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International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology
Number of Followers: 7

This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 2180-3242 - ISSN (Online) 2600-7959
Published by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

[2 journals]

Use of Lawsonia Inermis and Sodium Nitrite as Surface Applied Corrosion
Inhibitors
- Authors: Nishant Kumar, Sunil Saharan
  Pages: 1 - 8
  Abstract: This research provides an investigation to measure the rate of corrosion of steel bars coated with organic corrosion inhibitor Lawsonia inermis (Henna) and inorganic corrosion inhibitor Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) embedded in concrete. Presence of corrosion on the reinforcement bars reduces the bond strength between steel and concrete over a while and excessive corrosion on reinforcement bar can lead to loss of ductility, strength and in extreme cases collapse. Structures like marine structures, sewage pipes, which are prone to damage due to presence of excessive salts, acidic environment, the corrosion rate is accelerated when compared to normal structures, therefore there is need of protecting such type of structures. In previous researches, the corrosion inhibitors were added directly into the mix while preparing the concrete mix and inhibition efficiency was analysed. However, in this case, the corrosion inhibitors are applied to the reinforcing bars itself as the corrosion occurs on the bars and which has proven to be effective. In the present study, the reinforcement bars are coated with Henna paste and Sodium Nitrite paste as corrosion inhibitors. Inhibitors in the form of 2 layers, 4 layers and a combination were used. The beams specimens were cured for 58 days in saline environment. The difference in the corrosion potential is measured by half-cell potentiometer. Results suggested that the specimen with 4 layers of Henna coating had reduced the rate of corrosion by 46% when compared to original sample. Also, specimens with 2 coats of Henna and 4 coats of Henna and sodium nitrite showed better corrosion inhibition efficiency.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Mechanical and Durability Properties of Foamed Concrete with the Addition
of Oil Palm Trunk Fibre
- Authors: Md Azree Othuman Mydin
  Pages: 9 - 24
  Abstract: Nowadays, in Malaysia, one of the country's challenges is the improper management and disposal of solid waste. The leading sector that generates most of the solid waste in Malaysia is the agricultural sector from oil palm fibre, similar to oil palm trunk fibre, which is also be used as an additive in producing foamed concrete (FC). However, FC presents a weakness in tension, which can be reduced by adding an adequate volume of waste biomass by-product such as oil palm trunk (OPT) fibre. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to investigate the potential of utilising OPT fibre as a reinforcement in FC. There were four different volume fractions of OPT fibre: 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.45%, and 0.60% used as an additive to the FC mix. Two densities, 600 kg/m3 and 1200 kg/m3, were cast and tested. All FC specimens were then prepared and left to cure and exposed to the elements for 7, 28, and 56 days. In this study, to properties were examined: mechanical and durability properties. The results showed that the addition of OPT fibre in FC improved the compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, water absorption, drying shrinkage, porosity and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the FC. OPT's surface roughness was proved beneficial for fibre to matrix interfacial bonding since a coarser surface permits OPT fibre and matrix interlocking in the hardened cement matrix. Based on the results of this study for 600 kg/m3 density, 0.30% volume fraction was the optimum amount added to the FC to achieve the best durability and mechanical properties. While for 1200 kg/m3, 0.45% volume fraction of OPT was the optimum percentage.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Design and Analysis of a Passive Lighting Device for a Sustainable Office
Environment in Hot-Arid Climate Conditions
- Authors: Safa Daich, Mohamed Yacine Saadi, Ahmed Motie Daiche
  Pages: 25 - 38
  Abstract: Visual comfort in office spaces improves not only productivity and wellbeing but also satisfaction and energy efficiency of the buildings. The objective of this research is to study the effect of one of the transporting daylighting systems (Anidolic Integrated Ceiling â€˜AICâ€™) on the enhancement of the luminous interior environment and energy saving in office building through objective and subjective evaluations. The quantitative study was performed by measurement of the illuminance values in the physical model (1:4) under local luminous climate in two scenarios (with and without â€˜AICâ€™) and by numerical simulation to calculate the daylight autonomy. The qualitative evaluations were achieved by using a field survey composed of four questions related to pleasantness, level of light and artificial lighting needs. Experimental study shows that the AIC offers high levels of illumination in quantitative terms result in moderate values of Daylight Factor (2% - 4%). Simulation results showed that more than 88% of energy consumption for electrical lighting can be saved. Subjective evaluation results indicate that in the test model (with AIC), 67% of participants felt more pleasant with the luminous environment, 74.19% considered that the level of light is sufficient and only 08 of 31 subjects need to use artificial lighting.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Climatic Influence on Slope Failure: A Case Study at Kem Terendak, Melaka
