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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscape Symposium Housing Technology Projects Guest Editors' Introduction Mike Blanford and Kent Watkins Increasing Innovation and Affordability in Housing: A Case Study on Townhome Area Separation Walls Christine Barbour and James Lyons Advanced Modular Housing Design: Developing the CORE+ Jeff Carney, Ravi Srinivasan, Stephen Bender, Bill O’Dell, Ryan Sharston, Abdol Chini, and Forough Foroutan Getting Cross-Laminated Timber into U.S. Design Codes: A Must for Affordable and Sustainable Multifamily Housing John W. van de Lindt, Maria Koliou, and Pouria Bahmani Designing for Natural Hazards: Resilience Guides for Builders and Developers John B. Peavey, Nay B. Shah, Chinedu Moneke, Kevin Kauffman, and Elina Thapa Modeling and Analyzing Distributed Heat Pump Domestic Water Heating in Modular Multifamily Buildings Victor Braciszewski, Stet Sanborn, Justin Tholen, Harshana Thimmanna, Tyler Pullen, Carol Galante, and Jamie Hiteshew Factory Complete Heating and Cooling Solutions for Manufactured Homes Emanuel Levy, Jordan Dentz, and Yi-Jia Liao Exploring the Potential of Factory Installed Solar + Storage for Homebuilding Isabelina Nahmens, Ondřej Labík, Alison Donovan, Kalee Whitehouse, Damon Lane, Desmond Kirwan, Leslie Badger, Ankur Podder, and Shanti Pless 3D Concrete Printed Houses: Barriers to Adoption and Construction Practices John B. Peavey, Ed Hudson, Zachary A. Summy, and Jon Violette Seismic Design Methodology for 3D Printed Concrete Buildings Mohammad Aghajani Delavar, Hao Chen, and Petros Sideris Residential House Foundations on Expansive Soils in Changing Climates Nafisa Tabassum and Rifat Bulut Refereed Papers Moving to Problems: Unintended Consequences of Housing Vouchers for Child Welfare-Involved Families Patrick J. Fowler, Andrew Foell, Anne K. Rufa, and Michael Schoeny Departments Data Shop Move-In Fees as a Residential Sorting Mechanism Within Online Rental Markets Remy Stewart, Chris Hess, Ian Kennedy, and Kyle Crowder Foreign Exchange The Role of Forbearance in Sustaining Low-Income Homeownership: Evidence from Norway’s Public Starter Mortgage Program Anna Maria Santiago and Kristin Aarland Graphic Detail Neighborhood Incarceration Rate Hot Spots in Maryland Alexander Din Visualizing Spanish Speaking Limited English Proficiency and Hispanic Populations in Fort Collins, Colorado Brent D. Mast and Tricia Ruiz Impact Regulatory Impact Analysis of Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards Michael Hollar Industrial Revolution A Cost-Benefit Analysis of FORTIFIEDTM Home Designation in Oklahoma Somik Ghosh, Ben F. Bigelow, Alexander Smith, and Olayinka Omole Concept of Thermal Bridging in Wood Framed Construction Shawn P. Kelley and Mike Blanford Cityscape is published three times a year by the Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Subscriptions are available... PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:59:46 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscapeConcept of Thermal Bridging in Wood Framed Construction Shawn P. Kelley Moment Engineering + Design Mike Blanford U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official positions or policies of the Office of Policy Development and Research, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), or the U.S. Government.Thermal bridging through wood framing accounts for significant energy loss in an insulated wood-framedwall assembly. The Model Energy Code has been silent on thermal bridging in wood-framed constructionand instead has focused on the R-value of the insulation within the wall cavity. For the first time, the2021 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) will now require continuous insulation as a partof the wood-framed wall requirements in colder climates. A common solution to this requirement is toplace a layer of rigid foam insulation on the exterior of the wall assembly; however, the code allows foralternative methods, providing an opportunity for innovation. Previous ArticleDownload Link: ch18.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:54:19 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscapeA Cost-Benefit Analysis of FORTIFIEDTM Home Designation in Oklahoma Somik Ghosh Ben F. Bigelow Alexander Smith Olayinka Omole University of OklahomaNatural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms with high winds and hail occurworldwide. These disasters bring a proportional amount of strife in the forms of injury, property damage,and loss of life. Homeowners can take measures to protect their properties and interests, but at anadditional cost, one of which comes from the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS).It is FORTIFIEDTM home designation, which is a collection of construction requirements regarding certification and designation. This study sought to identify the cost associated with meeting FORTIFIED home standards, then investigate its return on investment. Depending on a homeowner’s financial approach, some levels of FORTIFIED home designation have a return on investment even if a natural disaster does not occur; however, it is not universal. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch17.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:52:03 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscapeRegulatory Impact Analysis of Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards Michael Hollar U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the official positions orpolicies of the Office of Policy Development and Research, the U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, or the U.S. Government.In 1974, the U.S. Congress passed the National Manufactured Housing Construction and SafetyStandards Act (42 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.), which authorized the U.S. Department of Housing andUrban Development (HUD) to establish and enforce construction and safety standards for factorybuiltmanufactured housing. Congress created a single, preemptive code to both ease the burdenon manufacturers and establish consumer protections. Establishment of a uniform code applicableto all states would decrease production costs while ensuring a minimum level of safety. In addition,federal superintendence of manufactured homebuilding standards reduced the burden on states thatlacked resources to adequately enforce construction and safety standards for manufactured homes. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch16.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:49:55 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscapeVisualizing Spanish Speaking Limited English Proficiency and Hispanic Populations in Fort Collins, Colorado Brent D. Mast Tricia Ruiz U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the official positions orpolicies of the Office of Policy Development and Research, the U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, or the U.S. Government.Between 2010 and 2019, the U.S. population grew by 18.9 percent, and the increase in the numberof Hispanics or Latinos contributed to 52 percent of this increase (Krogstad, 2020). In 2020, therewere 59,361,020 Hispanics or Latinos in the United States, comprising approximately 18 percentof the total population.Since 2000, English proficiency has increased among the Hispanic and Latino population (Funkand Lopez, 2022). The Pew Research Center reported that the percentage of Hispanics speakingSpanish declined from 78 percent in 2000 to 73 percent in 2013 (Krogstad, Stepler, and Lopez,2015). The Pew report also indicated that there has been an increase in U.S.-born Latinos whospeak English proficiently, from 72 percent in 1980 to 89 percent in 2013, and that part of thistrend was due to more U.S.-born Hispanics living in households where only English is spoken. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch15.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:48:11 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscapeNeighborhood Incarceration Rate Hot Spots in Maryland Alexander Din U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent the official positions orpolicies of the Office of Policy Development and Research, the U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, or the U.S. Government.Maryland’s 2010 No Representation Without Population Act requires that census data used forpolitical redistricting be adjusted so that Marylanders incarcerated in state and federal prisons willbe enumerated at their last known address rather than their place of incarceration. This report brieflydescribes why this population adjustment process is important and then uses spatial analysis to identifyneighborhood incarceration rate clusters, also referred to as hot spots or cold spots, and outliers. Theresults are mapped to visualize Maryland’s areas of incarceration hot spot and cold spot clusters andoutlier areas. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch14.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:43:16 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscapeThe Role of Forbearance in Sustaining Low-Income Homeownership: Evidence from Norway’s Public Starter Mortgage ProgramAnna Maria Santiago Michigan State University Kristin Aarland Oslo Metropolitan UniversityIn the wake of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic,policymakers in the United States and Europe have been reevaluating how best to respond tounanticipated shocks that destabilize global economies and housing markets, which increase exposure tofinancial risks that trigger housing instability, evictions, forced short sales, or foreclosures, particularlyamong the most vulnerable populations in society. Lessons learned from the inadequacy of governmentalresponse during the Global Financial Crisis to stave off foreclosures in the United States, the UnitedKingdom, and countries across Europe led to the timely implementation of broader national initiatives,such as expanded unemployment benefits, foreclosure moratoria, and the expanded use of mortgageforbearance to respond to the economic uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Earlystudies of the use of mortgage forbearance during COVID-19 suggest that these policies lessened theprecarity of maintaining a foothold on the housing ladder while allaying concerns about widespreadmoral hazard. In addition, should the use of mortgage forbearance be limited to only global economicdisasters or pandemics' An analysis of Norway’s national Starter Mortgage Program, especially the role of local municipalities in the use of discretion, leniency, and forbearance, provides relevant insightsfor the design of mortgage programs that sustain low-income homeownership both in times of nationaleconomic growth, as well as during crises.This article examines how municipal discretion, leniency, and forbearance in a public starter mortgageprogram post-mortgage origination help to sustain homeownership among vulnerable families andmitigate mortgage defaults that lead to forced short sales. Offering forbearance to vulnerable homeownerswhen it is needed post-origination supports the sustainability of low-income homeownership, does notproduce widespread moral hazard, and protects both national and municipal financial investments inpublic mortgage programs. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch13.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:40:46 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscapeMove-In Fees as a Residential Sorting Mechanism Within Online Rental MarketsRemy Stewart Cornell University Chris Hess Kennesaw State University Ian Kennedy Rice University Kyle Crowder University of WashingtonAn increasing number of American renters within major metropolitan housing markets rely on onlineplatforms such as Craigslist to find rental units. Landlords that advertise rentals on these websiteshave been found to tailor the language used in their listings in reference to surrounding neighborhooddemographics to influence prospective tenants’ rental searches. This work investigates the underexploredsubject of move-in fees, referring to upfront costs to secure a lease, such as security deposits, applicationcharges, and advanced rent payments that can affect whether a prospective renter can afford anadvertised unit. This study advances a framework for how housing researchers can assess variations in landlord discourse within online housing marketplaces using text analysis methods and web scraping.It then illustrates how the resulting measures about move-in fees have distinct variations in prevalencealong sociodemographic, spatial, and policy measures through a series of descriptive analyses, withsubsequent conclusions toward policy implications designed to assist low-income renters with overcomingfinancial barriers in securing rental housing. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch12.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:34:22 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscape Moving to Problems: Unintended Consequences of Housing Vouchers for Child Welfare-Involved Families Patrick J. Fowler Washington University in St. Louis Andrew Foell University of Illinois at Chicago Anne K. Rufa Michael Schoeny Rush University Local child welfare services increasingly partner with public housing and homeless agencies to connect families whose housing insecurity threatens child safety with subsidized housing vouchers. The partnerships assume that access to safe and stable affordable housing offers timely support that mitigates risks for child maltreatment. Although housing vouchers appear effective at reducing material hardship and improving unit quality, it remains unclear whether vouchers facilitate moves into neighborhoods that bolster family and child development. A concern exists that voucher programs may push vulnerable families into more marginalized communities that inadvertently jeopardize child safety. Using a longitudinal randomized trial of the HUD-sponsored Family Unification Program (FUP) in Chicago, Illinois, the present study investigates neighborhood attainment of inadequately housed child welfare-involved families referred for either Housing Choice Vouchers plus housing advocacy (n = 78) or housing advocacy alone (n = 78). Results show that 2.5 years after random assignment inadequately housed child welfare-involved families referred for FUP vouchers resided in neighborhoods characterized by significantly greater concentrated disadvantage and violent crime rates than housing advocacy services alone. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch11.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:31:39 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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Authors:acolon Abstract: Periodicals: PeriodicalsCityscape Residential House Foundations on Expansive Soils in Changing Climates Nafisa Tabassum Rifat Bulut School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University Today, communities are vulnerable to extreme weather events, natural disasters, and geologic hazards resulting from changing climates. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) aims to provide sustainable, resilient, energy efficient, and healthy homes to its stakeholders. HUD has a great opportunity to invest in climate resiliency to achieve the goal of advancing sustainable communities. Climate change has increased the risk of exacerbating geologic hazards, especially under extreme events like excessive precipitation and drought or shifting patterns of climatic extremes. Lightweight structures with shallow foundations, such as residential houses with slab-on-ground foundations built on expansive soils, are more vulnerable to climate-related challenges than those situated on sites with non-expansive soils (Diaz and Moore, 2017; Mostafiz et al., 2021). Therefore, current design codes and methods need to be improved to mitigate the problems of slab-on-ground foundations of residential houses constructed over expansive soils. Expansive soils are well-known geologic hazards for residential homes. Even without the exacerbating effects of climate change, they can cause extensive problems to foundations due to their swelling and shrinking characteristics. Expansive soils swell when water enters the soil and shrink when the soil dries out. These swelling and shrinking cycles can lead to severe cracks in foundations and walls and can cause other damages. When foundations are not designed to withstand the movements of expansive soils, houses will begin to show signs of distress in the form of cracks. As the walls move, the cracks begin to appear and, thereafter, progressively, doors start to jam, floors tilt, and structural integrity may diminish. These damages, whether they are at cosmetic levels or more severe but not at a structural failure state, can have multiple consequences, such as reduced service life of the structure, reduction of energy efficiency caused by increased air leakage and heat exchange through cracks or voids in walls and foundations, and loss of durability due to water intrusion. These same consequences can also cause emotional distress, loss of property value with the prospect of costly repairs, and affect occupant health due to impaired indoor environmental and air quality.In the United States, in addition to many locally supported and practiced design methods, the current Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) design code DC10.5-19 is widely recognized across many states (Vann and Houston, 2021). PTI DC10.5-19, “Standard Requirements for Design and Analysis of Shallow Post-Tensioned Foundations on Expansive and Stable Soils,” is a more rational method compared with its predecessor versions, and it is based partly on unsaturated soil mechanics principles. However, it still contains some major shortcomings. The use of unsaturated mechanics, climatic and other moisture boundary conditions, soil properties, and soil-structure interface can be used in a more rational way following current knowledge. With these improvements, it is possible to better predict the performance of houses and better manage the risk and potential consequences of building on expansive soils. With the financial support that HUD provided, this research study aimed at developing several design modules that use the principles of unsaturated soil mechanics and soil-structure interaction. These modules reflect the most recent advances and current thought. Previous Article Next ArticleDownload Link: ch10.pdfManaging Editor: Mark D. ShroderAssociate Editor: Michelle P. MatugaIssue Title: Housing Technology ProjectsIssue: Volume 25 Number 1 PubDate: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 18:30:15 +000 Issue No:Vol. 25 (2023)
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