JournalTOCs

Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation
Number of Followers: 0

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 2365-3159 - ISSN (Online) 2365-3167
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2469 journals]

Stabilized mortar: property evaluation according to stabilization time
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  Abstract: Abstract Currently, stabilized mortar is considered an alternative to replace both mortars produced on site as well as bagged industrialized mortar, mainly for the advantages associated with logistical improvement, rationalization of labor and production control. This work evaluates the properties of the mortar stabilized over the stabilization time (0 h, 24 h and 36 h) to analyze its behavior and compare it with the requirements of current Brazilian standardization. The adopted methodology was an experimental study with stabilized mortars produced by two suppliers, through tests in the fresh and hardened state, in addition to the morphological analysis of the mortars in the hardened state through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that despite being produced in the same region and having similar compositions, the stabilized mortars of the two suppliers show a significant difference in all properties (p-value < 0.05 for t-test and ANOVA), except for the dynamic elastic modulus, p-value > 0.05 and coefficients of variation below 15%. It stands out as a conclusion of this study that, despite complying with the requirement to remain workable for a long period of time (up to 36 h), this type of mortar does not maintain its properties stabilized in the studied periods, highlighting the need to develop a specific standard for this material.
  PubDate: 2022-05-07
Numerical study on lateral torsional buckling of coped beams
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  Abstract: Abstract Generally, in an industrial building, steel I-sections are used as bending member. If the top surface of the main beam and secondary beam is equal, the connection between the main beam and secondary beam becomes very difficult. To solve that problem, coping is provided in the secondary beam to connect in the main beam. This study is focused on the analysis of coped beam by varying coping depth (Cd), coping length (Cl) and location of the end plate. An attempt is made to improve the load carrying capacity of the coped beam by introducing inclined coping. For the analysis, the ratio between coping depth to beam depth (H) is 0.08–0.5 and the coping length to depth of beam ratio is considered between 0.22 and 0.72. It is found that the load carrying capacity of coped beams is reduced in the range of 30–60% when compared to un-coped (Normal) beam. And also, inclined coping is recommended for coped beam which bears the ratios of Cl/H ≥ 0.36 and Cd/H ≥ 0.1.
  PubDate: 2022-05-07
Mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete using steel slag and
glass powder
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  Abstract: Abstract Concrete is the universally accepted building material for all types of construction and is the most commonly used material after water. The developments in concrete has led to the evolution of many types of concretes like geo-polymer concrete, self-compacting concrete, fibre reinforced concrete. Self-compacting concrete is a special type of concrete which flows by its own weight and is having variety of application. The uncontrolled and indiscriminate use of concrete depletes natural resources, as the main constituents such as fine and coarse aggregates which are extracted from the natural rocks. Besides, the use of cement contributes to the production of high volume of greenhouse gases resulting in the global warming. These issues posed a big challenge for the present day engineers to look after the possible alternatives to produce eco-friendly concrete. Apart from this, there were numerous industrial wastes like Steel slag, Glass powder, Fly ash, Ground granulated blast furnace slag etc., that are being deposited in the dump yards with no purpose. In the present study, it is aimed to study the fresh and hardened concrete properties by utilising the industrial wastes such as glass powder and steel slag in the self-compacting concrete. The experimentation is carried out on M20 grade concrete, by partially replacing the cement with 20% of glass powder and fine aggregate with varying quantities of steel slag as 25%, 50% and 75%. The obtained results witnessed that the optimum replacement of fine aggregate as 50% in combination with 20% of glass powder yielding in improved workability. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength have shown an increase of 20.95%, 17.05% and 24.44% compared to conventional concrete.