- Authors: Raazlizam Lias, Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais, Diana Che Lat
  Pages: 39 - 49
  Abstract: Slope failure or landslide is always ascribing to the slope sculptures in the hilly area. The trend of people building a structure on a hilly area has resulted in slope cutting works being carried out aggressively and, at the same time, has increased the risk of landslides. Most of the community lacks understanding regarding slope care and maintenance, which adds to the slope suffering. One of the factors contributing to slope failure is rainfall. The rainfall-runoff to the slope erodes the turfed and topsoil particles from the slope surface. When the slope surface is exposing to extreme weather, then the slope failure will occur. These failures pose a significant engineering hazard, necessitating urgent repair work and planning in many areas. All failures that occur will require expensive repairing costs. Therefore, this study is carried out to model the rainfall-induced slope failure occurrence at Kem Terendak, Melaka. This study utilises a simulation of slope stability analysis by limit equilibrium, Slope/W 2012 and finite element software for simulating groundwater flow in saturated steady-state situations, Seep/W 2012 in order to analyse the stability of the slope with the influence of climate. Through those analysis, one can understand the causes and mechanisms of the landslide. At the same time, the factors that influence the occurrence of failures can be identified and appropriate action can be taken to reduce or even eliminate the root cause of slope failures. In addition, effective and efficient slope repair methods can be proposed with optimal cost.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Shear Strengthening Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam Using
Non-Stressing Strands
- Authors: Heri Kasyanto, Ambar Susanto, Susilahadi, Enung
  Pages: 50 - 56
  Abstract: Increasing the capacity of structures especially bridges can be done by various methods, one of them is by strengthening. Strengthening using strands has been used in various constructions. However, strengthening in reinforced concrete beams has not been done much because it will have many difficulties in the implementation. The focus of this research is shear strengthening using non-stressing strands. Strand is attached to the beam with epoxy. In certain intervals, strands are also anchored on the vertical side of the beam with U-shaped reinforcing steel. The basis of the research is experimental testing in the laboratory. The test specimens have consisted of a specimen without strengthening (BU-Normal) and 2 specimens with strengthening (BU-SV1 and BU-SV2). Dimensions of specimens are 250mm x 400mm x 1700 mm. In the laboratory, all specimens are loaded by a monotonic static load until collapse conditions. The results of the loading test at yield condition show that BU-SV1 and BU-SV2 can increase shear capacity respectively by 13.735% and 10.300% when compared to beams without strengthening (BU-Normal). Whereas at the collapse condition, BU-SV1 and BU-SV2 can increase shear capacities respectively by 34.886% and 25.360% when compared to beams without strengthening (BU-Normal).
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Investigation on Soil Strength and Microstructure of Palm Oil Boiler Ash
with Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate as Alkaline Solution
- Authors: Atiqah Najwa Zainuddin, Mazidah Mukri, Norbaya Sidek
  Pages: 57 - 67
  Abstract: Palm oil boiler ash is a type of industrial waste from palm oil production, which abundantly disposed on landfill, and contaminate the soil and environment. Recently, boiler ash as a by-product is introduced as an additive in chemical stabilization, known as geopolymer. An alkaline solution functions to activate the silica-alumina structure bonding to replace the Ordinary Portland Cement in concrete application but few in soil stabilization study. This study investigates the strength of laterite with a geopolymer. Boiler ash was chosen as source material, with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate mixed at a ratio of 1:2. Unconfined compressive test (UCT) and SEM were conducted for laterite soil with different geopolymer percentages. The test was conducted by adding a different geopolymer percentage at 0%, 5%,10%,15%, and 20% mixed with laterite soil. The soil sample was cured for seven days for an unconfined compression test (UCT). The result shows that the highest compressive strength was obtained at 15% of geopolymer in laterite soil at 340kPa. SEM tests show that the increased compressive strength was attributable to the 15% of the geopolymer, which had a compact and dense structure and less unreacted raw materials. In conclusion, the results indicated that 15% of geopolymer gives optimum value in enhancing laterite properties' strength. The ï¬ndings support boiler ash usage as by-products in geopolymers' production for potential use in soil strength stabilization.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Using Waste Ceramic Dust in Stabilization of Clay Soils
