JournalTOCs

Urban Affairs Review
Journal Prestige (SJR): 1.113

Citation Impact (citeScore): 2
Number of Followers: 19

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1078-0874 - ISSN (Online) 1552-8332
Published by Sage Publications

[1176 journals]

Introduction to Volume 59, Issue 2
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  Authors: Maureen M. Donaghy, Yue Zhang
  Pages: 331 - 336
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Volume 59, Issue 2, Page 331-336, March 2023.
  
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2023-01-27T05:12:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221149531
  Issue No: Vol. 59, No. 2 (2023)
From Rejection to Legitimation: Governing the Emergence of Organized
Homeless Encampments
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  Authors: Stephen Przybylinski
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This paper analyzes the City of Portland, Oregon's recent zoning code amendment which legalized sanctioned homeless encampments. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork in Portland, the paper details how the City Government's long-held opposition to homeless camping shifted to a position of acceptance. The paper identifies the state of emergency (SOE) on housing and homelessness as a critical moment for developing not only a legal foundation, but also a social justification, for legalizing encampments as an official shelter strategy. In contrast to research over the past few decades articulating the camp as the realization of punitive sovereign power, the paper suggests the relationality of emergency governance, or “governing-through-emergency,” instead provides an opportunity to legitimate the lived experiences and desires of unhoused people residing in sanctioned encampments. It concludes by warning that, although emergency governance serves as a critical tool to advance the interests of the unhoused, such governing strategies are limited by structural forces producing homelessness more broadly.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2023-03-13T08:02:21Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874231162923
Sanctuary Policies and the Influence of Local Demographics and
Partisanship
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  Authors: Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien, Loren Collingwood, Michael Ahn Paarlberg
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Despite the increased scholarship on sanctuary localities in the United States, there is little research analyzing the factors that lead to the adoption of sanctuary resolutions at the municipal level. Drawing on a new dataset of sanctuary and nonsanctuary cities, we theorize that policy adoption is driven primarily by two factors and their interaction: the size of the foreign-born population and local partisanship. We examine cities that passed sanctuary policies between 2000 and 2018 and compare these localities to nonsanctuaries. Using a novel time series cross-section dataset (TSCS) of all cities and designated places and a Cox proportional hazard model, we find that Democratic-leaning cities with high foreign-born populations predict sanctuary passage, whereas Republican-leaning cities with larger foreign-born populations are unlikely to adopt these policies. We thus find that while partisanship motivates sanctuary policy adoption, at the same time, the size of the foreign-born population also increases the likelihood of passage.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2023-02-16T08:03:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874231152786
Racialized Real Estate Agency in U.S. Housing Markets: A Research Note
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  Authors: Hannah Lee, Kyle Crowder, Elizabeth Korver-Glenn
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Case studies have illuminated that U.S. real estate agents, as key housing market gatekeepers, continue to maintain racial residential stratification well into the twenty-first century. We use novel survey data gathered from real estate agents across the United States to descriptively explore agents’ ideas about clients of color in the housing market, as well as their practices, such as conducting business through social networks. Our findings provide evidence of the subtle and more overt ways that these ideas and practices that, when taken together, constitute what we call racialized real estate agency and contribute to ongoing racial segregation. We issue a call for future research to continue examining the ways agents’ and other gatekeepers’ ideas and practices contribute to or mitigate stratifying processes and describe the utility of such research for policy.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2023-01-24T06:52:08Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874231152590
Ecological, Engineering and Community Resilience Policy Adoption in Large
US Cities
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  Authors: Ki Eun Kang, Ann O’M Bowman, Bryce Hannibal, Sierra Woodruff, Kent Portney (deceased)
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This paper seeks to identify which resilience-oriented policies are being enacted and factors that influence policy adoption. We develop clusters of policies related to three types of resilience: ecological, engineering, and community. Among large U.S. cities, we find wide variation in the number and type of policies enacted. Through multivariate analysis, we identify factors that are associated with the adoption of these policies. Similar to earlier work on sustainability and climate change policy, our results show that larger cities are more likely to adopt all three types of resilience policies. Wealthier and liberal cities adopt more ecological resilience policies. Cities that are members of city networks also adopt more policies, but not all networks significantly influence policy adoption suggesting that network goals and connections are important. We also find that among these large cities, it is the smaller of them that appear to benefit most from membership in networks.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2023-01-13T08:00:00Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221150793
Boiling the Frog Slowly: Reducing Resistance to Neoliberal Education
Reform Through Window Dressing Strategies
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  Authors: Julia Sass Rubin, Stephen Danley
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Increasingly partisan perceptions of neoliberal education reforms and resistance to such reforms from communities they negatively impact have created challenges for some neoliberal reformers. This article uses a case study of the state takeover and dramatic reshaping of the Camden, New Jersey school district to examine how some reformers have responded to those challenges. We find that Camden's state-appointed superintendents used multiple messaging and framing techniques to diffuse community resistance to unpopular policies. We refer to these techniques collectively as window dressing because they are intended to create a perception of movement away from neoliberalism without actually changing neoliberal policies. These strategies are intended to move public opinion and discourage resistance without having to fundamentally address critiques of neoliberal reform. We posit that neoliberal reformers are likely to expand their use of window dressing techniques in response to a growing rejection of neoliberal education policies, particularly by Democrats and progressives.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-12-29T12:45:42Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221147474
Assessing the Impact of Ferry Transit on Urban Crime
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  Authors: Bryan Weber, Paolo Cappellari
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  In 2017, over a dozen ferry stations were introduced across the NYC region on multiple dates, serving roughly 10,000 customers per day. We measure a negative association between these stations and crime reduction, a significant decline of 11 crimes per week (11%) at a one-mile radius around the stations, and about 1 crime per week (32%) over the extremely narrow base of crime at the station itself. We also find no evidence of crime displacement. This study first utilized a traditional difference-in-differences methodology, but we also used a new tool, the causal random forest. Both methodologies are compared and contrasted with an eye toward user understanding. The results of our analysis are consistent and coherent across all the different methodologies, with the causal random forest finding more pronounced effects by taking into account two major factors: the propensity of the regions for treatment, and the interaction between elements of interest.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-12-28T06:16:54Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221143047
