 Subjects -> GARDENING AND HORTICULTURE (Total: 37 journals)
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- Content of phenol and stilbene compounds and gene expression related to
fruit development during ripening in Ampelopsis-
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Abstract: Abstract Grapes are used worldwide and are rich in polyphenols, such as anthocyanins and stilbene compounds. Wild grapes contain abundant stilbene compounds, which are beneficial to humans. This study examined the polyphenol content and gene expression involved in skin coloration in the ripening stage of Ampelopsis spp. Accession compared to ‘VC-1’ (Vitis coignetiae) and ‘Super Hamburg’ (V. labruscana). The flavonoid content was generally higher in the Ampelopsis fruit than in the other grape lines, and the highest content among Ampelopsis accessions was found in ‘YG10075’ at 9.67 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per g fresh weight. The anthocyanin content was highest in ‘VC-1’ at 1.2% (w/w), and the Ampelopsis accession with the highest anthocyanin content was ‘YG10062’ with 0.27%. The resveratrol content was highest in ‘VC-1’ at 70.4 μg/g, and the Ampelopsis accession with the highest resveratrol content was ‘YG10075’ with 48.5 μg/g. Expression levels of genes involved in skin color development increased during maturation in ‘VC-1’ and ‘Super Hamburg’, but decreased with maturation in Ampelopsis ‘YG10042’, ‘YG10075’, and ‘YG10062’. The expression of the genes related to stilbene compound synthesis, skin coloration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was high in the leaves of ‘YG10045’, young berries of ‘YG10075’, and ripe berries ‘YG-Songni4’. The gene expression showed different patterns depending on the accession of Ampelopsis, the organ, and the ripening stage. Our results indicate that ‘YG-Songni4’ is the most valuable Ampelopsis spp. accession with the highest expression of genes related to synthesis of stilbenic compounds throughout all organs. This accession could be a useful genetic resource in grape breeding programs.
PubDate: 2023-03-22
- Flower color modification through expression of Aquilegia buergeriana
F3′5′H in Petunia hybrida-
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Abstract: Abstract Aquilegia buergeriana is a native plant in Korea with blue flowers. Flavonoid 3′,5′ hydroxylase (F3′5′H) is a key gene involved in the synthesis of delphinidin pigment responsible for the flower's blue color. We isolated the F3′5′H from the petals of A. buergeriana (AbF3′5′H) and introduced the AbF3′5′H gene into Petunia hybrida using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Forty-five plants were acquired from a kanamycin-supplemented medium. Fifteen of these were identified as transgenic plants using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the AbF3′5′H was expressed in the petal, corolla tube, and stigma of P. hybrida. AbF3′5′H-transgenic plant (T0) flower color was darker than that of non-transgenic plants (NTs). Particularly, the stigma color was dramatically changed, from light yellow green (145C) to purple (N77C or N79D). The segregation ratio of the three transgenic (T1) lines was identified as 3:1 by PCR analysis of AbF3′5′H and neomycin phosphotransferase-II. The flower color change of the transgenic lines (T1) was similar to that of T0. qRT-PCR analysis showed that AbF3′5′H-transgenic T1 lines had a higher AbF3′5′H expression than NT in all floral organs. Moreover, delphinidin was confirmed to be accumulated in both corolla tube and stigma and was enhanced in the petals of AbF3′5′H-transgenic T1 lines through UPLC analysis. Our findings indicate the role of AbF3′5′H in flower color change. These results also indicate the functionality of AbF3′5′H in bluish flower modifications.
