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Authors:Vassilios Ziakas, Rodanthi Tzanelli, Christine Lundberg Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Contrary to the common compartmentalization of popular culture and events to specialized forms of fandom-induced tourism (e.g. film-, music-, sport-tourism), event-tourism spaces may also derive from blending different genres that enable symbiotic effects, for example, between sport and art. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of how event-tourism is interwoven and merged with sporting and cinematic popular culture, thereby creating a compound milieu for sport traveling aficionados that we name an “Interscopic Fan Travelscape” (IFT). To ground our analysis, we use the example of a participatory sport event that blends organically sporting and cinematic facets of popular culture. This is a free-diving event, hosted in the Greek island of Amorgos, and commemorating the 1988 “Big Blue” film, which was primarily shot in Amorgos. Our conceptual framework provides a comprehensive understanding of composite popular culture settings and devoted fan-travel by integrating perspectives of neo-tribalism, serious leisure, fan pilgrimage and event-tourism. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-05-03T11:02:26Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221092169
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Authors:Dagmara Chylińska Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Escape tourism seems to be difficult to define. It is related to many different kinds of tourism, including the so-called Robinson tourism. Given that escape tourists’ motives, ways of travelling and activities vary widely, the article deals with general conditions which may trigger the decision to undertake escape tourism. It also examines geographical spaces that are potential destinations for escapees thanks to their remote location or specific features. The article applies theoretical considerations to the consideration of Poland’s tourist space as a source of possible ‘escape destinations’, finding that geographical spaces traditionally considered suitable for escape tourism – borderlands, peripheries or geographical extremes – have decreased in importance as the phenomenon migrates towards less obvious places and forms of psychological refuge. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-05-01T01:36:11Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221092220
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Authors:Changsup Shim, Yae-Na Park, Choong-Ki Lee, Young Sik Kim, Colin Michael Hall Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Protest tourism is visiting a destination with the major aim of viewing or participating in protests. This qualitative study examined the motivations of Hong Kong protest tourists as a starting point for future exploration of distinctions between this emerging type of tourism and other existing categories. Five primary motivations were revealed. Two push motivations were the desire to (1) have special, new experiences that few others have experienced; and (2) experience tourist offerings first-hand. Three pull motivations were created by sites providing tourists the opportunity to (i) see a one-time historical event; (ii) share the moment with local citizens, even if indirectly; and (iii) experience real-time events with a local guide. The findings point to unique temporal and geographic aspects of the interplay between protest tourist motivations and the unique merging of the subject and object of tourism, shedding light on how different tourism experiences can be framed. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-03-26T05:25:32Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221085729
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Authors:Marietta Morrissey Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. In this paper, I explore travel imaginaries in the recruitment of participants to short-term medical brigades in El Salvador and Honduras. I look in particular at how trip leaders and organization web sites frame the volunteer tourist experience, drawing on familiar, shared imaginaries of poor, backward international settings, and related performative interventions that echo white colonial relationships. Recruitment messaging offers little specific or informed sense of place, ignoring the national histories and socio-economic circumstances of the receiving countries. As a consequence, the health profiles and capacities of El Salvador and Honduras are finally obscured in favor of the valorized performance of visitors and externally-driven protocols and care. The efforts of some brigade sponsors and related organizations to improve health-care delivery to local communities, in particular fundraising among brigade participants and other donors, would seem to separate the link between travel and volunteerism. They continue, however, to reinforce broadly-held imaginaries of international poverty and economic backwardness and related rescue by the Global North. A more realistic understanding of Honduran and Salvadoran economies and politics remains elusive and requires a reorientation of voluntary engagement. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-01-06T08:27:24Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976211068187
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Authors:Anna de Jong, Gordon Waitt First page: 117 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Human intentionality forms just one aspect in understanding the tourist’s engagement with food, and yet tends to dominate food tourism research; whilst food itself tends to remain somewhat ‘passive stuff’. A focus on the active presence of food we argue is rare in food tourism scholarship. This paper thus explores how tourist scholars offering insights into the practices and experiences of eating in tourism contexts have taken to spatial and relational approaches to explore what it means to eat during travel. We argue that tourist studies literature on food holds the potential to unlock the complexity of what tourists eat, and why. We do this by discussing two broad ‘spatial turns’ relating to tourism geographies of eating as relational. In doing this we attend to questions of how things become food through attunement to sociospatial-material relationships, experiences and situated practices. We show how these two relational approaches offer exciting research agendas that rethink food tourism not as a predetermined, structured human experience or touristic agenda – but as something that is ongoing, and made through individuals’ sensorial engagement with the social and material world. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-05-05T11:27:46Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221096912