- Authors: Saya Abdullah Saber, Anoosheh Iravanian
  Pages: 68 - 80
  Abstract: A considerable amount of the globally produced ceramic goes to waste daily. Ceramic wastes that are sent to the landfills have negative effects on soil, water, and the environment, as they contain aluminum, silica and iron oxide. The waste water leaching to the soil contains insoluble particular matter or heavy metals and could damage the plants. The air emission of the ceramic waste dumping process is also very high and it has negative effect on environment and human health by spreading dust. Using waste ceramic dust in soil stabilization could be for better disposal of such waste. The usage of natural resources can be minimized as well as prevent additional environmental burden and emissions. For this purpose, three local clay soil samples from Erbil in North-Iraq were gathered and the effects of addition of waste ceramic dust on mechanical properties of these samples were experimentally examined in two different grading sizes. The ceramic dust with particle sizes passing sieve No.40 and sieve No.10, in the proportion of 0, 5, and 10% percentages were used. The study showed that with an increase in ceramic dust percentages, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content of the clay decreased. On the other hand maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio increased. The study showed that addition of No.10 gradation ceramic dust results in higher improvement compared to the same amount of ceramic dust in No.40 size. The current work concludes that soil stabilized with the right type and ratio of ceramic dust could be suitable for a sustainable highway construction subgrade by reducing the design thickness and potentially be more economic
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
The Influence of Industrial Steel Waste on Slump Test and Compressive
Strength in Eco-Friendly Concrete Fabrication
- Authors: Vijaya Prakash Vijayasree, Wan Lutfi Wan Johari
  Pages: 81 - 86
  Abstract: This study evaluated the suitable percentage of replacing natural coarse aggregate (crushed granite) with wasted Zinc Aluminum (Zincalume) generated from metal roofing fabrication industry to produce G35 grade ecoâ€“friendly concrete. Design mix for the wasted Zincalume substitution with crushed granite was prepared at 10%, 15% and 20% where the control mix specimen used as reference for mechanical strengths comparison. The mechanical strengths were observed with the increasing of curing age, but the strengths reduced with the increment of wasted Zincalume in the mixture. An amount of 10% of Zincalume substitution gave the optimum mechanical strength values. Acid â€“ base reaction between cement and Zincalume coating in the concrete mixture, generated hydrogen gas, which reduced the compressive strength. The higher percentage of Zincalume in the concrete mixture, the weaker mechanical strengths were obtained. By recycling the steel waste, the eco â€“ friendly concrete encourages to protect environment and enhance the economy growth.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Research on Resistance to Sulfate and Chloride of Reinforced
Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers
- Authors: Yurdakul Aygörmez, Orhan Canpolat
  Pages: 87 - 101
  Abstract: This research aims to examine the sulfate and chloride durability behaviors of geopolymer composites synthesized by the alkali activation of metakaolin (MK), reinforced by boron waste colemanite (C), silica fume (SF), and slag (S). The resultant geopolymer composites were subjected to magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) solution (concentration 10%), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solution (concentration 10%), and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution (concentration 10%) for up to 12 months. The compressive and flexural strengths, microstructure (X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)), weight changes, and visual inspection of the geopolymer composites were investigated to evaluate their durability behavior. The conclusion proved that the mix of a metakaolin with the addition of 10% C, and 20% SF shows the highest compressive strength for the studied range of mixture design. In geopolymer mortar samples, compressive strength increase was observed due to sodium chloride and sodium and magnesium sulfate effects after three months, while a decrease was observed after six months. These fluctuations were due to the diffusion of solutions in the matrix, formed during the transition of alkali ions from the samples to the solution. The loss of strength after three months could be due to the presence of microcracks, as a consequence of ettringite and gypsum creation in the pores, as well as the transition of alkalis from the sample matrix to the solution.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Bibliometric Analysis of Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE): Current Status,
Development, and Future Research Directions
- Authors: Wan Nor Faezah Wan Mustaffa, Adi Irfan Che Ani, Afifuddin Husairi Hussain
  Pages: 102 - 120