PubDate: 2023-02-17
- Different combinations of red and blue LED light affect the growth,
physiology metabolism and photosynthesis of in vitro-cultured Dendrobium
nobile ‘Zixia’-
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Abstract: Abstract The aims of this study were to evaluate how different light qualities alter the physiological and biochemical characteristics, of Dendrobium nobile. To determine the best light quality for in vitro culture of D. nobiles plantlets, the relationships between growth, antioxidant capacity, nutrient and chlorophyll contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence were evaluated. Growth under five Light-Emitting Diode (LED) light treatments, red light (R), blue light (B), 8R:2B, 7R:3B, and 5R:5B, were compared to white fluorescent light. The 8R:2B and 7R:3B mixtures of red and blue LED light were beneficial to root number, root length, root activity, fresh and dry weight, antioxidant ability, and chlorophyll content and fluorescence. The carotenoid content and ΦPSII significantly correlated with root length, while NPQ significantly correlated with root activity, length of root, fresh and dry weight and SSC. qP was significantly correlated with fresh and dry weight and the activities of FPC, POD and APX. Comprehensive scores, derived from Principal Component Analysis (PCA), of the plants grown under the 8R:2B and 7R:3B light treatments were similar to each other, while significantly higher than plants grown under the other light treatments. In conclusion, D. nobile seedlings grown under 8R:2B and 7R:3B exhibited suitable plant architecture for the controlled environment.
PubDate: 2023-02-16
- Evaluation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutritional needs of halophytes for
saline aquaponics-
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Abstract: Abstract To evaluate the nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of Salicornia neei, Apium graveolens and Paspalum vaginatum for use in saline aquaponics, plants were hydroponically cultivated with distinct concentrations of sole and mixed nitrogen forms, under low and high phosphorus concentrations. The low nitrogen concentration (0.2 mg L− 1) caused inhibition of many growth parameters. All species can take up both nitrogen forms, but S. neei and A. graveolens prefer nitrate. The high ammonium concentration as the sole nitrogen form (10 mg L− 1) negatively affected S. neei and A. graveolens, and the toxicity may be explained by rhizosphere acidification, since the negative effect was relieved by increasing the nutrient solution pH. Paspalum vaginatum was not sensitive to the high ammonium concentration. Mixed nitrogen forms resulted in plentiful growth of all species, which increased markedly towards the nitrate rich treatment. High ammonium might be applied once the nitrate concentration is ≥ 10 mg L− 1. Phosphorus was not an issue but may limit S. neei and A. graveolens production under a highly nitrifying condition in the water, a common feature of intensive aquaculture systems.
PubDate: 2023-02-14
- Plant tissue culture-mediated biotechnological approaches in Lycium
barbarum L. (Red goji or wolfberry)-
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Abstract: Abstract Plant tissue culture has long evolved since its first successful attempt by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902, and has then emerged as a powerful alternative approach in the breeding and conservation of various plant species. Extensive utilization of plant tissue culture has been documented in efforts to improve plant production, as well as to conserve and breed endangered and hard-to-propagate plant species through plant biotechnology. Restrictions associated with certain growth requirements, such as geographic, seasonal, and climatic limitations, could be overcome through plant tissue culture, hence enabling the mass propagation of plant species all year round. In this article, studies on various plant biotechnological approaches to breed Lycium barbarum L. (red goji) through plant tissue culture are reviewed to highlight the efficiency and usefulness of the plant tissue culture technique on red goji, summarizing the importance of biotechnology in plant studies.
PubDate: 2023-02-09
- Effects of kaolin particle film coatings on the water-saving efficiency
and fruit quality of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grape plants
in the Ningxia region of China-
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Abstract: Abstract Water is the main limiting factor for plant growth, especially in arid areas where viticulture requires extremely high amounts of water. The leaves of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera L.) in Yinchuan, Ningxia, China, were sprayed with kaolin particle film (KPF) before the color change of grapes in 2020 and 2021. The study aimed to determine ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes photosynthetic index, water use efficiency, and the ripening fruit’s primary physicochemical index and phenolic content. KPF had no significant effect on overall plant growth indicators and yield of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. In contrast, reduced their net photosynthetic rate (27.45-40.57%), stomatal conductance (34.23-72.5%) and transpiration rate (30.94-72.34%) under deficit irrigation; thereby improving water use efficiency (18.45-64.40%). KPF increased reducing sugars (4.19-11.74%) and soluble solids (2-16.09%) in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes while reducing the 100-berries weight and titratable acid of the grape. Moreover, it increased the anthocyanin content (4.71-29.23%) of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape skins and decreased the total phenolic content. KPF spraying significantly decreased in total flavonoids, flavanols and total phenols under deficit irrigation, however, no significant effect was observed on tannins in the seeds. Spraying KPF increased the overall content of monomeric anthocyanins compared to the no-sprayed controls. These results suggest that KPF can improve the water use efficiency of Cabernet Sauvignon grape plants and alter the total flavonoid content (TFo), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total flavanol content (TFa)and total phenolic content (TPC) of the grapes. Thus, KPF has the potential to be applied as an anti-transpirant agent to improve water conservation and fruit quality in arid and semi-arid regions.
