 Subjects -> WATER RESOURCES (Total: 160 journals)
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- A critical review of conventional and emerging wastewater treatment
technologies-
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Abstract: Water stress is a major concern in today’s world as many cities worldwide face fast depleting potable water supply. The prevailing water emergency warrants a conscious effort to reuse mitigated wastewater such that the use of residual natural reserves is limited to drinking purposes only. To accomplish adequate wastewater remediation, the greatest challenge, apart from policy and implementation fronts, lies in maximizing the overall efficiency of wastewater treatment (WWT) systems. In light of this, the current review makes a unique effort to help navigate the challenge by summarizing the present scenario of WWT technologies, focusing on the progress so far and the prospects in the next 30 years or so. The study comprehensively reviews various wastewater technologies and aims to help countries, like India, deal with the obstacles encountered while selecting and engineering suitable systems. It compares them based on their advantages and disadvantages, including budget allocation and timeframe for installing and commission of the treatment plants. Depending upon the wastewater characteristics and the expected end-use of treated wastewater, a comprehensive survey of prevalent aerobic, anaerobic, and biological treatment techniques has been done. Emerging WWT technologies, such as advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration techniques, microbial electrolysis cell technologies, and in situ methods, which are currently in the development and deployment stages, have also been discussed. The study outlines the scope, limitations, and advancements of existing and prospective wastewater remediation approaches and suggests their decentralized implementation at the community scale as stop-gap solutions to poor wastewater management. Graphical abstract 
PubDate: 2023-03-25
- Analysis of the concentration of pesticides in a watershed for public
water supply in Brazil-
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Abstract: Abstract The extensive use of pesticides leads to the contamination of water resources and consequent decrease in their quality. This study aims to assess the concentration of pesticides and the potential impacts on water quality in a reservoir for public supply. To assess the presence of pesticides in the reservoir, water samples were taken between the months of July 2017–March 2018, at the sections characterized by the catchment, inlet, and storage of the reservoir. For the identified pesticides, the Goss method was applied and analysis of the pesticides was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Of a total of 54 pesticides analyzed, 30 were identified and detected at, at least, one point and over a sampled period, the most prevalent being carbendazim, which was identified in all sampled periods and sites. All the identified pesticides are characterized by a medium or high rating in the transport potential associated with sediment or dissolved in water. This work was the first of its kind in the study area and provides indicators of the negative impacts related to land use and pesticide use, on the quality of water for public supply. Considering that the identified compounds are not removed by conventional treatment methods, there is a need and urgency for government decision-making to regulate land use in the assessed watershed.
PubDate: 2023-03-24
- Examining groundwater sustainability through influential floods in the
Indus Plain, Pakistan-
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Abstract: Abstract Rapid changes in climate have resulted in occurrence of extreme flood events the impacts of which have rarely been studied on the underlying aquifer highly vulnerable to overexploitation of groundwater for agriculture and urban use in the Indus Basin. In the present study, groundwater response to major floods occurred during 2010 and 2014 was studied in eight vulnerable districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan through integration of geographic information system and remote sensing techniques. The findings of the study revealed high influence of those floods in controlling the watertable behavior of the underlying aquifer and even stabilizing the groundwater levels in the study area. During pre-flood 2010 condition, the groundwater levels indicated decline at rates ranging between 0.16 and 0.51 m per annum, while in post-flood 2010 period, they exhibited rise at rates within range of 0.03–0.39 m per annum in different districts. The < 3.0 m watertable depth showed an increase in coverage during the post-flood 2010 period exhibiting influence of the extreme flooding condition. The effect of 2014 flood was evident from the rising trend of watertable in the Multan, Khanewal and Lodhran districts during the post-flood condition. The floodwater appears to be vibrant in recharging the groundwater and may have capability to stabilize the groundwater levels in the long-run if managed properly. It is, therefore, essential to chalk out plans to harness the fury of floods for reducing vulnerability of the depleting aquifer and ensuring sustainable groundwater management in the Indus Basin in future.