  PubDate: 2022-04-29
Mechanical properties of ramie fibers and hooked-end steel fibers
reinforced high strength concrete incorporating metakaolin and silica fume
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  Abstract: Abstract Insufficient materials availability leads the researchers to find alternate materials. This study investigates the strength behavior of ramie fiber and steel fibers reinforced concrete and compared it with control concrete. In this investigation, cementitious composites were added in both HFRC (Hybrid Fiber reinforced Concrete) and control concrete and finally, a comparison was made between controlled concrete (without fibers) and fiber reinforced concrete. Ramie (scientific name: Boehmerianivea) is a flowering plant in the nettle family urticaceae, it produces textile fibers that are largely used in textile industries. This research paper mainly focuses on ramie fibers and hooked-end steel fibers-based composites which have wide applications in the construction field. In this ramie fibers and hooked-end steel fibers are used in a hybrid form which exhibits synergistic responses from each fiber. There are different types of steel fibers available in markets, in that hooked-end fibers show enhanced performance. In this investigation different percentage of fibers were used, (0.5% ramie fibers + 0.5%SF, 1% ramie fibers + 1% SF, 1.5% ramie fibers + 1.5% SF, 2% ramie fibers + 2 steel fibers) of 17 mixes were prepared. Hooked-end steel fibers of length 30 mm and ramie fibers of 40 mm length were used. High strength concrete of grade M70 was used. In this Silica fume and metakaolin were used as cementitious composites by weight of cement. HFRC is tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, Modulus of elasticity, impact strength and ductility index at different ages of concrete specimens. Increased content of fibers decreases the workability and increases the mechanical characteristics of concrete. In this investigation, the optimal content of silica fume and metakaolin of 10% and 5% was used respectively in all the mixes based on the previous research.
  PubDate: 2022-04-25
Rehabilitation of SDOF systems under air blast loading with a modified
negative stiffness amplifying damper
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  Abstract: Abstract Modified negative stiffness amplifying damper (MNSAD) is a novel vibration control device expected to consist of a negative stiffness spring with flexible cladding material. In this system, a dashpot is used in conjunction with the negative stiffness spring, and the damping magnification effect is greatly enhanced by amplifying the stoke of the dashpot. The negative stiffness property is preserved, and the MNSAD takes into account significant damping magnification effects. In this study, displacement and acceleration responses of SDOF systems under air blast load equipped with an MNSAD are investigated, which takes stochastic responses into account. Next, the optimum designed parameters yield three key parameters: stiffness ratio, damping ratio, and negative stiffness ratio. Following that, the SDOF system's responses to air blast load are calculated. It was observed that a significant damping effect is achieved by adding small damping (i.e., 2.8%) to the SDOF system with the proposed MNSAD. It was also discovered that replacing NSAD with MNSAD increases the long period structure's energy dissipation capacity from 16 to 28%.
  PubDate: 2022-04-08
Influence of extracted nanosilica on geotechnical properties of soft-clay
soil subjected to freeze-thaw cycles
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  Abstract: Abstract Expansive clay soils exhibit more voids that are problematic in foundations of the structures in loading and unloading but overcoming these problems, the soil stabilized with additives in the proper percentages. The additives are cement, lime and chemicals that are voids fill in micro-level. Later on, the stabilized soil was affected and showed more problems with weather conditions subjected to durability characteristics such as freeze and thawing of the soil due to drastic variations in temperatures and affected more on the soil. In the situations, the soils rectify with stabilization with innovative technologies that stabilize with nanomaterials because the pores filled in the nano-level and controlled and enhanced all geotechnical properties under freeze-thaw cycles. This paper deals with nanosilica extracted from rice husk by precipitation methodology and stabilizing soft soils with extracted nanosilica subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. The optimum dosage of nanosilica is based on specific gravity and compaction characteristics. The engineering properties were determined with the optimal dosage of extracted nanosilica, even subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and characterized with microstructural analysis. The extracted nanosilica is used for many applications in building pathology and rehabilitation. From test results, the geotechnical properties are more improved with extracted nanosilica. On the other hand, the influences of freeze-thaw cycles reduced the index and engineering properties, and the stabilized soil showed more ductility. The soil stabilization process reduced building pathology and rehabilitation techniques with improved building quality lift time.