PubDate: 2023-02-02
- Light quality of light emitting diodes affects growth, chlorophyll
fluorescence and phytohormones of Tulip ‘Lasergame’-
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Abstract: Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of various light qualities of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the growth, quality, chlorophyll fluorescence, and phytohormones of tulip ‘Lasergame’ in a closed-type plant factory system. After planting the tulip bulbs, LEDs of red, green, blue, white, and red + green + blue mixed (RGB) light were used for cultivation. The growth and quality of cut flowers were investigated, and various parameters were calculated by examining the chlorophyll fluorescence response. In addition, the contents of gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) in the stem were analyzed to investigate the changes in phytohormones according to various light qualities. Cut flower length and internode length were observed to be longer under green and blue light than under red or RGB light. The ratio of leaf length to width was higher under green and blue light than under other treatments. In particular, the ornamental value was higher as the leaves were more upright under green light than under other treatments. However, there were no significant differences between the treatments in terms of the number of leaves, stem diameter, and days to harvesting. In holding solution after harvesting cut flowers, the cut flower length was the shortest under red and RGB light treatments at full bloom. The vase life of cut flowers was not significantly affected by the light quality. In the OJIP curve based on LED light qualities, the values of FJ, FI, and FP were higher under green light than under other treatments. Additionally, the values of ABS/CS, TRo/CS, and ETo/CS fluorescence parameters were higher under green light than under other treatments, and the values of Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ETo/TRo, and ETo/ABS fluorescence parameters appeared lowest under red light. Fourteen days after bulb planting, the GA3 and IAA contents in the stem were higher under green light than under RGB light, and the ABA content was higher under RGB light than under green light. Therefore, in the tulip ‘Lagergame’, it was found that the photosynthetic apparatus of photosystem II was operating more efficiently under green light than under other LED lights through the observation of the chlorophyll fluorescence reaction. These results support the notion that green light in a closed-type plant factory system improves the growth of cut flowers by promoting the biosynthesis of GA3 and IAA while inhibiting ABA biosynthesis.
PubDate: 2023-02-02
- Trichoderma asperellum promotes the development and antioxidant activity
of white onion (Allium cepa L.) plants-
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Abstract: Abstract Allium cepa L. (onion) is a crop with high nutritional value and antioxidant activity. The growth and antioxidant activity of onion plants may depend on their interaction with fungi from the Trichoderma genera, which was this study’s subject. White onion ‘Cirrus’ plants inoculated with Trichoderma asperellum had improved photochemical performance compared with that of uninoculated plants; the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were 130% and 40% greater, respectively. In all plant organs, protein and macronutrient contents were 0.8–3.0 times greater, and the peroxidase activity was 14.7 and 2.0 times greater in bulbs and roots, respectively, in inoculated plants compared with in uninoculated plants. Inoculated plant bulbs were more spherical than uninoluted plant bulbs, and their fresh and dry biomass increased by 1.2 and 1.1 times, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic profiles of onion plant bulbs were similar for inoculated and uninoculated plants. Thirty-nine metabolites were identified in the NMR spectra corresponding to six sugars, sixteen amino acids, nine organic acids, five nucleosides, choline, ethanol, and trigonelline. However, the onion bulbs of inoculated plants had lower concentrations of fructose and acetic, malic, and 2-hydroxyisobutyric acids than those of uninoculated plant bulbs. The content of phenolic compounds was two-fold higher and the antioxidant activity was 15–70% higher in inoculated plants than in uninoculated plants, while there was no difference in flavonoid content. In conclusion, T. asperellum promotes the growth of onion plants via an increase in photosynthetic activity and quantities of macronutrients and protein. The fungus also increases the antioxidant activity due to the onion bulbs’ peroxidase activity and content of phenolic compounds.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Supplemental inter-lighting with additional far-red to red and blue light