PubDate: 2023-03-19
- Qualitative and health risk assessment of water using a novel
weight-integrated health hazard and fuzzy-derived indices-
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Abstract: Abstract Uncontrolled development and industrial progression exacerbate surface water quality, posing a risk of water-borne diseases. To assess the suitability of the water for potable use, the water quality index (WQI) has proven an effective approach. Numerous WQIs are being applied in practice; however, there is no universally accepted method that is flexible enough to assess drinking water quality for all regions around the world. To assess the water quality and validate the applicability of the proposed method, an extensive water quality survey was conducted across the Jaipur municipality, Rajasthan, India, and multiple physico-chemical parameters were analysed. The current study proposes a novel ‘Weight Integrated Health-Hazard Index’ approach to classifying water samples based on their potential risks to human health. Simultaneously, the study employs a ‘fuzzy derived index’ WQI to classify water samples based on their contaminant levels. Finally, both WQIs are utilized to classify the collected samples, and the results are integrated using a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment providing citywide visualizations. The findings reveal that more than half of the city receives ‘poor’ quality water directly associated with ‘medium’ or ‘high’ health risk levels. The proposed methodology is highly adaptable and useful for identifying priority areas within any region. It can also serve as a benchmark for similar studies in the future.
PubDate: 2023-03-16
- Traditional value and its function in managing modern irrigation system in
West Sumatra Indonesia-
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Abstract: Abstract Indigenous knowledge, which has been created from a long experience of human activities with ecosystem and environment, is essential for the sustainability of natural resources. Due to the advance of the global economy and changes in social structure, indigenous knowledge has mostly disappeared. A modern approach toward managing natural resources, such as Water Users’ Association (“P3A” in Indonesia), has been introduced under government totalitarianism. Yet, institutional problems, such as low participation in maintaining irrigation facilities, have occurred in some regions where traditional values have been excluded from irrigation management. Nevertheless, in some regions where traditional values have survived, P3A could have managed irrigation systems under the new irrigation policy. This study aimed to reassess the indigenous irrigation system based on traditional values in West Sumatra, compare irrigation management in two irrigation institutions in Agam District, and evaluate the persistence of traditional values in the current irrigation system. Using the comparative case study approach, it was found that there are two aspects of persistence in the traditional values in the current P3A system, i.e., Mufakat (consensus) and the roles of an indigenous leader. These values were identified as a “bridging value” between traditional and modern irrigation systems. Based on these findings, this study suggests possible solutions for improving the dysfunction of P3As by recognizing the rights to organize P3A based on Minangkabau traditional value, by implementing Mufakat in the P3A decision-making process, and by creating social capital by farmers themselves under Penghulu (clan leader) encouragement.
PubDate: 2023-03-16
- Monitoring of water quality in selected water bodies in the Chelyabinsk,
Russian Federation-
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Abstract: Abstract Chelyabinsk water bodies’ sources selected, namely Miass river, Smolino and Shershni (Shershnevskoe reservoir) lakes’ samples, were analysed for physico-chemical properties, and Shershni and Sunukul lakes, as well as Snow samples (in heavy cold climate countries, at spring time, melting the Snow and added to the water bodies/cycle), from surrounding locations were analysed for bacteria, to ascertain if the water met the required health standards by the Maximum Permissible Concentration [(Permissible concentration (MPC) of chemicals in the water for drinking, cultural and domestic use) Resolution of the Sanitary Inspector of the Russian Federation (30.04.2003 Moscow № 78 Oввeдeнии в дeйcтвиe ГH 2.1.5.1315-03), 2003] and Russian Federation and World Health Organization (WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, 1998). Analysis was done using standard methods, and these water samples’ physico-chemical characteristic results are pH and K+, and all the metallic elements such as Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn and except Pb within the standards. Furthermore, the concentrations of parameters TDS, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO4−, Na+ and PO4− in water samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits. The presence of total coliforms counts varied from 5 to 16 MPN/100 mL−1, while Escherichia coli (E. Coli) counts ranged from 2 to 12 MPN/100 mL−1. Among the total coliform, Spirillum, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella, Sarcina cocci, and Enterococcus were detected in the water sources of Sunukul and Snow samples. The Faecal coliform and the E. coli counts exceeding acceptable limits are indicative of pollution from natural and anthropogenic. The study concludes that some water sources in tropics do not meet the potable water standards according to MPC (2003) and WHO (1998); hence, there can be potential sources of waterborne diseases. The study stresses that the point-of-use water sources’ disinfection is thus necessary. In this purpose, we suggested some promising suitable disinfection technological methods for this area such as Automatic Variable Filtration (AVF) technology, Chlorination, Ultraviolet Radiation, Ultrasound, and Ozonation.