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Authors:Yan Yuan First page: 130 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. This article uses investigations into two villages to scrutinise the politics of space and visuality in the top-down development of nostalgia tourism across the Chinese countryside engineered by the government since 2014. It goes beyond the debate between the representational and non-representational approaches in tourist landscape studies and proposes the concept of ‘embodied scopic regimes’ as a more nuanced framework of analysis. It is argued that the landscape production in the current development of nostalgia tourism in China is featured by the coexistence and entanglement of three different embodied scopic regimes: ‘stop/gaze regime’, ‘flâneur/glance regime’ and ‘choraster/spectacle regime’. Each regime produces a unique fashion of visual pleasure and distinct mode of physical movements, manifested and afforded by different sets of cultural technologies. The operation of these multiple regimes also diversifies the meanings of nostalgia that these tourist sites claim to represent, which allows the overlapping between ‘reflective nostalgia’ and ‘restorative nostalgia’ in the same space. Based on this unique case, the article engages with the ‘landscape debate’ in critical tourist studies and extends the common ground between the two seemingly oppositional approaches. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-05-03T11:04:26Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221096216
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Authors:Guojie Zhang, James ES Higham, Julia N Albrecht First page: 153 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. With the continuing biodiversity crisis in New Zealand, an increasing number of eco-sanctuaries have been established to restore local ecology through the active management of invasive predator species, in combination with the translocation of endangered endemic wildlife. Seeking to achieve the (near) complete restoration of pre-human ecosystems, many of these projects are community-led social enterprises where tourism is developed for operation revenue and conservation advocacy. This paper explores perceptions of ecological restoration and tourism by individuals involved in the management and operation at New Zealand mainland eco-sanctuaries and considers implications for the co-creation of visitor experiences. Informed by theories of environmental philosophy, it presents an analysis of 14 in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that the philosophies of the participants can either challenge visitors to reflect upon their ecological perspectives or pay increased attention to visitor interests and accommodate diverse perspectives in the provision of the tourist experience. This paper contributes new knowledge by identifying participants’ eco-centric and shallow anthropocentric environmental ethics and dilemmas facing tourism development at community-led ecological restoration sites. In doing so, it considers the possibility that co-created visitor experiences at eco-sanctuaries can challenge the environmental philosophies of visitors. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-04-21T12:15:44Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221091339
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Authors:Apoorva Nanjangud, Stijn Reijnders First page: 175 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Around the world, cities and regions are welcoming tourists after being in the spotlight of popular movies, games, novels, TV series or other forms of popular media culture. Popular Hindi cinema (Bollywood) too has long impacted destination imaginaries and the ensuing travels. What remains scarce in existing research is how its crucial component – Filmi-songs impacts tourists’ imaginaries of a destination, and consequently how they perform their travels. This study investigates the role and significance of filmi-songs in tourism practices, by focussing on the case-study of ‘Gerua’ from the film ‘Dilwale’ (2015), post which Iceland experienced a rise in Indian tourism. Employing 18 in-depth interviews with tourists, but also various local stakeholders in the business of media-tourism, this study attempts to understand what impact Bollywood songs have on travel motivations of its audiences, how tourists experience the filmi-song location on-site, and finally how the phenomenon is perceived and evaluated by local stakeholders in Iceland. Results show that filmi-song tourists are actively engaged in reconstructing scenes from their beloved filmi-songs by indulging in shot re-creations and song re-enactments. By drawing links between Bollywoodized narratives and locations in Iceland, and by sharing these performances online, these tourist practices contribute to the imaginative heritage of Iceland in the global imagination. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-05-13T10:36:44Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221090728
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Authors:Maria Eugenia Altamirano First page: 200 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. This paper examines the multiple and heterogeneous, current and potential, relations between hybrid actors of tourism in Favela Santa Marta, Rio de Janeiro. It seeks to elucidate the legitimizing potential of tourists acting as “connectors” that reach beyond formal politics’ hindrances. This work applies assemblage theory epistemological framework, and Actor-Network Theory ethnomethodological tools, to explore the issues and roles questioned, altered, made visible, or transformed through favela tourists’ practices and performances. Hence, avoiding the ethical dilemmas and representational concerns from slum tourism researchers in the past. Our fieldwork engages with two favela tours. We follow tourists as they stitch hybrid actor-networks that create multiple orderings in such assemblages, and their material and semiotic configurations. Our research reveals that such tours could be related to different shifts in the favela’s political, social, economic, cultural, and material dimensions. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2022-04-26T01:06:59Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976221090738
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Authors:Katarina Mattsson First page: 3 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. The article examines notions of family holidays in the marketing of family adventure travel, a small but growing segment of the alternative tourism sector in Sweden. In family adventure travel, the family vacation is oriented toward exotic destinations in the Global South. The analysis is conducted through a multimodal discourse analysis of web-based marketing material from seven Swedish travel agencies. It shows that the travel style of family adventure travel is constructed through a novel discourse, filled with overlapping meanings of family life, authenticity, and adventure. The article offers a unique approach to family tourism research by theorizing family adventure travel from a post-colonial perspective. It demonstrates how family adventure travel entails a colonial continuity, where notions of exploring and discovering the world become reproduced and re-negotiated in the context of family tourism. In the marketing of family adventure travel, the family vacation is reimagined as a journey of discovery. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2021-08-03T09:48:17Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976211035958