increases the growth and yield of greenhouse sweet peppers (Capsicum
annuum L.) in winter-
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Abstract: Abstract Far-red light has been included in horticultural light sources due to its physiological activity related to phytochrome-mediated responses. Recent studies have shown that adding far-red light to red and blue inter-lighting LEDs improves the growth and production of greenhouse tomatoes. However, in long-term cultivation, the effects of inter-lighting with additional far-red light may vary according to the seasonal light environment. This study aims to investigate the effect of adding far-red light to red and blue inter-lighting on growth and yield of sweet pepper in winter and summer. Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Kori) plants were grown in greenhouses for five months under average daily light integrals of 16.6 and 32.2 mol m− 2 day− 1 in winter and summer, respectively. The inter-lighting with adding 55 µmol m− 2 s− 1 of far-red light to 71 µmol m− 2 s− 1 of red and blue light (red:blue = 8:2). The shoot dry weight and fruit yields were 20% and 17% higher, respectively, with additional far-red in the winter, but no significant differences in growth, yield, or morphology were observed in the summer. In summer, stem length and leaf area of plants increased rapidly due to sufficient sun irradiance, resulting in a higher far-red fraction at the bottom canopy. Thus, the far-red fraction at the middle and bottom canopies would have been sufficient with sunlight alone. Moreover, additional far-red inter-lighting promotes a decrease in leaf photosynthetic capacity in the bottom canopies. Therefore, plant growth and morphology were not influenced by adding far-red to inter-lighting in the summer at our latitude. We concluded that the additional far-red could contribute to growth and yield of sweet peppers in insufficient light conditions, but this effect disappears in conditions with ample sunlight.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Lighting conditions affect the growth and glucosinolate contents of
Chinese kale leaves grown in an aeroponic plant factory-
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Abstract: Abstract Controlled environment agriculture in artificial lighting facilities has enormous potential for improving crop quality and production capacity. Light conditions, including light quality, photoperiod, and light intensity, significantly affect the growth and functional component accumulation of crops. Several studies have been conducted to assess the effects of light conditions on different crops, but research on Chinese kale has been limited, especially its hydroponic growth in plant factories. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of light quality, photoperiod, and light intensity on Chinese kale growth and glucosinolate content during different growth stages of cultivation in a plant factory. Different light treatments, including four types of light (red (R): blue (B): white (W), R:W, R:B, and fluorescent), five photoperiods (12/12, 14/10, 16/8, 18/6, and 20/4 h), and five light intensities (100, 130, 160, 190, and 220 µmol m−2 s−1) were implemented, while the ambient environmental parameters were maintained using a wireless monitoring and control network system. After specific periods of transplantation, samples were collected for growth evaluation and glucosinolate estimation. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple mean range test were conducted to compare the means and determine statistical significance. Better leaf growth rate was observed under the R:B light source. Total glucosinolates were greater under R:B (63.38 µmol g−1 DW) and R:B:W (118.51 µmol g−1 DW) LED combinations at first and second samplings, respectively. A cyclic photoperiod of 16/8 and 18/6 h fostered optimal growth, but greater glucosinolate content was observed under 18/6 and 14/10 photoperiods at the first and second sampling times, respectively. Although light intensities of 160 and 220 µmol m−2 s−1 were good for physical growth, 160 and 130 µmol m−2 s−1 were better for glucosinolate accumulation at the first and second sampling times, respectively. The current findings may be of use for cultivating high quantities of nutrient-rich Chinese kale in protected crop cultivation facilities using artificial lighting.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- H2O2 accumulation plays critical role in black spot disease resistance in