Producing and Contesting Meanings of Participation in Planning: The Case
of Singapore (1985–2020)
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  Authors: Jan H. M. Lim, Angeliki Paidakaki, Han Verschure, Pieter Van den Broeck
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This paper examines how the concept of participation in planning has been constructed by state and nonstate actors in the politico-institutional context of Singapore. Our objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the political dynamics shaping ideas about participation, and the impact of these contested constructions on the perpetuation of the ruling party's political control. Drawing on strategic-relational institutionalist planning and cultural political economy theories, we analyze 312 documents including government and civil society periodicals, parliamentary debates, and academic publications, focusing on the planning and participatory practices of Singapore's national planning agency from the mid-1980s to 2020. The findings reveal that state-led coalitions continuously reframed participation as an instrument of economic growth, nation-building, and activism-management, while nonstate-led coalitions emerged to transform state-civil society relations through promoting and materializing alternative meanings of participation. These dynamics demonstrate the potentialities and limitations of democratizing urban planning and governance in Singapore's hybrid regime.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-10-10T06:14:27Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221130530
Creative Placemaking and Empowered Participatory Governance
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  Authors: Amber Wichowsky, Jennifer Gaul-Stout, Jill McNew-Birren
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Creative placemaking has become a popular strategy to revitalize distressed neighborhoods. Who is empowered to participate in these projects and in what capacity' Do such efforts reduce or reinforce existing race-class inequities in community development' Drawing on three years of participant observations, interviews with stakeholders, and analyses of project reports, we use Archon Fung's “Democracy Cube” framework to evaluate a creative placemaking initiative in one of the most segregated cities in the United States. We find that over the course of the project, participation patterns shifted from highly diffuse across many individuals with varied roles to highly concentrated, such that only a few individuals maintained knowledge of ongoing developments in the project. We argue that this shift was not inevitable and discuss strategies that funders and organizations can use to increase equity in placemaking and community development endeavors.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-09-30T06:58:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221123207
Why Political Scientists Should Study Smaller Cities1
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  Authors: Tanu Kumar, Matthew Stenberg
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  In the past 20 years, Political Science research has increasingly focused on urban and local politics. We systematically review this literature and find that smaller cities are disproportionally underrepresented, particularly outside the United States. Smaller cities exhibit economic, social, and political patterns that differ from those in large metropolitan areas. Using administrative data and existing research, we show how cities of different sizes vary in their demographic characteristics; citizens’ preferences; resources and capacity; intergovernmental relationships; and electoral politics. These patterns indicate the potential to update existing theories in Political Science, including those about gender and political participation, second-order elections, and intergovernmental relationships. We suggest that scholars consider how smaller cities might differ from larger cities and include smaller municipalities in their case study research. We also highlight political issues unique to small cities as new areas of inquiry.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-09-14T06:03:38Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221124610
Corrigendum to The Moderating Effects of Social Norms on Premerger
Overspending: Results from a Survey Experiment
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  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-08-20T07:29:02Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221120620
School Characteristics and Voting: What Matters in Turnout and Passage
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  Authors: Karin E. Kitchens
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Do school characteristics predict the likelihood of turning out to vote on tax referendums for school funding or predict passage of tax referendums for school funding' I rely on publicly available Florida Voter Registration files and connect voters to their closest elementary school. I then aggregate individual data to the precinct level to test what characteristics predict the passage of tax referendums. Pairing the individual level turnout data with the precinct level data, I find that there are differences in the composition of voters across election types and these voters are responding to different characteristics of schools. While we might expect school characteristics to matter more for special elections, this is not the case. School characteristics matter less in special elections because who is turning out to vote is different in those elections. General elections are the only time in which school performance is statistically related to the percent of yes vote.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-08-18T06:55:22Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221119987
Networked Urban Governance: A Socio-Structural Analysis of Transport
Strategies in London and New York
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  Authors: Nuno F. da Cruz, Philipp Rode, Michael McQuarrie, Nicole Badstuber, Enora Robin
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This paper investigates urban governance empirically by applying social network analysis methods to data gathered through structured interviews in London and New York. We explore how decisions are made in complex institutional environments inhabited by various types of actors. Owing to the time-consuming data collection and treatment processes, the research zooms in on transport. The comparative approach enabled the detection of different structural features in the governance networks shaping transport strategies in both cities. The perceived relative power, influence, dependence and/or affinity between the actors involved is discussed based on network attributes. The evidence suggests that transport governance in London is more centralised (and, arguably, more technocratic and integrated), in the sense that a few prestigious entities are clearly more prominent. In New York the institutional environment is typified by many checks and balances (and, arguably, more democratic and fragmented), where central actors are less obvious.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-08-08T07:34:10Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221117463
Assessing the New Municipalism Reform of Advisory Councils: The Cases of
Madrid and Barcelona (2015–2019)
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  Authors: José Luis Fernández-Martínez, Patricia García-Espín, Pau Alarcón
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  New Municipalism governments in Madrid and Barcelona (2015 − 2019) promoted a new agenda which included participatory budgeting, e-initiatives, and randomly selected forums. Both cities implemented deep modifications in their Advisory Councils’ (AC) systems while the ‘New Municipalism movement’ (radical-left candidacies) was in government for first time. In this article we reflect on how these municipal administrations faced the different strategies for reform across their ecosystem of ACs. For this purpose, our analysis relies on six dimensions (drivers, inclusiveness, deliberation, communication, policy-making capacity and connectedness) which are identified in the literature and are empirically applied through a comparative case study (thirty-one interviews). Despite the common agenda, the cases show dissimilarities which are connected to alternative reform strategies: one case was characterized by experimentation (Madrid), the other by slight improvement (Barcelona). Path dependency contributes to understanding these alternative logics, even when a common agenda was at play.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-08-05T07:25:11Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221109444
