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Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi / Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry
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ISSN (Print) 1302-0943
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The Effect of Forest Fires on Air Quality: The Case of Antalya
- Authors: İlyas BOLAT
  Abstract: The presence of pollutants that are not in the normal composition of the air in the atmosphere at a concentration that will harm water, soil, living things, and materials for a long enough time is called air pollution. Atmospheric conditions such as low humidity and high temperature observed in Turkey create a suitable environment for forest fires. Forest fires can also become one of the causes of air pollution, as plant residues are released into the atmosphere when decomposed or burned. In this study, the effects of forest fires that broke out between 28 July and 12 August 2021 in Turkey’s air quality were tried to be examined. This province has been chosen because it is the province of Antalya, which was most affected by the fires. According to the results obtained, the average PM10 concentration for the three summer months of 2020 (June, July, and August) was 44.89 μg/m3, and the average PM10 concentration for the three summer months of 2021 was 37.61 μg/m3. The average concentration of PM2.5 in 2020 was 18.38 μg/m3, and the average concentration in 2021 was 19.94 μg/m3. In Antalya, the annual average sulfur dioxide was 5.34 μg/m3 in 2018, 5.40 μg/m3 in 2019, 2.92 μg/m3 in 2020, and 4.13 μg/m3 in 2021. In the period between November 2019 and April 2022, the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in Antalya was 41.95 (24.05.2020) μg/m3, and the highest was 2151.9 μg/m3 (21.12.2021). The limit values of daily and annual concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) parameters, which are the leading air pollutants and measured in this study, were exceeded only for PM10 and PM2.5. Therefore, since the concentrations of the air pollutants evaluated in the study for the three summer months of 2021 are almost similar to those of 2020, it can be said that the forest fire that took place is not the only and important factor affecting the air quality in Antalya and its surroundings.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Young Turkish Pine Biomass Equations; Kozağacı Forest Planning
Unit Example
- Authors: Birsen DURKAYA; Ali DURKAYA, Gülhan SAYIN
  Abstract: Calculations of the carbon storage capacities of forests have become increasingly important all over the world. International institutions that make carbon notifications want the amount of carbon stored in forest ecosystems to be determined fully and precisely based on the inventory. In order to determine the carbon stock in forest areas of the whole country, it is necessary to determine locally the amount of biomass accumulated by each tree species in different habitats and the amount of carbon they have bound. In this study, above- and below-ground biomass equations were developed for young red pines belonging to pure red pine stands in Mersin-Kozağacı Forest Planning Unit. In the study, wood density ratio and needle dry weight ratio (LDMC) were also determined for red pine.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
The Socioeconomic Dimension of Chestnut-Based Utilization within the Scope
of Regional Differences
- Authors: Taner OKAN; Coşkun KÖSE
  Abstract: In this study, Turkey's chestnut production and trade potential have been revealed and the socioeconomic dimension of benefiting from chestnuts has been evaluated comparatively on the basis of regional differences. Chestnut, which is used as wood raw material and non-wood forest product, is an important source of income and food. In this sense, the traditional ecological knowledge that has been passed from generation to generation for centuries has provided the formation of an ancient culture on benefiting from chestnut. The economic value created by utilizing the wood and fruit of the chestnut, which is widely distributed in the regions having different ecological characteristics in Anatolia, has resulted in the application of different management approaches. There are five different periods in which the amount of chestnut production varies in Turkey. Aydın, İzmir, Sinop, Kastamonu and Bartın are the provinces that become prominent in chestnut production of Turkey. The degree of self-sufficiency of chestnut was realized 122.7%, with the highest degree of self-sufficiency from 2015 to 2020, in the marketing year 2018-2019. It is seen that the geographical indication protection is increasingly used for chestnut. Aydın Chestnut, Buldan Chestnut, Simav Chestnut, Sinop Chestnut Honey, Düzce Chestnut Honey and Şile Chestnut Honey are the products that received geographical indication protection. In addition, Aydın Chestnut is one of the geographically indicated products whose registration processes have been completed in Turkey with the European Union.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Chemical Content and Antimicrobial Activity of Cyclotrichium origanifolium