roses-
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Abstract: Abstract Most rose cultivars are susceptible to black spot disease caused by Marssonina rosae. To elucidate the effect of leaf structure, callose deposition and H2O2 metabolism on black spot disease resistance, we measured the wax content and cuticle thicknesses of leaves, the callose, H2O2 accumulation, and the SOD, POD, APX and CAT activity and their related gene expression levels in six Rosa species and cultivars infected with M. rosae. The correlation between black spot disease resistance and leaf structure, callose, and H2O2 accumulation, and the role of H2O2 in response to black spot disease were analyzed. The results showed that black spot disease resistance was closely related to H2O2 accumulation, and there was a strong significant negative correlation between disease resistance and H2O2 accumulation (P < 0.01). APX, CAT and POD activity and their related gene expression levels, which are related to H2O2 accumulation, were higher in resistant accessions than in susceptible accessions in the early stage of the plant–pathogen interaction. An increase in H2O2 appeared and antioxidant enzymatic activities increased at the late stage of infection with M. rosae in susceptible accessions, which was different from the trend in resistant accessions. Our results demonstrate that an early and rapid response to H2O2 accumulation in black spot disease-resistant rose accessions could be one of the reasons for resistance against M. rosae. Therefore, regulation of ROS during the early response could be a feasible approach for achieving black spot disease resistance in roses.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Impact of controlled nitrogen application in water solution on seedling
growth, tissue and soil nutrient concentrations in vegetative propagation
of strawberry-
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Abstract: Abstract This study was conducted to establish the appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilizer concentration for raising strawberry mother plants of four varieties (‘Altaking,’ ‘Kuemsil,’ ‘Maehyang,’ and ‘Vitaberry’). Seedlings were transplanted to a peat moss + perlite medium (7:3, v/v). Then, nutrient solutions containing five different N concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM) were applied. All the treatments contained equal concentrations of essential nutrients except N. The growth of the mother plants and the occurrence of daughter plants were investigated 90 days after transplanting. Data on root media pH, EC, and concentrations of macro and micro elements, and the tissue nutrient contents of oven dried mother plants were collected and analyzed. The differences observed in the root medium pH among the treatments (5.65–6.10) were not statistically significant. The greatest growth of mother plants in terms of dry weight data and the occurrence of daughter plants in ‘Altaking,’ ‘Kuemsil,’ and ‘Maehyang’ strawberries were observed with 10 mM N, whereas for ‘Vitaberry,’ the best results were observed with 20 mM N treatments. The tissue N content of ‘Altaking,’ ‘Kuemsil,’ ‘Maehyang’ and ‘Vitaberry’ when their growth was highest was 2.72, 2.71, 2.69, and 2.74%, respectively, based on the dry weight of the aboveground tissue. Furthermore, the root media nutrient concentrations were 20.1, 20.8, 20.1, and 20.24 mg kg−1 NO3; 32.8, 34.5, 32.7, and 33.1 mg kg−1 PO4; 18.67, 18.68, 18.7, and 18.75 mg kg−1 SO4; and 0.3, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.5 mg kg−1 K, respectively. However, the differences observed in the dry weights of the mother plants among treatments (5, 10, 15, and 20 mM N) of the strawberry cultivars were not statistically significant. The above results indicate that ‘Vitaberry’ strawberries required a higher N concentration in the fertilizer solution than ‘Altaking,’ ‘Kuemsil,’ and ‘Maehyang’ for raising mother plants and inducing daughter plants via vegetative propagation.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Ultrastructural characteristics of anther and pistil during floral
development in ‘Maehyang’ strawberry-