The Impact of the National Housing Program on Residential Segregation in
Costa Rica
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  Authors: Eduardo Pérez-Molina
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Residential socio-economic segregation in Costa Rica had an overall decreasing trend between 1973 and 2011 because of a sustained reduction in the amount of lower income households. However, in 1986, the national housing program was reformed, including a ten-fold increase in housing supply (292 thousand subsidies allocated in 1987-2011, in a country with 1.36 million housing units). The pattern of these subsidies was hypothesized to increase residential segregation in Costa Rica. Segregation indices were estimated per municipality for lower and higher income groups. The impact of social housing subsidies on segregation levels was quantified using a fixed effects model with standard errors corrected for spatial dependence. Social housing supply was found to have historically reduced residential segregation; however, the 1986 reforms created a system that followed the patterns of real estate markets, in turn reducing much of the system’s mitigation effect on residential segregation.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-07-18T03:55:33Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221113514
The Role of Women in Local Governments: An Analysis of Efficiency in Spain
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  Authors: Ana-María Ríos, María-Dolores Guillamón, Beatriz Cuadrado-Ballesteros
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Female representation may be a key factor in improving the quality of governance. In fact, the literature considers that the presence of women in organisations tends to improve performance. In this context, this paper attempts to analyse whether the presence of women in municipal councils has an influence on the efficiency of public services for a sample of 141 Spanish municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants for the period 2014–2018. Our results show a U-shaped relationship between the number of female councillors and the level of efficiency in Spanish municipalities. This means that the presence of women is positively associated with municipal efficiency but only if the number of female councillors is relatively high. On the contrary, their voice and personal characteristics are diluted among their male counterparts, and efficiency may be reduced.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-07-13T03:52:37Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221113217
Context Matters: The Conditional Effect of Black Police Chiefs on Policing
Outcomes
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  Authors: Kelsey Shoub, Leah Christiani
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  A frequently proposed “solution” to the problem of racially targeted policing is to diversify the leadership of a police department, such as instate a Black police chief. However, little is known about how and when such changes may alter policing outcomes. Here, we question whether this descriptive representation leads to a reduction in racial disparities in policing outcomes and how the political and social context may condition that relationship – captured by why a transition took place. To test this, we turn to traffic stop data from nine agencies in Illinois that had variation in chief race between 2004 and 2018. We find that who heads a police department – and why they were appointed (i.e., transition type) – is linked to search rates following a traffic stop, which has implications for work on race and policing, descriptive representation, and local politics.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-07-11T03:42:48Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221113216
Restorative Revitalization in Inner-Ring Suburban Communities: Lessons
from Maple Heights, OH
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  Authors: Hannah Lebovits
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Suburban revitalization efforts can remain ineffective when they do not adequately address the historic harm done to minority, low-income communities via economic, housing, public finance, banking, and urban planning practices. To determine an alternative approach, I use a process tracing method to study the efforts of a Midwestern inner-ring, minority-majority suburban community, returning from the edge of collapse after decades of disinvestment and crises. The findings reveal a significant change in revitalization efforts following the election of the first Black and first woman mayor; driven by justice-centered partnerships and justice-centered language. In my analysis, I argue that though the policy efforts do not vary significantly from standard redevelopment practices, the administration’s emphasis on resolving historic harm added an important restorative justice lens, making the effort more fruitful and far-reaching. I conclude with recommendations to enhance the study and application of restorative justice themes in urban research.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-07-07T07:01:42Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221107353
Do Shallow Rental Subsidies Promote Housing Stability' Evidence on
Costs and Effects from DC’s Flexible Program
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  Authors: Maria Liliana Alva, Natnaell Liliana Mammo, Ryan Moore, Samuel Quinney
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Residents of cities face housing instability due to high housing costs. We conduct a randomized experiment evaluating the impacts of a flexible “shallow subsidy” among 668 qualified renters with recent housing instability. This local subsidy provides $7,200 a year directly to families earning less than 30 percent of the median family income, who choose how much assistance to use each month. Using administrative data, we track outcomes for the first year of program administration. After one year, the program has no statistically significant effect on homelessness, cash benefit receipt, or emergency rental assistance utilization, demonstrating no harm when compared to alternatives. However, the program leads to a 29 percentage point decrease in participants’ use of other types of local government housing services, which they must weigh against the shallow subsidy. We show that the program can be administratively cost-saving, but is not always beneficial for a very low-income subset of applicants.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-07-06T07:08:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221111140
Motivated Localism: Polarization and Public Support for Intergovernmental
Carbon Reduction Efforts
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  Authors: Aaron Deslatte
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Climate challenges in the 21st century have given rise to re-thinking the role of local governments in confronting larger-than-local challenges. However, anthropogenic climate change has become a weaponized partisan issue, and surveys show a growing partisan tribalization over climate science. Empowering local governments to take broader climate and sustainability actions is one avenue for addressing this. This study tests a localism hypothesis, which holds that citizens will be more supportive of local climate efforts when the benefits are internalized by the community. This deference to locally directed actions springs from the predisposition for decentralization of political authority widely attributed to localism, a directional goal of motivated reasoners which may feed into social identity, cohesion and shared community values. Through three survey experiments, the study finds citizens are more likely to favor continuation of local climate-related programs in the face of high performance and politicization at the federal level.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-07-06T07:08:36Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221109462
The Choice to Discriminate: How Source of Income Discrimination Constrains
Opportunity for Housing Choice Voucher Holders
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  Authors: Forrest Hangen, Daniel T. O’Brien