PubDate: 2023-03-14
- Model of transferability for the rainfall erosivity factor
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Abstract: Abstract Empirical models such as the universal soil loss equation (USLE) are used to measure sediment production. Applying the USLE requires determining the rainfall erosivity factor R. This factor is calculated from the EI30 value, which is based on semi-hourly rainfalls that are costly to obtain. In this study, a model for transposing the R factor from regions with semi-hourly rainfall data to regions with only daily rainfall data is proposed. EI30 values were calculated and related to the rainfall coefficient Rc. Potential correlation model was fitted to these data and transposed to a second area within the same climatic region. Observed rainfall data in this area yielded an EI30 of 9937.44 MJ mm ha−1 h−1. The transposed model gave an EI30 of 11,052.04 MJ mm ha−1 h−1. The error is 10.08%, which indicates that the methodology is suitable for estimating erosivity factors for locations that lack semi-hourly rainfall data.
PubDate: 2023-03-14
- Assessment and distribution of groundwater quality using Water Quality
Index and geospatial technology in Vempalli Mandal of Andhra Pradesh,
India-
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Abstract: Abstract Globally, imperishable control of water resources plays a substantial role to ensure continual growth in regions where there is shortage of water for the needs of the society. To accomplish renewable circumstances, it is essential to identify the quality of water resources and to find the remedial measurements for improvement of water quality. The present research focuses to assess and map the spatial distribution of the quality of the groundwater of Vempalli Mandal of Cuddapah District of Andhra Pradesh using Water Quality Index and Inverse Distance Weighed (IDW) method of geospatial technologies. Water Quality Index describes universal quality of groundwater at sampling locations based on various physio-chemical parameters. It provides an excellent representation of overall quality for various purposes in the area of water management. Water samples which are collected from eighteen sampling locations were examined for several physio-chemical parameters like pH, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Chloride and Calcium. The Water Quality Index values of the samples ranges from 44.86 to 123.15. High index value observed at Alavalapadu due to high concentration of Total Dissolved Solids in the groundwater. From the analysis, it is suggested to treat the groundwater some extent before consumption of the same resource. Moreover, the research employs ArcGIS software to map the quality of water and to spot the spatial distribution of the area in groundwater quality.
PubDate: 2023-03-12
- Characterizing groundwater potentials in parts of the basement complex of
Nigeria using GIS and remote sensing-
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Abstract: Abstract Groundwater prospect in parts of southwestern Nigeria was delineated by inferring the subsurface models from the responses of remote sensing and GIS data. In characterizing the area, both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data include landsat8 OLI and ASTER Digital Elevation Model, while the secondary data includes geology, soil, and topography maps of the area. Hence, thematic maps of potentials and lineament density, and land cover/use maps for the area were derived from the landsat8 OLI/TRS image. Thus, the area was characterized as follows: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high potentiality that covered 1.4 km2 (0.59%), 72.18 km2 (9.59%), 372.3 km2 (49.44%), 272.12 km2 (36.14%), and 35 km2 (4.64%), respectively. The western part of the area is dominated by very low to low potential, while the southern part of the area is dominated by high to very high potential. Hence, low and moderate potentials occupy the highest landmass (59.03%) in the area. In conclusion, the basement complex terrain in question has a moderately low aquifer capability.
PubDate: 2023-02-23
- Complex and worrying questions to Meghalaya’s water crisis
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Abstract: Abstract Records show that Meghalaya is a state receiving heavy rainfall in the world. Despite having abundant rainfall, it has become a regular phenomenon to hear about springs and rivulets drying up or incidents of reduced discharge of rainfall largely due to anthropogenic stress, climate change and ecological degradation associated with land use change for infrastructural development causing pressures on the hill aquifer systems have rendered several areas in this state confronted with serious water scarcity. In view of this paradox of water scarcity amidst plenty, based on direct experience and primary local perspectives in addition to available data this paper will analyze the lack of potable water in Meghalaya.
