 Subjects -> WATER RESOURCES (Total: 160 journals)
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- Changes in spatiotemporal drought characteristics from 1961 to 2017 in
northeastern maize-growing regions, China-
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Abstract: Abstract A drought is a disaster that poses great threats to maize production. Thus, it is vital to study the spatiotemporal evolution of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in the maize-growing regions in Northeast China (MGRNC). Here, we use the meteorological data of each growth stage from 1961 to 2017. This work aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the SPEI in MGRNC using the Mann–Kendall (MK) trend test, MK mutation point test, and Morlet wavelet method. The results indicated that from 1961 to 2017, the average SPEI values in Liaoning and Eastern Inner Mongolia showed a downward trend (the linear trend rates were − 0.02/10a and − 0.04/10a, respectively); however, no clear trend was observed in SPEI values in Heilongjiang and Jilin. There was a main cycle of approximately 20 a and a subcycle of approximately 7–10a for SPEI values in the whole growth stage and the sowing–seedling stage in MGRNC from 1961 to 2017, while the SPEI changes in the other three growth stages were inconsistent with the whole growth stage. The spatial distribution pattern of SPEI values decreased obviously from northeast to southwest during the whole growing stage. The drought frequencies during the different growth stages indicated that it was relatively dry at the heading–flowering stage. With the development of the growth stage, the frequency of droughts decreased significantly. The values of drought frequency and relative drought area for each sub-region in the study area occurred in the following order: Eastern Inner Mongolia > Jilin > Liaoning > Heilongjiang. The frequencies of mild to moderate droughts were 48.16%, 39.08%, 38.41%, and 37.3%, respectively. Identifying the spatiotemporal pattern of droughts in maize areas can provide scientific information for decision-makers to form strategies to withstand droughts and prevent disasters.
PubDate: 2023-11-22
- Field evaluation and numerical simulation of water and nitrate transport
in subsurface drip irrigation of corn using HYDRUS-2D-
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Abstract: Abstract To reduce the harmful environmental effects of fertilizer application in irrigated agriculture, evaluating alternative fertigation management practices is essential in different irrigation systems. This study aims to evaluate the water movement and nutrient transport in the corn root zone under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) using the HYDRUS-2D model in different irrigation and fertigation management practices. For this purpose, a 2-year field experiment was conducted in the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. Three different irrigation levels, three fertilizer application frequencies, and two fertilizer injection times during each irrigation event were selected as different treatments. Irrigation levels included full irrigation (FI) and two deficit irrigations (DI) at 75% and 50% of the plant’s net requirement (DI75 and DI50). Three different fertigation frequencies including weekly, once every 2 weeks, and local recommendations in three splits were considered, and the fertilizer was injected at the end and middle of each fertigation event. HYDRUS (2D) was calibrated based on the conducted field experiments and the calibrated model was then utilized to simulate nitrate leaching and N uptake by corn in different treatments. The results indicated that the highest nitrate root uptake occurred in fertilizer application with three splits in all irrigation levels. N uptake in weekly and once every 2 weeks treatment in full irrigation was about 46% of the total applied fertilizer. However, reducing fertigation frequency to three splits increased N uptake to 59% in the studied fine-textured soil. As a result, it reduced the amount of residual nitrate in the soil at the end of the growing season which has high leaching potential. The findings of this study are significant in reducing the environmental effects of chemical fertilizer abuse and increasing the efficiency of fertilizer uptake by corn in SDI.