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  The “choice” in the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program signals the mobility offered to voucher holders. However, some landlords use source of income (SOI) discrimination to exclude voucher holders—limiting their locational choices. We propose several factors likely to influence this landlord strategy including, market competitiveness, stereotypes, and racial discrimination. We examine the prevalence of express SOI discrimination and the effectiveness of SOI antidiscrimination laws. We utilize a novel dataset of 1,107,110 rental listings from the Craigslist pages of 77 mid-sized US cities. We find significant amounts of express SOI discrimination, even where there are SOI antidiscrimination laws. Using multilevel models, we find that landlords are more likely to expressly discriminate in lower-opportunity neighborhoods and when they own market-competitive units. We also find that these factors are moderated by the concentration of voucher holders. These findings underscore how landlord strategies can combine to undermine the choice afforded to voucher holders.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-07-06T01:51:19Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221109591
Wealthier Neighbors and Higher Rents: The Rental Assistance Demonstration
and Gentrification
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  Authors: Warren Lowell, Imari Smith
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Public housing redevelopment is associated with the gentrification of neighborhoods. However, the Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD), the largest redevelopment program in the U.S. to date, encourages preservation and introduces tenant protections that potentially limit gentrification-related displacement. In the first nationwide study of RAD's impact on neighborhoods, we linked administrative housing data with the American Community Survey and conducted difference-in-differences analyses of 1,141 neighborhoods across the U.S. to ask if RAD has induced changes associated with gentrification. We find that neighborhoods with redevelopment experienced larger gains in middle-class residents and larger losses in very low-income residents compared to similar, untreated neighborhoods. Neighborhoods with RAD also saw larger increases in rental housing costs, and these increases were largest in neighborhoods where redevelopment was extensive. These findings suggest that RAD contributes to gentrification. We use these findings to argue that policymakers must consider the housing stability of public housing's neighbors when planning redevelopment.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-06-30T06:40:50Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221109453
Identifying Plan Perceptions: Higher Education Institutions as Arts and
Cultural Anchors
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  Authors: Amanda Ashley, Carolyn G. Loh, Leslie Durham, Rose Kim, Karen Bubb
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  City leaders easily recognize their local HEIs as economic anchors, often as part of an intentional “eds and meds” strategy. Universities have long been viewed by city governments as important arts and cultural patrons, presenters, and educators. However, it is not clear that local governments recognize HEIs as key players in arts and cultural economies to the fullest extent possible, nor that they see the possibilities for universities to act as arts and cultural anchors beyond their traditional roles. The local arts and cultural master plan is a key document in which we would expect to see city officials demonstrate this understanding and to advance strategies to capitalize on HEIs’ presence in their communities. Yet our analysis of these plans finds that they provide limited detail on and display a limited conceptualization of these institutions’ contributions to the city's arts scene and cultural economy, thereby missing important economic development opportunities.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-06-27T07:12:56Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221108103
Revisiting the Micro-Foundations of the Tiebout Theory of Local
Expenditures: Are Private Community Amenities Substitutes for Local Public
Services in Residential Choices'
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  Authors: Kristine Canales, Martha Kropf, Suzanne Leland, Cherie Maestas
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Tiebout's theory of local expenditures predicts the efficient provision of local tax and expenditure bundles via market forces occur when individuals “vote with their feet” (Tiebout 1956). Private amenity choices may distort market signals to local governments. Thus we conduct a conjoint experiment to explore how citizens make choices among hypothetical apartment homes, varying public and club good attributes. This allows us to vary both apartment community and city amenities independently to determine whether private club or public amenities are more influential in shaping residency choices. Regardless of the quality of city services, citizens on average are willing to pay for an additional layer of safety provided by an apartment complex. We conclude that the city's tax expenditure bundle is not the only consideration in residential location choice, suggesting that there is disruption in the efficient provision of public goods.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-06-14T12:11:30Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221103765
Homeowners Saying “Yes, In My Back Yard”: Evidence from Israel
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  Authors: Tal Alster
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  The role of homeowners in curbing housing development, leading to shortages and lack of affordability, is a dominant explanation for tightened regulation and limited housing supply in high-demand areas. This paper shows that homeowners can also play the opposite role, as pro-development stakeholders. Original research based on permitting data, a survey of owners and analysis of planning objections from Israel shows that the self-interest of owners does not necessarily lead them to oppose development. Indeed, when owners stand to directly reap the gains of densification they are very likely to embrace landowner preferences, demanding redevelopment and further upzoning of their buildings. The paper makes two contributions. One is theoretical: elaborating conditions that shape homeowners’ interests and the politics of planning. The other is policy-relevant: highlighting a politically feasible path for densifying high-demand neighborhoods and regions.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-06-07T05:54:01Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221102959
Policing Temporality: Police Officers Reflect on the Role of the Police in
Gentrifying a High-Crime Neighborhood
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  Authors: Hadas Zur
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Prior research reveals the interrelations between gentrification and policing, yet this paper introduces the unheard perspective of the of police on their role in gentrification. The study focuses on South Tel Aviv, which houses immigrants, drug addicts, prostitution and houselessness. It is undergoing massive urban renewal and has become the most policed area in the city. Methodology includes interviews with police officers (N-15), ethnography with urban police and spatial analysis of urban renewal. The paper argues that: 1. Gentrifying a high-crime neighborhood triggers a collision of urban forces and spatial negotiations amid users, institutions, and areas in the city. 2. Police play a significant role in this process and must operate intensive borderwork on various scales, with technology becoming a tool for internal, microgeographical social borderwork. 3. Policing gentrification raises reflexivity among officers regarding their profession, social obligation and position in urban politics. The paper concludes with the concept of policing temporality to describe the role of police in gentrification.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-06-07T05:53:44Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221096748
The Moderating Effects of Social Norms on Pre-merger Overspending: Results
from a Survey Experiment
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  Authors: Kurt Houlberg, Jostein Askim