PubDate: 2023-02-22
- Performance evaluation of hydrological model in simulating streamflow and
water balance analysis: spatiotemporal calibration and validation in the
upper Awash sub-basin in Ethiopia-
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Abstract: Abstract Model calibration is critical for hydrologic modeling of large heterogeneous watershed environments. There is little guidance available for model calibration protocols for distributed models aimed at capturing the spatial variability of hydrologic processes in Ethiopia. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) hydrologic model using multi-site gauged data for simulating streamflow and analyzing water balance within upper Awash sub-basin in Ethiopia. On a monthly basis, the sequential uncertainty fitting version-2 (SUFI-2) algorithm embedded in the SWAT-calibration and uncertainty program (SWAT-CUP) was used for sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation. The coefficient of determination (R2), Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) were used to statistically evaluate the SWAT model's performance in simulating streamflow. The monthly observed and simulated streamflow statistics revealed that values of R2, NSE, and PBIAS varied from 0.80 to 0.74 and 0.74 to 0.66, 0.74 to 0.66 and 0.71 to 0.62, -3.20 to 14.90 and 18.60 to 8.00 during spatial calibration and validation periods, respectively. In the entire sub-basin, the mean annual rainfall was approximately 1365.03 mm; of this amount, 11.61% flowed as surface runoff (SURFQ), 7.43% as lateral flow (LATQ), about 35.47% flowed as baseflow (GWQ), and 45.41% vanished as evapotranspiration. The sub-basin's average net annual water yield (WY), which includes the SURFQ, LATQ, and GWQ, contributes about 54.63% of the average annual rainfall. The multi-site calibration and validation-based performance evaluation results indicated that the SWAT model would simulate catchment hydrology very well at all gauged stations in the upper Awash sub-basin. According to the findings of the study, to achieve the required model performance efficiency and detect spatial variability within sub-basins, the performance of hydrological models should be evaluated using multi-site streamflow data, which is immensely useful for planning and designing proper water management strategies in the Awash River basin.
PubDate: 2023-02-21
- Quantifying flow rate using stage-discharge rating curve and Scs runoff
equation on upland watershed of Lake Tana Sub Basin, Ethiopia-
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Abstract: Abstract In the Tana sub-basin, there is a practical knowledge deficit in the development of stage-discharge rating curves utilizing the salt dilution approach. Even though there are lots of discharge measurement techniques in the gauged watershed, which are difficult, expensive and time-consuming. The aim of this study was to develop a stage-discharge rating curve and identify the geographic variance of runoff in three micro watersheds in the Tana Subbasin: Enkulal from Gummara, Toma from Gigel Abay, and Guale(2u) from Rib watershed. To develop the stage-discharge rating curve and to quantify the spatial variation of runoff, the rainfall, stage and discharge data were recorded over a certain period. Discharge data were collected using salt dilution and floating methods while the stage data were recorded using staff gauge at each stream from June 2019 to September 2019. In each micro watershed, the stage and discharge relationship were created utilizing the power and polynomial equation with a very good determination coefficient (R2). The discharge obtained using the floating method did not differ statistically from that expected using the salt dilution method. At the outlet of Toma, Guale (2u), and Enkulal micro watersheds, the SCS equation produced a better correlation of measured and simulated runoff with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.97, 0.94, and 0.98, respectively. The average effective available storage was obtained as 22, 24 and 45 mm and the corresponding curve number value were 92, 91 and 85 for Toma, Guale and Enkulal, micro watersheds, respectively. On the other hand, the curve numbers with regard to land use, hydrological condition and soil groups were found as 85, 84, 85 for Toma, Guale and Enkulal micro watersheds, respectively. The area that contributed runoff was ranged from 87% of the total area of the micro watershed during high rainfall periods and smaller than 51% of the total area of the micro watershed in low rainfall periods.
