging have attracted much attention in recent years. In this article, we propose a misalignment-tolerant, light-weighted, AUV-capable MC structure for underwater wireless charging applications. With the proposed design, the MC can provide a relatively stable coupling even under various types of coil misalignment. We also provide an analytical method to estimate the mutual inductance of the proposed MC under different positions. Simulations on the MC design are performed by using ANSYS Maxwell to evaluate its performance under different misalignment scenarios. To verify the viability of the proposed MC in an inductive power transfer system, a 750-W wireless charging experimental prototype was built in the laboratory with the proposed MC design. With a light-weighted and compact receiver of 320 g and 110 cm3, the system can achieve a maximum efficiency of 93.1%. Even under different coils’ axial, rotational, and off-center misalignment scenarios, the measured system efficiency is over 92%. PubDate:
FRI, 28 MAR 2025 09:17:49 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Abdel Gafoor Haddad;Igor Boiko;Yahya Zweiri;
Pages: 560 - 574 Abstract: Load transportation through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as quadrotors, has a high potential for quick deliveries to locations that are out of the reach of ground vehicles. The complexity of the pick-and-place procedure in such tasks increases if the target location does not have a clearance at the top, necessitating the use of recent learning-based controllers such as reinforcement learning (RL). This article presents a new concept of dual-scale homogeneity, a property defined by scaled magnitudes and time in transformed coordinates that remain independent of system parameters. It demonstrates that applying transformations to achieve this property ensures consistent performance of a quadrotor with a slung load system (QSLS) despite variations in its parameters. Furthermore, it also presents an effective approach to design a parameter-dependent RL policy that homogenizes the QSLS. Unlike plain RL or gain-scheduled proportional-integral-derivative controllers, which confine parameter variations within a predefined range encountered during training or tuning, the developed approach works under large parameter variations, significantly surpassing the performance of traditional controllers. The conducted experiments on load placement in a confined space, utilizing a quadrotor to manage load swing, proved the proposed synergy between the homogeneity transformations and RL, yielding a success rate of 96% in bringing the load to its designated target with a 3-D RMSE of 0.0253 m. PubDate:
WED, 02 APR 2025 09:16:52 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Virendra Ashiwal;Oscar Miguel-Escrig;Bianca Wiesmayr;Alois Zoitl;Julio-Ariel Romero-Pérez;
Pages: 575 - 590 Abstract: The IEC 61131-3 standard was initially established to define a common software architecture and programming languages for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) produced by various manufacturers, leading to its widespread adoption since 1993. Since then, it has been a cornerstone in the industrial automation domain. Building upon this foundation, the IEC 61499 standard was developed to enhance the design and implementation of distributed control systems by incorporating advanced concepts from distributed systems and software engineering such as encapsulation, separation of control logic from communication infrastructure, and independent development of software components from their hardware deployment. While IEC 61499 introduces novel approaches, it also incorporates and extends key elements from IEC 61131-3, including function blocks, programming languages, and basic data types. Despite the advantages offered by the IEC 61499 standard, its adoption is still limited largely due to historical precedence, industry familiarity, better tool and vendor support, and the risk-averse nature of the industrial automation market. The migration or re-engineering effort from an existing IEC 61131-based automation system to IEC 61499 also faces challenges because it typically retains the underlying programming paradigms of IEC 61131-3. The contribution of this article is to identify the pitfalls associated with migrating PLC control code from IEC 61131-3-based automation systems to IEC 61499. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic literature review that address these identified migration pitfalls. We then synthesized the findings from the literature and provided a summary and research directions for addressing these pitfalls. PubDate:
MON, 07 APR 2025 09:17:24 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Bin Yuan;Hui Li;Xuewei Xiang;Hao Zhou;
Pages: 591 - 602 Abstract: Motor efficient design is an important measure to reduce the energy consumption of servo motor system. Existing methods typically focus on optimizing the efficiency at specific operating points or the proportion of the high-efficiency region, making it difficult to quantify the matching of the position servo motor's periodic wide-domain operating conditions under trajectory planning. In this article, an energy efficiency optimization design method for position servo permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on a cycle operating energy consumption model is proposed. First, the periodic operating states of PMSM under position trajectory planning are characterized by the speed-torque operating curve. A neural network mapping between PMSM full-domain dynamic losses and speed-torque-temperature is constructed based on finite element data. Combined with the physical analytical model of mechanical power and friction, a data-model driven precise model is established, enabling quantitative evaluation of the cycle energy consumption with different PMSM design schemes; then, taking cycle operating energy consumption and peak torque as optimization objectives, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method is employed to generate finite element optimization data samples. Dimension reduction of design variables is performed through correlation analysis, followed by the establishment of a precise response surface model for optimization objectives and significant variables. The optimal design scheme after global optimization is quickly solved by the evolutionary algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through simulation and prototype experiments. PubDate:
FRI, 04 APR 2025 09:18:04 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Sofia Maragkou;Lukas Rappel;Hendrik Dettmer;Thilo Sauter;Axel Jantsch;
Pages: 603 - 617 Abstract: From military applications to everyday devices, hardware (HW) security is more relevant than ever before. The supply chain of integrated circuits is global and involves multiple actors, which facilitate the implementation of various attacks. Its complexity increases the attack surfaces, violating not only the privacy of the users or even national security but also endangering human life. We review some of the publicly known HW attacks that have occurred and propose an assessment scheme for the attacks and the defense on hardware. Using this scheme, we relate the costs of attacks and defense and provide a structured landscape of HW attacks. To illustrate the utility of our assessment scheme, we apply it to a number of real-world and synthetic research cases. We observe a gap between the research use cases and the real-world attacks and envision that the comprehensive assessment of the attacks will enable the development of more suitable countermeasures. In addition, we revised the security policies for HW devices, and we conclude that the complexity and obscurity of the supply chain are key parameters impacting HW security, providing attack surfaces. Finally, we identify the demystification of the supply chain as the main strategy to mitigate this problem. PubDate:
WED, 16 APR 2025 09:16:49 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Zhao Song;Simon Krüner;Christoph M. Hackl;
Pages: 618 - 636 Abstract: A novel three-phase grid-connected inverter topology with a split dc link and LC filter is proposed. It allows for a full parallel connection of multiple inverters simultaneously on both the ac and dc sides, offering high modularity, redundancy, expandability, and overall system reliability. A generic dynamical system model is derived, considering the coupling effects between parallelized inverters, physical constraints, and varying grid impedance. A decentralized proportional-integral state feedback control (PI-SFC) with an extended Luenberger state observer is developed and compared with a conventional PI controller regulating inverter-side currents. A stability analysis shows that both closed-loop control systems remain stable even if an arbitrarily large number of inverters are connected in parallel. Simulations and experiments confirm the functionality and robustness of the closed-loop system under varying grid impedances and during grid faults. For the experimental results, the controllers were implemented on commercially available hardware of the proposed topology. In particular, the PI-SFC allows for better exploitation of the full power of the inverters due to its enhanced controller performance and damping ability. Besides, the exceptional match between simulation and experimental results proves the accuracy of the proposed system model as well. PubDate:
THU, 03 APR 2025 09:16:53 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Felix Rehm;Héctor Sarnago;Rüdiger Schwendemann;Óscar Lucía;Marc Hiller;
Pages: 637 - 650 Abstract: Nonresonant inverter topologies are a reliable, self-protective, and cost-effective solution for induction heating (IH) appliances. In this article, a novel nonresonant inverter topology, particularly suitable for domestic IH applications, is proposed. The proposed topology achieves high output voltage levels, addressing the main drawback of nonresonant topologies compared to resonant ones, which is an increased voltage demand for the same output power. In addition, both switching devices operate against a common ground, enabling a cost-effective implementation with high power density. In this article, the proposed inverter is described, its different operating modes are analyzed, and a power control strategy is derived. A comparison with conventional resonant topologies reveals a potential cost reduction of approximately $13 \,\%$ in the main power electronics components, due to the elimination of resonant capacitors and the possibility of using more cost-effective gate drivers. Experimental results demonstrate that the output power can be seamlessly controlled from zero to $3.6 \,\mathrm{kW}$, while maintaining zero-voltage switching across a wide operational range. This ensures efficient operation with a maximum estimated efficiency of $98.3 \,\%$. PubDate:
FRI, 18 APR 2025 09:16:54 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Lucas Jonys Ribeiro Silva;Márcio Von Rondow Campos;Thales Augusto Fagundes;Bruno Meneghel Zilli;Rodolpho Vilela Alves Neves;Ricardo Quadros Machado;Vilma Alves de Oliveira;
Pages: 651 - 668 Abstract: This article proposes a sigmoid-based particle swarm optimization (PSO) for a complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (SPSO-CEEMD) applied to the energy management system of a hybrid electric vehicle. The low-frequency power demand, to be supplied by the lithium-ion battery (LIB) and internal combustion engine (ICE), is calculated by the CEEMD, while sigmoid functions define the ICE reference, avoiding discontinuities in the control strategy and limiting the response frequency in the implementation of power, velocity and angle control loops for the ICE butterfly valve actuator. High-frequency demand is handled by the ultracapacitor (UC), which controls the dc-link voltage. The sigmoid functions are optimized to reduce the ICE fuel consumption and the LIB aging, considering ICE emissions as constraints in the PSO. To make the UC available in next peak demands, its terminal voltage restoration is relaxed by a phase-lag compensator (PLC) tuned to actuate only after power delivers, which reduces the influence in the LIB dynamic. Experimental and numerical results under the HWYCOL, SC03, and a Brazilian real-world drive cycles show that SPSO-CEEMD reduces the total operational cost, LIB stress and aging compared to state-of-the-art strategies. Despite larger UC voltage restoration error with the PLC, LIB power dynamic is not significantly affected, increasing its lifetime by 2.74% and 10.96% compared to traditional PI and low-pass filter strategies, respectively. Moreover, the total operational cost is reduced by 18.28% and 47.54% in relation to the exclusive operation strategy and interval type-2 fuzzy logic control adapted from the literature. PubDate:
WED, 09 APR 2025 09:17:39 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Anton Dianov;Xiaodong Sun;Ji-Won Kang;Galina Demidova;Vladimir Prakht;Nikolay Tarlavin;Jiawei Xiang;