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  The proposition that amalgamation reforms lead to a common-pool problem is strongly supported; governments are incentivized to overspend before the merger is implemented. However, existing literature helps little in understanding why some governments do not overspend in the pre-merger period, and why hoarders do not overspend more than they do. One explanation hitherto overlooked is the moderating effect of social norms. Two hypotheses regarding the importance of social norms are tested with data from a survey experiment conducted on over 3000 Norwegian local elected officials. The analysis supports both: Support for hoarding is lower when hoarding is debt-financed than when financed by savings. Support for hoarding is also lower when others in the amalgamation are anticipated not to hoard than when they are. That pre-merger hoarding varies with different levels of social obligations vis-à-vis the amalgamation has implications for common-pool theory and for reformers of the structure of government.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-06-02T05:34:42Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221090873
How Local Contexts Matter for Local Immigrant Policies
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  Authors: Heather Khan-Welsh, Laura A. Reese, Teagan J. Reese
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  There is a dearth of studies comparing the relative explanatory power of several major theories related to policy support for immigrants specifically in the context of local policies (as opposed to those at the state and national levels) and related to immigrant settlement and attraction (as opposed to welfare or legal benefits). By testing alternate explanations of local immigration policy, the analysis contributes to the development of theory related to policymaking in this area. Based on a national survey of municipalities across the US there is little evidence that racial threat theory limits local immigrant supportive policies. However, the policy determinants differ by the type of immigrant attraction and support policy examined.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-06-01T05:52:21Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221091496
Insurgent Asylum Policies in European Cities: A Multi-Level Governance
Perspective
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  Authors: Raffaele Bazurli, David Kaufmann
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Cities worldwide operate on the frontlines to support forced migrants. Some of these cities even overstep their formal prerogatives by refusing to comply with, and at times overtly subverting, the prescriptions of national authorities. This article builds a conceptual framework to understand such forms of insurgent urban asylum policy-making. We argue that insurgency depends on how city governments mediate the constraints and opportunities that emanate from the horizontal and vertical dimensions of multi-level governance, which capture city-level political dynamics as well as intergovernmental interactions. To illustrate our framework, we compare asylum policy-making in Barcelona, Milan, and Munich during the 2010s “refugee crisis.” While Munich invested in rather uncontroversial integration programs, Milan and Barcelona overstepped their jurisdictional boundaries and supported migrants considered “illegal” by national governments. These insurgent responses were enacted as a “remedy from below,” stemming from a sense of urgency that was not as pressing for Munich’s policy-makers because of the greater capacity of Germany’s asylum system.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-25T07:21:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221091594
Urban Policy Entrepreneurship: Activist Networks, Minimum Wage Campaigns
and Municipal Action Against Inequality
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  Authors: Marc Doussard, Greg Schrock
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Why are cities acting against inequality' We attribute the growth of municipal economic policy to multi-city urban policy entrepreneurship networks. These networks combine activists who create pressure to address inequality with policy experts who supply the legislative means to do so. We illustrate the concept through the Fight for $15 campaign in Seattle and Chicago. Drawing on more than 100 interviews, participant observation and secondary documents, we show that advocates for municipal policy reform use national policy entrepreneurship networks to develop policy-specific and generalized policy advocacy techniques. Centering urban policy entrepreneurship brings into focus three important aspects of current municipal public policy: 1) The two-way interaction between national and local policy campaigns. 2) Partnerships between activists who set the political agenda and policy entrepreneurs who act on political opportunity. 3) The role of national advocacy and policy entrepreneurship networks in converting new policy ideas into routine, off-the-shelf policy solutions.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-24T05:47:21Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221101530
How Leadership Influences Urban Greenspace Provision: The Case of Surrey,
Canada
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  Authors: Chris Boulton, Aysin Dedekorkut-Howes, Meg Holden, Jason Byrne
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Much research has examined the socio-spatial distribution of, and access to, urban greenspace; the challenges of supplying greenspace, especially in periods of dynamic urban change, remain poorly understood. Multiple factors shape urban greenspace provision, however understanding the role of leadership as a factor remains somewhat elusive. Addressing this critical knowledge gap, we employed a case study approach, using qualitative methods, to hear first-hand from the key stakeholders involved with municipal urban greenspace provision, to investigate how different types of leadership affected greenspace provision in Surrey, Canada – a dynamically changing mid-size city. Semi-structured interviews with 32 purposively selected participants reveal that here, both leadership and organizational culture influenced resources and decision-making supporting greenspace provision. Aligned political leadership and organizational leadership witnessed a significant increase in Surrey's urban greenspaces – the converse occurred in a later administration. Findings provide insights into the governance of greenspace; especially how different types of leadership can play a pivotal role in effective greenspace provision.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-24T05:47:04Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221101393
Municipal Parks, Recreation and Cultural Services in an Age of Migration
and Superdiversity
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  Authors: Livianna Tossutti
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  The goals of promoting diversity, equity and inclusion have gained currency in planning practice, and institutions are increasingly expected to address structural inequalities related to race, ethnicity and other forms of marginalization. This article examines how six Canadian municipalities have adapted their parks, recreation and culture strategic plans, policies, programs and services in response to international migration and racial diversity. The analysis of official documents and interviews with municipal officials and community representatives reveals that municipalities have adopted de facto multicultural planning practices aligned with the state paradigm of immigrant integration and national identity, even when the term “multiculturalism” is rarely employed in official discourse. They have also incorporated some aspects of mainstreaming into the planning repertoire. In Canada, mainstreaming is not an alternative to group-specific programing, but an additional mechanism for the recognition of difference in public institutions.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-23T06:27:32Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221100698
Working-Class Institutions, Amazon and The Politics of Local Economic
Development in Western Queens
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  Authors: James DeFilippis, Samuel Stein
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  In November 2018 Amazon announced that they had selected Long Island City, Queens (LIC) as one of two locations for their second headquarters. While there had certainly been criticism and organizing against the proposed deal, given that it had the vocal support of both Mayor de Blasio and Governor Cuomo, most New Yorkers had assumed that the deal would be implemented. Then, rather surprisingly, on February 14th, 2019, Amazon announced its withdrawal from the deal and its decision not to come to LIC. This article uses the case of Amazon and other large scale developments in western Queens to discuss the conflictual and often messy politics of local economic development (LED) in working class communities. It argues that urban studies pays too little attention to how and why working class organizations participate in the politics of LED; and often thereby shape the enacted policies of LED.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-18T05:30:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221100695