  Abstract: The application of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) has increased recently, owing to the methodology's ability to improve building performance. However, the procedures employed vary depending on the building's suitability and category. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive survey to explore the state-of-the-art POE research. Bibliometric analysis was used to retrieve 381 POE publications from the Scopus database between 1979 and 2020. VOSviewer software was applied for the visualization and scientific mapping of literature. The study helps researchers understand by offering comprehensive data about the most literate nation contributions, publications' significant sources, and devoted authors to POE publications. The findings revealed that the United States, the United Kingdom, and China had rendered the three most literature contributions; Building Research and Information were the top publication's significant source titles, and Hassanain, M.A. is incredibly devoted to POE publication. Research hotspots in the POE focus on building performance, architectural design, and sustainable development. The primary themes in POE concentrate on comfort, sustainability, performance, design and criteria. Future research should emphasize that POE is used on heritage buildings to ensure that these buildings perform well for sustainability. It will significantly value the people involved in the design, construction and also conservation practice.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Influence of Cement Dose on the Durability of Structures in Stabilized
Compressed Earth Blocks
- Authors: Sinko Banakinao, Soviwadan Drovou, Kodjo Attipou
  Pages: 121 - 129
  Abstract: Structures in stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB), and more precisely the exterior walls (exposed to rainwater) or interior walls (exposed to spray water room, e.g.: bathroom) constructed with sand clay of class 2, suffer from decrepitude and crumbling, which are degradations due to environmental stresses. In order to solve this problem of degradations, it is necessary to find a minimum dosage level of cement that ensures the resistance to rupture and environmental stresses, in particular the aggression from rainwater and/or rise in moisture by capillarity, penetration by gravity, by suction or internal condensation. Two tests of durability have been conducted to simulate the two phenomena. These are a cyclic test of alternated wetting and drying to simulate the phenomenon of rise in moisture and a spray test to simulate the aggression from rainwater. The results of these tests show that a minimum dosage of 10% is sufficient to strengthen durably the walls against environmental stresses.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Bond Strength Behavior in Rubberized Concrete
- Authors: Hussein Al-Quraishi, Khudhayer Najim Abdullah Kammash, Zinah Asaad Abdul-Husain
  Pages: 130 - 136
  Abstract: Through an experimental program of eighteen specimens presented in this paper, the bond strength between reinforcing bar and rubberized concrete that produced from adding waste tire rubber instead of natural aggregate. The fine and coarse aggregate were replaced in 0%, 25%, and 50% with the small piece of waste tire. Natural aggregate replacement ratio, rebar size, embedded length of rebar, yield stress of rebar, cover of concrete and concrete compressive strength were the parameters studied in this investigation. Ultimate bond stress, bond stress-slip response and failure modes were presented. The experimental results reported that a reduction of 19% in bond strength was noticed in rubberized concrete compared with conventional concrete. The bond strength of rubberized concrete increased when the concrete cover, compressive strength of concrete and yield stress of rebar were increased. Meanwhile, increase embedded length of rebar and rebar size decreases the bond strength. The push-out and splitting failure were the failure modes observed in rubberized concrete.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Possibilities of Using Prefabricated Modular Panels for Building NZEB
Buildings in Earthquake-Affected Areas in Croatia – Case Study
- Authors: Hana Begic, Hrvoje Krstic
  Pages: 137 - 148
  Abstract: This case study questions the possibility of using the prefabricated modular panels for building nZEB homes in earthquake-affected areas in Croatia. The comparison of the traditional and prefabricated construction was made in terms of construction costs and time, and energy consumption. Four cases of a ground floor family house were simulated in this research: two using modular prefabricated panels and two built traditionally with hollow brick. The energy consumption of all houses was compared to the current Croatian nZEB requirements. Furthermore, the costs, durability, and construction time of prefabricated and traditionally built houses were compared. The results showed that although prefabricated houses consume less energy, and experience lower thermal losses, they are slightly more prone to overheating in the summer. Finally, it was concluded that prefabricated houses are the best solution for current earthquake-caused situation due to their construction time which is significantly shorter compared to the traditionally built houses.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Structural Equation Model of Knowledge Management Factors Affecting
Construction Project Performance
- Authors: Rozilah Kasim, Eman Mohammed Abdulrahman Alhammadi, Sonia Lohana
  Pages: 149 - 158