Pages: 669 - 684 Abstract: The wirewound resistors (WRs) are one of the most popular passive components in modern power converters. They are used for many purposes, including sensing, current limitation, discharging, and braking, therefore, depending on their main target, they are constructed prioritizing one of its characteristics. At the same time, one of the specifics of WR is significant parasitic reactance, which must be taken into account. This feature significantly impacts the operation of power converters, therefore, all side effects have to be carefully analyzed and countermeasures have to be implemented. In order to eliminate gap in this area, the authors provide a detailed insight into the design of various circuits with WRs in power converters and formalize the design process, highlighting 11 checkpoints. The authors share their 20-years experience in this field and illustrate five the most popular mistakes with oscillograms, which simplifies the misstep localization. It saves at least one iteration of prototyping and saves significant resources. This article is mainly addressed to young researchers, however, it could also be useful for experienced engineers without solid background in design with WRs. PubDate:
WED, 16 APR 2025 09:16:49 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Oliver Kalmbach;Christoph M. Hackl;
Pages: 685 - 707 Abstract: Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are widely used for high-voltage and high-power applications. They are highly scalable, modular, and flexible in operation. However, this comes with the price of a large number of components, such as semiconductors and capacitors. Each of those components is prone to failure. This article presents four fault-tolerant control strategies for MMCs under severe failures: cluster faults that have been rarely discussed in literature for MMCs. Three fault modes are discussed and four cluster-fault control strategies are proposed. All approaches are derived in detail and validated by simulation and measurement results, including transitions from healthy to faulty operation for different power factors and power steps. The results show that proper functionality of the MMC by the proposed cluster-fault control strategies is still achievable even under the resulting voltage constraints. The proposed cluster-fault control strategies are simple to implement and allow for 1) an easy integration into (existing) systems and 2) an improved fault tolerance of MMCs. PubDate:
MON, 14 APR 2025 09:16:51 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Phanit Sok;Sung-Geun Song;Guangxu Zhou;Feel-Soon Kang;
Pages: 708 - 721 Abstract: The dc solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) is commonly used to protect sensitive equipment and enhance system stability by quickly interrupting fault currents, thereby increasing overall safety. The double metal oxide varistors (MOVs) and the single capacitors are the snubber circuit topologies represented by MOV-MOV-C that have been successfully demonstrated through design and experimentation, effectively suppressing high-frequency oscillations caused by the capacitance of the MOV and blocking low-frequency harmonics introduced by the RC snubber. However, previous research highlights critical areas for improvement, particularly in reducing surge voltage across the main breaker switch, minimizing power loss in on-state normal operation, and discussing the overall design cost in low-scale applications. This article analyzes and compares power loss between different types of semiconductor switches to optimize and minimize it. The surge voltage also improves from the traditional MOV-MOV-C into a proposed enhancement incorporating a new MOV featuring a lower dc-rated and maximum clamping voltage aimed at optimizing surge voltage protection, represented by a Triple-MOV-C snubber circuit. A cost model for critical components was also developed to discuss the total design based on a low-scale dc SSCB application of both snubber circuits and validated through the graph. Finally, the validation of power loss and surge voltage improvements was conducted through small-scale experiments. PubDate:
THU, 01 MAY 2025 09:17:26 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Reza Zolfagharian;S. Alireza Davari;Freddy Flores-Bahamonde;Jose Rodriguez;
Pages: 722 - 737 Abstract: In recent years, there has been a notable rise in deploying multiple power converters within integrated systems. Among the most crucial of these systems are electric vehicles, which utilize dc–dc converters and inverters. Interleaved boost converters are desirable for these applications because of their favorable characteristics, including low current ripple, high efficiency, and flexibility. The configuration chosen in this article is a motor drive inverter for permanent magnet synchronous motors powered by a three-phase interleaved boost converter. Implementing control methods independently for multiple interconnected converters can lead to decreased accuracy, increased response time, lack of proper control, and system uncertainty. On the other hand, integrated control of complex systems is not feasible because of computational time limits. This article proposes a distributed finite-control-set model predictive control method to solve the problems caused by the lack of dependence on the controllers. Furthermore, the proposed technique alleviates the computational burden associated with the unified control methods, aiming to enhance feasibility and minimize complexity. Considering the switching states in the prediction equation, the proposed method eliminates both the dc-link voltage and current sensors from the system. Compared to independent control methods, the results showed that the proposed method improved the transient and steady-state performance and reduced the ripple of essential variables such as torque, current, and voltage. In addition, the peak battery current is decreased. PubDate:
TUE, 29 APR 2025 09:16:42 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Afshin Nazer;Olindo Isabella;Patrizio Manganiello;
