Similar Journals
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Canadian Journal of Forest Research
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.969  Citation Impact (citeScore): 2 Number of Followers: 31  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 0045-5067 - ISSN (Online) 1208-6037 Published by NRC Research Press  [19 journals]
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- Discussion of “Landscape-level likelihood estimation of eastern spruce
dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) infestations in lowland black
spruce (Picea mariana) forests of Minnesota”-
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Authors: F.A. Baker
Pages: 1 - 4
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-4, January 2025.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-06-30T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0057
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Reply to Discussion of “Landscape-level likelihood estimation of eastern
spruce dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) infestations in lowland
black spruce (Picea mariana) forests of Minnesota”-
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Authors: Ella R. Gray, Matthew B. Russell, Marcella A. Windmuller-Campione
Pages: 1 - 3
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-3, January 2025.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-06-30T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0130
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Functional chemical, physical, and mechanical traits of Amazonian forest
species from different ecological groups using NIR spectroscopy-
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Authors: Cristiano S. Nascimento, Irineide de A. Cruz, José Carlos R. Soares, Cláudia Eugenio da Silva, Adriano José N. Lima, Joaquim dos Santos, Niro Higuchi
Pages: 1 - 10
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-10, January 2025.
The variation in xylem properties may reflect the ecological functional strategies of each species. In this study, we evaluated the anatomical characteristics and quantified the chemical, physical, and mechanical traits of the wood of Simarouba amara (marupá), Scleronema micranthum (cardeiro), and Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba), species belonging to different ecological groups, using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The samples were collected from a terra-firme forest in Amazonas/Brazil, and 10 cm thick discs were extracted from the tree trunks at breast height. The samples were prepared to obtain transverse, radial, and tangential NIR spectra. The wood of Simarouba amara (low density) presented an anatomical profile with vessels measuring 253 ± 23 µm in diameter, a frequency of 3.65 ± 1.22 vessels/mm2, a low extractive content (1.98 ± 0.55%), and a low modulus of elasticity. In contrast, M. huberi (high density) exhibited the opposite profile, characterized by a high vessel frequency (13.32 ± 0.34 vessels/mm2), relatively small vessel diameters (99 ± 2 µm), high extractive content, and high modulus of elasticity and modulus rupture. The wood of Scleronema micranthum was notable for its higher content of polyphenols (11.83 ± 2.51%), holocellulose (59.12 ± 2.69%), and a medium density (0.65 ± 0.04 g/cm3). The results of the wood characteristics assessed in this study reinforce the reliability of NIR spectroscopy as a robust tool for estimating the traits of different ecological groups of tropical species.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-28T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0260
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Comparing operational and economic viability of integrated full tree
roundwood and residue harvesting with tree length roundwood harvesting in
a shelterwood system-
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Authors: Patrick A. Levasseur, Nathan Basiliko, John P. Caspersen, Jeff Fera, Trevor A. Jones
Pages: 1 - 12
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-12, January 2025.
Integrating roundwood harvesting with collecting traditionally unmerchantable harvest residue largely depends on the operational and economic viability for harvest contractors. This study compared machine time of motion, harvest volumes, productivity, and profits of two harvesting methods in a shelterwood system in the Canadian Great Lakes-St. Lawrence (GLSL) forest region. Conventional “tree length” (TL) harvesting only harvested merchantable roundwood and “full tree” (FT) harvesting residues and roundwood. FT harvesting required significantly more feller buncher time of motion compared to TL harvesting, but there were no significant differences in time of motion for other machines. FT harvesting yielded greater volumes of residue (34.1 ± 6.9 m3 ha−1), small poles, and medium poles compared to TL. Average profits were 36% higher using FT harvesting ($611 ± 560 CAD ha−1), compared to TL ($450 ± 506 CAD ha−1), but these differences were not statistically significant. The increased profits at FT blocks were largely from residual management services (such as chipping) versus the sale of residues for bioenergy feedstocks. The results from this study suggest that FT harvesting recovers greater merchantable volumes and can be equally or more profitable at the contractor level than TL harvesting in GLSL shelterwood systems.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-28T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0063
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Do physical leaf traits predict insect herbivory' Testing bottom-up
pressures in two closely related maple trees in a temperate forest in
Quebec-
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Authors: Mahsa Hakimara, Emma Despland
Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-13, January 2025.
Closely related plant species often share similar leaf traits, experience the same level of insect herbivore damage, and support identical herbivore communities. The sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and black maple (Acer nigrum) provide an ideal system to test hypotheses about drivers of insect herbivory in long-lived forest trees since they are closely related yet differ in leaf physical traits. We tested whether variations in foliar traits such as thickness, toughness, specific leaf area (SLA), and trichome density influence insect herbivore damage, community composition, and feeding behavior on these two closely related trees. Field surveys in two nature reserves over 3 years assessed 10 insect herbivore damage types and measured leaf traits. Results showed consistent differences in leaf traits, with black maples having thicker and tougher leaves with lower SLA and higher trichome density. However, these traits did not significantly correlate with total herbivore damage. The maple species had no significant differences in total herbivore damage or abundance. Laboratory bioassays with two common moth caterpillars revealed no significant differences in preference or survival rate on foliage from either tree species. These findings suggest that while foliar traits differ, they do not offer better defense against insect herbivory in black maples.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-21T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0330
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Indigenous vision of a sustainable-use protected area: Ya'nienhonhndeh
Protected Area case study-
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Authors: Audrey Vézina-Lavergne, Louis Bélanger, Charles-Antoine Lesage, Louis Lesage, Béatrice Carrier, Jérôme Cimon-Morin
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
In the Indigenous vision of a protected area in Canada, nature and culture are intrinsically linked. Conservation includes the preservation of traditional practices and land use, which requires versatility and flexibility. In 2010, the Wendat Nation initiated the Ya'nienhonhndeh protected area with Sustainable Use (PASU) project. This project combines the strict protection of an intact forest with exemplary resource use in areas altered by logging. This case study documents the vision of the Wendat Nation guiding this project. The protection of Wendat cultural and historical heritage lies at the heart of their vision. By preserving the intact forest, the Nation aims to pass down an unspoiled territory—a testament to the past and a forest as their ancestors once knew it. To ensure a win-win project for the region, the Nation adopts a pragmatic conservation approach, thereby preserving a heritage-rich territory while fostering partnerships with local stakeholders and ensuring the sustainable use of resources inside the protected area. Implementing the PASU will allow the exploration of exemplary forestry practices that align with preserving the Wendat's cultural and natural heritage. This study could inspire other Indigenous communities in their efforts to conserve their ancestral lands.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-20T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0327
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- The role of eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe in stand dynamics of lowland
black spruce forests in Minnesota, USA-
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Authors: Ella R. Gray, Matthew B. Russell, Marcella A. Windmuller-Campione
Pages: 1 - 10
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-10, January 2025.