  PubDate: 2022-04-01
Effect of low inclusion of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as a partially sand
replacement to the performance of mortar
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  Abstract: Abstract Natural sand is a major ingredient in the production of concrete and mortar. Increased urbanization and industry have led to sand depletion and the accumulation of industrial waste. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is constantly dumped to open fields, which creates traffic dangers, health risks, and pollutes the environment. Hence, the abundance production of POFA can be used as an alternative construction material, partially replacing POFA in producing mortar and concrete to minimize dependency on the sand, avoid negative environmental impacts, and reduce construction costs. The use of POFA in mortar has been found to be limited. Therefore, this paper presents the performance of POFA used as a partially replacement of sand. The performance of mortar mixture containing 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of POFA inclusion by weight of sand was analyzed in terms of workability and mechanical properties. Slump tests were conducted for workability, while compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests were conducted on hardened mortar cubes at 3,7, and 28 days to determine the mechanical properties. Workability of mortar mixture containing 2.5% of POFA inclusion was 40 mm, which recorded as the highest workability compared to other mixtures. Meanwhile, the mortar compressive strength of 2.5% POFA increased the strength to 37.7 MPa at its matured age of curing which exceeds the targeted strength of 30 MPa. The finding also shows that the inclusion of 10% POFA contributes to the enhancement of splitting tensile and flexural strength of mortar. From the result, POFA has been discovered to be an effective pozzolanic material that may be utilized as a replacement material in mortar.
  PubDate: 2022-03-29
Mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC)
incorporating different mineral admixtures and fibre: a review
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  Abstract: Abstract In current scenario, Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) plays vital role in construction industries because of its high strain hardening property, tensile ductility, and high performance in strength and durability properties due to bonding with different fibres. In this study an extensive review is carried out about the mechanical behaviour of ECC and its applications. Compressive, Tensile and flexural strength along with physical and chemical properties of different materials, fibres and mix proportions used in ECC were observed and recapitulated. Cracking strength, strain and average cracking width of ECC at different proportions of fibres and mineral admixtures were discussed. In addition, porosity, pore size distribution, pore volume and surface topography of the ECC materials are comprehensively studied. This paper reviews the mechanical properties of ECC and its applications are widely used in different construction industries.
  PubDate: 2022-03-29
Experimental investigation and microstructural behavior of un-calcined and
calcined snail shell powder cement mortar
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  Abstract: Abstract Snail shells are the bio-shells that eateries discard. Around 100 million tonnes of snail shells are come out as waste material in the world every year. These were creating substantial environmental problems and harm to living organisms. As mentioned earlier, the present work focuses on using snail shell powder (SSP) as a raw material in mortar. The current work compared the calcined and un-calcined snail shells powder behaviour in mortar concerning mechanical and durability properties. Calcined and un-calcined snail shell mortar composite is partially replaced Cement with snail shell powder of 0–35% with a variance of 5% in mortar. The chemical composition of both the mixes was assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In addition, a compressive strength, flexure and split, and tensile strength test were performed on both mixes to determine the mechanical properties of mortar. Water absorption, sorptivity, and rapid chloride permeability tests on cement mortar were done on both mixes. According to the investigation results, the best use of snail shell powder is 30% for un-calcined shells and 25% for calcined shells. The durability properties of both mixes improved when the amount of snail shell powder increased, and neither blend showed much variation. Microstructural analysis viz., XRD, SEM, and EDS has been performed on both mixes and obtained higher C–H gel and C–S–H gel formations at 25% and 30% replacement of Cement of calcined and un-calcined snail shell powder.