  Abstract: This paper discusses the construction of SEM-PLS model of knowledge management factors affecting to project performance using a case study of UAE construction company. The data for the model was collected from questionnaire survey on a large construction in UAE which having 1500 employees where respondents were requested to gauge each of the knowledge management factors using 5-points Likert scale that they perceived affecting the company performance. A total of 291 valid responses were used for this analysis. After the model was constructed, it was evaluated at the measurement component of the model where it involved examining the indicator reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Then at structural component, it involved checking the strength of the relationship, checking coefficient of determination, conduct predictive relevance of the model, calculate goodness-of-fit (GOF) and conduct hypotheses testing. It was found that two out of four constructs are significant which are having t-value above the cut-off value of 1.96. The significant relationships are knowledge management technology (KMT) and knowledge management process (KMP) toward project performance. These outcomes are from actual perception from the respondents where the collected data is not strong enough to trigger the significant relationship of other constructs that had been hypothesised. The model can help to give better understand to parties that concerned the knowledge management in construction industry.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Experimental Study on the Use of the Modifying Agent for Expansive Soil
Stabilization: Mockup Test on a Case Study
- Authors: Dang Hoang Minh, Nguyen Thi Nien
  Pages: 159 - 166
  Abstract: To improve the soft grounds, soil stabilization has been used widely in many tropical countries including Vietnam. This paper presents the experimental study on the use of the modifying agent for expansive soil stabilization. A real-scale one-kilometer rural road was used for the experimental test. It was divided into four parts, and each part was subjected to different stabilization tests. The specimens extracted from every quarter were denominated as Q1 (soil + cement), Q2 (soil + cement + fly ash), Q3 (soil + cement + fly ash + modifying agent) and Q4 (soil + cement + modifying agent). The assessment test showed that specimen Q1 yielded the highest water absorption percentage after 24 hours and 72 hours of soaking. The longer the soaking time, the more water diffusion occurred at specimens Q1 and Q2 rather than at specimens Q3 and Q4. When subjected to the unconfined compressive and indirect tensile tests, specimens Q1 and Q3 yielded the lowest and highest strength, respectively. The use of the modifying agent in the specimens Q3 and Q4 has improved noticeably unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, and water stability compared to the specimens Q1 and Q2. However, ettringite-based sulfate heaving might be exhibited with the use of fly ash, this may cause damage to the overlying pavement structure in the long term. Therefore, to improve the expansive soil stabilization using the modifying agent, it is recommended to use the constituent materials in specimen Q4 rather than in Q3.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Coffee Husk Ash Effect on
Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production
- Authors: Werku Koshe Hareru, Firew Belayneh Asfaw, Tewodros Ghebrab
  Pages: 167 - 184
  Abstract: Today researchers all over the world are focusing on ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural wastes as a source of raw materials for the construction industry. This is used to minimize the emission of CO2 during the manufacturing of cement. One of the agricultural waste products is coffee husk which is found in large amounts in Ethiopia. This paper aims to characterize the physical and chemical properties of Coffee Husks Ash (CHA) by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) tests, and also the experiment were conducted to determine the compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of the material and durability tests were determined. The result have shown that, when the replacement percent further increases, the crystalline material increases, silicate concentration decreases, and also the micro pores or air void are increases, which may lead to decreasing the strength of concrete. In the case of mechanical property of concrete, there has been remarkable increment up to 5% CHA replacement and also strongly satisfied up to 10% replacement, furthermore increasing CHA replacement up to 20% are optimum dosage of normal concrete mix production of C-25 concrete. Finally, water absorption and sulfate attack of partially replaced concrete is shown as an improvement in the durability of concrete.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Evaluation of Indonesia's Conventional Track Performance Based on
Mechanistic Approach
- Authors: Dian M. Setiawan
  Pages: 185 - 201