(Labill.) Manden. & Scheng. Plant Essential Oil Obtained from Adana Region
- Authors: Mehmet ÖZ
  Abstract: The aims of this paper to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Cyclotricium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden. & Scheng., which grows naturally in Türkiye. The essential oil of the aerial plant parts was acquired through the hydrodistillation method in a Clevenger type device, and it was examined with GC-MS/FID. As a result of the applied hydrodistillation process, the essential oil yield was obtained as 3.63%. The structure of 66 components that were detected in the essential oil was determined by comparing with the database and literature data in the appliance. As a result of the analysis, the structure of 64 compounds was determined, but the structure of 2 compounds could not be determined. cis-3-pinanone (isocamphopinone), β-pinene and eucalyptol compounds were determined the main components respectively at the rates of 33.43%, 25.27% and 23.91%. The highest chemical compound classes in the analyzed essential oil was determined as monoterpenes with 52.84% and as monoterpenoids with 44.11%. The groups with the highest number of compounds in the chemical classes in the essential oil were monoterpenoids with 27 compounds and monoterpenes with 16 compounds. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was investigated with the disc diffusion test method against 13 different microorganisms activated. According to the results of the antimicrobial activities analysis of essential oil obtained from plant samples; the highest antibacterial activity was recorded against Escherichia coli O157:H7 from gram-negative bacteria with inhibition zone ranging as (4.55±0.01 mm), Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes from gram-positive bacteria with inhibition zone ranging as (6.50±0.01 mm), (5.65±0.01 mm) respectively. In addition, it was determined that they did not show any antifungal activity against any of the yeast-molds tested.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
An Evaluation on the Forest Products Trade of Turkey and Qatar
- Authors: Hüseyin ÇALIŞKAN; Sezgin ÖZDEN
  Abstract: Qatar, by its economic wealth, is among the most important countries in the Middle East in foreign trade. Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt, which are among the other countries in the Middle East, started to impose some embargoes which is named Gulf Cries on Qatar in 2017, and Qatar was both diplomatically and politically left alone in this period. In this period, Turkey's attitude on Qatar's side has reinforced the relationship between Turkey and Qatar, which has strengthened in the last 20 years. The aim of this study is to examine how the economic and political relationship between Turkey and Qatar, which is getting stronger day by day, affects the trade of forest products. Qatar, which does not have forest assets, is also inclined to import partly raw materials, mostly finished and semi-finished products, thanks to its economic wealth. As a result of this study, which has been carried out by examining and interpreting past studies and current statistics with the qualitative research method, it is seen that 2017 Gulf Crisis affected an average of 44% increase in Turkey's total exports to Qatar. The reflection of this increase in the forest products industry, there is another increase of 211% in the Cork and wood manufactures (excluding furniture), 353% in the wood and articles of wood charcoal, and 108% in furniture. It has been observed that the conditions of 2017 Gulf crisis have caused an increase of high value-added semi-finished and finished products with Qatar. After ending the current crisis, it may be predicted that if the positive relationship of the political authority with Qatar continues, the increase in exports will continue to increase.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Forest Road Projects
- Authors: Mihrişah KINALI; Erhan ÇALIŞKAN
  Abstract: Road networks are accepted as a criterion showing the level of development of countries. Undoubtedly, the role of highways in facilitating human life is quite important. However, road routes involve high cost land surveying studies that can pass through areas with various land use types and cover.For forest road routes to be built in forest areas, points representing the land surface can be obtained by various measurement methods (remote sensing, photogrammetry and terrestrial measurement techniques). Depending on the land structure and cover, difficulties are encountered in the determination of spatial points with terrestrial measurement techniques. In this study, as an alternative to the terrestrial measurement technique, 341 m long forest road excavation and filling calculations were carried out with the help of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. Photo pairs taken from different heights (50 m, 75 m and 100 m) with real-time kinematics (RTK) GPS UAV were processed with