Innovations to Photovoice: Using Smartphones & Social Media
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  Authors: Kirk A. Foster, Brittany Davis, Andrew Foell
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Photovoice, a participatory action research method, has evolved little over the past two decades. The ubiquity of smartphones and their utility as digital cameras make them a natural fit for photovoice projects. The use of social media to post photographs and comment also has the potential to be a platform for photovoice activities. Using these technologies for photovoice promotes capturing daily life in vivo without the need of additional equipment. These technologies also allow the research team to see photos posted daily and track comments without waiting for scheduled interviews or group meetings and elevates the discussion into the public sphere to facilitate wider engagement. These strategies may also produce more photos and narratives than traditional methods by leveraging technology people use daily. Study participants noted these technologies facilitated wider understanding, awareness, and discussions of neighborhood issues.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-17T05:26:45Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221100263
Walking the Talk: Why Cities Adopt Ambitious Climate Action Plans
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  Authors: Sanya Bery, Mary Alice Haddad
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Why do some municipalities adopt ambitious climate action plans and others do not' This study examines United States cities that have signed the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy, to identify the factors that have led some of them (37 percent, 63 cities) to adopt ambitious (Net Zero) climate action plans. It finds that two factors make the most difference: (a) whether the city has a paid city employee (or department) dedicated to environmental/energy management and (b) whether the city has a university. Other factors, such as per capita income, city revenue, state funding, size, partisan orientation, and membership in international climate networks, did not significantly influence how ambitious a city's climate action plan was. This study combines a statistical analysis of the signatory cities with a qualitative study Middletown Connecticut to explain why city energy managers and universities can have such a positive effect on city climate action.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-16T07:31:08Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221098951
The Fiscal Impact of County-to-Urban District Conversion in China
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  Authors: Huiping Li, Hai (David) Guo, Pengju Zhang
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Municipal annexation has been one of the most widely adopted instruments for urban growth in the United States. Scholars of public choice and regional studies have long debated the fiscal effect of local government annexation. Few studies, however, examine the fiscal effect of municipal administrative annexations in China, where prefectural cities have extensively annexed county-level governments through forcefully converting rural counties into urban districts in a top-down manner. Employing a difference-in-differences (DID) method coupled with an event study approach, we analyzed a panel data set of 282 prefectural cities from 2007 to 2015 to examine the fiscal impact of annexation in China. The findings show that prefectural cities have significantly increased their land conveyance fees through administrative annexation. Given that land conveyance fees serve as one of the most important own-source revenues at the local level, our findings shed light on the crucial link among the urbanization process, government reorganization, and local land finance in China and, potentially, in other transition countries.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-16T07:30:50Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221098152
How Policy Entrepreneurs Encourage or Hinder Urban Growth Within a
Political Market
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  Authors: Edgar E. Ramírez, Manlio F. Castillo, Eliana I. Sánchez
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This paper updates and extends the Political Market Framework (PMF) by integrating elements of interest groups and political market theory with policy entrepreneurs’ (PEs) roles in explaining the patterns of urban infrastructure construction. The prominent role of PEs is observed through a grounded analysis of two large infrastructure projects in Mexico City. A comparative study of the cases suggests that: (1) The agency of PEs in political markets is central to explaining the construction of urban infrastructure; (2) PEs contribute to the definition of pro-growth or anti-growth coalitions and the definition of public problems; (3) the legitimacy of PEs is grounded in their political or technical reputation, or both; (4) the appropriate use of political institutions requires that PEs know how to use electoral timing strategically; and (5) the role of PEs seems to be better understood within a bounded analysis framework, such as the political markets approach.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-12T01:05:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221097078
The Effects of Rental Assistance Programs on Neighborhood Outcomes for
U.S. Children: Nationwide Evidence by Program and Race/Ethnicity
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  Authors: Andrew Fenelon, Natalie Slopen, Sandra J. Newman
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Project-based housing programs and tenant-based housing programs (vouchers) may have differential effects on neighborhood outcomes for residents. Theoretically, vouchers should enhance access to low-poverty neighborhoods for low-income families thereby promoting economic mobility for children, though vouchers’ success may vary by race and ethnicity. Drawing on a national survey-administrative data linkage and a quasi-experimental approach, we examine the impact of project-based housing and vouchers on an index of socioeconomic neighborhood disadvantage among children. We find that living in project-based housing leads to greater exposure to neighborhood disadvantage while receiving vouchers leads to reduced exposure. Reductions in neighborhood disadvantage for children receiving vouchers are found only for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino children. For non-White families, vouchers are associated with a reduced likelihood of living in high-poverty neighborhoods and increased likelihood of living in low-poverty neighborhoods, presenting an opportunity to narrow racial and ethnic differences in children's neighborhood attainment.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-10T08:24:34Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221098376
What Does it Mean to be Homeless' How Definitions Affect Homelessness
Policy
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  Authors: Andrew Alfred Sullivan
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Government agencies use varying criteria in defining homelessness. While scholars debate over and use different definitions of homelessness, little research has explored the impacts the definition has on perceived problem severity and the types of communities receiving aid. I first explore four definitions of child and youth homelessness used by United States’ federal agencies. I then use panel data for school districts, which report homelessness by subgroup, to analyze how the definition of homelessness changes its prevalence and leads to disparate impacts. I find the definition of homelessness including students living doubled-up leads to a higher growth rate. Definitions also change which districts have high rates of homelessness and characteristics of these districts, suggesting resources following students experiencing homelessness go to different types of communities. Scholars should consider how a problem is defined, differences in the measurement used between studies, and how the definition affects where resources go.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-05-03T11:58:07Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221095185
“Listen to the People of Starkville”: Dynamics of (Extra-)Local
Political Opposition to Short-Term Rental Regulation in a Small Southern
City
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  Authors: Taylor Shelton
