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Journal of Green Building
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.23

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 10

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ISSN (Print) 1552-6100 - ISSN (Online) 1943-4618
Published by College Publishing

[1 journal]

ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS USING ELECTROCHROMIC SMART WINDOWS WITH
DIFFERENT WINDOW-WALL RATIOS
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  Authors: Xing W; Hao J, Ma W, et al.
  Pages: 3 - 20
  Abstract: ABSTRACTThe electrochromic (EC) smart window is a promising intelligent technology for improving the energy performance of a building. When applying a new glazing material, the window-wall ratio (WWR) is regarded as a significant factor related to daylight and building energy losses. However, there have not been any studies examining the relationship between the efficiency of the EC smart window and the WWR. The aim of this study is to provide strategies for mitigating energy losses and environmental impacts from window elements in an office building. It focuses on optimizing the WWR of EC smart windows to increase building energy efficiency. Double EC, low-emissivity (low-E), and clear glazing materials are simulated combined with five WWRs from 0% to 80% with an interval of 20%, four window orientations, and humid subtropical and Mediterranean climates. The results show that a 40% WWR in a southern-facing building façade using a humid subtropical climate setting provides the optimum energy performance of EC glazing among all the configurations tested. Since it was also found that EC glazing reduces the cooling load, it is more suitable for climate conditions characterized by a hotter temperature with greater solar irradiation. Future research should consider the impact of WWR when balancing thermal, lighting and ventilation requirements, and the properties of EC glazing.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.3
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF DIMENSIONAL WOOD JOISTS WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT
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  Authors: Kriegl A; Blaquiere K, Svecova D.
  Pages: 21 - 36
  Abstract: ABSTRACTTraditional approaches to the strengthening of dimensional wood roof joist systems are often intrusive and require a substantial amount of additional labour to remove ceilings or roof sections. In an effort to design a less intrusive system for reinforcing over-stressed dimensional wood joists, a roof joist strengthening system was designed consisting of a tension steel plate installed along the bottom of the existing joists with bolted side plate connections. An experimental program was conducted at the University of Manitoba to assess the viability of the reinforcement design. A total of 15 joists were tested to failure under four-point bending conditions, consisting of 5 unreinforced control joists, 5 joists with steel reinforcement, and another 5 reinforced joists with an artificial defect introduced at mid-span along the tension side. The purpose of introducing an artificial defect at mid-span was to simulate the failure modes observed at R.W. Bobby Bend School in Stonewall, Manitoba, where certain roof joists contained knots, splits or cracks along the bottom of the joist within the mid-span region. Service loads based on the applied snow and dead loads applied to these joists were calculated using the National Building Code of Canada [1] and were approximated in the experiment as 8.5 kN. The results indicated that the steel reinforcement produced a 46.8% increase in average load-carrying capacity compared to control joists, and a 33.1% increase in capacity for reinforced joists with artificial defects. The average deflection at service loads was 19.5% lesser than the deflection of the control joists, and the apparent stiffness was determined to increase by 50.0%. The results from this research support the conclusion that the steel reinforcement system for dimensional wood joists is a viable alternative to traditional systems that effectively increases the load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and ductility of the structure.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.21
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
BASICS OF BUILDING WITH MYCELIUM-BASED BIO-COMPOSITES A REVIEW OF BUILT
PROJECTS AND RELATED MATERIAL RESEARCH
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  Authors: Ghazvinian A; Gursoy B.
  Pages: 37 - 69
  Abstract: ABSTRACTMycelium-based composites (MBC) are biomaterials presenting renewable and bio-degradable alternatives for a wide range of design and manufacturing processes, including the building industry. MBC result from the incomplete growth of mycelium, fibrous root systems of fungi. They can turn urban and agricultural waste into high-end products. Existing research shows that MBC can reduce fossil fuels’ reliance and embodied energy and decrease building waste. Architects recently designed and built a wide range of experimental projects with MBC. In parallel, there is a growing body of work on MBC by scholars from different disciplines, such as mycology, material science, and mechanical engineering, focusing on assessing and enhancing the material properties of MBC for various applications.In this paper, we first provide essential knowledge on the cultivation of MBC for architectural applications. Next, we analyze some of the prominent architectural prototypes with MBC to exemplify the architectural potentials of MBC and uncover the constraints and affordances of this biomaterial when used in an architectural context. Finally, we review and synthesize the existing literature on MBC from different disciplines providing a guide for architects to cultivate and enhance the material properties of MBC for architectural goals.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.37
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
RESPONSIVE KINETIC FAÇADE STRATEGY AND DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT ON
SOLAR HEAT GAIN USING PARAMETRIC BIM-BASED ENERGY SIMULATION
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  Authors: Salah F; Kayili M.