Agisoft to produce a point cloud. The point cloud data obtained by digital photogrammetry and land measurement methods were carried out in NetCAD environment for the excavation and filling calculations for the same road route. Between the two methods, in the 50 m, 75 m and 100 m measurements of the UAV obtained by ground measurement; In the calculation of the UAV 50m measurement amount, 0.27% in the total excavation amount and 1.08% difference in the total filling amount, 2.51% in the total excavation amount and 5.22% in the total filling amount in the calculation of the UAV 75 m measurement amount, and the total difference in the UAV 100m measurement amount in the calculation of the UAV 50m measurement amount. A difference of 3.13% in the amount of excavation and 2.53% in the total amount of filling was determined. These results show that UAV photogrammetry is very effective in forest road projects and in calculating the amount of earthwork volume in mountainous terrain.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
The Effect of the Covid-19 Epidemic on Forestry Activities in the
Bartın Province
- Authors: İsmet DAŞDEMİR; Merve KIZIL
  Abstract: This study was discussed to reveal the negative effects of the coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic on forestry activities with a multidimensional approach in the province of Bartın. To this aim, the data obtained from the questionnaire study, which was applied by face-to-face interview method in the full field with the employees of Bartın and Ulus forestry enterprise directorates and Bartın Nature Conservation and National Parks Branch Directorate, were used as material. Data were analyzed and evaluated via descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, Kruskal-Wallis H test. In the study, the coronavirus exposure levels of each forestry activity and the 12 forestry activity groups created were analyzed and different groups were determined according to the answers given by the forestry organization employees to the five-point Likert scale propositions. Correlations between the views on the levels of forestry activity being affected by the Covid-19 and some personal characteristics were determined. The null hypothesis (H0), which states that the views on the effects of the coronavirus are not different according to some personal characteristics, was checked. At the end of the study, it was found that erosion control and rangeland improvement, silviculture, and wood production works with an impact score of ≤1.49 were not affected at all (0%) by the Covid-19 epidemic; the construction and maintenance of forest roads, afforestation and sapling production, forest and village relations activities, forest cadastre and non-wood forest product production with an impact score of 1.5-1.99 were negatively affected at a “very little” rate (13%); human resources management, forest protection, operating and marketing activities with an impact score of 2.0-2.49 were negatively affected at a “little” rate (25%), and nature conservation and national park activities with an impact score greater than ≥2.5 were negatively affected a “medium” level (50%). According to the findings, some suggestions were developed to reduce the effects of the Covid-19 epidemic, thus positive contributions were made to sustainable forestry and social welfare.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Improving of some Properties of Heat-treated Black Poplar (Populus nigra
L.) Woods using Densification
- Authors: Abdullah CANIYILMAZ; Samim YAŞAR
  Abstract: In this study, black poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood was subjected to heat treatment at 120, 160 and 200 oC, and then the samples were densified by pressing at a rate of 25% and 50%. FTIR spectra of the heat-treated samples revealed that there was no significant variation in the crystallinity index of the samples due to heat treatment. In the main decomposition stage of the TGA and DTG thermograms of the heat-treated samples, it was understood that the heat-treated samples lost less material than the control samples. TGA and DTG findings showed that with the increase of the temperature applied in the heat treatment, significant holocellulose loss occurred in the samples. When the physical and mechanical properties of the heat-treated and densified samples were evaluated, it was revealed that applying heat treatment before densification can be recommended if densified black poplar samples are used in environments where they can come into contact with water. For increase the possibility of using black poplar wood in load-bearing applications, outdoors (siding, park and garden furniture, etc.) or indoors (panel, parquet, sauna, furniture elements, etc.), also in partially fire-resistant structures, it can be recommended to use heat treatment and densification together.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Depth-Based Alteration of Cmic and Nmic in Topsoils under the Spruce
Stands
- Authors: Kamil ÇAKIROĞLU; Ömer KARA, İlyas BOLAT