In many forests, low to moderate severity disturbances exert significant influence on the development of forest structure and species composition over time and are important components of stand dynamics. Here, we investigated the effects of eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum, hereafter ESDM) on stand structure and composition of peatland black spruce (Picea mariana) forests in northern Minnesota, USA, to better understand the role of this native, biotic disturbance agent on stand dynamics in the region. Conditions in three uninfested black spruce stands and three ESDM-caused mortality centers were sampled and differences in forest structure, composition, and spatial arrangement were quantified. We found an increase in species richness and structural diversity as well as a shift in diameter distribution in post-mortality forests—showing ESDM to be a driver of stand dynamics and a source of structural complexity in peatland forests. Our results illuminate patterns of species composition found in peatland forests and can help develop novel, ecologically-based silvicultural approaches for black spruce. Additionally, with many disturbances influencing ecosystems, our results highlight the importance of including non-stand-replacing disturbances in our understanding of stand development.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-15T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0244
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Vertical stratification of biodiversity and productivity relationships and
their genesis in South Subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest-
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Authors: Yuhang Yin, Shiguang Wei, Lin Li, Yan Hu, Bingjuan Duan, Xue Wang, Xianjuan Li, Jinggang Zhou, Juyu Lian
Pages: 1 - 11
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-11, January 2025.
Exploring how biodiversity and productivity are related in different vertical layers of forests, and understanding the role of various biotic and abiotic factors, can shed light on the heterogeneous distribution of forest productivity and guide sustainable forest management. Based on the South Subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest, we divided woody plants into understory and overstory based on individual diameter at breast height and found that (1) the relationship between biodiversity and forest productivity varied among the understory, overstory, and whole community. The absolute value of the correlation coefficient between biodiversity and forest productivity tended to decrease from the understory to the overstory. (2) Soil organic carbon (SOC), species mingling index, and altitude were the dominant factors affecting understory productivity. Soil pH, uniform angle index (reflecting the spatial distribution of trees), and SOC were the dominant factors affecting overstory productivity. Soil pH, altitude, and SOC were the dominant factors affecting the whole productivity. (3) In the understory, only the soil factors and species diversity can directly and significantly affect understory productivity. In the overstory, soil factors, species diversity, and structural diversity can contribute significantly to overstory productivity directly. In the whole community, only the soil factors and topographic factors can directly and significantly affect whole productivity. Phylogenetic diversity is the primary factor affecting understory productivity, and soil attributes is the primary factor affecting overstory and whole productivity.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-14T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0026
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Forest type drives the response of boreal forested peatlands to wildfire:
a simulation study-
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Authors: Ange-Marie Botroh, David Paré, Xavier Cavard, Nicole J. Fenton, Kelly Ann Bona, Yves Bergeron
Pages: 1 - 33
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-33, January 2025.
Boreal black spruce forests contribute to climate change mitigation by accumulating large amounts of carbon (C) in moss-derived peat. When left undisturbed, a thick peat layer can inhibit tree growth, and this trade-off between peat and tree biomass can have implications on the forest C dynamics. Similarly, wildfire severity and frequency can modify C accumulation patterns, but this impact remains poorly documented. We used the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector version 3 (CBM-CFS3) to explore over a 400-year simulation period, the effects of high-severity fire (HSF) and low-severity fire (LSF) on C dynamics of two forest types (black spruce–Sphagnum (BSSP) and black spruce–feathermoss (BSFM)). We found that total C stocks increased to higher levels after LSF than after HSF in BSSP due to peat accumulation. Conversely, in BSFM, HSF resulted in greater C storage than LSF due to tree biomass. The tree component is key to the rapid recovery of C pools in both BSSP and BSFM forests specifically after HSF, while mosses maintain C sinks over the long term. This study suggests that a good characterization of forest type is key to better predictions of the effects of a change in fire regime on ecosystem C dynamics.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-12T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0301
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Documenting forest juvenilization in high-elevation old-growth forests in
southern inland British Columbia, with implications for the winter ecology
of Canada’s endangered Deep-Snow Caribou-
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Authors: Liam Easton, Trevor Goward
Pages: 1 - 14
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-14, January 2025.
Climate change is altering high-elevation conifer forests in western North America, with potential impacts on species dependent on these ecosystems. We investigated recent, locally widespread tree mortality patterns in old-growth Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir forests in southern British Columbia, with special reference to the winter foraging needs of Canada’s endangered Deep-Snow Caribou (DSC), tied almost exclusively to heavy loading of arboreal hair lichens. We quantified the percentage of standing dead canopy trees across elevational gradients and examined relationships with stand characteristics in 120 plots along five vertical transects between 1650 and 2050 m. We found that an average of 31.1% of canopy trees were standing dead, with significantly higher rates (41.8%) below 1800 m than above 1900 m (11.5%). Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) had a higher percentage of standing dead trees (34.7%) than Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii, 15.5%). Upper elevation forests were significantly younger, consistent with post-Little Ice Age establishment. These findings suggest a forest transition process (forest juvenilization) that may initially increase DSC winter forage availability due to higher lichen loadings on standing dead trees. Looking forward, we project a long-term reduction in winter forage as old-growth structure is lost. Our study establishes baseline data for long-term monitoring and highlights the need for further research on the cascading effects of climate-induced forest changes on old-growth-dependent species like DSC.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-09T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0333
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Sugar maple seedling regeneration of a natural cohort across a latitudinal
gradient in New Hampshire-
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Authors: Natalie L. Cleavitt, Carrie Deegan, Sarah Thorne, Ana Suppé, Kimberly L. Colson, Wanda Rice
Pages: 1 - 12
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-12, January 2025.