  Pages: 71 - 88
  Abstract: ABSTRACTThis research investigates the potential of kinetic façade reinforcement strategy to reduce the energy consumption of existing buildings in a cold-dominated zone by lowering the cooling load with a mobile solar control system and effective solar control. In this context, a kinetic façade system was proposed for a public building with high transparency in Karabük, Turkey, and the fixed shading elements of the existing building were compared with solar heat gain. For the kinetic façade scenario, the study workflow was developed by a visual programming environment in a Building Information Modeling (BIM) application. The flexible movement of individual kinetic panels was determined by the kinetic panel opening factor and sun path. To determine the effect of typological differences on solar control in the kinetic facade system, horizontal kinetic folded panels and vertical kinetic folded panels were investigated. As a result, a reduction of up to 11.52% was found in solar heat gain during the highest solar radiation intensity days for the existing public building.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.71
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
TYPES OF FLAT EARTHEN ROOFS USED IN VERNACULAR ANATOLIAN ARCHITECTURE AND
THEIR PRESERVATION PROBLEMS
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  Authors: Eksi-Akbulut D; Gokyigit-Arpaci E.
  Pages: 89 - 103
  Abstract: ABSTRACTEarthen materials and rammed earth architecture concepts are becoming more and more popular among architects due to their applicability in various climates and low-cost construction technique. However, the use of flat earthen roofs in today’s architecture is rare, although there is historical evidence for the vernacular use of earthen materials in roof assemblies. The first examples for vernacular earthen flat roofs are found in Anatolia, Catalhoyuk. Flat earthen roofs used in vernacular, Anatolian buildings should be studied because a lack of maintenance has resulted in these vernacular Anatolian earthen buildings being on the verge of extinction today. There is a lack of literature research about the construction materials and techniques used in this traditional construction process. The aim of this study is to compile and present the knowledge behind this traditional flat earthen roof technique. In this study, initially, the flat earthen roofs used in vernacular Anatolian Architecture are analyzed via an extensive literature review. It has been found that in different districts of Anatolia, different types of vernacular flat earthen roofs together with different material layers and construction techniques exist. Site studies were carried out in Kemaliye.** During these site studies, six flat earthen roofs present in Kemaliye and in neighboring towns constructed via traditional construction techniques were analyzed and interviews were carried out with seven local foremen. Then, based on the information gathered, these traditional flat earthen roofs were classified into four types according to their material layers and construction techniques. Finally, preservation problems for flat earthen roofs are discussed.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.89
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
INTRODUCTION OF NEW DAYLIGHTING METRICS FOR HEALTH, WELLBEING, AND
FEASIBILITY: A STUDY OF THE INDOOR BUILDING ENVIRONMENT
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  Authors: Lee J; Boubekri M.
  Pages: 105 - 126
  Abstract: ABSTRACTThis study investigates the applicability of a new daylighting metric based on human health, an emerging framework for evaluating the effect of daylight on building occupants. Procedures based on modeling annual daylight availability are used to determine the mapping of daylight distribution on a daily, seasonal, and yearly basis. Literature review and experimental studies were performed to propose the new day-lighting metrics for health and wellbeing. The proposed metrics have two broad criteria, including daylighting level, timing, and duration. The two details are as follows: (1) 400 lux for 5 hours (2K lux·h) in the daytime; and (2) 500 lux for 1 hour (0.5K lux·h) in the early morning, 8AM–9AM. To verify the applicability of the proposed daylighting metrics to current buildings, sample buildings were selected and daily, spatial and seasonal differences were simulated through computer visualization techniques. Moreover, we evaluated the application of the daylighting metric on the building layout and compared the new daylighting metric for health and wellbeing with conventional daylighting metrics.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.105
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
ASSESSING THE ADOPTION OF CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER BY ARCHITECTS AND
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES
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  Authors: Penfield P; Germain R, Smith WB, et al.