  Abstract: In this study, the variation of characteristics such as organic C, total N, decomposition rate (Corg/Ntotal), microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) of soils under pure oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.) forest with soil depth were investigated. The research area is located in the Fol Stream Micro Basin within the borders of Vakfikebir and Tonya Districts of Trabzon province. In the study area, randomly 10 sample points were determined to represent the area, and soil sampling was conducted from two different depth levels (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depth) from these points. For some physical, chemical an microbial analyzes of the soils from the area, a total of 20 soil samples were taken, being 10 from each depth level. As a result of the study, according to the soil depth, % sand, and % silt contents showed statistical differences from each other (P < 0.05). Similarly, organic C, total N, and (Corg/Ntotal) values were found to be statistically different from each other (P < 0.05) according to both depth levels. It was determined that the Cmic contents of the soils varied between 437.40–1315.20 μg g-1 at the 0–15 cm depth level and 194.20–578.20 μg g-1 at the 15-30 cm depth level. The Nmic contents of the soils are on average 88.08 ± 8.08 μg g-1 at the 0–15 cm depth level and 41.17 ± 4.32 μg g-1 at the 15–30 cm depth level. It was revealed that the soils’ Cmic and Nmic contents showed statistical differences (P < 0.05) according to the soil depth. In addition, it was determined that there was a positive and significant correlation between organic C and total N content of soils and Cmic and Nmic. The results obtained in the study show that soil properties that change with soil depth affect Cmic ve Nmic contents.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Industrial Wood Production Analysis of Provinces in Turkey with
TOPSIS-VIKOR Methods
- Authors: Murat YEŞİLKAYA; Yıldız ÇABUK, Selman KARAYILMAZLAR
  Abstract: In this study, a potential analysis of provinces based on industrial wood production in Turkey was carried out. For this purpose, TOPSIS and VIKOR methods, which are multi-criteria decision-making techniques, were used. As it is known, the woods obtained from the forest have different grades and their economic values are different from each other. In the hierarchical structure of the problem, different types of wood grades were determined as criteria, and provinces in Turkey were determined as alternatives. The data in the study were obtained from the General Directorate of Forestry. The results obtained from both methods were compared and visualized on the map. In the results, provinces such as Kütahya, Kastamonu, Bolu and Antalya, which have high forest assets, ranked first in terms of industrial wood production performance. It has been observed that the industrial wood production performance of the provinces producing wood from utility telephone pole and log grade is at the top. In addition, according to the results of the two methods, especially the ranking of the first 30 provinces is found quite different, and it is seen that the results of the last 51 provinces are very close to each other. The provinces in the last place are those located in Eastern Anatolia and South-eastern Anatolia, where forest assets are extremely low.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
The Investigation of The Effects of Environmental Factors on Furniture
Industry by The Ergonomic Aspect and A Case Study
- Authors: Selman KARAYILMAZLAR; Zümral ATILGAN BAŞIBÜYÜK, Yıldız ÇABUK
  Abstract: This study was prepared in order to clarify the particularly importance of environmental factors in productivity and production quality, promoting competition, and also to preserve the health of the workers in various working areas, and taking measures about these matters. For this purpose the measurements of noise, lighting, dust, relative humidity and air velocity were made. The recommendations were made according to actual results compared with the standards. Measurements of noise and lighting were made in front of all the machinery and designated points in the factory layout plan. A noise map was drawn according to the results and recommendations were made for the points exceeding the standard noise values. For insufficiently illuminated areas, special lighting equipment was recommended. The dust measurements were made in front of dust producing machinery and the values were compared with Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAK) values. The air velocity was measured at the centre of the factory and recommendations were made for special areas that needed ventilation. Moreover, the necessity of the education of employees about the chemicals used and personal safety equipment was stated.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
SWOT Analysis for Tree and Forest Products Businesses Operating in
Bartın
- Authors: İsmail ÖZLÜSOYLU; Rıfat KURT, Abdullah İSTEK