Sugar maple, an economically and ecologically important tree in the northern hardwood forest, has experienced regeneration failure that in the Northeast portion of the range has been variously attributed to soil acidification and resultant changes in soil chemistry, impacts of climate change, and effects of species composition. In a 5-year study spanning a latitudinal gradient in the state of New Hampshire, we examined evidence for these three hypotheses to explain sugar maple regeneration patterns. Overall, sugar maple seedling survival was highest in the two sites with lower sugar maple abundance. Alternatively, the two other sites with greater than 50% sugar maple relative dominance shared the following outcomes: higher seed production per area, greater foliar pest damage, lower seedling survival, lower sapling density, and higher canopy maple mortality, while the sites with lower dominance of maple had opposite outcomes. Based on field data and a common garden experiment, conspecific impacts on seedling survival were related to foliar pests and fungal pathogens rather than through soil feedbacks. These results lend support to other studies encouraging promotion of stand tree diversity and avoidance of monocultures.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-09T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0314
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Correction: A data compilation and synthesis of the impacts of seismic
surveys on surface soil properties in boreal Alberta, Canada-
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Authors: Marissa A. Davies, Scott J. Davidson, Patrick J. Deane, Angelo Filicetti, Scott Ketcheson, Percy Korsah, Kimberly Kleinke, Scott E. Nielsen, Megan A. Schmidt, Nazia Tabassum, James M. Waddington, Lelia Weiland, Sophie Wilkinson, Maria Strack
Pages: 1 - 2
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-2, January 2025.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-08T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0108
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Acoustic velocity at the tree, log, and lumber levels and their
relationship with lumber bending properties-
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Authors: Isabelle Duchesne, Queju Tong, Carole Coursolle
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
This study investigated the relationships between acoustic velocity (AV) measured on standing trees, stems, logs, and lumber pieces, and static lumber bending stiffness (modulus of elasticity (MOE)) and strength (modulus of rupture (MOR)). The relationships were examined at four measurement scales: i.e., tree, stem, log, and lumber level. The impacts of tree and log characteristics and wood properties on model performance were also examined. The strongest relationship among AVs was found between log AV and stem AV at the tree (R2 = 0.877) and log levels (R2 = 0.454), and between lumber AV and log AV at the lumber level (R2 = 0.125). No or weak relationships were found between lumber AV and tree/stem AVs and between bending properties and tree AV at all levels. Lumber MOE and MOR had the strongest relationships with lumber AV at the tree and log levels (R2 = 0.478–0.641). Stem AV and log AV had a similar impact on MOE and MOR within each level (R2 = 0.05–0.48). Diameter at breast height, crown width, and wood density were the most common covariates that contributed most to the variances explained for AV, MOE, and MOR at the tree and lumber levels, except for the impact of crown width on MOR. At the log level, log position in the stem and green density were the most important contributing factors.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-07T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0065
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Mapping old-growth forests using airborne lidar data and satellite images:
how do plot size and rarity affect accuracy'-
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Authors: Janne Räty, Mari Myllymäki, Mikko Peltoniemi, Aleksi Lehtonen, Petteri Packalen
Pages: 1 - 14
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-14, January 2025.
Old-growth forests have become rare and fragmented in the boreal biome. Their precise locations are not currently known with sufficient accuracy to support forest conservation and forest management. We studied the mapping of old-growth forests using airborne lidar data and satellite images in the Finnish coniferous forests. We investigated how plot size and the rarity of old-growth forests affect the accuracy of old-growth forest detection. We employed a Gaussian process classifier to distinguish old-growth forests from managed forests. Our field data consisted of 176 old-growth and 1082 managed forest plots. The results showed that an increase in plot size from 20 m × 20 m to 60 m × 60 m improved the performance of the classifier, because the larger plots more likely contain spatial patterns of trees and crown features indicative of forest naturalness. The largest F1-score (0.74) was achieved by data augmentation that generates additional training plots located inside forest boundaries. We also showed that the detection accuracy of old-growth forests decreases as they become rarer in the population. This rarity effect is crucial to understand, because the occurrence of old-growth forests can vary regionally due to different land use pressures. The mapping procedure proposed here can assist in the planning of field-based inventories of old-growth forests.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-06T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0283
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Age structure of saplings in canopy openings of mature longleaf pine
woodlands-
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Authors: Ian M. Goldberg, Benjamin O. Knapp, Joshua J. Puhlick, Michael C. Stambaugh
Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-13, January 2025.
Research on sapling recruitment and age structure in mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodlands is needed to inform silvicultural treatments that maintain or enhance stand structural diversity. To address this issue, we quantified sapling age structure within and across dense patches of longleaf pines that established from natural regeneration in canopy gaps of mature uneven-aged stands. We determined the age when trees emerged from the grass stage (i.e., effective age) of 475 saplings and then developed a diameter-age model to predict the ages of another 1606 saplings. We found that the interquartile range of sapling effective ages within patches was relatively narrow, averaging 4.8 years. This provides support for the commonly held view that longleaf pine sapling patches are even-aged. We also found that there were significant differences in mean sapling effective age among patches. The means for sapling patches ranged from 20.8 to 25.9 years. Cone crop and prescribed fire records provided further support to there being multiple years in which different locations across our study area were regenerated to longleaf pine. Stands with sapling patches that have a range of mean ages could enhance stand structural diversity, which could have the co-benefit of meeting wildlife habitat objectives.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-06T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0076
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Freeze–thaw events differently affect survival of seeds of two native
and two invasive woody species-
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Authors: John L. Orrock, Eliza Lindley, Chad R. Zirbel
Pages: 1 - 6
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-6, January 2025.
Current and projected changes in climatic conditions (e.g., increased freeze–thaw events) may have detrimental effects on the survival of seeds that are essential for plant regeneration in forest ecosystems. We conducted a factorial experiment manipulating thermal regime (daily freeze–thaw event vs. a constant-freeze treatment) and fungicide application to examine how freeze–thaw events affect seed survival of two native tree species (Pinus strobus and Acer saccharum) and two invasive shrub species (Lonicera maackii and Rhamnus cathartica). Pinus strobus seeds exhibited increased survival after freeze–thaw treatment, while A. saccharum survival was uniformly low and unaffected by freeze–thaw treatment. Freeze–thaw treatment significantly reduced survival of seeds of R. cathartica and L. maackii. Fungicide led to significantly higher survival only for L. maackii, and only when exposed to the freeze–thaw treatment. Our study highlights how recruitment of some invasive woody shrub species, but not two native tree species, may be significantly reduced by increased climatic variability.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0276
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Evaluation of Cryptomeria japonica forest management based on wood
production and carbon emission reduction in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan-
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Authors: Hayato Kamei, Tohru Nakajima, Kun Pu, Satoshi Tatsuhara
Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-13, January 2025.