PubDate: 2023-02-17
- Flood frequency analysis with PyTOPKAPI model-simulated stream flows from
Aweitu river in Jimma town, Ethiopia-
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Abstract: Abstract Analysis of flood frequencies is critical for water resources applications. However, the majority of rivers in developing countries like Ethiopia are either poorly gauged or completely ungauged, resulting in limited data for flood frequency analysis in those nations. In such cases, stream flow (SF) modeling is the only option to acquire the SF data for various water resources applications. In this study, the possibility of using the PyTOPKAPI hydrological model together with the flood frequency methodologies for flood frequency analysis was examined. The aim is to extend the PyTOPKAPI model application to flood frequency analysis in data-limited (ungauged) catchments. Consequently, this study was conducted on Aweitu Ethiopian catchment defined by its two flow outlets (Aweitu Nr Babu, 268 Km2 and Aweitu at Jimma, 96 Km2) in Jimma town. The investigation of flood frequencies based on the PyTOPKAPI model-simulated stream flow data was carried out. The results of the analysis were then compared with those of the corresponding observed stream flow data of 29 years for Aweitu Nr Babu and 25 years for Aweitu at Jimma. The overall output of the comparisons revealed that simulation-based flood frequency analysis produced slightly greater flood quantiles than the corresponding observed stream flows especially for higher return period. This approach seems new to flood frequency analysis in this context. In summary, the study results suggest that the PyTOPKAPI model-simulated stream flow can be used for flood frequency analysis and other water resources applications in data-limited regions. This work, in addition to reflecting recent advances, focuses on the use of simulated stream flow information for flood frequency analysis, which has received less attention in Ethiopia. The novelty of this work provides the framework for improving flood frequency analysis in developing countries for water resources planning and flood risk management.
PubDate: 2023-02-12
- Appraisal of groundwater quality variation in the rural–urban division:
a case study of Barrackpore sub-division, West Bengal-
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Abstract: Abstract The assessments of groundwater quality of the Barrackpore sub-divisional area, India were evaluated for drinking purposes as per the recommendation of BIS (2012). A total of 21 water samples were collected from 15 municipal towns and 6 villages’ areas in February and March 2019 by random stratified sampling methods and analyzed physicochemical parameters of pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), and Chloride (Cl−). The methodology has been carried out by assigning a rating of the water quality using the water quality index (WQI). An interpolation technique of Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) has been adapted to map out the spatial distribution of parameters and zonation of WQI over the study area. The water quality is quite hard in urban areas as compared to rural areas due to the presence of TDS, positive Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions. The overall review reveals that all parameters are above the desirable limits and below the permissible limits excluding Mg2+. The result of the WQI value varied from 38.78 to 105.91. Out of the total samples, 38% of samples are poorly considered for drinking purposes, whereas 61.9% of samples are considered good-quality water. The spatial coverage of unsuitable water quality is found in 20.60% of the area. Groundwater quality is in good condition and suitable with 77.36% of the area. About 18.58% of urban areas are observed as having very poor groundwater value and are not recommended for use.
PubDate: 2023-02-06
- Assessment of future water demand in a semiarid region of Turkey: a case
study of Tahtali–Seferihisar Basin-
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Abstract: Abstract Water is a vital resource for society and nature, and its scarcity has consequences in all aspects of existence. Today, issues including the inability to preserve the status of existing water resources and excessive water withdrawal are causing the amount of water to diminish day by day. Furthermore, factors such as urbanization and industrialization, population growth, water quality degradation owing to agricultural pesticides, and climate change, all have a negative impact on water supplies. A basin-based water management analysis was carried out in this study by applying the "Integrated Water Resources Management" strategy to the Tahtalı–Seferihisar sub-basin in Turkey, where water stress is expected in the future. Using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning System) model, the hydrological (precipitation, flow, evaporation) data of important water resources for the basin and Izmir (Tahtalı, Seferihisar, Ürkmez, and Kavakdere Dams) were used to predict the availability of water resources in the future, and several possible scenarios for water demands/supplies were analyzed. The water budget balances projected in 2050 have been calculated by considering six different scenarios: Reference Scenario, Report Consumption Scenario, Optimistic Case Scenario, Pessimistic Case Scenario, Return Flow Scenario, and Various Forecast Scenario. The water balances that can be obtained in each scenario under various situations were computed and compared. For all considered scenarios, unmet water demand in the basin is found to be significant (157.52 hm3 in the Optimistic Case Scenario and 373.16 hm3 in the Pessimistic Case Scenario).
PubDate: 2023-02-04
- Nature-based solutions to enhance urban flood resiliency: case study of a
Thailand Smart District-
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Abstract: Abstract A Research through Designing approach was used to explore nature-based solutions (NbS) for flood management at the fluvial (regional) and pluvial (local) scales as part of a Smart District visioning study in a peri-urban area north of Bangkok, Thailand. The NbS visions were informed by community surveys (total n = 770) as well as in-depth, semi-structured interviews with community leaders and key stakeholders representing private sector business. Both fluvial and pluvial flooding commonly occur in the study area and the cost of damage incurred by individuals generally exceeds aid remuneration. The surveys revealed that flood insurance was not widely used as a form of resiliency to flood conditions. Furthermore, survey participants generally considered common space and green space unsatisfactory and inadequate to meet community needs. In light of these survey responses, example NbS visions were developed to address community concerns and promote well-being, while concurrently providing resiliency and improved ecosystem services through connectivity of blue and greenscapes. This case study provides a novel linkage between the concepts of NbS, Research through Designing, and Smart City/District, in exploring sustainable and resilient approaches to flood management in the context of tropical, Global South development and also provides a first step towards developing an NbS typology.