  Abstract: The forest products industry is an important employment and economic development sector, and small and medium-sized enterprises mainly carry out production activities. With the increasing consumption due to industrialization in recent years, it has become necessary to use raw materials and natural resources more carefully. This situation has revealed the need to make analyzes for businesses operating in the forest products sector.In this study, SWOT analysis was carried out in order to determine the internal and external environmental effects affecting the forest industry enterprises operating in Bartın and SWOT factors were created for the enterprises on a sectoral basis. In this context, a total of 56 companies registered with the Bartın Chamber of Commerce and Industry were identified, and a face-to-face survey was applied to 30 of these companies. As a result of the survey, 8 factors related to strengths, 11 factors related to weaknesses, 12 factors related to opportunities and 14 factors related to threats were determined. When the results were examined in general, it was determined that the strongest aspect of the enterprises in Bartın was to produce quality workmanship and personalized designs, and the weakest aspect was that the enterprises could not benefit from R&D activities sufficiently. While businesses see the projects realized/to be realized in Bartın and the surrounding provinces as the biggest opportunity, the lack of transportation and infrastructure in Bartın has been the biggest factor threatening the businesses.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
The place in Media of the Relationship Between Climate Change and Forests
- Authors: Erdoğan ATMIŞ; Doğanay TOLUNAY, Damla YILDIZ
  Abstract: There is a need for studies that will enable society to better understand the role of forests in climate change. For this, the media is an essential tool. This article was made to reveal the relationship between climate change, forests, and deforestation through the media and question this news's adequacy. For this purpose, The distribution of the information on global climate change on the websites of six selected newspapers in Turkey over the ten years between January 2009 and December 2018 and the relations between deforestation and climate change in this news was examined. According to the findings, climate change news has increased in recent years. However, within this news, the rate of information about “Forest, trees, plants, biodiversity, deforestation, green space, etc.” is only 12.4%. It is concluded that the news related to forests or deforestation has not received enough coverage in the media and that not only the press but also associations, foundations, platforms, experts, and academics could not adequately establish the relationship between forests and climate change or shared them with the media and the public.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Determining of Payments for Ecosystem Services for Rural Activities:
Example of Reducing the Forest Fire Risk through Raising of Small Ruminant
in Forest Lands
- Authors: Ahmet TOLUNAY; Mehmet ÖZMİŞ
  Abstract: Forest fires negatively affect forest ecosystems, cause a decrease in the goods and services attained by humans from forest ecosystems, and pose a danger to human life.Many countries have focused on less costly fire prevention activities before forest fires start, instead of extinguishing activities that reach high costs after forest fires. In this context, practices are carried out to remove combustible material by grazing animals in forest areas. In this study, the effect of small ruminant grazing in forest areas in the Western Mediterranean Region on the prevention of forest fires was investigated. In order to estimate the economic value of small ruminat grazing for preventing forest fires, the Contingent Valuation Method was used in the study. The data were collected by a survey study. Analyses of the data were carried out using the Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Correlation Analysis, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis methods through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0. In the Western Mediterranean Region of Türkiye, the average payment tendency has been estimated as 4.34 ₺ for the activity of removing the amount of combustible material in 1 hectare of forest land by a small ruminat by goat grazing in legal grazing areas. The amount of ecosystem services to be paid to the small ruminat owners in exchange for the amount of combustible biomas removed in a 1 hectare area by General Directorate of Forest has been estimated as 17.36 ₺. Total Economic Value as 10,996,722.38 ₺/year.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Comparative Twig Anatomy of Some Woody Species Belonging to Betulaceae
Family
- Authors: Esra PULAT; Barbaros YAMAN