Pages: 738 - 763 Abstract: In photovoltaic (PV) systems, unavoidable factors, such as partial shading, nonoptimal mounting angles of PV modules, and accumulation of dust result in mismatches, consequently diminishing energy yield. A promising solution to mitigate these issues is to use distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) architectures. To alleviate mismatch-related losses, many DMPPT architectures, including full power processing (FPP) and differential power processing (DPP), have been documented in the literature. FPP encompasses techniques, such as microinverters, modular multilevel cascade inverters, and dc architectures, such as parallel, series, and total cross-tied. DPP variants include series DPP, parallel DPP, and series–parallel DPP architectures. Moreover, novel DMPPT architectures, such as hybrid and hierarchical architectures, along with advancements in converter topologies and control strategies, continue to emerge, aiming to improve levelized cost of energy. Each novel solution brings distinct advantages and challenges, but the extensive number of architectures, power converters topologies, and control methods have led to confusion and complexity in navigating the literature. This article systematically categorizes, reviews, and compares various DMPPT architectures, associated converters, and control strategies, providing a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of DMPPT development. By elucidating existing advancements and identifying gaps for further research, this review aims to offer clarity and guidance in advancing DMPPT technology for enhanced PV system performance. PubDate:
WED, 30 APR 2025 09:16:40 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Cesar Limones;Nimrod Vázquez;Ricardo Femat;Leonel Estrada;Jeziel Vázquez;Claudia Hernandez;Angel de Castro;Joaquín Vaquero;
Pages: 764 - 774 Abstract: Leakage current is one of the main issues for transformerless grid-connected photovoltaic inverters, and its reduction is a primary focus of various studies reported in the literature. This article proposes and validates a finite control set model predictive controller with a novel cost function to mitigate leakage current in a single-phase full-bridge (FB) grid-connected inverter with an LCL filter, making no modifications to the traditional FB topology and without adding any extra components. Furthermore, mathematical modeling is based on the fully actuated system model, allowing a reduction in the number of variables sensed during implementation, resulting in only grid current and voltage being measured. PubDate:
FRI, 02 MAY 2025 09:16:47 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Qusay Salem;Bayan Bany Fawaz;Rafat Aljarrah;Mazaher Karimi;
Pages: 775 - 801 Abstract: The rapid integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid has resulted in the high utilization of power-electronics devices and operating power systems where inverter-based resources are dominated. Such a transition has led to a reduction of inertia and system strength. In recent research, grid-forming converters (GFM) are introduced and developed to alleviate the grid-following converter (GFL) functionalities and to address the limitations concerning grid support capability, stability, and synchronization issues. However, the efficacy of GFM technology is still under investigation, and the level at which GFM converters can replace traditional GFLs is still under question. This article aims to bridge the gap in literature by revisiting the up-to-date research on the capabilities and the limitations of the proposed GFM converters compared to the traditionally utilized GFL converters, allowing a better understanding of the current status and future requirements. This includes the GFM converter's topologies and their performance for small- and large-signal stability issues, the GFM converters' ability to enhance grid synchronization, and transient stability performances. Furthermore, the challenges and limitations of the dynamic behavior of GFM converters from the point of view of fault ride through (FRT) capability, including grid codes and FRT requirements, FRT methods of GFM converters, postfault behavior, and open research directions, are also comprehensively reviewed. Finally, this article has been concluded by highlighting the main findings, considerations, and future recommendations. PubDate:
THU, 01 MAY 2025 09:17:25 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Ramiro Samano Robles;Gowhar Javanmardi;Christoph Pilz;Przemyslaw Kwapisiewicz;Mateusz Rzymowski;Lukasz Kulas;Luca Davoli;Laura Belli;Gianluigi Ferrari;Bernd-Ludwig Wenning;Bugra Gonca;R. Venkatesha Prasad;Ashutosh Simha;Markku Kiviranta;Ilkka Moilanen;Sean Robinson;Gennaro Cirillo;Mujdat Soyturk;Yavuz Selim Bostanci;Leander B. Hörmann;
Pages: 802 - 819 Abstract: This article presents an overview of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and edge technology have been used to improve wireless connectivity in multiple industrial Use Cases (UCs) of the EU project “Intelligent Secure Trustable Things” (InSecTT). We present a brief introduction of the InSecTT framework for cross-domain architecture design, which targets UCs assisted by reusable and/or interoperable technical Building Blocks (BBs). These BBs constitute the “bricks” containing AI and supporting components that were used to build different UCs. The framework consists of multiple stages based on the processing of UC/BB requirements (RQs). These stages include collection, harmonization, refinement, classification, architecture alignment, and functionality modeling of RQs. The most relevant results of these stages are discussed here, with emphasis on the need for a refined granularity of technical components with common functionalities named Sub-Building blocks (SBBs), where collaboration and cross-domain reusability were optimized. The design process shed light on how AI and SBBs were implemented across different layers and entities of our reference architecture for the Internet-of-Things (IoT), including the interfaces used for information exchange. This detailed interface analysis is expected to reveal issues such as bottlenecks, constraints, vulnerabilities, scalability problems, security threats, etc. This will, in turn, contribute to identifying design gaps of AI-enabled IoT systems. The article summarizes the SBBs related to wireless connectivity, including a general description, implementation issues, a comparison of results, adopted interfaces, and conclusions across domains. PubDate:
WED, 16 APR 2025 09:16:49 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Antonello Scaldaferri;Simone Tolomei;Francesco Iotti;Paolo Gambino;Michele Pierallini;Franco Angelini;Manolo Garabini;