PubDate: 2023-11-10
- Optimization of an isolated photovoltaic water pumping system with
technical–economic criteria in a water users association-
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Abstract: Abstract With proper management, the modernization of irrigation systems makes it possible to improve the efficiency of application and use of water at the cost of an increase in pumping needs and, therefore, an increment of the energy consumed. The recent drastic price increase for energy put the viability of many farms at risk. In this context, using photovoltaic solar energy to power pumping stations has become an increasingly attractive alternative and a cheap and reliable option. The dimensioning of pumping systems powered by photovoltaic solar energy must be done considering the variability of solar radiation to take advantage of the available photovoltaic energy, especially during periods of less irradiation. By investigating a particular case, this paper studies the effect of increasing the number of pumps in parallel while maintaining the total power, as well as the relationship between the installed photovoltaic capacity and the power of the pumping system, to meet pumping requirements throughout the year. The pumped volume increased as the number of pumps installed in parallel increased for the same photovoltaic power generator. Although this increment has a limit, beyond which no greater significant rise in volume is achieved, installation costs increase. In addition, for the same pumping power installed, the required photovoltaic generator power decreases as the number of pumps in parallel increases. In the case studied, a 27% increase in the annual pumped volume was achieved by incrementing the number of pumps in parallel from one to five, thus leading to a 44.1% reduction in the size of the photovoltaic generator and a 13.3% reduction in the cost of installation compared with a system with only one pump. The procedure used to determine the most appropriate number of pumps to install in parallel when pumping water between two tanks, which minimizes the photovoltaic generator's size while guaranteeing pumping requirements, is easily generalizable for sizing isolated photovoltaic water pumping systems.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
- Flow discharge measurement by a linear width contraction device
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Abstract: Abstract In this paper, the outflow process of a linear width contraction device for a free-flow condition is modeled using the dimensional analysis and the incomplete self-similarity condition. The proposed theoretical stage-discharge relationship is tested using measurements available in the literature. The proposed power stage-discharge equation is characterized by a value of the exponent close to 2 and a coefficient depending on the angle of the device sides with the channel bank. The proposed flume is characterized by simple construction, easy installation, low cost, and a good accuracy of the measured discharge (errors in the estimate ranging from − 3.84 to 1.9%). The deduced stage-discharge equation is characterized by errors in the estimate of discharge lower than or equal to ± 3% for 93.7% of the investigated cases. The main result of this paper is a stage-discharge relationship giving an accurate estimate of discharge but, at the same time, having the advantage of working regardless of the discharge coefficient estimate.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
- Analysis of local head losses in microirrigation lateral connectors based
on machine learning approaches-
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Abstract: Abstract The presence of emitters along the lateral, as well as of connectors along the manifold, causes additional local head losses other than friction losses. An accurate estimation of local losses is of crucial importance for a correct design of microirrigation systems. This paper presents a procedure to assess local head losses caused by 6 lateral start connectors of 32- and 40-mm nominal diameter each under actual hydraulic working conditions based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) modelling approaches. Different input–output combinations and data partitions were assessed to analyse the hydraulic performance of the system and the optimum training strategy of the models, respectively. The range of the head losses in the manifold (hsM) is considerable lower than in the lateral (hsL). hsM increases with the protrusion ratio (s/S). hsL does not decrease for a decreasing s/S. There is a correlation between hsL and the Reynolds number in the lateral (ReL). However, this correlation might also be dependent on the flow conditions in the manifold before the derivation. The value of the head loss component due to the protrusion might be influenced by the flow derivation. DN32 connectors and hsM present more accurate estimates. Crucial input parameters are flow velocity and protrusion ratio. The inclusion of friction head loss as input also improves the estimating accuracy of the models. The range of the indicators is considerably worse for DN40 than for DN32. The models trained with all patterns lead to more accurate estimations in connectors 7 to 12 than the models trained exclusively with DN40 patterns. On the other hand, including DN40 patterns in the training process did not involve any improvement for estimating the head losses of DN32 connectors. ANN were more accurate than GEP in DN32. In DN40 ANN were less accurate than GEP for hsM, but they were more accurate than GEP for hsL, while both presented a similar performance for hscombined. Different equations were obtained using GEP to easily estimate the two components of the local loss. The equation that should be used in practice depends on the availability of inputs.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
- Changes in dissolved oxygen concentration in an aerated drip irrigation
system under different drip emitters-