  Abstract: Most railway track dynamics models focus on the high-speed train. However, freight trains non only have strong implications for track dynamics, but also the response of conventional track subjected to the low speed of freight train models are rarely published. This paper developed a 2-Dimensional conventional railway track model based on the multipurpose finite element package Abaqus/CAE, which considers four structure layers: sleepers, ballast, sub-ballast, and subgrade subjected to three different freight train speeds (very low, low, and normal) and two different freight train axle loads (normal, 18,000 kg, and heavier, 27,000 kg). The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that running the long-chain coal "Babaranjang" freight train with 70 km/h of operating speed and 27,000 kg of axle load is suggested to increase the hauling capacity of the Babaranjang train and at the same time to ensure the safety of its operation. Also, the present study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that a train with a very low operation speed could deteriorate the conventional track structure, and it will be worsened when this type of train is operated with a higher axle load.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Damage Parameter Variations of Breakwater along with a Floating Wave
Barrier and a Submerged Obstacle
- Authors: Alireza Naseri, Ramin Vafaeipour Sorkhabi, Mohammad Taghi Alami, Alireza Mojtahedi
  Pages: 202 - 217
  Abstract: Damage to rubble mound breakwaters (RMBs), both general and partial, causes instability and inconstancy of the structure against waves. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a submerged obstacle on the stability and damage reduction of RMBs as an innovative method and determine the optimal distance of the obstacle from the breakwater and the floating wave barrier based on the damage parameter. The waves affecting the breakwater were assumed to be random using a JONSWAP spectrum. The aggregates' movement and the RMB's exact deformation were recorded using close-range photogrammetric imaging, and the eroded area and the damage parameters were obtained at equal distances in eight cross-sections. According to the results of the tests, by analyzing the effect of the number of waves hitting the breakwater, 3000 waves were considered to bring the structure to a stable state. The results showed that increasing the relative wave height from 0.36 to 0.48 and from 0.48 to 0.6 increased the damage parameters to 39.12% and 44.44%, respectively, and increasing the relative wave period from 0.6 to 0.8 and 0.8 to 1 increased the damage parameters to 22.94% and 28.26%, respectively. Moreover, using a seaward obstacle at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm distances decreased the damage parameter. The greatest effect, a reduction of 39.15% in the damage parameter, was observed at a distance of 5 cm from the RMB. This number was reduced to 0.735 when a floating wave barrier was used without a submerged obstacle (i.e., 34.14%). Using an obstacle at 5 cm in conjunction with a wave barrier reduced the damage parameter by 54.03% and demonstrated the best function among different models. Hence, this model is proposed based on the experiments carried out in this study.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of Different Types of Walls for
Residential Building
- Authors: Hanizam Awang, Ying Yi Tan, Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa
  Pages: 218 - 231
  Abstract: Decrement factor and time lag play an essential role in determining the thermal performance of a building envelope. Building walls, which form a major part of a building, have great influences on the energy consumption and indoor environment of a room. The indoor temperature considerably increases as the outdoor temperature increases. This scenario leads to excessive reliance on the mechanical cooling system, thereby increasing energy consumption. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the thermal performance and energy efficiency of different wall types. A building with a built-up area of 387.85m2 with six different wall materials is modelled and inputted in Energy Plus simulation software as an Intermediate Data Format file. The maximum and minimum surface indoor and outdoor temperatures are then obtained to determine the thermal performance of the wall material in terms of time lag and decrement factor. The energy efficiency of the wall materials is investigated by obtaining the annual cooling energy of the building made up of different wall materials. Results show that with the time lag of 1 hour, decrement factor of 0.86, annual cooling energy load of 9.52 GJ and cost consumption of RM 608.12, aerated lightweight concrete wall is the most suitable material amongst the six wall materials
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
A comparative study on Light Gauge Member and Castellated Beam
- Authors: vanathi v, Venkatraman, B. Gokul Balaji
  Pages: 232 - 242
  Abstract: Abstract: This research paper examines the comparative study on strength characteristics of a Cold rolled steel with castellated beam under the lateral distortional and torsional buckling modes. For studying a beam element, a STADD model is built. In the examination of cold-formed steel sections, material nonlinearity and geometric imperfection were taken into account. Variations in length and cross-section of a finite element model were investigated. For cold-formed steel sections and castellated beams, the load-deflection curve is plotted and examined. To investigate the strength and behavior of castellated steel beams, finite element modeling was used to modify the cross-section. The study shows that the web distortional buckling has been greatly influenced by the failure load in a castellated steel beams. The failure load of the beam is influenced by the steel strength; the higher the steel strength, the higher the failure load. The high-strength castellated steel beam fails due to local flange buckling, whereas the regular castellated steel beam fails due to lateral-torsional buckling in the web.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Use of quarry dust in the binding mortar and its effect on mechanical