With respect to carbon emissions in the context of climate change, a trade-off occurs between the carbon fixation and timber production functions of forests. Through this study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between the two functions by comparing harvesting plans for maximising timber production and carbon emission reduction effects at a privately owned sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) forest in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. When formulating the harvesting plans, we included unreforested clearcuts as an option and assumed the natural regeneration of broadleaf forests in unreforested clearcuts. Reduction of carbon emission effects was evaluated based on carbon stocks in forest biomass, harvested wood products, and substitution effects, which we evaluated using static and dynamic substitution effect approaches. The results showed that even when the dynamic substitution effect was used, no trade-off occurred between timber production and carbon emission reduction until 2050; however, a trade-off was impending in the long run. This result supports Japan’s timber utilisation promotion policy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-05-01T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0280
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Economics of strip harvesting in drained boreal peatland forests
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Authors: Jenni Miettinen, Markku Ollikainen, Artti Juutinen, Jouni Siipilehto, Leena Stenberg, Sakari Sarkkola, Anssi Ahtikoski, Hannu Hökkä, Mika Nieminen
Pages: 1 - 18
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-18, January 2025.
This study examines the economics of strip harvesting on drained boreal peatlands as an alternative method to traditional even-aged forest management that causes high negative externalities due to nutrient loads to receiving water courses. Strip harvesting avoids large clear-cuts, eliminates the need for ditch network maintenance and facilitates maintaining the water table at an environmentally beneficial level, thus reducing negative eutrophication externalities. In the rotation framework, a forest manager maximizes the present value of net harvest revenue subject to a constraint on the water table level. Starting with an initial even-aged stand, the harvesting regime consists of a transition period and steady-state period. In the transition period, the initial stand area is allocated between parallel strips to be harvested in a row with simultaneous determination of rotation ages in the strips. In the steady state, only the rotation ages are chosen. In the considered drained Scots pine-dominated peatland site located in southern Finland, even-aged management provides higher private net revenue than strip harvesting. From society’s viewpoint, strip harvesting significantly reduces nutrient load damage compared to even-aged management. The water table level constraint plays an important role in the design of harvesting and the resulting social net benefits. JEL classification: Q23, Q24, Q25.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-04-24T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0096
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Commercial thinning and nitrogen fertilization increases merchantability
in 68-year-old lodgepole pine: 20-year results-
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Authors: Apsana Kafle, Bradley D. Pinno, Robert E. Froese
Pages: 1 - 9
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-9, January 2025.
A commercial thinning and fertilization experiment using 2 × 6 factorial design was initiated in a 68-year-old lodgepole pine stand in Alberta. Commercial thinning to remove 50% basal area from below was combined with nitrogen fertilization at five levels (no fertilizer, 200 kg/ha N Urea + boron, 200 kg/ha N + blend, 400 kg/ha N + boron, 400 kg/ha N + blend, and 400 kg/ha N ammonium nitrate + boron). This study reports results from re-measurement 20 years later. At the stand level, commercial thinning had no impact on the final stand volume but did increase the cumulative merchantable volume (volume removed at time of thinning + final standing volume). Individual diameter at breast height (DBH) growth was increased by thinning and fertilization treatments individually and additively meaning that individual tree growth was greatest for trees that were both thinned and had high fertilization (400 levels). Individual tree diameter at thinning was the best single predictor of 20-year growth response with medium-sized trees responding to thinning alone and thinning and 400-level fertilization. Mortality was increased by fertilization on unthinned plots while thinning increased the proportion of large sawlogs (>20 cm DBH) by 20%. Overall, commercial thinning and fertilization can be used to increase merchantability in natural lodgepole pine stands, even during later rotation.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-04-17T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0091
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Application of electrical resistance tomograph (ERT): innovative
non-destructive method in analysing interiors of standing trees in tropics
-
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Authors: Baragur Neelappa Divakara, Madan Prasad Singh
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
The electrical resistance tomograph (ERT) is a customized tree specific novel technology that was developed to monitor and estimate the tree growth and development by looking into the inner structure of the standing tree to analyse the growth/heartwood and health/decay status. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a valuable tool in tropical forestry for assessing the heartwood-sapwood boundary and detecting wood decay. By measuring electrical resistivity at multiple points around a tree trunk, ERT creates detailed profiles of the tree's internal structure, identifying variations in moisture content, density, and decay. This non-invasive method provides accurate, real-time data that aid in sustainable forest management, conservation, and logging decisions. It allows for precise identification of heartwood, sapwood, and decayed areas without harming the tree, making it a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for monitoring tree health. This paper is addressing the possibility of exploring the application of ERT on economically important tropical trees viz. sandalwood (Santalum album L.), red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.), and agarwood (Aquilaria agalocha Roxb.) to know the presence/absence of heartwood/decay in standing trees and, also, to know presence/absence of decay and extent of decay in standing trees using ERT.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-04-10T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0311
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Climate change, caribou protection, and Canada's timber supply
-
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Authors: Denys Yemshanov, Mackenzie Simpson, Sylvie Gauthier, Ning Liu, John Pedlar, Pierre Bernier, Yan Boulanger, Guillaume Cyr, Anne-Helene Mathey
Pages: 1 - 24
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-24, January 2025.
Managed forests are a significant contributor to Canada's economic wealth. However, forestry activities increase landscape fragmentation and impact wildlife species, such as Canada's woodland caribou, that depend on large areas of undisturbed habitat. Proposed conservation policies for caribou in Canada aim to retain 65% or more of caribou ranges as undisturbed landscapes, which would help achieve a 60% likelihood of self-sufficiency of caribou populations. This level of habitat protection may require moving some forest areas out of industrial forestry use and into habitat protection. We have assessed the extent to which this level of range protection would affect timber supply to forest mills in Canada at present-day harvest levels. For the six largest Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec), we solved an optimization problem that allocated harvest sites across the industrial forestry zone to forest mills at present-day harvest levels with and without caribou conservation and under present and future climate conditions. Retaining 65% of each caribou range area under protection generated moderate timber supply reductions in Quebec and Alberta, with smaller reductions in British Columbia. Sensitivity analyses revealed modest timber supply shortages in Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba at range retention levels as high as 75%–80%. The estimated timber supply shortages from implementing caribou conservation measures were similar to, or smaller than, those resulting from climate change.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-04-10T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0181
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Designing circular fixed-area plots in large-scale forest inventories:
effect of horizontal distance measurement uncertainty and tree position
pattern-
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Authors: Joel Rodríguez-Ruiz, Adela Martínez-Calvo, César Pérez-Cruzado
Pages: 1 - 14
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-14, January 2025.