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Abstract: Abstract The drip emitter type used influences the dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) distribution in a drip irrigation system. Understanding the spatial and temporal DOC distribution in the irrigation system and its change pattern and determining the optimal irrigation emitter and aeration concentration threshold are important to reasonably apply aerated irrigation. Here, we designed three common drip irrigation emitter treatments under a drip irrigation system, i.e., an inserted in-line labyrinth emitter with a flow rate of 1.0 L h−1 (T1) and 2.2 L h−1 (T2), respectively, and a pressure-compensating emitter with a flow rate of 2.0 L h−1 (T3). Each irrigation emitter was associated with five initial DOC treatments, i.e., 3–5 mg L−1 (CK), 10 mg L−1 (C1), 15 mg L−1 (C2), 20 mg L−1 (C3), and 25 mg L−1 (C4). The results showed that the DOC values gradually increased in nonaerated water (CK) but gradually decreased in aerated water with standing time. Each emitter type significantly increased the DOC values after nonaerated water (CK) passed through different drip irrigation systems, and the highest increase (73.7%) was observed in the T1CK treatment. However, the DOC values significantly decreased after the aerated water passed through the drip irrigation systems, especially in the T2 treatment (33.2%). In addition, the reduction (or increase) in DOC in aerated water (or nonaerated water) in the first 10 m of the capillary pipe was smaller than that in the last 10 m for all treatments except T1C1. Furthermore, the T3 treatment had the most stable attenuation at different initial DOC treatments, with a maximum laying length of 20 m. More importantly, aeration can significantly increase DOC in the soil water (DOS), and the maximum value occurred when the initial DOC was 19.8 mg L−1. Hence, for practical application, the recommended initial DOC range for aerated irrigation is 15 ~ 20 mg L−1 combined with a pressure-compensating emitter at a flow rate of 2.0 L h−1 (T3). This study provides technical support for the optimal design and rational application of aerated drip irrigation systems.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
- Response of emitter clogging characteristics to fertilizer type and
concentration based on fertigation-
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Abstract: Abstract Drip irrigation technology can directly transport fertilizer and water to the root zone of crops and effectively improve the fertilizer utilization rate, but improper fertilization can lead to emitter blockage, reducing fertilization uniformity and resulting in crop yield loss. This paper tested the clogging performance of common emitters (inlaid cylindrical labyrinth emitter, E1; inlaid patch labyrinth emitter, E2; flanking labyrinth emitter, E3) with urea (UREA), sulfate of potassium (SOP), muriate of potash (MOP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP) at different concentrations (0 g/L, 0.4 g/L, 0.8 g/L, 1 g/L, 1.2 g/L, 1.6 g/L). Using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), surface energy spectrum analysis (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the effects of fertilizer type and concentration on blockages and blocked substance accumulation were analyzed in an indoor accelerated irrigation experiment. The results showed that UREA and DAP are sensitive fertilizers for E2 and E3, respectively. With increasing fertilizer concentration, the decrease rate of the relative flow for E3 accelerated, and the Dra and CU of irrigation in E2 decreased with increasing irrigation events. The dry weight of blocked substances increased with the increase in irrigation events, which is consistent with the trend that the relative flow and uniformity of the emitter decreased with the increase in irrigation events. Upon increasing fertilizer concentration, the more chemical clogging substances increase, the less significant the water shear force. Therefore, we recommend that fertilizer concentration of DAP and UREA should not exceed 1.2 g/L. The results of this study can provide a basis for controlling chemical clogging and extending the service life of emitters.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
- Aerated drip irrigation improves watermelon yield, quality, water and
fertilizer use efficiency by changing plant biomass and nutrient
partitioning-
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Abstract: Abstract Collaborative implementation of agricultural yield and fertilizer input has been a fundamental issue of sustainable and green production. Aerated drip irrigation (ADI) could potentially overcome the aforementioned conflict by enhancing crop yield, quality, and water/fertilizer use efficiency in a synergistic manner. However, its effects on the accumulation and distribution of plant biomass and nutrients are still elusive. Two consecutive years of ADI experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation frequency and fertilizer amount on agronomic performance. The results indicated that watermelon yield and IWUE were increased by 7.7–52.9% and 4.7–53.5%, respectively, compared to no-aerated (CK) treatment, and that there was a positive correlation between irrigation frequency and these increases. In addition, the application of ADI and increasing the frequency of irrigation increased the total dry matter and plant nutrient (N, P, K) contents. There was no discernible difference in watermelon performance when 20% of fertilizer was reduced in ADI conditions. ADI promoted plant biomass buildup and nutrient absorption and forced nutrient partitioning from vegetative organs (root, stem, leaf) to reproductive organs (fruit), resulting in synergistic benefits in crop yield, quality, and water/fertilizer use efficiency. ADI application once every 3 days with 80% traditional fertility application was suggested as a viable regulatory method for greenhouse watermelon. Our research sheds fresh light on the putative regulatory pathway of ADI’s beneficial effects on crop agronomic performance, with potential implications for crop production strategy.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
