Authors:Isaac Kwabena Ayereka, Juventus Benogle Ziem, Patience Binambiba Jaman, Emmanuella Nzeribe Abstract: Around the world, commuters use public toilets, often in public places. In Ghana, most people use public toilets (PTs) because of inadequate household toilets. Due to high pressure and insufficient maintenance, these PTs are usually dirty, smelly, unhygienic, etc. This study investigated PTs' maintenance and Operation in Wa township, Ghana. A total of 44 PTs in Wa were included in the study. The geographical coordinates of the PTs were recorded using hand-held GPS receivers. The results showed that the majority (95.46%) of the PTs were in the central business districts and low-income residential areas, with an average usage of 8,022 people per day in all 44 PTs and 191 people per PT daily. The majority (95.46%) of PTs did not have adequate staff for regular cleaning, inadequate hand washing facilities, or other disinfectants needed for cleaning. The number of cesspit emptier trucks (3) was not sufficient to operate in all PTs; some PT operators momentarily closed their toilets when the septic tank was full until they finally got the trucks to pump out the excreta. Others hired workers to manually collect the sludge with a bucket and pour it into the yard. It was also found that about 70% of Municipal Assembly PTs (MAPTs) were poorly constructed, maintained, and repaired. Despite these problems, PTs can be clean and hygienic if adequately managed. This paper recommends that MAPTs be privatized to ensure proper and efficient management. PT operators who inappropriately dispose of fecal sludge should be prosecuted. Keywords: Water, Hygiene, Public, Private, Toilet DOI : 10.7176/CER/15-1-05 Publication date: April 28th 2023 Issue No:Vol. 15
Authors:Abebayehu Adema Abstract: The study was conducted in the effect of Employees Personality on Organizational Performance in the case of Yacob international hotel, Wolaita Sodo. Identifying the types of personality is mostly displayed by employees and examining the impact of personality types on organizational performance are not well studied in Yacob international hotel. The general objective of the study is to assess the effect of Employees Personality on Organizational Performance in the case of Yacob international hotel, Wolaita Sodo. Both qualitative and quantitative methods was used because mixed approach as a methodology incorporates multiple approaches in all stages of research from problem identification to research questions, data collection, and data analysis. For this study, a simple random sampling technique was employed to select the sample of respondents. A total of 184 samples were randomly selected from respondents. The necessary data were collected through the use of both primary and secondary sources. Collected data were presented in a narrative form and analyzed using regression model. The result shows openness and conscientiousness has a positive and significant relationship with organizational performance and other personality types. Also both of these personality types have a positive and significant influence on organizational performance. This shows that those who have high conscientious people tend to emphasis on planning, organizing and concern about meeting deadlines and targets tend to perform better. Since this study was conducted only on one hotel, it may not be able to generalize the finding. However by conducting this research on wider context of a particular hotel at country level could confirm the findings and maybe a significant contribution to this field of study in general. Keywords: Employees Personality, Organizational Performance and Yacob international hotel DOI : 10.7176/CER/15-1-01 Publication date: February 28th 2023 Issue No:Vol. 15
Authors:Girma Ajama Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of improved plastic milk churner in relation to the local clay pot churner in Horo district. A total of thirty households were selected from three rural kebeles where milk processing for butter making has long tradition. The evaluation of both churners was carried out by using 7 liters of milk obtained from local and crossbreeds and with reference to the result obtained significantly higher quantity of butter (0.39 kg/7liter) at P>0.5 was obtained from improved churner than traditional clay pot (0.27kg/7liter). Furthermore, the traditional mechanism of butter processing took significantly longer churning time (70 minute on average) than improved churner (46 minute). In conclusion, improved churner was preferred to local one for its ability to yield better amount of butter, more butter making efficiency and shorter churning time it required. Using improved churner could also contribute for reducing gender disparity through participating men in milk churning process. Therefore, the technology ought to be promoted and extended to other small scale dairy producers outside the study area Keywords: Butter, Clay pot, Milk churner, Tradition DOI : 10.7176/CER/15-1-02 Publication date: February 28th 2023 Issue No:Vol. 15
Authors:Emine Cimrin Koçak Abstract: The psychological well-being of individuals is under the influence of many variables, and place attachment is one of the phenomena that need to be emphasized. Until now, there have been limited studies on place attachment and psychological well-being in traditional and modern second homes. From this point of view, this study was carried out with the people living on the western Mediterranean coast of Turkey in Alanya. The locals living in the center of Alanya move to the highlands on the northern slopes of the Taurus Mountains every summer. Besides many other reasons, this seasonal movement is a psychological need for the well-being of these people. The essential characteristic of the highland settlements and houses is their close relationship with nature. A natural environment surrounded homes, including many wild plants and animal species. In the area, two-story traditional houses are located in extensive gardens. The semi-open living spaces were directed to the north to get the cool winds and openly see the natural view. Today, new roads that facilitate the transportation of new building materials and the increasing income levels of the people created a new housing and settlement pattern. Gardens were divided into small parcels, and a denser housing pattern developed. Therefore, the human-nature relationship is weakening. Moreover, problems such as noise, pollution, and parking issues arose. For that reason, this study aims to measure and compare residents' well-being and place attachment levels in old and new settlements and houses in Alanya highlands. The people who lived in both locations and residences were asked to answer a questionnaire to collect the data. The researcher used a random sampling method to determine the participants and formed a sample group with people from different gender and various age groups. The findings revealed a positive relationship between place attachment and the well-being level of the occupants both in traditional and modern second homes in Alanya Highlands. Still, place attachment is a higher predictor of the psychological well-being of the people living in new settlements and houses. Keywords: well-being, place attachment, second homes, Alanya highland houses Keywords: well-being, place attachment, second homes, Alanya highland houses DOI : 10.7176/CER/15-1-03 Publication date: February 28th 2023 Issue No:Vol. 15
Authors:Chatarina Niken Abstract: This paper presents the deformation model based on surrounding relative humidity on one full scale concrete plate with compressive strength of 60MPa in which the concrete plate was placed on several pedestals. This research was conducted in Indonesia, a country with humid tropical weather with dry-wet conditions. A plate specimen measuring 3.00m × 1.60m × 0.15m was used for the experiment. The load was applied at the age of 14 days. The concrete plate behaviour was obtained by using four embedded vibrating wire strain gauges. The specimen was observed between 7 to 97 days of period. As a result, deformation model is similar to surrounding relative humidity reflection model. The result of Omar et al., 2008 research in Malaysia also shows a resemblance to the reflection of surrounding relative humidity (SRH) model. The deformation or shrinkage model for high performance concrete plate is εt= -SRHt.10-5 + SRHinitial.10-5. f + C. “f” is a factor of initial surrounding relative humidity, C is the factor related to the position, and surface area. Meanwhile, the average error in maximum deformation position is about 26.8%. A large difference indicates that the level of difficulty for humidity enter the pore network. Keyword: Concrete, Deformation, Humidity, Plate, Shrinkage DOI : 10.7176/CER/15-1-04 Publication date: February 28th 2023 Issue No:Vol. 15
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