  Pages: 127 - 147
  Abstract: ABSTRACTCross Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product for the construction industry offering multiple structural, environmental and supply chain benefits. CLT can be used for an entire building, as both the lateral and vertical load resisting system, or for select elements such as the roof, floors or walls. CLT products were developed in the early 1990’s and have been widely adopted throughout Europe, and more recently, in Canada. However, use of CLT products is still relatively rare in the US. We present the results of a nationwide phone survey in the US conducted with architects and structural engineers to gauge their awareness, rate of adoption and assimilation of CLT products. Although adoption of CLT amongst architects and structural engineers is still at a nascent level within the construction sector, awareness is high, with 100% of our sample respondents cognizant of CLT. Architects and structural engineers perceive relative advantages of using CLT as well as compatibility with traditional construction. However, the adoption process is impeded by issues associated with complexity, trialability and observability. Key barriers to adoption of CLT as perceived by these two stakeholders are lack of experience from construction stakeholders, lack of training and tools for construction management stakeholders, lack of client requests and CLT inventory.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.127
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
EVALUATION OF POLICIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION IN
CHINA: AN IMPORTANCE-PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
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  Authors: Gan X; Liu L, Wen T.
  Pages: 149 - 168
  Abstract: ABSTRACTPrefabricated construction (PC) has been regarded as a critical approach to address the challenges confronted by the construction industry in achieving sustainable development. Despite the Chinese government having issued various policies to promote the development of PC, this field remains in its infancy, thus suggesting an unsatisfactory policy system. Few studies have been conducted on the policy evaluation of target stakeholders who are closely related to the policy goal. To fill this knowledge gap, this study innovatively adopts importance-performance analysis to evaluate the policies on PC development with reference to the policy framework, including environmental, demand, and supply instruments. First, the explicit importance and perceived performance levels of policy instruments were investigated through a questionnaire survey conducted in Chongqing, China. Gap analysis indicated that all these policy instruments failed to meet the demand of target stakeholders. The implicit importance of policy instruments was obtained by using partial correlation analysis. Grid analysis revealed that the policy instruments can be divided into basic, key, excitement, and secondary factors, and finally, the most crucial areas of policy improvement were determined. The results of this study indicate different policy instruments were perceived with different importance in improving the policy system of PC development, and stakeholders showed heterogeneous needs of policy instruments of PC development. Generally, all the policy instruments were perceived as negative, and more attention should be paid to the policy instruments of infrastructure construction, technical development, talent support, economic incentives, public services, and guide information. This study confirmed the applicability of importance-performance analysis in policy evaluation and provided new insights into effectively improving the efficacy of policy system in promoting the development of PC.
  PubDate: Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.147
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF STUDENTS’ AIR CONDITIONING ENERGY USE BEHAVIOR IN
UNIVERSITY DORMITORIES—A CASE OF NANJING, CHINA
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  Authors: Tian L; Xiong L, Liu H, et al.
  Pages: 169 - 198
  Abstract: ABSTRACTPeople’s lifestyle and energy use behavior have been shown to influence the energy consumption of buildings. Since university dormitories consume a significant amount of energy, it is important to investigate the energy use behavior of students in such dormitories. The aim of this study was therefore to improve students’ energy use behavior in order to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning in university dormitories. Based on a review of relevant literature, air conditioning energy use behavior was defined, and influencing factors were identified from demographic characteristics, indoor characteristics of personnel, as well as physiological and psychological factors. Students’ air conditioning energy use behavior during the summer and influencing factors of students’ energy use behavior was then revealed by an analysis of 332 respondents to a questionnaire survey. The results indicated that differences in energy use behavior are influenced by: age, major and monthly living expense of students; indoor characteristics such as the number of students in the dormitory, time spent in the dormitory, distance to an air conditioning unit; physiological factors including body comfort, clothing, and activity intensity; and psychological factors including cognition degree, values, living habits, attitude, perceived behavior control, and subjective norms. Based on these findings, suggestions for reducing energy consumed by air conditioning were proposed and intervention studies then conducted to confirm that energy use behavior had improved, with subsequent consumption savings after the intervention. This study adds to the body of knowledge in the field of energy use behavior and provides guidance for the sustainable development of green universities.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.169
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
EVALUATION OF DAYLIGHT PROVISION AND DAYLIGHT GLARE PROBABILITY FOR
DIVERSE WORKSPACE CONFIGURATIONS
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  Authors: Yılmaz F.