Plot design is one of the key elements that must be defined in forest inventories. This is particularly challenging in large-scale inventories, as both forest variability and measurement uncertainty generally increase with scale. Nonetheless, plot design is usually based exclusively on targeting (i) an average minimum number of trees to reduce the random measurement errors, and (ii) an average maximum number of trees to optimize the efficiency of fieldwork, while ignoring the uncertainty in tree position measurement. The present study focused on the effect of horizontal distance measurement errors on stand level estimates in large-scale forest inventories including circular fixed-area plots. The error was characterized in forests with non-regular (natural stands) and regular (plantations) patterns of tree positions. The effect on stand volume, stand basal area, and stand density estimates was simulated using Monte Carlo techniques. Different horizontal distance measurement uncertainty was observed in natural stands and plantations. However, similar effects were observed in the three stand variables estimates for both tree spacing patterns, with stabilization of errors for radii between 12 and 20 m. Doubling or halving the error uncertainty yielded similar results. The proposed method can help with selecting plot size in forest inventories based on circular fixed-area plots.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-04-09T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0307
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Variations in ring width density and tracheid morphology of tamarack wood
(Larix laricina)-
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Authors: Mebarek Lamara, Melek Ben Halima, Besma Bouslimi, Martin Perron, Dorra Hammami Gassara, Ahmed Koubaa
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
The tree genetic improvement programs focus on tree growth with little attention to wood quality despite determining the potential of wood for various applications. This study investigated the intra-ring and intra-tree variations of wood growth, density, tracheid length, and width of Larix laricina trees and estimated their quantitative genetic parameters of a 30-year-old progeny test using destructive and nondestructive samplings. The average ring density was 491 kg/m3. The proportion of latewood remains uniform and constant within the tree at about 24%. The tracheids were fine and long, averaging 25 µm in diameter and 2.23 mm in length for earlywood and 25 µm in diameter and 2.55 mm in length for latewood. The cambial age has a significant effect on almost all wood properties. A positive and significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation between density components was found for juvenile and mature wood. Tracheid morphological properties were positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with wood density and growth components, except for earlywood density. Heritability estimates indicate that wood density components were under moderate to strong genetic control. These results showed that wood quality traits are important selection criteria for breeding programs to improve wood quality while maintaining a high growth rate.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-04-08T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0288
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Absence of significant effect of nitrogen addition on soil respiration in
a subtropical Chinese fir plantation-
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Authors: Xiang Zheng, Yingying He, Minmin Cao, Sibo Liu, Juan Hu, Ling Zhang, Jiang Jiang
Pages: 1 - 9
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-9, January 2025.
Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) is one of the most dominant tree species in southern China. However, the effect of different nitrogen (N) levels on soil respiration in subtropical Chinese fir plantations remains unclear. We studied soil respiration, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial biomass in Chinese fir plantations under four N treatments (control, low-N, moderate-N, and high-N). The results showed that soil respiration under low-N, moderate-N, and high-N treatments increased by 9%, 50%, and 79%, respectively, compared to the control, but the increases did not reach statistical differences. N addition significantly decreased soil microbial biomass and soil pH, and tended to increase soil aluminum ions (Al3+). These results indicated that soil microorganisms are inhibited by enhanced Al3+ content under increased N addition, which therefore reduced the soil microbial biomass. The negative correlation between soil microbial biomass and soil respiration suggests that reductions in soil microbial biomass may inhibit microbial respiration. N addition significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen, decreased soil moisture, combined with the lower soil microbial biomass in the middle of the growing season compared with in the end of the growing season. This indicated that N addition stimulated plant growth to absorb more nutrients, intensified plant-microbe competition, and may lead to an increase in plant autotrophic respiration, which was higher than the decrease in heterotrophic respiration. Our study highlights that isolating and quantifying the source of soil respiration will be necessary in future studies.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-04-02T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0011
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- The effects of site type and shoot age on gas exchange and photosynthetic
nitrogen use efficiency in pure and mixed Picea abies forests-
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Authors: Bikash Kharel, Arvo Tullus, Gristin Rohula-Okunev, Pille Mänd, Reimo Lutter, Mihhail Brodski, Taavi Reinthal, Priit Kupper
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is considered vulnerable to climate change in several parts of its range and growing in mixed stands is recommended as a mitigation solution. However, understanding spruce's physiological responses to site conditions depending on stand composition is still incomplete. We examined net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance, needle macronutrients content, and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) in different-aged shoots of spruce in response to site conditions and spruce proportions in the stands. The measurements were conducted in five typical spruce site types in Estonia (Carex-Filipendula, Filipendula, Oxalis drained swamp, Oxalis, and Hepatica) ranging from waterlogged to moderately dry soils. The Hepatica site type had the lowest stomatal conductance, Pn, and PNUE, while the distinction between moderately wet and temporarily waterlogged sites was unclear. Needle nitrogen concentration was higher in mixed stands in current-year shoots, whereas Pn was higher in mixed than in pure stands in 1-year-old shoots suggesting acclimation to higher light availability in early growing season. However, the PNUE of current-year shoots was greater in pure stands. Our findings highlight the importance of stand composition and site conditions in shaping Norway spruce's photosynthetic traits, adaptive responses to environmental variations, and the advantage of mixed stands for enhancing resilience to climate change.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-31T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0250
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Charcoal carbon pools and their persistence in boreal forest soils,
Northwest Territories, Canada-
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Authors: B. Robson, K.J. Brown, J.A. Trofymow, R. Roy
Pages: 1 - 12
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-12, January 2025.
Boreal forests store a large proportion of the world’s carbon (C) stocks in forest floor and mineral soils. Fire produces charcoal and other pyrogenic carbon (PyC) compounds that accumulate in soil, representing a poorly understood component of C stocks in boreal regions. Understanding the amount and decay rate of PyC is important for improving the accuracy of C budget models for boreal forests. In this study, charcoal, the predominant component of PyC was extracted and quantified using soil samples collected in the Northwest Territories (NWTs), Canada. The concentration of soil and charcoal C was determined using elemental analysis, while the age of charcoal was ascertained by radiocarbon dating. The proportion of charcoal C relative to total soil organic C was similar in forest floor and
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-27T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0178
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Long-term (17-year) dynamics of herbaceous plant communities after
shelterwood regeneration harvests in southern Appalachian cove- and upland
hardwood forests-
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Authors: C.H. Greenberg, M. Woodbridge, T.W. Roof, J.L. Adams
Pages: 1 - 17
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-17, January 2025.