- Water use of a super high-density olive orchard submitted to regulated
deficit irrigation in Mediterranean environment over three contrasted
years-
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Abstract: Abstract The measurement of transpiration at the field level is a challenging topic in crop water use research, particularly for orchards. The super high-density olive orchard system is in great expansion all over the world, so these investigations are necessary to assess the trees water use under different irrigation techniques. Here, transpiration at plant and stand scales was measured using the sap flow thermal dissipation method, in an olive orchard (cv. “Arbosana”) subjected to standard (SI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with a withholding irrigation period under Mediterranean climate (southern Italy). The measurement method was used after specific calibration and correction for wound effect, azimuthal and gradient errors. Water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity were determined over three complete growth seasons (2019–2022). The seasons were submitted to highly contrasted weathers. Measurements of stem water potential and stomatal conductance showed that the RDI trees were under mild-moderate water stress only during the withholding irrigation period, otherwise the two treatments were under the same good water conditions. Following these small water differences between treatments, results showed that seasonal transpiration (Ep) was not significantly different in the two treatments in all seasons (249 and 267 mm, 249 and 262 mm, 231 and 202 mm for SI and RDI in the three seasons, respectively) and that WUE was greater in RDI treatment without any impact on yield. The main conclusion is that, when the available water in the soil is limited, olive trees decrease transpiration under any atmospheric conditions, but when the water in the soil is amply available, high atmospheric demand conditions lead to a decrease in tree transpiration.
PubDate: 2023-10-31
- Evaluation of transpiration in different almond production systems with
two-source energy balance models from UAV thermal and multispectral
imagery-
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Abstract: Abstract A growing number of intensive irrigated production systems of the almond crop have been established in recent years. However, there is little information regarding the crop water requirements. Remote sensing-based models such as the two-source energy balance (TSEB) have proven to be reliable ways to accurately estimate actual crop evapotranspiration. However, few efforts have been made to validate the transpiration with sap flow measurements in woody row crops with different production systems and water status. In this study, the TSEB Priestley-Taylor (TSEB-PT) and contextual approach (TSEB-2T) models were assessed to estimate canopy transpiration. In addition, the effect of applying a basic clumping index for heterogeneous randomly placed clumped canopies and a rectangular hedgerow clumping index on the TSEB transpiration estimation was assessed. The TSEB inputs were obtained from high resolution multispectral and thermal imagery using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The leaf area index (LAI), stem water potential (Ψstem) and fractional intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) were also measured. Significant differences were observed in transpiration between production systems and irrigation treatments. The combined use of the TSEB-2T with the C&N-R transmittance model gave the best transpiration estimations for all production systems and irrigation treatments. The use of in situ PAR transmittance in the TSEB-2T model significantly improved the root mean squared error. Thus, the better agreement observed with the TSEB when using the C&N-R model and in situ PAR transmittance highlights the importance of improving radiative transfer models for shortwave canopy transmittance, especially in woody row crops.
PubDate: 2023-10-31
- Evaluating the performance of the TSEB model for sorghum
evapotranspiration estimation using time series UAV imagery-
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Abstract: Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital process involving the transfer of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through soil evaporation and plant transpiration. Accurate estimation of ET is important for a variety of applications, including irrigation management and water resource planning. The two-source energy balance (TSEB) model is a commonly used method for estimating ET using remotely sensed data. This study used the TSEB model and high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery to estimate sorghum ET under four different irrigation regimes over two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021. The study also validated net radiation (Rn) flux through hand-held radiometer measurements and compared the estimated ET with a soil water balance model. The study outcomes revealed that that the TSEB model capably estimated Rn values, aligning well with ground-based Rn measurements for all irrigation treatments (RMSE = 32.9–39.8 W m−2 and MAE = 28.1–35.2 W m−2). However, the TSEB model demonstrated robust performance in estimating ET for fully irrigated conditions (S1), while its performance diminished with increasing water stress (S2, S3, and S4). The R2, RMSE, and MAE values range from 0.64 to 0.06, 10.94 to 17.04 mm, and 7.09 to 11.43 mm, respectively, across the four irrigation treatments over a 10-day span. These findings not only suggest the potential of UAVs for ET mapping at high-resolution over large areas under various water stress conditions, but also highlight the need for further research on ET estimation under water stress conditions.