  PubDate: 2022-03-29
The implication of using filtered sand in mortar and concrete
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  Abstract: Abstract Depletion of natural resources and restriction due to environmental considerations leads to scarcity of good quality river sand. Also sand procurement has become a major concern especially in large cities like Bangalore, India. Nearby sources have been exhausted; therefore, it is very essential to optimize the consumption of natural river sand as well as to develop alternative sources. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the potential use of filtered sand and its implication as a substitute for river sand in mortar and concrete. Filtered sand is facing the concerns of environmentalist and engineers due to its alleged poor engineering properties, higher clay and silt content, improper or crude methods adopted for filtering the sand etc. If these issues are addressed, then filtered sand may be used as an alternative to river sand, provided the source of filtered sand is from a barren land and not fertile earth. The present investigation deals with the use of filtered sand as an alternative to natural fine aggregates in concrete and cement-mortar. Two types of filtered sand samples (FS-1 and FS-2) available near Bangalore were collected and physical properties of these samples were studied. Natural sand was replaced partially/fully with filtered sand in different percentages of replacement. Specimens of cement mortar in the ratio 1:6 was cast, cured, and tested for determining the density, compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity, while concrete cube specimens with mix proportion 1:1.5:3 were cast to determine its compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength as per the Indian standard code of practice. The results on comparison with those of conventional concrete and cement-mortar specimen indicated that with the usage of filtered sand, the performance of both the concrete and mortar improved.
  PubDate: 2022-03-28
Reduction of concrete permeability using admixtures or surface treatments
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  Abstract: Abstract The durability assurance in reinforced concrete is necessary during the design conception and mix design as a preventive measure. Permeability in cementitious materials is a crucial durability indicator that can be influenced by many factors, from capillary porosity to cracks. Under those circumstances, it might be helpful to have concrete with the ability to reduce permeability. In this paper, the effectiveness of incorporating a crystalline admixture, both as an admixture and surface treatment, through characterisation tests, durability tests, and self-healing analyses. A concrete with silica fume as an admixture was also produced for comparison to the use of crystalline admixture (CA). The silica fume showed more efficiency in all assessed properties relative to both the reference and CA for condition with limited water availability. Crystalline admixture is also beneficial over reference concrete when used as an admixture, increasing the compressive strength and decreasing the ingress of chloride and carbon dioxide. The concrete with surface treatment had similar behaviour of reference concrete. Additionally, healing products from the use of crystalline admixture take the form of a needle shape in concrete.
  PubDate: 2022-03-27
Has the advent of green office buildings influenced the rental
depreciation of conventional office buildings' A case study in the
Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle
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  Abstract: Abstract The rapid development of green buildings in Kuala Lumpur symbolizes stable economic growth, and their strategic location in the city is the focus of investors and developers in investing their finances in property development. However, the presence of green buildings has to some extent affected the generation of old conventional buildings that are obsolete and lack the latest advanced technology specifications. Therefore, this research aims to examine whether or not the emergence of green buildings has influenced the rental depreciation of conventional buildings. This work uses two methods, namely, qualitative research by ascertaining the views of stakeholders and a case study of the Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle (KLGT) by comparing the rental price generated and the rental depreciation that occurs on both types of buildings. The qualitative study confirmed that the majority of respondents do not agree that conventional buildings experience a decline in rent because of the presence of green buildings as residents prefer cheap housing compared to buildings with the latest technology. The case study revealed that the rental income for both building types is unaffected by green certification and that the emergence of green buildings does not affect the rental depreciation of conventional buildings. The originality of this study pertains to the measurement of the extent of the influence of green buildings in dominating rental generation in the KLGT and its impact on conventional buildings that are not equipped with the latest specifications.
  PubDate: 2022-03-18
An experimental investigation on mechanical, durability and
Microstructural Properties of high-volume fly ash based concrete
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  Abstract: Abstract Concrete is a frequently used construction material in the world. The usage of high content cement may lead to early age cracks and heat of hydration. To overcome this, High-Volume Fly ash (HVFA) is used in the present experimental work to substitute cement at 0%, 25%, 50%, and 70%. The conventional concrete compared with HVFA at curing 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. Mechanical and durability tests were conducted to study the performance, and microstructure characteristics were analysed durability tests like Rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) water absorption sorptivity tests done on mixes. The mechanical strength of HVFA based concrete is optimised at 50% fly ash dosage. At this, the durability of mixtures also improved due to the development of C-S-H gels leading to a reduction in porosity. These characteristics improved by increased duration of curing. At 90 days, concrete’s porosity (in terms of chloride ion penetration) was moderately reduced compared to 28days. The water absorption levels in the mixes also highly decreased at 90 days of curing compared to other periods (7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days). The reduction in the peaks of quartz and mullite in the XRD pattern from 7 days to 90 days represents the decrease of void content and development of the C-S-H gels in this matrix of the concrete.