  Abstract: Carpinus L. (Hornbeam) and Ostrya Scop. (Hop-hornbeam) are two genera belonging to the Betulaceae family. In this study, the anatomical features in the twig wood of Carpinus orientalis Mill., Carpinus betulus L. and Ostry carpinifolia Scope., native to Turkey, were comparatively examined. The anatomical features studied are as follows: tangential and radial vessel diameters, vessel frequencies, ray frequencies, ray heights and ray widths. No statistically significant differences were found for radial and tangential vessel diameters, vessel frequencies, ray heights and ray widths between C. orientalis and C. betulus twig woods. However, in the twig wood, ray frequency of C. orientalis is 18% higher than that of C. betulus. In the twig wood, the tangential vessel diameter of O. carpinifolia is 37.3% and 43.5% wider respectively compared to C. orientalis and C. betulus. Similarly, the radial vessel diameter of O. carpinifolia is 45,1% and 56,8% wider respectively compared to C. orientalis and C. betulus. The vessel frequency of O. carpinifolia is 27,6% and 16,9% less than that of C. orientalis and C. betulus, respectively. The ray height (µm) of O. carpinifolia is 71.5% and 69% less compared to C. orientalis and C. betulus, respectively. Among the three species, there is no statistically significant difference in terms of the ray widht (as µm and the number of cell) and the ray height (as the number of cells) in the twig wood.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Physical Properties of Poplar Wood Heat Treated in Nitrogen Gas Atmosphere
- Authors: Hasan ORHAN; Bekir Cihad BAL
  Abstract: Different wood modification methods have been developed to improve some properties of wood. The heat treatment method, which is applied by treating the wood with a temperature of 180-220oC, is one of these methods. Today, many heat treatment methods have been developed, consisting of different treatment steps and using different heat transfer media. Many factors are effective on the changes in the technological properties of wood by heat treatment. The heat transfer media is one of these factors. In this study, nitrogen gas was used as heat transfer media and poplar wood was used as material. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of heat treatment in nitrogen gas atmosphere and normal atmosphere on the physical properties of wood. In this study, 1 control group and 3 experimental groups were formed. Different procedures were applied to these 4 test groups. No heat treatment was applied to the control group. Heat treatment was done in a vacuum oven. The processing temperature was set at 210oC and the processing time was 3 hours. The effect of temperature was tried to be determined with the 2nd group, the effect of nitrogen gas with the 3rd group, and the effect of the pretreatment with nitrogen gas with the 4th group. After heat treatment, physical properties such as density, equilibrium moisture content, tangential, radial, longitudinal and volumetric swelling percentages and swelling anisotropy of poplar wood were determined. According to the findings obtained; it has been determined that the heat treatment carried out both in the normal atmosphere and in the nitrogen gas atmosphere has a statistically significant effect on the physical properties of the poplar wood.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Strength Test on Coat Hangers
- Authors: Yarkın Paşa KURT; Seda ERDİNLER, Sedanur ŞEKER
  Abstract: In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the coat hangers made of 2 different materials such as wood and plastic to evaluate the strength values, deformation amounts and deformation points of the coat hangers Wooden coat hangers are, highly recyclable and sustainable when compared to plastics. TS 9215 standard was used to measure strength properties. The experimental setup created according to the TS 9215 standard formed the model of the research and experiments. In the experiment, a total of 16 coat hangers, 8 of which were made of wood and 8 of which were made of plastic, were used. Each coat hanger was hung in the experimental setup for 8 hours with 5 kilogram masses hung from 3 points in accordance with the standard and were checked every 2 hours. The deformations formed as a result of the experiment were observed. Observed deformations was first photographed and then precisely measured with a millimetric ruler and noted. The metric data obtained were analyzed in M. Excel program and transformed in to tables and graphics. It has been observed deformation of the hook parts of the coat hangers made of both types was higher than the strength deformations body part of the coat hangers. The results obtained in this study showed that wooden coat hangers have higher strength and lower deformation index than plastic coat hangers. In addition, it has been determined that the wood material used in wooden coat hangers has a great effect on the strength properties. In this study, when comparing alder and eucalyptus species on wooden coat hangers, alder was found to be more durable
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Analysing Temporal Changes in Forest Ecosystem with Geographic Information
Systems and Forest Management Plans: Case Study in Bursa Forest Enterprise
- Authors: Turan SÖNMEZ; Burhan GENCAL, İnanç TAŞ, Ali İhsan KADIOĞULLARI