PubDate: 2023-01-30
- Improved remediation of contaminated water using ZnO systems via chemical
treatment: applications, implications and toxicological mitigation-
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Abstract: Abstract Environmental remediation is an alternative field of science that can solve various environmental challenges based on numerous treatment methods. In particular, heterogeneous photocatalysis is an advanced oxidative process that has been the subject of many studies related to environmental control. Globally, pollution by organic pollutants represents risks to environmental health that compromise public health and directly affect the scientific knowledge of public policies that potentially improve quality of life from a sustainable point of view. ZnO systems are receiving special attention due to their attractive characteristics (non-toxic nature, high surface area, thermal/chemical stability), availability of being chemically modified by various strategies, and particularly good environmental remediation. This review focuses on the efforts of ZnO-based photocatalysts, such as the methods, chemical modifications, operational parameters, and the effects after the release of effluents in aquatic matrices. Therefore, we investigated the recent advances in zinc systems aimed at treating contaminated water and their direct application in environmental remediation.
PubDate: 2023-01-27
- A hydro-environmental optimization for assessing sustainable carrying
capacity-
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Abstract: Abstract The present study proposes an applicable method to determine the population carrying capacity of urban areas in which ecological impacts of river ecosystem as the source of water supply and sustainable population growth are linked. A multiobejctive optimization method was developed in which two objectives were considered: 1) minimizing the fish population loss as the environmental index of the river ecosystem and 2) minimizing the difference between initial population carrying capacity and the sustainable population carrying capacity. The ecological impacts of the river ecosystem were assessed through the potential fish population as an environmental index using several artificial intelligence and regression models. Based on case study results, the initial plan of development is not reliable because ecological impacts on the river ecosystem are remarkable. The proposed method is able to reduce the ecological impacts. However, the sustainable population carrying capacity is considerably lower than the initial planned population. It is needed to reduce the planned population more than 45% in the case study. Habitat loss is less than 35% which means the optimization model is able to find an optimal solution for balancing environmental requirements and humans’ needs. In other words, the optimization model balances the needs of environment and water supply by reducing 45% of population and decreasing habitat loss to 35%.
PubDate: 2023-01-25
- The effectiveness of local sands of Indonesian South Sulawesi as
filtration material in water treatment plant-
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Abstract: Abstract The regional water company in Sulawesi Island of Indonesia uses sand from Sumatra and Java islands to perform water filtration. However, this is time consuming and expensive. In fact, South Sulawesi Province has abundant local sand that may be used as filtration material. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine novel alternatives for filtration materials in water treatment plants using local sand available in South Sulawesi. The proposed alternatives are implemented using four local sand sources, namely Malimpung, Bira, Jeneberang, and Tanralili in Pinrang, Bulukumba, Gowa, and Maros Regencies, respectively. The effectiveness of each sand source is analyzed by modeling a filter in the laboratory with a rapid sand filter system. The experimental work is conducted under unsaturated conditions for sand. We have considered three variations of initial raw water turbidity, namely 25, 50, and 109 NTU representing low, medium, and high turbidity levels, respectively. The initial total suspended solids (TSS) for each variation of initial turbidity is calculated as 19, 51, and 99 mg/l, respectively. In addition, we have applied three variations of filter thickness, namely 10, 20, and 30 cm. The results indicated that only Malimpung sand meets the physical requirements, namely effective size of 0.23, uniformity coefficient of 2.19, specific gravity of 2.69 g/cm3, and percentage of SiO2 as 97.07%. It was also clarified that Malimpung sand is the most effective in removing physical pollutants based on turbidity and TSS with an efficiency of 72% and 84%, respectively, during the observation time of 600 s.
PubDate: 2023-01-25
- Correction to: Conflict and cooperation in Aras International River Basin:
status, trend, and future-
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PubDate: 2023-01-24
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