  PubDate: 2022-03-17
Experimental characterization of Rat trap and traditional English bond
used in masonry structures in Nepal
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  Abstract: Abstract Masonry structures occupied more than 60% of the total building stock in Nepal. The majority of construction in rural areas are based on adobe and stone masonry whereas brick masonry is quite popular in urban areas in Nepal. English bond is extensively used for load bearing masonry structures. However, an extensive literature review noted that the mechanical properties of the masonry bonds in the areas are still not well identified. So, experimental investigations are necessary to understand the mechanical behaviour of masonry bond used in the masonry structure. To this end, an experimental study was performed for the characterization of newly developed Rat-trap bond and traditional English bond used in masonry structures in Nepal. For this, test specimen of model masonry wall was developed with predetermined size of aforementioned bonds. The specimen of wall was tested in Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to determine compressive strength of the masonry wall. The results from the experimental work were analyzed using the standard statistical tools. The outcomes of the study were expressed in terms of strength level, cost and amount of embedded energy consumption. From the result analyses, it was highlighted that Rat trap bond saved 32.62% energy level and 24.64% cost as compared to traditional English bond during construction. The status of compressive strength and diagonal failure patterns were also highlighted in this research.
  PubDate: 2022-03-17
Analysis and development of the Composite Sustainable Condition Index for
elevated service reservoir (ESR) by DER method
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  Abstract: Abstract Elevated service reservoirs (ESR) in rural India are in poor condition since they are always ignored after construction. In the repair and maintenance of the ESR, the interests of regional stakeholders, the budget and financial health of the local government and the political will of local leadership all play a part. There is no index that identifies the ESR's status, making it impossible to prioritise the repairs and maintenance required to keep it in usable shape. Various non-destructive tests were used to rate the elevated service reservoir in the current study (NDTs). The Condition Index (CI) of the ESR was determined using the DER (degree (D), extent (E), and relevance (R) rating technique. After determining the current structure's condition ranking, the Principal Component approach (PCA) was used to conduct a statistical analysis. The PCA shows a variation of 70.56% between the experiment's variables. The DER is given by PCA, and it’s ranking according to its CI is also significantly connected. In comparison to D and E, R has a stronger association with recognised zones or levels. PCA verified the findings by providing a good fit to the data in the experiment. The composite sustainable index technique is quite useful for predicting the strength and operational capacities of an existing ESR. CI also clarifies the future of the ESR, whether it is for maintenance, retrofitting, or demolition.
  PubDate: 2022-03-16
Prediction of upgraded properties of the concrete with the wash sand waste
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  Abstract: Abstract The capacity to substitute cement with wash sand waste powder gives a technological and long-term benefit in today’s construction industry. The current research looks at how to anticipate the properties of cement and concrete that have been fused with wash sand waste powder. The percentage of cement that has been replaced varies from 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. In the presence of wash sand waste powder, the physical parameters of cement, workability, and strength properties of M30 grade concrete were examined. At 7.5% cement substitution, the improvement in cement and concrete properties is considered to be optimum, and thereafter steadily diminishes. To compare all of the experimental results, statistical techniques were utilized. The dependent and independent variables of the study were correlated, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the exact connection between them. All properties of cement and concrete were predicted and compared using multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). At the end of the research, it was revealed that both models generated the best results, however the ANN findings were superior in terms of concrete strength prediction. The MLR model outperforms the ANN model in terms of predicting workability.