The southern Appalachians are a “hotspot” of plant diversity. Herbaceous communities are especially rich in mesic cove hardwood forests, compared to drier upland hardwood forests. We evaluated changes in forest structure and herbaceous plant communities over 17 years in mature cove- (CHM) and upland hardwood (UHM) forests, and young 2-age cove- (CHSW) and upland hardwood (UHSW) stands created by shelterwood-with-reserves regeneration harvests (SW). Structure of mature forests was relatively static. In contrast, reduced canopy cover after harvests initiated rapid increases in small tree stem density and blackberry (Rubus) cover, followed by dense shade as young trees gained height. We identified 201 herbaceous species including 156 forbs. Species richness was about double in CHM and CHSW than in UHM and UHSW; composition changed little over time within treatments, even as forest structure changed in SW. Among the 79 herbaceous species analyzed, relative abundance of 26 showed a response; most were more abundant in CHM, CHSW, or both compared to UHM, UHSW, or both. Our results indicated that shelterwood harvests had a neutral or positive effect on herbaceous plant richness, diversity, and abundance of most species, and suggested that environmental gradients associated with forest type influenced herbaceous communities much more than SW alone.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-20T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0275
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Informing mixed conifer gap-based silviculture with growth dynamics of
regeneration and gap expansion trials-
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Authors: Robert A. York, Lauren E. Cox, John J. Battles
Pages: 1 - 14
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-14, January 2025.
Where frequent fires are the primary driver of gap dynamics, gap-based silviculture can be deployed to restore fire-maintained structures. We studied the growth of regeneration for six species in a western US mixed conifer forest, following 12 years of growth across a range of gap sizes (0.1–1 ha). We found that severe edge effects limited growth within 3 to 4 m of surrounding canopy trees. Using an edge zone where competition is expected to include more moderate levels of growth suppression, we compared 12-year growth in edge zones versus interior zones. Ponderosa pine was the tallest among edge trees, followed by giant sequoia, Douglas-fir, sugar pine, incense-cedar, and white fir. Following experimental gap expansions (i.e., femelschlag harvest), we observed that increases in light availability were substantial along southern edges, whereas northern edges had no increase. Saplings in edge zones grew substantially in response to expansion. Our results demonstrate that using gap-based silviculture can create coarse-scale heterogeneity while regenerating all species, including shade-intolerants in smaller gaps. Gap expansions can be used to restore some of the structural complexities that fire historically maintained. Colonnades of tree-free space may enhance objectives of heterogeneity and fuel discontinuity that frequent fires used to maintain.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-17T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0155
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Forest fuel structure and loading along a gradient of gray-phase mountain
pine beetle severity in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada-
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Authors: Tristan Skretting, Laura Chasmer, Christopher J. Watson, Patrick M.A. James, Ivan Townshend, Daniel D.B. Perrakis
Pages: 1 - 14
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-14, January 2025.
Wildland fire fuels within the gray-phase of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreak (4–10 years post mortality) are treated as homogenous despite potential variability. To assess if proportion of mortality due to mountain pine beetle in gray-phase stands significantly affects fuel structure, composition, and loading, detailed fuel measurements were collected across a range of severity in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada, by coincidence 1–3 years before a major wildfire. These were categorized based on outbreak severity thresholds of Light (65%) beetle-induced pine mortality defined as the proportion of killed trees within a stand. The canopy fuels of both mature and small tree cohorts were significantly reduced with increasing outbreak severity. Severely affected stands showed a 49% reduction in mature tree canopy bulk density from original loading but increased herbaceous vegetation. Moderately affected stands had higher coarse woody debris loading (mean = 3.21 kg m– 2; SE = 0.49 kg m–2). These severity ratings can be used to quantify canopy fuel loss and signal potential shifts to other surface fuel types, barring fire. This is one of the first studies to showcase variability within gray-phase outbreak fuels, despite their prevalence in western Canada, and discuss the potential influences on fire behaviour.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-17T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0319
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Excluding deer browse increases stump sprouting success and height growth
following regeneration harvests-
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Authors: Jeffrey S. Ward, Elisabeth B. Ward, Joseph P. Barsky
Pages: 1 - 12
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-12, January 2025.
Slash walls are a novel strategy that could help maintain species on sites where ungulate browse limits tree regeneration. We established five slash walls in southern New England, USA to examine the influence of pre-harvest tree metrics and deer exclusion on stump sprout height and survival at 160 sample points (n = 1509 trees). For all species groups, dominant sprouts were taller inside the walls at the end of the first and second growing seasons. After 2 years, mean sprout heights were ∼2.5 times higher for Quercus rubra (1.8 vs. 0.7 m) and >6 times higher for Acer saccharum (2.0 vs. 0.3 m) inside the walls. For some species, the proportion of stumps with a live sprout after 1 year was higher inside the slash walls (56% vs. 28% for Q. rubra and 77% vs. 55% for Carya ovata). By contrast, sprouting success was uniformly high for Acer rubrum (78%) and Liriodendron tulipifera (87%). Differences in sprout survival inside versus outside the walls increased during the second year for Q. rubra, C. ovata, and A. saccharum. Where maintaining Q. rubra is a management objective, excluding deer will increase both the growth of stump sprouts and the proportion of stumps with a live sprout.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-07T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0318
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Importance of scale, season, and forage availability for understanding the
use of recent burns by woodland caribou during winter-
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Authors: Kelsey L.M. Russell, Chris J. Johnson, Troy M. Hegel
Pages: 1 - 18
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-18, January 2025.
During winter, woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) may avoid burned forest for up to 60 years. Typically, that is the time required for lichens to recover following fire. We examined the response of caribou of the Klaza population (west-central Yukon, Canada) to recent burns (≤50 years) during winter. We quantified resource selection of individual caribou across the winter range and use of habitats that were adjacent to or within burns. Typically, caribou selected or used areas with greater density of terrestrial lichen. There was considerable inter-animal variability, but in some season-years caribou selected burned habitat with stronger selection of relatively small burns. Approximately 6.2% of GPS-collar locations were located outside but within 500 m of the boundary of a recent burn and 5.6% of locations occurred within a burn. During late winter, when snow was deeper, caribou demonstrated greater avoidance of burns. Our results suggest that the relationship between caribou and burns is dynamic. Caribou will use recent burns, but such relationships are complicated by cumulative landscape change. It is important to recognise plasticity in behaviour when developing land-use strategies that represent the multi-year, seasonal requirements of the population.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-06T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0284
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Promoting fast-growing species sawlog plantations by smallholder farms:
evidence from a choice experiment study in Vietnam-
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Authors: Cuong Van Le, Michael Burton, Atakelty Hailu, Chunbo Ma
Pages: 1 - 20
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-20, January 2025.