PubDate: 2023-10-19
- Irrigation and potassium fertilization effects on plant growth, tuber
yield, quality, and water use efficiency of potato-
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Abstract: Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) requires high levels of water and potassium to achieve optimal yield and quality. This is of importance for the sustainable agriculture, and therefore, it is quite concern of agronomists to define the proper irrigation level and potassium rates in potato. In this study, we tested three irrigation levels (full irrigation (I100), 66% full irrigation (I66; 33% deficit), 33% full irrigation (I33; 66% deficit)), and six potassium doses (K0:0 kg ha−1 of K, K1:40 kg ha−1 of K, K2:80 kg ha−1 of K, K3:120 kg ha−1 of K, K4:160 kg ha−1 of K and K5:200 kg ha−1 of K) in Agria. The study was conducted in Niğde (Central Anatolia, Türkiye, 37°56′31.8′′N 34°38′04.2′′E) as a two-year field experiment. In the experiment, the respective values were recorded for each variable; plant height 36.0–92.0 cm, maturation period 82.0–98.0 days, number of stem per plant 3.4–4.7, number of tuber per plant 4.1–7.7, tuber yield per plant 247.1–846.2 g, marketable tuber ratio 79.4–99.4%, discarded tuber ratio 0.6–5.7%, secondary structured tuber ratio 0.0–16.6%, total tuber yield 11.8–38.7 t, dry matter 19.2–21.6%, specific gravity 1.072–1.087 g cm3, and starch 13.2–15.9%. Besides, it was determined that the optimum irrigation × potassium interaction was achieved at I100×K3 and I100×K4 in terms of plant and yield parameters, and I33×K3 and I33 × K4 in terms of tuber quality parameters. In our work, we concluded that a water need of average 590–720 mm (not including the effective rainfall amount) and potassium supply of 120–160 kg ha−1 in Central Anatolia will be optimal for the potato cultivation. The findings of this study will contribute to potato cultivation practices by providing proper information about the optimal irrigation need and potassium dose.
PubDate: 2023-10-05
- New anti-clogging perspective by discharging sediment from drip irrigation
emitters with high-sediment loaded water-
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Abstract: Abstract The promotion of drip irrigation technology has been severely constrained by the emitter clogging caused by sediment deposition when using high-sediment loaded water. To fill this gap, a novel solution to the emitter clogging issue has been developed by allowing fine sediment particles to drain as much through the emitter as possible. The sediment deposition and discharge ratio, the sediment discharge rate, and the control threshold for particle size were used to determine the sediment discharge capacity (SDC) of the emitter. The result shows that almost all (> 99%) the fine-grained sediment (< 100 µm) can be discharged from the flow path of eight emitters, which varied greatly in different emitters. Specifically, pressure-compensating emitters (PCE) had higher SDC than non-pressure-compensating emitters (NPCE), with relative average flow rate increased by 16.9–33.0%. Meanwhile, the emitter flow path structure significantly affects SDC. The side wall of the flow path could be changed from a toothed structure to a swirl wash wall optimized structure, which would significantly improve the SDC. Furthermore, the SDC of NPCE was primarily affected by the flow path length (L) and the ratio of the cross-sectional area to the length ( \(\sqrt{A}/L\) ). Lastly, stronger emitter SDC closely related to both smaller particle size and concentration of water source. This study presents a fresh idea of sediment treatment for drip irrigation systems with high sediment content water and may contribute to the design of emitters with high sediment discharge capacity, and the effective management and filtration treatment of high-sediment loaded water.
PubDate: 2023-10-05
- Carbon footprint of agricultural groundwater pumping with energy demand
and supply management analysis-
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Abstract: Abstract Irrigation water is required for increased crop yield and production to satisfy global food demand. However, irrigation also has negative impacts, including the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from groundwater pumping. To lessen this environmental problem, management methods that minimize agricultural GHG emissions from groundwater pumping should be identified. This work aims to compare measures that decrease agricultural groundwater withdrawal GHG emissions. A comparison among different energy supply and demand management choices for groundwater pumping was made to identify the most effective measure. Results indicated that the best agricultural groundwater pumping energy management practices are affected by the type of pump (e.g., electric or natural gas operated) and for electric pumps, the electric grid energy mix (e.g., coal, natural gas, oil, wind, solar). Due to their higher operational pump efficiency (OPE), electric pumps consume less energy than natural gas pumps to extract an equal volume of groundwater under similar conditions. Nevertheless, natural gas pumps produce less GHG emissions than electric pumps using the US Central and Southern Plains electricity mix. Hence, groundwater pumping energy demand management through improving the OPE of natural gas pumps will save more GHG emissions (7600 kg CO2-eq year−1) than switching to electric pumps using the electricity mix applied to this study (2800 kg CO2-eq year−1). Additionally, switching to cleaner energy sources (wind and solar) can save significantly higher amounts of carbon than just improving OPE. This analysis can guide policymakers and individuals to assist in meeting global GHG emission reduction goals and targets while satisfying increasing food demand.