  PubDate: 2022-03-12
Combined effect of fly-ash and GGBS on performance of alkali activated
concrete
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  Abstract: Abstract Cement is the foremost constituent in concrete serves as a binder. The production of cement releases huge amount of green house emissions. In this regards alternative materials to cement are developed and effectively used in concrete. However, there are certain limitations are there to use these alternative materials in concrete. To overcome these problems and completely eliminate the usage of cement alkali activated concrete has been developed. In alkali activated concrete fly ash and alkaline activator has been utilized in place of cement. To enhance the performance of alkali activated concrete in this work an endeavor was undertaken by utilizing fly-ash and GGBS. The workability, strength, and durability of concrete have been studied with various combinations of fly-ash and GGBS. Results confirm that the workability of concrete decreases with increasing dosages of GGBS, while the strength enhances as the dosages of GGBS enhances. Acid attack test results also confirm that there is 0.56% weight loss and 0.75% strength loss has been noticed in the mix AAC10. The results confirm that the GGBS without fly-ash is better alternative for alkali activated concrete to the fly- ash based concrete activated with alkalis.
  PubDate: 2022-03-06
Design optimization of non-overflow section of a concrete gravity dam
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  Abstract: Abstract The ever-increasing demand for concrete used in the construction and infrastructure field leads to increasing global pollution over the decades. Hence, the construction field should look always for using its raw materials in sustainable ways without affecting the functionality of the structure. Design optimization is one such decision-making strategy in providing an engineered solution with maximum reliability, environmental sustainability and cost efficiency of constructed facilities. In the present study, the design optimization of a non-overflow section of a concrete gravity dam has been studied. The modelling and analysis of the non-overflow section of the concrete gravity dam have been carried out in the FEM package ANSYS along with appropriate algorithms. The parameters considered for the algorithmic optimization of the typical dam section are geometrical properties of the Dam as design variables (for fixed height and freeboard) to minimize the volume of concrete without compromising on loading and factor of safety requirements as per IS code provisions. The current work is focused on optimizing the non-overflow section of a concrete gravity dam by the reduction in its volume, to its weight which is always in direct proportion. Decreasing the dam’s weight is must both from the sustainable design and economical point of view. All effective load combinations (as per IS: 6512-2003) where the dam is subjected to maximum loads under ideal operating conditions are considered for stress analysis and optimization. The results of the optimization are presented and discussed in this paper. This study observed that the reduction of 9.95% weight of non-overflow section for concrete gravity dam without actually compromising on the increased factor of safety, which is in association with its functioning under standard normal operating conditions subjects to IS code provisions. Also, green house gas CO2 emission can be reduced, indicating the sustainable design solution for massive constructions like concrete gravity dam.
  PubDate: 2022-03-03
  DOI: 10.1007/s41024-022-00169-y
Investigation on the impact of graphene oxide on microstructure and
mechanical behaviour of concrete
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  Abstract: Abstract Progress in the development of nanomaterials makes it possible to prepare multifunctional cement composite materials aiming to improve microstructural and mechanical characteristics. Graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterial with an extraordinary range of physical properties acts as a reinforcing material in cement composites. The present study is carried out to verify the impact of GO on concrete microstructure and static mechanical characteristics. Concrete specimens were cast with varying GO contents ranging from 0 to 0.1% at an increment of 0.025% by the cement weight with a constant water to cement ratio (0.5). Compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths were measured at curing periods of 7 and 28 days. The results obtained indicates that little percentage of GO addition in cement concrete significantly improved the microstructure of composite and also observed enhancement in static mechanical characteristics. The enhancement in microstructure and strength characteristics of concrete mixes contains GO attributed to the formation of dense and uniform hydrated products.
  PubDate: 2022-02-27
  DOI: 10.1007/s41024-022-00166-1
Integrated approach based on non-destructive technique and numerical
simulation for assessment of corrosion in bridge
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  Abstract: Abstract Concrete degradation and steel corrosion in bridge elements are major concerns compromising its structural integrity. This paper presents the benefits of assessing corrosion in bridges with the use of an integrated approach based on half-cell potential (HCP) technique and numerical simulation. Visual inspection and half-cell potential tests were performed in the structural elements whereas the electrochemical potential of corrosion was modelled based on the finite element method. The numerical simulation of potential corrosion presented a good agreement with field tests results. The present study is particularly important for advancing the assessment of corrosion in concrete structures.
  PubDate: 2022-02-27
  DOI: 10.1007/s41024-022-00167-0