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Authors:Te-Yi Chang, Shih-Feng Hung, Shu Tang First page: 21 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Purchasing souvenirs is an important travel shopping behaviour in the tourist industry. Multiple studies have explored dimensions related to a souvenir. However, the attributes of souvenirs are inconsistent and few studies have explored from tourists’ perspective the customer value of the souvenirs they purchased. Using food souvenirs as an example, this study adopted the means-end chains approach to explore the consumer value of food souvenirs purchased by tourists. Based on the attribute–consequence–value linkages, food souvenir attributes most important to tourists were identified, and subsequently, the product attributes for food souvenirs were determined. This study found that when choosing which food souvenirs to buy, tourists perceived the following nine major attributes as important: good taste, shareability, convenient, nostalgia and unique, human warmth, authenticity, local characteristics, famous and representative. The findings of this study can serve as reference for helping business industry to design products. This study recommends incorporating these nine attributes and local characteristics into destination tourism development to closely resonate with the needs of tourists and strengthen tourists’ perception and impression of the customs of destination tourism industry. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2021-08-18T11:43:13Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976211035961
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Authors:Hua Guo, Evan J. Jordan First page: 42 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Social exclusion is a dynamic process in which an individual or a group becomes isolated from an organization or community and deprived of their due rights and entitlements. This study analyzed a case of social exclusion and tourism conflict in Likeng village, Wuyuan, a rural Chinese community that is economically reliant on the tourism industry. Thematic analysis of interviews with 15 Likeng villagers across two time periods (2010 and 2016) revealed that residents experienced various dimensions of social exclusion. A lack of opportunities for effective participation in economic opportunities, political decisions, and community relationships related to the development of tourism in the community were key features of social exclusion, eventually leading to conflict. Linkages between local problems, policies, and community life should be established and opportunities for meaningful resident input in tourism development decision making should be utilized in order to decrease social exclusion and conflict. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2021-08-20T12:36:06Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976211039067
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Authors:Rafiq Ahmad First page: 61 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. Community-based tourism development in rural tourist destinations is hindered by the complex interplay of power struggles between the State, hoteliers, travel agents, local tourism players, host community and activists. Following Bourdieu’s ‘epistemologically reflexive’ sociology of everyday life, including his concepts of ‘capital’, ‘habitus’ and ‘field’, I examine the power relations between the Indian State, the regional government, the armed forces, private urban hoteliers and travel agencies, religious corporations, local tourism service providers (e.g. the ponymen and taxi operators) and the host communities operating at the tourism destination of Pahalgam in the Himalayan territory of the Indian-administered Kashmir. Drawing on ethnographic material collected during June–September 2017 and October 2018, I analyse the power relations in the context of a growing political conflict in the region. The central question this article addresses is how and to what extent these actors, particularly the Indian State, engage in contestations for dominance, insurrection and subversion over Pahalgam tourist destination. Theorising the embodiment of ponywālā1 habitus, I demonstrate that ‘subaltern’ dispositions of the ponymen and their corresponding tourism practices of offering pony rides to tourists and pilgrims create boundaries within the destination ‘field’ of Pahalgam. Subsequently, I aim to show that such dispositions cultivate internalised beliefs or doxa among local community players, thus limiting their access to capitals (economic, social, cultural and symbolic) and ensuring the (re)production of their dominated position in the destination field of Pahalgam. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2021-11-15T06:24:07Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976211058755
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Authors:Alexander Craig Wight, Mabel Victoria First page: 89 Abstract: Tourist Studies, Ahead of Print. This paper applies indigenous research methods to understand the motives of visitors attending Penitensya (a Lenten Filipino ritual involving violent ritualistic performances) which we introduce as a novel form of religious-dark tourism. The paper also examines the tourism product potential of Penitensya as a controversial, yet potentially valuable feature of Filipino public culture. The motives of visitors to the Penitensya ritual in the Philippines during the 2019 schedule of events are examined to understand the touristic appeal of this unique form of religious-dark pilgrimage which involves overt and abject rituals of mortification and self-harm. Analysis suggests that the motives for attending Penitensya resonate with the motives of visitors to dark tourism attractions, and these include the allure of a novel cultural experience, knowledge-seeking and rubbernecking. The findings suggest that Penitensya might have unrealised potential as a legitimate form of intangible Filipino cultural heritage, but in order to authenticate the event as part of the nation’s cultural tourism product mix it must be carefully curated and marketed, and embraced by local authorities and the wider community. Citation: Tourist Studies PubDate: 2021-12-30T11:06:49Z DOI: 10.1177/14687976211067261
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