  Abstract: Forest ecosystems and the change in the ecosystem are increasing day by day with the task it undertakes to protect the ecological balance in the world. The polluting and destructive effects of the rapid population growth on the one hand and the rapid development in the industry on the other require us to be much more sensitive to forest ecosystems. Understanding the temporal change in forest resources and the factors affecting this change is very important for increasing the effectiveness of the plans to be prepared and for the sustainable planning of forest resources. Remote Sensing technologies and Geographic Information Systems techniques in revealing the existing forest structure and long-term planning of forest areas with multi-purpose planning techniques is increasing day by day. Within the scope of this study prepared for this purpose, temporal changes in forest resources in Bursa Forest Management Directorate were analysed with Geographical Information Systems. Management plan data between 1972, 2004-2006, and 2017 were used in the study area. As a result of the evaluations, it has been determined that the forest areas of Bursa Forest Enterprise have increased by 4.5% in 45 years. The productive forest areas have increased from 24127 hectares to 60849 hectares. As a result, it was observed that an increase of 252% was achieved. This significant increase reveals how effective the silvicultural interventions and technical applications are. As a result, despite the negative structure in Bursa, where there is intense urbanization, there has been a significant increase in both quality and area in forest areas due to the increase in the welfare level of the society, the abandonment of coppice management, forest managements in smaller areas and with more personnel.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Elastic Constants of Cedar (Cedrus libani A.) Wood
- Authors: Ergün GÜNTEKİN
  Abstract: In order to make the optimum design of wood material in computer aided design and production systems used today, all elastic constants must be known. Nine elastic constants are needed for the integration of wood which is an orthotropic material into these systems. In this study, elastic constants of Cedar (Cedrus libani A.) wood were investigated at constant temperature and relative humidity conditions. Elastic Constants were obtained from samples of 20 x 20 x 60 mm in compression tests. Three elastic moduli (EL, ER, ET) in principal directions, three shear modulus in the LR, LT and TR planes and six Poisson’s ratios (νLR, νLT, νRL, νRT, νTL, νTR) were evaluated. Compression strength of the specimens in L, R and T directions were also calculated. Strains occurred during loading were measured using bi-axial extensometer. Elastic constants were calculated from the load-deformation curves. EL, ER, ET values determined in cedar wood were 7800, 890 and 670 N/mm2, GLR, GLT, GRT values were 836, 780, 156 N/mm2, and Poisson ratios ranged between 0.052 and 0.522, respectively. The compressive strengths in the L, R and T directions were found as 44.1, 8.6 and 7.6 N/mm2, respectively. Properties found in the study can be used in numerical modelling of cedar wood.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030
Industrial Symbiosis Potential of the TR 81 Level 2 Region Forest Products
Industry and Infrastructure Capacity Availability of Indust-rial Actors
- Authors: Özlem YILDIZ; Bülent KAYGIN
  Abstract: Industrial symbiosis is an intermediary structure in which companies cooperate in industrial cooperation, where the waste of one is the raw material for the other. The worldwide economic crisis, inflation, climate change and scarce resources require industries to switch to cyclical business models immediately. In this way, many applications such as waste material exchange, by-product evaluation, regulation of environmental emissions, creation of new business and sectoral opportunities, infrastructure sharing, joint service provision and reduction of natural resource consumption are realized.The focus of this study is to raise awareness for improving the infrastructure capacity of possible applications by revealing the industrial symbiosis potentials of forest products businesses in the TR 81 Level 2 region within the scope of Bartın, Karabük and Zonguldak provinces. The research was conducted to identify the industrial symbiosis potential of industries and focuses on the gains of local/regional infrastructure capacity of potential application possibility of urban and/or industrial symbiosis. To reveal these gains and to measure industrial symbiosis potential, 272 surveys were applied to the relevant stakeholders. For this measurement, i. potential of symbiotic relationship and awareness level of industrial actors ii. current situation analysis, iii. Questions were asked about infrastructure capacity suitability studies. As a result of all these studies, it has been revealed that there is a great industrial symbiosis potential in the region.
  PubDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +030

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