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Abstract: Abstract Fragaria × ananassa ‘Maehyang’ strawberries are the main exported Korean-bred cultivar due to their excellent quality and storability. However, an intrinsic issue associated with this cultivar is a high incidence of malformed fruits during greenhouse cultivation. Despite the importance for controlling the cultivation conditions and achieving high, stable yields, knowledge of flower development in F. × ananassa is lacking. Morphological and physiological changes in the anthers, pollens, and pistils of ‘Maehyang’ strawberry were reported at the ultrastructural level during development. ‘Maehyang’ strawberry plants were transplanted in a greenhouse. Before anthesis, the flower buds were sampled at different stages according to bud diameter and observed by using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Flower development was classified into the following seven stages based on cytological events and significant structures: the sporogenous cell, microspore mother cell, tetrad, free microspore, vacuolated microspore, bicellular pollen, and mature pollen stages. In male gametophytes, the tapetum changed rapidly and substantially during anther development in coordination with different stages of pollen development. The pollen grains exhibited thickened exine wall at the free microspore and vacuolated microspore stages, with thickened sexine and sculptural elements having sharp apices. The endothecium thickening pattern was of the annular rib type, which shows unconnected rings of fibrous bands laid down diagonally. In female gametophytes, the stigmatic papillae were complex and diverse. These morphological characteristics could affect pollen development, pollination, fertilization, and flower susceptibility to unfavorable weather. These results expand the current understanding of the floral biology of F. × ananassa ‘Maehyang’ and will aid future comparative studies with other species or cultivars to improve yield and reduce damage caused by unfavorable weather, thereby increasing yield.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Effects of light quality on growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and
endogenous hormones in in vitro-cultured Lilium plantlets-
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Abstract: Abstract Red (R, 640 nm) and blue (B, 464 nm) light are the most important regions in the spectrum absorbed by plants. Lilium plantlets cultured in vitro were exposed to 40 ± 2 μmol m−1 s−1 irradiance (spectral range: 400–800 nm) supplied by plant-growth fluorescent lamps (PGFL) under a 12-h light/12-dark photoperiod and cultured for 50 days under six light quality treatments: control (PGFL only); R (100% R); R:B = 8:2; R:B = 7:3; R:B = 5:5; B (100% B). Plant height and leaf number increased with increasing R light, and increasing B light inhibited fresh weight accumulation. The R:B = 7:3 treatment resulted in the highest pigment contents (chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll), photosynthetic indicator values (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (maximal efficiency of photosystem II, relative quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry, and photochemical quenching). The highest contents of total sugars, fructose, sucrose, and soluble protein in leaves were in the B-only treatment. At day 50, the trans-zeatin content was higher in the B-only treatment than in the R-only treatment, while the cis-zeatin content showed the opposite trend. The highest levels of indole acetic acid and gibberellin were in the R-only treatment, and the highest abscisic acid content was in the B-only treatment on day 50. We conclude that R light promoted stem elongation and leaf number, and B light increased the sugars and soluble protein contents in Lilium cultured in vitro. The R:B = 7:3 treatment was optimal for photosynthesis. These results will be useful for producing high-quality Lilium plants in vitro.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Increased soluble sugar accumulation in postharvest peaches in response to
different defense priming elicitors-
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Abstract: Abstract A so-called priming defense is activated only when a plant suffers from heavy pathogenic invasion, thus avoiding excessive energy and material costs under low pathogen loads. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that elicitors, such as β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or benzothiadiazole (BTH), can induce the priming of a defense response against fungal infections in postharvest peach fruit. Interestingly, the defense priming was accompanied by increased soluble sugar accumulation. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the increase in sugar contents in primed peach fruit. We identified a group IIa WRKY transcription factor, PpWRKY40, from Prunus persica. Using yeast one-hybrid assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dual-luciferase reporter assays, we show that PpWRKY40 is a transcriptional activator of the sucrose synthesis-related genes sucrose synthase (PpSS1) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (PpSPS3). Induction of defense priming with BABA, MeJA or BTH upregulated PpWRKY40 expression and promoted the transcript levels of PpSS1 and PpSPS3 and their enzymatic activities in postharvest peach fruit, resulting in the enhancement of sucrose synthesis. Moreover, the activities of sorbitol catabolizing enzymes—S6PDH, NAD+-SDH, NADP+-SDH—increased in the peach fruit treated with the defense priming elicitors, indicating that sorbitol was converted into glucose and fructose. Induction of defense priming also improved the sensory quality and antioxidant levels of fruit. In summary, the three defense priming elicitors improved the soluble sugar accumulation and overall quality in postharvest peach by upregulating the PpWRKY40 gene and increasing sorbitol catabolism.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Changes in phenylalanine and glucosinolate concentrations in the leaves of
kimchi cabbage colonized by Heteroconium chaetospira-
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Abstract: Abstract Kimchi cabbage is the main ingredient in kimchi, and improvements in yield and quality are therefore meaningful for the health of the consumer and the kimchi industry. In light of this, the present study investigated whether the gluconasturtiin (GNT) content of kimchi cabbage can be increased by applying the endophytic fungus Heteroconium chaetospira (HC). We observed that the composition of amino acids in kimchi cabbage leaves differed depending on the type of fertilizer applied during cultivation. Kimchi cabbage seedlings grew well in glutamine medium supplied with nitrate nitrogen regardless of HC inoculation. However, unfertilized kimchi cabbage seedlings that were not inoculated with HC grew poorly while those inoculated with HC grew well, suggesting HC has a beneficial effect on phenylalanine absorption by the root. When kimchi cabbage was grown with endophytic fungi inoculation and oil cake application, phenylaniline content in the leaves increased. Furthermore, when the 'Suho' cultivar inoculated with HC was grown in oil cake-supplemented soil, the gluconapin and glucobrassicanapin contents were slightly lowered and the GNT content was 8.36 μmole/g, or 74% of the total glucosinolate (GSL) content (11.3 μmole/g). When the 'Asiaipssam' cultivar was grown under the same conditions, its GNT content increased to 6.7 μmole/g, or 81% of the total GSL content (8.3 μmole/g). This cultivar difference was due an increase in GNT content without any change in the content of other GSLs. In conclusion, we propose the use of endophytic root fungi is an effective means to increase kimchi cabbage growth by improving the absorption of amino acids, making it an appropriate strategy for increasing specific glucosinolates.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Morphological and anatomical characterization of colchicine-induced
polyploids in watermelon-
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Abstract: Abstract This study aimed to elucidate the effective colchicine concentration to induce polyploidization distinction based on morphological and anatomical features in watermelon. Watermelon seeds were soaked in different colchicine concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.5%) for several durations (24, 48 and 72 h) to induce polyploidization. Putative polyploids were evaluated regarding their morphological and anatomical traits compared to diploids (control). A colchicine concentration of 0.5% for 72 h resulted in the lowest germination percentage with high mortality in putative polyploids compared to in diploids. Morphological traits revealed vigorous growth in putative tetraploids with slower germination speeds, whereas the putative octoploids had suppressed growth compared to tetraploids and diploids. Regarding reproductive biology, the petal number (6), pollen size and viability were remarkably higher in induced polyploids, which confirmed successful tetraploid induction by 0.5% colchicine treatment for 72 h. Similarly, a bigger stomatal size with a lower density was also noticed in induced tetraploids compared to in diploids using the same treatment after anatomical analyses. Meanwhile, a PCA and correlation matrix illustrated that, among the 20 variables, polyploid induction efficiency (PIE), leaf length (LL), guard cell distance (GCD), and pollen viability (PV) were recognized as the most effective morphological and anatomical indicators for successful polyploid induction confirmation with colchicine in watermelon. The present findings provide a basis for distinguishing colchicine-induced polyploids as improved genetic resources to enhance seedless triploid breeding in watermelon.