  Pages: 199 - 224
  Abstract: ABSTRACTSOffice environments can be integrated with particular workspace configurations owing to diverse tasks encountered in these workspaces. This study attempts to discern how effective different office workstation configurations are on daylight performance and tries to quantify this effect by means of a dynamic daylight simulation based approach, depending on the criteria addressed in EN 17037:2018 Standard. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of workstation configurations on daylight provision and glare protection in workspaces through several configuration setups. In this study, climate based daylight metrics are used for daylight performance determination and assessment of discomfort glare caused by daylighting is performed by Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) index. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of research in the scope of EN 17037:2018 for daylighting in office environments and the obtained results represent the significance of daylighting and visual comfort conditions for diverse workstation configurations.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.199
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
A COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF NEAR-ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS WITH A
FOCUS ON ENVELOPE INSULATION
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  Authors: Moradibistouni M; Vale B, Isaacs N.
  Pages: 225 - 245
  Abstract: ABSTRACTNear-zero energy buildings are known to have the potential to reduce energy consumption and consequent emissions. This article uses a life cycle analysis approach to evaluate the effects of using different insulating materials on the lifetime energy consumption of a near zero conditioning energy case study house in Wellington, New Zealand, by assessing the environmental impacts of a number of insulation options. The question addressed is whether using thick layers of insulation with high R-values in a building envelope is always a reliable approach to mitigating the impact of the built environment on the planet. The results show no significant difference between the environmental impacts of insulating the house using polyurethane and using no insulation in the first 28 years. The further discussion shows the energy profile used for processing the materials, construction and operating the buildings are not always the same, and this has a significant impact on the building’s environmental footprint. There needs to be a balance between both the value and profile of building operating and embodied energy.HIGHLIGHTSEmbodied and operating energy should be balanced based on the energy profile.The energy source should be considered alongside the predicted energy use.Higher R-values do not always lead to lower life-cycle energy use.Using high levels of insulation may not be the best approach in all situations.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.225
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)
INCORPORATING A DISASTER-RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN
CONCEPT, SAFE-TO-FAIL, INTO CURRICULA
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  Authors: Rahat R; Pradhananga P, ElZomor M.
  Pages: 249 - 266
  Abstract: ABSTRACTWith the increasing demands for resilient developments, Architecture/Engineering/ Construction (AEC) education shall be at the forefront of preparing future workforces with advanced knowledge about sustainable and resilient designs. Safe-to-Fail is a resilient urban design concept that anticipates failures during infrastructure systems planning, thus reducing the impact of natural disasters. This study aims to: (1) identify the factors influencing AEC students’ perceptions towards learning Safe-to-Fail; and (2) investigate students’ pedagogical preferences to incorporate Safe-to-Fail concepts in AEC curricula. To achieve this, the study implemented an intervention module including a comprehensive Safe-to-Fail lecture followed by an interactive discussion session and a survey to capture students’ experiences, expectations, and perceptions. The findings indicated that AEC students preferred to learn the Safe-to-Fail concept as a portion of an elective course and that the choice of learning such emerging concepts is significantly correlated to the student’s age, duration spent in the program, and prior knowledge of Safe-to-Fail. This study advocates incorporating Safe-to-Fail in AEC curricula, which provides an edge for future careers and contributes to developing resilient built environments.
  PubDate: Fri, 25 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT
  DOI: 10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.249
  Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022)