Pages: 820 - 839 Abstract: This article presents the mechanical design of Otto, a lightweight 8-degrees-of-freedom (8-DoF) quadrupedal robot employing series elastic actuators, and a training framework for learning locomotion control policies in simulation using reinforcement learning (RL). Otto's design differs from typical 12-DoF quadrupeds by lacking hip adduction–abduction DoF. This reduces the robot's cost and weight and increases complexity for tasks involving base rotation and angular twist following. The elastic elements at the joints improve compliance, energy efficiency, safety, and stability, increase robustness, and reduce damage to robot hardware components. Our locomotion control approach leverages RL to optimize policies in simulation, allowing stable and efficient movement despite mechanical constraints, i.e., an 8-DoF quadrupedal robot. Through extensive simulation training, leveraging highly parallel Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated robotic simulators, we ensure the policy is well-suited for deployment in real-world scenarios, where accurate motion control is critical for performance. The trained policy is then transferred to the physical robot platform. We demonstrate its effectiveness in various tasks and real-life scenarios with varying payloads and terrains, and compare it with a state-of-the-art model-based method. The results show that Otto, equipped with our RL-based locomotion control, achieves robust performance, compensating for the reality gap and managing the reduced DoF available in Otto. PubDate:
MON, 05 MAY 2025 09:18:11 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Yasuhiro Kato;Sho Sakaino;Toshiaki Tsuji;
Pages: 840 - 850 Abstract: This article introduces a novel approach for guiding human arm movement in the context of robotic rehabilitation. We propose upper limb movement guidance using a force field based on an asymmetric stiffness matrix. By introducing asymmetry in stiffness design, the proposed force field can deflect arm movement toward the target direction of a reaching movement while minimizing impeding effects. We hypothesize that this method can guide a human in the desired direction without interfering with their voluntary movement. To evaluate the performance of the human arm guidance technique, we conducted upper limb reaching experiments using a 2-degree-of-freedom robot arm with ten healthy volunteers. The experimental results revealed that the proposed approach demonstrated a similar reduction in movement error compared to the conventional stiffness approach. Moreover, participants exhibited higher movement activeness, and robotic interference with human movement was lower. The proposed approach may improve movement guidance based on stiffness control by enabling the robot to guide without inhibiting voluntary movement. PubDate:
FRI, 16 MAY 2025 09:17:19 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Yang Zhao;Chee Shen Lim;Fei Xue;Chao Long;Andrew Huey Ping Tan;
Pages: 851 - 867 Abstract: High-performance motor drives rely on closed-loop controls that typically obtain rotor position from a physical encoder or a rotor position estimator. However, it is well established that there may be discrepancies between the measured/estimated position and the actual one. This may be due to the loosening of the encoder's mechanical fixing, initialization errors, sensorless estimation errors, etc. The rotor position error, if left uncompensated, may lead to torque fluctuation and reduced system efficiency. Different from the mainstream iterative or model-based methods introduced thus far, this article focused on a data-driven solution that is based on the use of lightweight long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural networks, realized in conjunction with real-time embedded microcontrollers. Benchmarked against the familiar choice of multilayer perceptron, these emerging recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which have received tremendous attention in computer science subjects but much less in power- electronic-based electric drives, are designed for estimating position errors with high accuracy. Upon careful consideration of the embedded data in the stationary and rotating reference frames, data down sampling, and real-time computing capability, this article shows that these emerging RNNs are potentially more robust against measurement noises and harmonics inherently present in drive systems. They are proven to better generalize to nontraining operating points or data, constituting an essential feature when dealing with closed-loop control's experimental data. The proposed lightweight LSTM- and GRU-based neural networks are extensively validated using a 2.2-kW interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors through simulations and experiments for estimating the step- and ramp-type dynamic rotor position errors. The comparative evaluation against the classical iterative rotor position correction method confirms its superiority in terms of estimation speed and accuracy, suggesting a good potential of the data-driven concept in improving electric drives. PubDate:
MON, 19 MAY 2025 09:16:18 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Victor Chavez;Jörg Wollert;
Pages: 868 - 882 Abstract: Semantic interoperability is essential for the development of intelligent systems, the integration of heterogeneous devices, and the exchange of information independent of protocol. To this end, Industry 4.0 consortia have proposed interoperable information models to ensure the standardized interpretation of data for industrial systems. However, adapting existing standards to Industry 4.0 models remains a challenge for field devices due to the complexity of generically mapping domain-specific concepts and their interpretation. In this article, we propose a novel ontology-based framework to automate the interpretation of field device standards, providing a high-level interface to measure or control a process through generic capabilities. Through the use of the Industry 4.0 field device ontology, we generalize the interpretation of application data and device profiles to model the IO-Link and CANOpen standards. The proposed framework is evaluated using a plug-and-play tank demonstrator that leverages generic capabilities to identify commercial field devices and control an industrial process. Our results demonstrate that the generalization of field device semantics significantly reduces the manual effort of integrating different standards, in turn bridging the semantic gap between field devices and Industry 4.0 information models. PubDate:
FRI, 16 MAY 2025 09:17:19 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Sepideh Amirpour;Sima Soltanipour;Torbjörn Thiringer;Pranav Katta;