PubDate: 2023-01-31
- Improvement of strawberry transplant production efficiency by
supplementary blue light in a plant factory using white LEDs-
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Abstract: Abstract The lighting source is one of the most critical environmental elements in a plant factory for plant production. In this study, the narrow spectrum of blue LEDs (B) was added to mint-white LEDs (MW), resulting in different spectral distributions of white lights. Strawberry propagules and runner plants were grown for 21 days under 100% MW, 80% MW and 20% B, 50% of each MW and B, or 100% B to identify the effects of additional blue to white LEDs on their growth. Additionally, the propagation periods for three runner plants were recorded to achieve greater efficiency with these lighting treatments. As a result, propagules and runner plants showed the greatest growth and development in the 80% MW and 20% B. The same lighting treatment had the shortest propagation cycles in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd runner plants, 13.2, 24.9, and 35.2 days, respectively, indicating that growth promotion reduces the propagation cycle. However, 100% B caused runner growth retardation on strawberry plant and this resulted the prolongation of propagation cycle. There was no significant difference in net photosynthetic rate for propagules, however, the runner plant was significantly lowest in 100% MW. The intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance to CO2 transfer of runner plants showed significant differences similar to net photosynthetic rate. These experimental results suggest that the optimal amount of blue light could promote strawberry plant growth and strawberry runner plants’ growth.
PubDate: 2023-01-31
- Natural preservation and improving lipid oxidation inhibition of fresh
walnut-
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Abstract: Abstract Fresh walnut kernels (FWKs) are appreciated because of their unique flavor; however, maintenance of FWKs is still restricted because of their short storability, and there is little knowledge about the storage of this commodity. The effects of walnut green husk extract (WGHE) and ascorbic acid (1%; AA) on the quality of FWKs were investigated during postharvest storage at 4 ± 1 °C for 60 d. The kernels were disinfected with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and then six aqueous treatments were applied, i.e., 150 mg L−1 WGHE (E150), 300 mg L−1 WGHE (E300), AA 1%, E150+AA and E300+AA. Distilled water was used as a control. Total antioxidant capacity and total phenol were higher in kernels treated with AA; however, E150 and E300 treatments prevented the increase in peroxide value, PPO activity, browning, and microbial growth, and preserved sensory quality attributes during storage. According to the results of this study, WGHE can extend the shelf-life of FWKs while maintaining their quality.
PubDate: 2023-01-24
- Karyotype and nuclear DNA content analyses of Korean native Hibiscus
‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’ using fluorescence in situ
hybridization and flow cytometry-
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Abstract: Abstract Determination of nuclear DNA content, genome size, ploidy degree as well as prior knowledge on cytogenetic properties are prerequisites for modern plant breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) 2C-DNA contents, genome sizes, and ploidy degree, (2) number of chromosomes, (3) 5S and 18S rDNA loci distribution, and 4) karyomorphology of two Korean native cultivars of Hibiscus ‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’. According to the flow cytometry results, the 2C-DNA contents of both ‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’ were nearly identical, with 2.14 pg and 2.18 pg respectively. Additionally, putative DNA content were 2091.32 Mbp and 2135.00 Mbp for ‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’ respectively. In this study, we determined that H. syriacus ‘Gangneung’ had 84 chromosomes, whereas ‘Baekryungdo’ had 90. We detected 5S rDNA and 18S rDNA loci through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. FISH results showed one pair of 5S rDNA loci in both cultivars, whereas two and three pairs of 18S rDNA loci were detected in ‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’, respectively. In ‘Gangneung,’ the 5S rDNA loci pair was detected in the short arm of chromosome #22, whereas in ‘Baekryungdo,’ the 5S loci was found in the centromere of chromosome #7. Furthermore, one 18S rDNA pair was found on the long arm of chromosome #14 and another pair on the short arm of chromosome #20 in ‘Gangneung’. Two pairs were found in the long arms of chromosome #11 and #20 for ‘Baekryungdo,’ while the last pair was found in the short arm of chromosome #45. The somatic chromosome’ length in ‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’ ranged from 2.10 to 7.31 μm and from 2.21 to 6.85 μm, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first cytogenetic report of Korea native ‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’ cultivars. These findings will contribute to the detailed cytogenetic assessment of both the ‘Gangneung’ and ‘Baekryungdo’ cultivars and benefit plant breeding within this genus.
PubDate: 2023-01-20
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