PubDate: 2023-10-02
- Effect of using reclaimed water via furrow and subsurface drip systems
under alternate partial root-zone irrigation mechanism on crops growth and
soil properties-
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Abstract: Abstract The growing population in the face of water scarcity inevitably necessitates the quest for alternative sources of irrigation water, which integrates them with irrigation strategies for improved agricultural productivity to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. A three-year field experiment was conducted in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to investigate the effect of water quality (reclaimed water (RW) and clean water (CW)), irrigation techniques (subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and furrow irrigation (FUI)), irrigation methods (full irrigation (FI) and alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) (70% ETc)), and their interactions on the fresh fruit yield (FY), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of tomatoes. Further, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and organic matter (OM) of soil were evaluated. The experiments were undertaken over three growing spring seasons in a greenhouse at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Henan Province, China. Throughout the three years of this study, the yield, the IWUE, and the NUE values of all treatments under RW were higher than those corresponding values under CW. The trend was the same under SDI as it was under FUI. Statistical analyses revealed that there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of water quality, irrigation technique, and irrigation methods on the soil EC, pH, and OM over the three years. In addition, the interaction between the different experimental factors over the three years of the study was not significant. In conclusion, the application of RW under SDI can result in saving CW and increasing productivity without any negative effect on the investigated soil properties. Furthermore, when RW-SDI is used in conjunction with APRI, it can result in increasing IWUE.
PubDate: 2023-09-25
- Correction to: Using water for best product quality in fruit and nut trees
and vines-
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PubDate: 2023-09-01
DOI: 10.1007/s00271-023-00865-8
- Comparison of the partial root drying and conventional drip irrigation
regimes on seed, oil yield quality, and economic return for peanut crop-
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Abstract: Abstract This study compares conventional drip irrigation (CDI) and partial root drying (PRD) on yield components, oil quality, and economic return of peanut crops in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons in the Mediterranean climatic conditions of Türkiye. The main plots and subplots consisted of 3 irrigation frequencies (IF25; IF50 and IF75) and 7 irrigation levels (IL0.50 = 0.50, IL0.75 = 0.75, IL1.0 = 1.00, IL1.25 = 1.25, ILPRD50, ILPRD75, and ILPRD100). Of the subplots, 4 were CDI treatments (IL0.50 = 0.50, IL0.75 = 0.75, IL1.0 = 1.00, IL1.25 = 1.25), and 3 were PRD treatments (ILPRD50, ILPRD75, and ILPRD100). CDI treatments (IL0.50, IL0.75, IL1.0, and IL1.25) received 50, 75, 100, and 125 of Cumulative Pan Evaporation. In addition, PRD treatments (ILPRD50, ILPRD75, and ILPRD100) were considered. They received 50, 75, and 100% of IL1.0 treatment from alternate laterals, respectively. The largest and the smallest average peanut yields were obtained from the IF50IL1.25 and IF75IL0.50 treatments each year. The result showed that increasing the irrigation water amount increases the oil yield. The highest oil content, peanut yield, and generating maximum return were obtained from IF50IL1.25 in both growth years. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents were remarkably influenced by IFs and ILs. Stearic acid concentration considerably decreased under unstressed conditions, while palmitic acid values increase. The peanut quality was also affected under water stress with lower oil content. PRD has a marked effect on peanut quality under deficit irrigation of water applied with significantly reduced compared with DI. The high oil yield response factor (kyoil) value acquired for the peanut crop indicated its high sensitivity to irrigation interval and water deficit. It was determined that there are considerable linear relationships between the oleic acid and linoleic acid contents compared to crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during different irrigation intervals in each season. Economic assessment expressed that IF50IL1.25 treatment attained the highest seed and oil yield of peanuts and maximum net return in both seasons. Overall, the findings showed that pod yield per hectare, pod weight per plant, pod number per plant, shelling percentage, palmitic and linoleic acid percentage, oil percentage, and 100-seed weight values increased with increasing irrigation water at each irrigation interval, but oleic and stearic acid percentages decreased in both years.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