Smallholders’ planting fast-growing trees for pulpwood production has substantially contributed to forest rehabilitation, wood production, and rural incomes worldwide. Government incentive programs have attempted to increase the productivity and value of such plantations and enhance sawlog supply to the furniture industry. Designing effective incentive programs to encourage sawlog plantations requires a deeper understanding of smallholder preferences and socio-economic characteristics. This study examines preferences for different designs of incentive programs, including technical support, rotation length, financial subsidy, committed area, and timber insurance. A scale-adjusted latent class model is used to investigate preference heterogeneity using data on 300 smallholders in the Central Highland and Northern Upland regions, representing two development stages of plantation forestry in Vietnam. The analysis identified four preference classes, which value attributes differently. Preference for sawlog plantation programs depends on individual characteristics and psychological factors such as perception of benefits, obstacles, and risks. The longest rotation preferred by a significant proportion of smallholders for sawlog-oriented plantations is a medium rotation of 8–10 years. Our study further determines feasible incentive programs that meet smallholder preferences and government budget constraints, draws important policy implications for promoting the value of smallholder plantations and livelihoods.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-03T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0219
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Enhanced forest inventories in Canada: implementation, status, and
research needs-
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Authors: Joanne C. White, Piotr Tompalski, Christopher W. Bater, Michael A. Wulder, Maxime Fortin, Chris Hennigar, Geordie Robere-McGugan, Ian Sinclair, Robert White
Pages: 1 - 37
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-37, January 2025.
Forest inventory practices in Canada have evolved over time with changes in forest management priorities, advances in technology, fluctuations in the marketplace, societal expectations, and generational shifts in the workforce. Provincial and territorial governments in Canada are vested with forest management responsibilities and each jurisdiction has adopted forest inventory approaches that reflect jurisdictional information needs and contexts. Typically, these inventories are strategic in nature and spatially explicit, providing stand-level forest attribute information derived from a two-phase approach involving manual air photo interpretation and stratified ground plot sampling. Airborne laser scanning (ALS; also known as light detection and ranging or lidar) has emerged as a transformative data source for forest inventories and is now considered operational, with the resulting outputs commonly referred to as enhanced forest inventories (EFI). Herein we review and synthesize how EFIs are influencing forest inventory practice in Canada. We characterize the spatial coverage and characteristics of ALS data acquired for forest inventory purposes, summarize the current status of EFI implementation within Canada’s provinces and territories, identify emerging trends associated with these EFIs, and consider these EFIs in the broader global context. We also highlight common research gaps towards the development of a nationally and globally relevant research agenda to support the greater integration of remotely sensed data into forest inventory programs in Canada and beyond.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-03-03T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0255
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Anatomy of eucalyptus wood managed under a coppicing system
-
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Authors: Daniel de Souza Ribeiro, Tatiana de Fatima Martins Pires, Nauan Ribeiro Marques Cirilo, Vaniele Bento dos Santos, Graziela Baptista Vidaurre, Jordão Cabral Moulin
Pages: 1 - 9
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-9, January 2025.
Coppicing is a forest management technique that induces the production of new shoots from stumps to start a novel forest cycle. This study aimed to compare anatomical characteristics between coppice and high stem. Wood samples were collected from clones of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla, and Eucalyptus saligna grown in one-stem coppice, two-stem coppice, and high stem. Anatomical parameters of fiber dimensions such as vessel diameter and frequency were analyzed. Anatomical elements were quantified by cell coloring and point counting (324 points) methods. The anatomical structure of coppiced trees was found to vary according to eucalyptus species. Fiber length and vessel frequency were similar between coppice and high stem. Coppiced wood showed higher fiber cell wall thickness and vessel diameter. Adaptation to coppicing resulted in a specific anatomical composition for each species, such as a higher quantity of parenchymal cells in E. saligna and a lower quantity of fibers in E. grandis × E. urophylla. The point sampling method provided inaccurate results, differing significantly from the cell coloring method. The findings underscore that the decision to manage forests under a coppicing system should be approached with caution, as it is crucial to understand the resulting anatomical alterations to mitigate potential industrial issues.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-26T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0143
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Silicon and salicylic acid mitigate water stress in Cedrela fissilis Vell.
seedlings under water restriction-
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Authors: Jéssica Aline Linné, Vanda Maria de Aquino Figueiredo, Wállas Matos Cerqueira, João Lucas da Costa Santos de Almeida, Antonio Augusto Souza Silva, Maílson Vieira de Jesus, Cleberton Correia Santos, Silvana de Paula Quintão Scalon, Silvia Correa Santos
Pages: 1 - 8
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-8, January 2025.
Supplementation with silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) represents a mitigating solution to water deficit stress in some species. However, studies related to native tree species are scarce. This work evaluated the application of Si and SA doses in Cedrela fissilis Vell. seedlings during and after water restriction (WR). We had 8 treatments: control; WR and treatments with WR + 3 doses of Si (0.42, 0.84, and 1.68 g·L−1) and SA (100, 200, and 300 mg·L−1). Seedlings were evaluated at two periods: P0, when the photosynthetic rate (A) of seedlings presented values close to zero; and REC, the period in which the previously stressed seedlings reached an A value equal to or greater than control. We observed that seedlings showed reduction in the photochemical and biochemical metabolism of photosynthesis. Foliar application of Si at 0.84 g·L−1 ensures metabolic adjustments in water use efficiency.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-19T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0258
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Early snowmelt accelerates bud break but has mixed effects on leaf area of
understory woody plants in a heavily snow-covered deciduous forest in
northern Japan-
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Authors: Mayu Kunishima, Kenichi Yoshimura
Pages: 1 - 9
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-9, January 2025.
Climate change induces earlier snowmelt in most regions and extends growing seasons for woody plants. However, there is still limited understanding of how the relative impacts and interactions of light, temperature, and water conditions altered by early snowmelt affect phenological and morphological traits of understory plants. We conducted snow removal experiments in a heavily snow-covered forest. We compared bud break dates and leaf size developments with the effects of snow removal in understory Fagus crenata, Lindera umbellata, and Viburnum furcatum. Snow removal increased temperature and light conditions around buds but decreased the soil moisture during bud break. Removing snow 1 month before ambient snowmelt accelerated bud break but only by 5.9–11.9 days. Bud break in individuals with snow removal required more thawing degree days around buds than under ambient conditions. Leaf areas of V. furcatum in the snow removal were smaller than those in controls. Summarizing changes in light conditions and leaf area growth, the earlier bud break, and leaf growth did not result in greater light capture potential over the spring period in L. umbellata and V. furcatum. Although earlier snowmelt accelerates bud break and leaf expansion in these plants, this may not result in greater carbon accumulation.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-19T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0291
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- EsPaCe: a growth model for balsam fir stands following precommercial
thinning in Québec, Canada-
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Authors: Emmanuel Duchateau, Isabelle Auger, Stéphane Tremblay, Hugues Power
Pages: 1 - 17
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-17, January 2025.