Pages: 883 - 897 Abstract: This study focuses on identifying the optimal switching frequency for silicon-carbide (SiC)-based motor drives across a wide range of operating conditions using a loss minimization strategy. The results are then compared with those of traditional silicon-insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) systems. The approach involves conducting a comprehensive real-time finite element method (FEM) analysis of losses induced by pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltages in an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine, compared to conventional sinusoidal current excitation feeding. The analysis integrates electromagnetic field simulations in Ansys Maxwell with the drive system control algorithm in Ansys Twin Builder, ensuring an accurate representation of their interactions. In addition, a method utilizing speed-adaptive core loss coefficients, which account for variable frequencies, is implemented for a more precise core loss estimation. The results reveal a notable discrepancy of up to 80$\%$ in the core loss calculations when using speed-adaptive coefficients versus fixed coefficients. By employing the real-time coupled simulations, the higher switching capabilities of SiC mosfets could be effectively realized to optimize the PWM frequency over a broader range (10–50 kHz), particularly in the main drive region of electric vehicles, with differences of up to 20 kHz compared to IGBT systems. Furthermore, applying the proposed optimal PWM frequency profile in the worldwide harmonized light vehicle test cycle leads to a reduction of up to 22$\%$ in accumulated energy losses in the SiC motor drive compared to its IGBT counterpart. PubDate:
MON, 12 MAY 2025 09:17:28 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Claudio Rubattu;Antonio Ledda;Francesco Ratto;Chaitanya Jugade;Dip Goswami;Francesca Palumbo;
Pages: 898 - 914 Abstract: Manufacturing processes increasingly depend on advanced production machinery that must deliver high quality and large volumes. This applies to die-bonding machines as well that, especially at the time being after the years of shortage, need to meet very high standards of speed and accuracy. To achieve this, these devices are exploring the use of computer vision algorithms for automatic recognition of wafer positioning and die size. Nevertheless, these systems are typically managed by software-only solutions, which may fall short under stringent execution time requirements. A promising solution is the use of heterogeneous platforms, combining general-purpose processors with reconfigurable hardware. Such platforms offer the flexibility to handle both software tasks, which benefit from operating system support, and critical functions requiring hardware acceleration. This article presents a closed-loop implementation of a vision-based multisensor control system for an industrial application. The implementation exploits the capabilities of system on module technologies to provide flexible input/output and software execution coupled with computing acceleration for the vision algorithm on the reconfigurable field-programmable gate array (FPGA) fabric. The FPGA coprocessor has been designed leveraging the high-level synthesis technology and optimized on a dataset of 10 k realistic images to meet the industrial use case's performance, communication, and accuracy requirements. Moreover, the resulting accelerator performance and resource utilization demonstrate the possibility of reaching state-of-the-art metrics of handwritten hardware designs while allowing for higher abstraction and productivity of the design process. PubDate:
MON, 19 MAY 2025 09:16:18 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Eduardo Ferreira Rios Oliveira;Rafael Santos;Marcelo Godoy Simões;Helmo Morales Paredes;
Pages: 915 - 926 Abstract: This article presents a novel methodology for estimating the double-cage model (DCM) for three-phase induction machines (TIMs) using decision tree-based algorithms. Validated on a diverse dataset of 860 machines spanning a power range from 0.12 to 370 kW, the proposed method stands out by requiring fewer input parameters than traditional techniques like the modified Newton method. Moreover, the proposed approach remains effective even when the input data exhibits statistical deviations, a common challenge in practical scenarios. The main contributions of this work are the reduction of the number of parameters necessary for the estimation of the DCM equivalent circuit and employing three distinct decision tree-based algorithms, whose effectiveness was confirmed through simulations and experimental tests, thereby providing an accurate representation of the dynamics of real TIMs. The results indicate that by using only basic and readily available data from machine nameplates, such as nominal current, power, speed, voltage, and torque, the proposed methodology provides a reliable and efficient framework for incorporating the real dynamics of TIMs into computational models. PubDate:
THU, 22 MAY 2025 09:16:28 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Thierry A. Meynard;Hugues Renaudineau;Polidoro S. Canales;Samir Kouro;Diego Concha;Ana M. Llor;Maurice Fadel;Henri Schneider;
Pages: 927 - 937 Abstract: The concept of partial power converters is promising since it might bring significant cost, weight, volume, and power losses reduction. However, most partial power converters presented in the literature include a high-frequency transformer to redirect power from one part of the circuit to another, which adds cost, weight, volume and losses, and cancels out most of the potential advantages introduced by the partiality concept. In this article two variants of a transformerless partial voltage converter capable of supplying twice the power of conventional converters are described and analyzed. These converters can be used for applications in which the load voltages can be split into several sub-voltages of similar characteristics, which makes it typically applicable to batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers and LEDs. Two main conditions are required to use these topologies: first, the voltage across the load needs to be controlled in a limited range only, typically [50%;100%] or less, and second, it must be possible to split easily the load voltages in several smaller dc voltages. Nevertheless, these restrictions still allow a wide range of possible applications including electrochemical loads such as batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and even PV systems. Their main properties are analyzed and confirmed by experimental results. The lack of transformer and the partial power processing capabilities of the topologies result in extremely high efficiencies of over 99%. PubDate:
THU, 22 MAY 2025 09:16:28 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
João Marcus S. Callegari;Lucas S. Araujo;Danilo I. Brandao;
Pages: 938 - 961 Abstract: The increasing penetration of nonlinear loads (NLLs) and distributed energy resources (DERs) in low-voltage grids poses challenges to power quality and grid hosting capacity (GHC). This article proposes a centralized multimode selective power control strategy for grid-connected ac microgrids (MGs) that does not require prior knowledge of MG parameters. The strategy enhances GHC and power quality across multiple MG nodes through coordinated control in two nonsimultaneous modes. In the centralized mode, a generalized power-based control algorithm enables selective harmonic/distortion power dispatch. This formulation improves disturbance rejection and accuracy in point of common coupling (PCC) power tracking. For the first time, feedback, feedforward, and disturbance decoupling actions are applied to distortion/harmonic power in MGs. In the decentralized mode, harmonic current compensation (HCC) is achieved without communication links, reducing data traffic via a selective voltage-detection-based approach. The proposed strategy enables (i) resistive load synthesis at the PCC to damp upstream grid resonances, (ii) sinusoidal current synthesis (SCS) for current quality enhancement and compliance with standards, and (iii) HCC based on voltage measurements to improve voltage quality at internal nodes. Comprehensive simulations evaluate reference tracking, disturbance rejection, grid short-circuit level effects, and mode transitions. Results show that in decentralized mode, PCC voltage THD improved from 10.65% to 1.09% under weak grids. In centralized mode, with SCS up to the 11th harmonic, PCC current THD was reduced from 61.18% to 3.42% under stiff grids. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of implementation in real MGs. PubDate:
THU, 29 MAY 2025 09:18:00 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Claudio Nevoloso;Salvatore Foti;Gioacchino Scaglione;Antonino Oscar Di Tommaso;Salvatore De Caro;Antonio Testa;Rosario Miceli;
Pages: 962 - 981 Abstract: This work aims to highlight the inadequacy of international standards IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 for accurate efficiency, power losses, and efficiency class determination of ac motors fed by multilevel inverters driven with multicarrier pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies. The main motivation of this work stems from the fact that international standards IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 prescribe the use of the two-level voltage source inverter for ac motor losses, efficiency, and efficiency class determination, even for multilevel-inverter-fed ac motor. Therefore, this analysis aims to experimentally demonstrate IEC standards inadequacy, emphasizing the need to update them and provide a comprehensive framework for developing a power measurement procedure, specifically tailored to multilevel inverter-fed ac drives. More specifically, the goal is to support standardization bodies by simplifying their task and enabling IEC standards generalization to almost every multicarrier PWM-controlled multilevel inverter-fed ac drive. To this end, an accurate power loss analysis of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor fed by a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter, controlled with several multicarrier PWMs, is carried out. In detail, a precise power analysis in the frequency domain is performed to evaluate the impact of modulation strategies on motor power losses at different operating points in the speed–torque plane in terms of power losses, fundamental, and harmonic power losses. The motor power losses obtained with a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter are compared to those obtained with a conventional two-level voltage source inverter, demonstrating that the application of IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 provides an underestimated motor energy efficiency class (IE-code). PubDate:
THU, 29 MAY 2025 09:18:00 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Wenbin Dai;Shang Gao;Kaiyun Qin;Chuanyang Yu;Dongdong Zhang;Likuan Zhang;Hui Zhang;
Pages: 982 - 993 Abstract: Industrial edge computing provides new possibilities for traditional industrial automation systems. With massive computing, storage, and communication resources equipped with devices on the shop floor, a typical edge device can simultaneously handle multiple real-time and non-real-time tasks. Also, those tasks may include operation technologies, such as real-time control, and information technologies, such as data processing. Using a generic modeling language to design those new industrial edge applications becomes a challenge for site engineers. This paper proposes the IEC 61499 standard for operation and information technology convergence for industrial edge applications. The concurrent execution semantics of IEC 61499 function blocks are defined to support multiple applications simultaneously. The event scheduling rules are investigated to ensure the determinism of parallel executions of function block networks. Finally, a case study is provided for the performance analysis of the proposed concurrent execution semantics. PubDate:
WED, 11 JUN 2025 09:16:37 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Kaixin Cheng;Yuanbo Guo;Ze Li;Qigang Liang;Luyu Li;Xiaohua Zhang;
Pages: 994 - 1013 Abstract: In this article, a new type of self-powered active mass damper (SPAMD) based on permanent magnet synchronous motor is designed for large-scale flexible structure vibration reduction systems. SPAMD can fully utilize the characteristics of four-quadrant operation of the motor, enabling active suppression of structural vibration while recovering energy. To achieve active vibration reduction control, a distributed control strategy of multiple energy-interconnected self-powered active mass dampers is proposed. Therein, a multilevel substructure method is employed to allocate actuators across different levels of the substructure systems. In addition, a distributed economic model predictive control (DEMPC) strategy is presented to optimize control inputs, which can ensure that the flexible structural system achieves optimal energy recovery power while satisfying certain state constraints. Consequently, the coordinated control of system performance and energy recovery is achieved under self-powered conditions. Extensive experiments on the dSPACE DS1006 platform are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed DEMPC method. PubDate:
WED, 04 JUN 2025 09:16:42 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Mohammadamin Aalami;Ebrahim Babaei;Saeid Ghassem Zadeh;
Pages: 1014 - 1026 Abstract: This article introduces a new half-bridge inverter that employs Z-source technology to achieve a high boost factor without blocking high voltage on passive or active devices. This configuration includes the coupled inductors shaped in the A-source form, which is why the proposed topology is referred to as an A-source-based half-bridge inverter. The operation modes of the proposed topology are analyzed based on the states of diodes and switches in each state. The boost factor, average currents, and voltages related to the passive components are calculated, and equations are derived to estimate the size of required inductors and capacitors and the ratings of the switches and diodes. Furthermore, the topology’s efficiency is analyzed through power loss studies. A comparison of the proposed topology with past configurations reveals its advantages and disadvantages, demonstrating its capacity to provide a high boost factor while having superior specifications than some of them. Finally, an experimental sample of the proposed topology is tested in the laboratory to ensure proper operation and to compare its power losses and efficiency with other past works. PubDate:
TUE, 27 MAY 2025 09:16:01 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Carlos Resende;João Oliveira;Filipe Sousa;Waldir Moreira;Luis Almeida Sousa;
Pages: 1027 - 1049 Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) driven digitalization is shifting data processing to the edge, reducing the burden of constant cloud communication. Advances in resource-constrained microcontroller-based IoT devices that interact with the environment, such as in cyber-physical production systems, enable them to assist in computation offloading, extending edge computing into the so-called far-edge that includes such devices. However, updating these devices often requires manual interventions, full firmware updates, or proprietary tools, leading to potential application downtime. To fully leverage far-edge enhanced computing capabilities, it is crucial to integrate far-edge devices with cloud orchestration tools, streamlining service management and deployment along the cloud to the far-edge continuum. Current approaches overlook these devices’ computing power and their potential to host services, supporting IoT continuum orchestration only from the cloud to the edge. This article introduces far-edge IoT device management (FITA), the first platform that integrates far-edge devices into Kubernetes-based infrastructures. FITA provides a far-edge container-like solution compliant with the open container initiative. It extends Kubernetes to support service deployment on heterogeneous far-edge devices seamlessly and provides a method for creating virtual representations of far-edge devices to expose their unique capabilities to the Kubernetes scheduler. Our evaluation shows a mean deployment time on clusters with 500 services and 100 devices of around 600 ms, and a device registration time of around 1080 ms, with CPU and memory consumption of around 23 milicores and 1500 MB, respectively. Overall, FITA improves service continuity, deployment speed, and application resilience, supporting the future of the IoT, particularly in industry. PubDate:
THU, 19 JUN 2025 09:16:29 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Francesco Ferracuti;Riccardo Felicetti;Luca Cavanini;Patrick Schweitzer;Andrea Monteriù;
Pages: 1050 - 1065 Abstract: This article presents a method to detect and classify series arc faults affecting domestic AC electrical circuits by the analysis of electric current time series data, based on the HYDRA (HYbrid Dictionary-Rocket Architecture) algorithm, a fast dictionary method for time series classification employing competing convolutional kernels. The key novel contributions are twofold: Competing convolutional kernels are suitable to effectively extract features representing an effective set of arc fault detection indicators, and the classification performed in this way is feasible to be executed in real time. The proposed method is validated using a public database, where data from 13 different types of loads is collected according to the IEC 62606 standard. To reduce inference time and optimize the algorithm for embedded control units, a feature reduction strategy is employed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through experimental tests conducted under both arcing and non-arcing conditions and across different load types. Moreover, its accuracy is also tested in case of transients caused by operational changes in common electrical appliances. Achieved results show a detection accuracy of approximately 99%, with appliance classification performance around 98%, with inference times ranging from 2.8 to 172.0 ms while executing the algorithm on an ARM Cortex-based board. PubDate:
MON, 23 JUN 2025 09:16:49 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Authors:
Joao Dinis;José Alberto;Antonio J. Marques Cardoso;
Pages: 1066 - 1074 Abstract: This article introduces the implementation of an adaptive termination impedance alongside a corresponding control algorithm designed for resonant arrays in inductive wireless power transfer systems for vehicle charging applications. The integration of an adaptive termination impedance in the final cell of the array significantly improves both energy transfer between the transmitter array and the receiver. By employing the proposed algorithm, which estimates the receiver’s position relative to the array through voltage and current measurement in the first cell directly connected to the power source, the need for additional position sensors is eliminated. Moreover, this innovative approach not only reduces the number of components but also lowers system cost and complexity, while allowing the system to be modular, as the proposed method works for any number of array cells. The effectiveness of the proposed solution has been validated through comprehensive simulations and experimental testing. PubDate:
WED, 02 JUL 2025 09:18:44 -04 Issue No:Vol. 6, No. null (2025)
Open Access journal