DOI: 10.1007/s00271-023-00854-x
- Evaluation and development of empirical models for wetted soil fronts
under drip irrigation in high-density apple crop from a point source-
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Abstract: Abstract Accurate measurement of soil wetting pattern from the point source of drip irrigation system plays an important role for designing of the irrigation system. The study evaluated a novel empirical method for predicting soil wetted dimensions surrounding a drip emitter. The study conducted at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, in a high-density apple orchard during 2018–2020. The field data were used to evaluate the five different semi-empirical models, namely, Al-Ogaidi (A-O), Malek and Peters (M–P), Amin and Ekhmaj (A–E), Jiusheng Li (J-L) and Schwartzman and Zur (S–Z). The model’s results were compared with field data for predicting the wetted pattern. The soil wetting front was measured using three different capacity emitters (2, 4, 8 lph) under a point source of a drip irrigation system. The results were evaluated on the basis of statistical comparisons [mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2)] between model-predicted and field-observed data. The newly developed empirical model has shown close agreement as compared to other models with MAE, RMSE, NSE and R2 for wetted soil width 0.205 (cm), 0.246 (cm), 0.996 and 0.997, respectively, and for wetted soil depth 0.421 (cm), 0.522 (cm), 0.992 and 0.993, respectively. The developed model accurately predicts the whole wetting pattern and performs well in reproducing from known experimental data. The study revealed that the higher the emitter discharge capacity, the more were the vertical soil wetting front advances with increased time duration of irrigation. The information of accurate wetting pattern of drip from a point source will be useful for the optimal design of drip irrigation systems.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
DOI: 10.1007/s00271-022-00826-7
- Establishment of a dimensional analysis-based prediction model for the
head loss of pre-pump micro-pressure filters for micro-irrigation-
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Abstract: Abstract A pre-pump micro-pressure filter is a new type of micro-irrigation filter, but there are few studies on the hydraulic performance of this type of filter. Indoor physical model tests considering the factors of the inlet flow, sand content, water separator type, and filter area were conducted. Dimensional analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to process the test results. The research results are summarized as follows. First, the influences of each factor on the head loss were ranked in the order of inlet flow > sand content > filter area. Second, a prediction model for the head loss of the filter was established, and the coefficient of determination, R2, was 0.94. The model was verified, and the relative error between the predicted and measured values was less than 10%.
PubDate: 2023-08-08
DOI: 10.1007/s00271-023-00879-2
- A new subsurface ceramic emitter for smallholders without pumps: design,
hydraulic performance, and field application-
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Abstract: Abstract Dryland water resource scarcity has been the most challenging issue facing the continuous development of irrigated agricultural systems. Although drip irrigation, especially subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) technology, reduced water loss from soil evaporation and increased water use efficiency (WUE), drip emitter with pumps brought large electric energy consumption and management cost, limiting its application for smallholders in dryland. Therefore, a new subsurface ceramic emitter (SCE) without using pumps, which consisted of a porous ceramic diaphragm, plastic washers, and plastic shells, was designed for smallholders in this study. Then its application effects were estimated using hydraulic, soil bin, pot, and field experiments. The results showed that the discharge of SCE in the air had a positive linear relationship with the working water head. The discharge of SCE in soil presented a power function relationship with the working water head, and the discharge exponent was 0.40. It was recommended that SCE should install at flat farmland with a topographic slope less than ± 5‰ to acquire an acceptable coefficient of uniformity (CU) under the working water head of more than 40 cm. A field experiment in Northwest China showed that SCE with a working water head of 60 cm created a suitable water moisture environment and CU, improving fruit yield and WUE of wolfberry. This provided an alternative irrigation method using SCE with a lower working water head for smallholders in dryland while ensuring a good CU.
PubDate: 2023-07-18
DOI: 10.1007/s00271-023-00877-4
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