characteristics of brick masonry
- Authors: Kosalya Sundaralingam, Arvinthan Peiris, Sathiparan Navaratnarajah
  Pages: 243 - 256
  Abstract: The strength characteristics of masonry is greatly affected by the brick strength, mortar strength and bond between brick-mortar interface. Especially, binding mortar significantly affects the shear and flexural strength of the masonry. In conventional masonry construction, river sand or natural sand is mixed with cement and used as binding mortar. However, due scarcity of good quality river sand, the extensive focus is on finding alternative materials for river sand for construction purposes. Quarry dust is one of the best alternatives for river sand, which can be used as fine aggregates in binding mortar. This study investigates the strength characteristic of the masonry made of quarry dust incorporated binding mortar instead of conventional cement-sand mortar. The binding mortar with four different river sand replacement levels of 0%, 33.3%, 66.7% and 100% quarry dust, was used for construction masonry. Compression test, direct shear test and cross-couplet test were conducted to evaluate the strength characteristic. The test results revealed that compressive, shear and bond strength of masonry was improved with increased quarry dust content in the binding mortar.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Recycled Aggregates Production Through Economic Perspectives
- Authors: Kirati Nitichote, Wanchai Yodsudjai
  Pages: 257 - 263
  Abstract: Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW), especially laboratory waste and concrete debris from construction, manufacturing errors, and demolition of existing structures, is posing challenges to the urbanization. As nowadays the aforementioned waste is disposed in landfills, this diminishes the development opportunity of cities. Although there are standards and research pointing out the application of recycled concrete aggregates in proper proportion, the theory has never been put into practice. This research aims to present feasibility of applying recycled aggregates through Bangkokâ€™s economic perspectives. It is found that the investment in recycled aggregate plants takes nine years of payback period. Besides, the sensitivity analysis suggests that implementing certain strategies, such as imposing a landfill tax increase and applying dumping fee will significantly shorten the payback period of recycling business.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
Numerical Studies on CFRP Strengthened Cold formed Steel built-up Columns
- Authors: Nahushananda chakravarthy H G, Jahnavi S J, Sivakumar Naganathan
  Pages: 264 - 272
  Abstract: This paper reports the numerical investigation carried out on the Cold-formed steel (CFS) built up columns strengthened with a Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) by using Finite element software ABAQUS/CAE. The CFS sections used in the investigation are built-up Cold formed box sections connected together by screws. Totally 24 columns are considered for the analysis in that twelve columns used are plain CFS and other 12 columns used are CFRP strengthened CFS columns. The geometric properties of the materials considered as 0.6 mm, 0.75 mm and 1 mm thickness with 300 mm, 500 mm and 700 mm depth respectively. All the built-up columns were modeled and analysed using ABAQUS software. From the analysis results, the Ultimate load capacity, Buckling behavior and Load-lateral displacement of the Plain and CFRP strengthened columns are obtained and presented in this paper. It is also noted that the numerical results obtained from the ABAQUS software is in good agreement with the experimental results.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)
An Attempt to Maximize the Use of Used Cooking Oil and Fly Ash in the
Production of Green Roofing Tile
- Authors: Wei Ping Teoh, Swee Yong Chee, Noor Zainab Habib, Choon Aun Ng
  Pages: 273 - 281
  Abstract: This study introduces a novel attempt of utilizing used cooking oil (UCO) and fly ash in the production of green roofing tile, namely UCO-GRT. UCO was utilized as an alternative binder to fully replace the cement and clay, while fly ash was used as a fine aggregate instead of virgin sand. This can maximize the percentage of waste substitution in the manufacturing process, consequently reducing the waste disposal issues encountered in Malaysia. The optimization process was carried out to investigate the optimal manufacturing parameters, by considering the curing duration, the composition of UCO and fly ash, and the composition of catalyst incorporated. The mechanical properties of UCO-GRT produced, including density, dry and wet transverse strength, percentage of water absorption, and permeability have been investigated. Findings reveal that the utilization of catalysed UCO and fly ash solely in the production of roofing tiles is feasible. The optimized UCO-GRT fulfilled the basic requirements of a high-profile roofing tile as per ASTM standards. The embodied carbon and embodied energy of the novel roofing tile were also studied and compared with the cementitious and clay roofing tiles.
  PubDate: 2022-05-16
  Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2022)