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Though housing inequality is manifest in a variety of ways around the world, one of the most noteworthy has been the rise of short-term rentals. And while a growing body of literature has demonstrated the negative impacts of this new housing typology on cities and neighborhoods, as well as the need for such cities to regulate this phenomenon, scholars have had less to say about how the fights for and against these regulations have actually played out. Through a case study of proposed short-term rental regulations in the small southern college town of Starkville, Mississippi, this paper documents some of the key ways that fights over short-term rental regulation actually play out on the ground, and how these dynamics can lead to more effective approaches to regulating short-term rentals in the future.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-04-21T05:07:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221095190
‘Whiny, Fake, and I Don't Like Her Hair’: Gendered Assessments
of Mayoral Candidates
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  Authors: Erin Tolley, Andrea Lawlor, Alexandre Fortier-Chouinard
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Municipal mayoral elections present a compelling puzzle: what happens when gendered stereotypes about level of government conflict with those about type of office' Although local politics is viewed as communal and more feminine, the mayoral office is a prominent, prestigious position of political leadership that voters may perceive as more masculine. We intervene by analyzing open-ended comments about 32 mayoral candidates from a survey of 14,438 municipal electors in eight Canadian cities. We argue gendered trait and issue stereotypes are embedded in voters’ assessments of mayoral candidates. We find no evidence that female candidates benefit from their perceived competence in local policy issues, and they experience backlash when they display the traits typically associated with strong leaders. We conclude that, even at the level of government frequently thought of as more open to women, female mayoral candidates are disadvantaged by an enduring association between masculinity and political leadership.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-04-13T07:39:38Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221090874
Can Economic Growth Reduce Public Dissatisfaction' Evidence from a
Panel Threshold Model in Chinese Cities
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  Authors: Yao Liu, Jiannan Wu, Jiayin Qi, Yuling Deng, Alimire Tuerhong
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Much is known about the relationship between economic growth and satisfaction, while little is known about the relationship between economic growth and dissatisfaction. This study measures the levels of public dissatisfaction in 36 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2018 using data from an official online petition platform. We construct panel data to analyze the impact of per capita GDP and per capita income on public dissatisfaction. The results show that per capita income has a significant negative effect on public dissatisfaction, but only once the per capita income exceeds a threshold amount. In the extended discussion, the nonlinear relationship between income and public dissatisfaction is described as a stair-shaped curve. The results imply the need for developing countries to adhere to economic policies based on income maximization.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-04-11T03:03:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221091591
Mapping Racial Capital: Gentrification, Race and Value in Three Chicago
Neighborhoods
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  Authors: Jesse Mumm, Carolina Sternberg
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  We interrogate the interrelations of race and gentrification in three Chicago neighborhoods of historical significance to Black, Mexican, and Puerto Rican residents. Our previous work indicates that historical legacies of structural racism mean that gentrification works differently in each area, although the extant literature has not directly addressed how race fuels local valuation regimes. For each neighborhood we provide GIS mapping of 30 years of property parcel data and Census block data on race, compared with a parcel level visual scan of material conditions in the built environment. Changes in value at the block level reveal value assigned to whiteness irrespective of material improvement and run counter to standard explanations of gentrification but closely align with a model of racial capitalism. We bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative research by mapping the everyday life of racial change that is felt and known by residents of color in Chicago.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-04-07T12:42:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221082614
Beyond Urban Displacement: Suburban Poverty and Eviction
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  Authors: Peter Hepburn, Devin Q. Rutan, Matthew Desmond
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Eviction has been studied almost exclusively as an urban phenomenon. The growing suburbanization of poverty in the United States, however, provides new cause to analyze the prevalence and correlates of displacement beyond cities. This study analyzes urban-suburban disparities in eviction rates across 71 large metropolitan areas. We show that eviction is a common experience in suburbs as well as cities. Urban eviction rates exceed suburban rates in most cases, but in one in six metropolitan areas experienced higher eviction rates in the suburbs. Multilevel models show that key correlates of eviction—especially poverty and median rent—influence eviction patterns differently in urban and suburban contexts. We explore variations in urban-suburban disparities through case studies of Milwaukee, Seattle, and Miami. Metropolitan areas with larger shifts toward suburban poverty, more expensive urban rental markets, and more segregated suburbs experience more suburban evictions.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-03-07T04:43:02Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221085676
Case Studies of Urban Metabolism: What Should be Addressed Next'
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  Authors: Hsi-Chuan Wang
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This paper analyzes case studies of Urban Metabolism (UM), an interdisciplinary field that studies the flow of materials and energy in cities. It focuses on global cases to help researchers identify research gaps. I have categorized the studies based on location, scale, and urban system. Two findings need to be specified: first, the geographic distribution of UM case studies is uneven. Only limited studies have been developed for emerging African cities despite expected large future populations. Second, neighborhood-scale cases do not use an appropriate local scale, primarily due to the lack of reliable data sources. Upon noticing concerns over (1) the evaluation of optimized metabolisms, (2) the effectiveness of knowledge transfer, and (3) the awareness of timeframe in delivering practical policy, researchers may now focus on developing more applicable planning and design guidelines while paying attention to the early communication of UM assessment results between scientists and practitioners.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-02-15T04:49:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221080145
Still Muted: The Limited Participatory Democracy of Zoom Public Meetings
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  Authors: Katherine Levine Einstein, David Glick, Luisa Godinez Puig, Maxwell Palmer
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Recent research has demonstrated that participants in public meetings are unrepresentative of their broader communities. Some suggest that reducing barriers to meeting attendance can improve participation, while others believe doing so will produce minimal changes. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted public meetings online, potentially reducing the time costs associated with participating. We match participants at online public meetings with administrative data to learn whether: (1) online participants are representative of their broader communities and (2) representativeness improves relative to in-person meetings. We find that participants in online forums are quite similar to those in in-person ones. They are similarly unrepresentative of residents in their broader communities and similarly overwhelmingly opposed to the construction of new housing. These results suggest important limitations to public meeting reform. Future research should continue to unpack whether reforms might prove more effective at redressing inequalities in an improved economic and public health context.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-02-03T02:29:13Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874211070494
The Involvement of Business Elites in the Management of Homelessness:
Towards a Privatization of Service Provision for Homeless People'
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  Authors: Antonin Margier
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Although the influence of local urban elites on urban planning is well established in urban studies and geography, the ways in which business and property owners take part in the management of homelessness has received far less attention. This article focuses on Portland (OR) in the United States as a means of understanding the motivations that underlie the role of the private sector and its impact on public policies. To this end, I focus on the support by Portland's downtown Business Improvement District of homeless outreach programs, and on the funding of two homeless shelters by business elites / philanthropists. I argue that although public authorities have different views on the actions to be taken to end homelessness, business elites often manage to bring initially-reluctant public authorities to support their projects in what might be termed a forced-march cooperation. I also highlight the versatility of the private sector and business elites’ participation in homelessness management, given that the outreach programs they support and the homeless facilities they fund provide services for the homeless while simultaneously removing them from visible public space. In this sense, the involvement of business and property owners is also a way for them to protect their own interests.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-01-13T01:19:18Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874211073882
The Business of Improving Neighborhoods. A Critical Overview of
Neighborhood-Based Business Improvement Districts (NBIDs) in Sweden
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  Authors: Dragan Kusevski, Maja Stalevska, Chiara Valli
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This article offers an overview of neighbourhood-based BIDs (NBIDs) in Sweden. Swedish NBIDs tend to appear in stigmatized residential areas engaging with pressing sets of urban issues that have been longstanding concern of social policy. Their overarching goal is raising property values in neighborhoods on the edge between urban decline and (re)development potential. Emerging in a neoliberalizing institutional context, NBIDs present themselves as correctives to public-policy failures by promoting property-oriented solutions. The adaptation of the BID model in the Swedish ‘post-welfare’ landscape, however, exhibits, and arguably exacerbates, the shortcomings found in BID elsewhere. Their opaque institutional structure and lack of accountability contribute to curbing democratic influence over local development, thus reinforcing spatial inequalities. We argue that the growing political advocacy for the institutionalization of the BID model in Sweden presents a new milestone in the neoliberalization of urban governance, as private actors are promoted to legitimate co-creators of urban policy.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-01-11T11:04:45Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874211070746
Urban Fault Lines: The Politics of Territorial Restructuring in Nanjing
and Ningbo
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  Authors: Kyle A. Jaros
  First page: 372
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Recent decades have seen a flurry of administrative division adjustments (ADAs) in major Chinese cities, including ADAs that reconfigure multiple local government units at once. Despite the growing visibility of such reforms, it remains unclear how they come about and how profoundly they change cities’ governance and development prospects. To address these questions, this paper examines cases of ADA in Nanjing and Ningbo that had varying practical and political significance. Nanjing's 2013 ADA, though broad in scope, primarily served the purpose of administrative streamlining. By contrast, Ningbo's 2016 ADA marked a political and economic turning point, furthering the city's agenda of territorial consolidation. This detailed case comparison traces how varying ADA outcomes emerged from different intergovernmental relationships between cities, urban subunits, and provincial authorities, highlighting the territorial interest conflicts that play out within Chinese cities and the broader political challenges surrounding efforts to improve metropolitan governance.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-03-01T11:07:45Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221082219
Does an Increased Share of Black Police Officers Decrease Racial
Discrimination in Law Enforcement'
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  Authors: Sunyoung Pyo
  First page: 534
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Based on representative bureaucracy theory, the current study investigates whether increasing Black representation in police forces is negatively associated with racial discrimination in law enforcement. This study additionally investigates how associations may differ according to the organizational or environmental contexts of the forces. Results show that an increased share of Black officers is associated with decreased police-involved deaths of Black residents, but is not significantly associated with a change in order maintenance arrests of Black suspects. In addition, the negative association between Black representation and police-involved deaths of Black residents disappears when the percent of Black officers surpasses about 15 percent, especially in organizations where White officers comprise a larger share. These findings support the potential negative role of organizational socialization on the effectiveness of increasing the share of Black officers in policing, implying that additional long-term efforts to change organizational culture are needed to realize the benefits of enhancing Black representation.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-01-04T12:44:08Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874211070245
Officer-Involved Killings and the Repression of Protest
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  Authors: Traci Burch
  First page: 580
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  This article explores the likelihood that officer-involved killings affect protest. Analyzing respondents to the Collaborative Multiracial Political Survey (CMPS) reveals no increases in protest activity between treatment groups exposed to officer-involved killings in their local area prior to participating in the survey and control groups who were exposed to officer-involved killings after survey participation overall. In fact, local exposure to Black victims appears to repress protest, but only among young Black respondents. This effect depends on the characteristics of the victim and the incident, as killings of low threat Black victims do not seem to repress protest.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-03-17T02:40:11Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221087220
Specialized Local Government and Water Conservation Policy in the United
States
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  Authors: David Switzer, Jun Deng
  First page: 611
  Abstract: Urban Affairs Review, Ahead of Print.
  Special districts are an increasingly important part of the local government equation in the United States, representing over forty percent of local governments. The spread of these governments is controversial, however, as some argue that they will have a negative impact on service delivery, due to a perceived lack of political accountability. Others argue that their focus on single policy issues allow them to more efficiently respond to the citizens they serve. Despite the controversy, only a few studies have quantitatively investigated the differences in service delivery between special district and general purpose governments. Building on Mullin's earlier work, in this research note we investigate the relationship between specialized local government and water utility rates. We find little direct difference between special districts and general-purpose governments, with some minimal support for a conditional relationship between special districts and scarcity.
  Citation: Urban Affairs Review
  PubDate: 2022-10-05T06:03:26Z
  DOI: 10.1177/10780874221080122