Precommercial thinning reduces the density of young, high-density stands, promoting the growth of selected trees. However, existing growth models are calibrated for merchantable-sized trees and do not account for saplings, which limits their ability to simulate the changes induced by precommercial thinning. To address this gap, we developed EsPaCe, a growth simulator tailored to balsam fir stands treated with precommercial thinning. Using data from 329 plots monitored over 20 years post-treatment, we calibrated six interconnected models to predict stem density, species composition, and diameter distribution at 5-year intervals. Simulation results in the balsam fir–paper birch domain show that balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) remains largely dominant after treatment. Initial stand conditions (density, composition, and quadratic mean diameter) had little effect on the final stand composition. However, later interventions in stands with higher initial quadratic mean diameters appeared to promote tree diameter growth and provide slight control over species composition. Model predictions remained unbiased over 20 years, and simulations extended to 35 years produced plausible outcomes. EsPaCe provides forest managers with a valuable tool for planning silvicultural treatments and integrates seamlessly with long-term growth models for merchantable stands.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-12T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0223
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Aires protégées en contexte autochtone : pour un véritable partenariat
dans la gouvernance du parc national Assinica-
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Authors: Gabrielle Côté, Jean-Michel Beaudoin, Louis Bélanger, Pauline Suffice, Benny Blacksmith
Pages: 1 - 11
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-11, January 2025.
Au Canada, plusieurs initiatives autochtones de conservation évoluent vers de véritables partenariats avec des ministères gouvernementaux. Toutefois, il est possible de se questionner sur l'adéquation de ces cadres gouvernementaux avec les besoins et les attentes des Autochtones. Ce projet de recherche porte sur le projet de parc national Assinica initié par la communauté crie d'Oujé-Bougoumou dans la région Eeyou Istchee au Québec. Employant une approche collaborative alliant entretiens semi-dirigés et recherche documentaire, ce projet visait à comprendre dans quelle mesure les aspirations cries sont concrétisées au sein du parc. Les résultats démontrent que ce projet découlant de la Paix des Braves est perçu par les Cris comme un moyen de conserver un mode de vie fondé sur la continuité du lien au territoire et de poursuivre une tradition d'intendance du territoire. Même s'ils ont dû s'allier avec le cadre de parc national, leur vision s'en distingue. Ainsi, des lacunes informationnelles et participatives constatées dans notre recherche suggèrent que la structure de gouvernance des parcs nationaux du Québec ne permet pas pleinement de représenter la vision crie. Cette étude de cas soulève l'importance de revoir les cadres institutionnels applicables aux aires protégées pour qu'ils outrepassent la logique coloniale en vigueur, afin de permettre une participation des communautés autochtones à la hauteur de leurs aspirations.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-06T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0035
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Melampsora larici-populina homologous effectors Mlp72983 and Mlp52166
display cell-type specific accumulation in Arabidopsis and Populus-
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Authors: Snehi Gazal, Karen Cristine Gonçalves dos Santos, Mélodie B. Plourde, Caroline Levasseur, Armand Séguin, Philippe Tanguay, Benjamin Petre, Hugo Germain
Pages: 1 - 10
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-10, January 2025.
Plants interact with microorganisms that can cause diseases and reduce crop productivity. The fungal pathogen Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) causes the leaf rust disease of poplar trees by secreting proteins, termed effectors, into host tissues to promote pathogenesis. In this study, we functionally characterized two homologous Mlp candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs), Mlp72983 and Mlp52166. Confocal microscopy experiments revealed that Mlp72983 has cell type-specific differential localization. It accumulates in the guard cells’ chloroplast of the epidermis and in the nucleus of the spongy mesophyll of Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus alba x Populus tremula. Mlp52166 has a nucleocytosolic accumulation in the epidermal layer and has nuclear localization in the mesophyll layer of the two species. Transcriptomic experiments showed that Mlp72983 and Mlp52166 deregulate plant genes, when constitutively expressed in either Arabidopsis or poplar. The two CSEPs deregulate genes that encode histones, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion proteins, with roles in DNA repair, methylation, and xenobiotic detoxification. Inoculation assays showed that CSEPs overexpression in poplar transgenics did not enhance susceptibility to rust infection. Despite being closely related in sequence identity, Mlp72983 and Mlp52166 have cell type-specific subcellular localization and deregulate mostly unique sets of plant genes.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-05T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0225
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Recovery rates of white spruce and balsam fir on seismic lines in NW
Alberta, Canada-
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Authors: Caren Jones, Daniels Kononovs, Kaitlyn Trepanier, Jill Harvey, Aaron Petty, Dani Degenhardt
Pages: 1 - 16
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-16, January 2025.
Anthropogenic disturbances have marked Alberta's boreal forest with an extensive network of seismic lines. These are linear disturbances (3–10 m wide) created during oil and gas exploration that have fragmented woodland caribou habitat, resulting in the loss and degradation of ecosystem services. The natural regeneration of trees on seismic lines can support predator-use reduction in caribou habitats; for this reason, 3 m tall trees at a minimum density of 2000 stems per hectare (sph) has been cited as the target for seismic line recovery. However, there is currently no regulatory requirement for their restoration. As such, there is limited baseline ecological knowledge of natural forest recovery on seismic lines, including the rate of tree regrowth. This study aimed to fill this gap by comparing the growth of two common conifer species, white spruce and balsam fir, on seismic lines to trees in the adjacent, mature forest in an upland conifer mixedwood stand located in northwest Alberta. The results showed that white spruce and balsam fir regenerating on seismic lines will take approximately 30–50 years to reach the 3 m tall and 2000 sph criteria, which should support predator-use reduction of seismic lines. It is difficult to determine whether the regeneration rate on seismic lines will be impactful to the restoration of the woodland caribou habitat; this impact will be further investigated in modelling exercises for land use planning purposes.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-05T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0161
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Collection: Changing wildfire regimes, their impacts, and the path forward
-
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Authors: S. Ellen Macdonald, Sylvie Gauthier
Pages: 1 - 4
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-4, January 2025.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-05T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0227
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Populus deltoides is suitable for moist and short-term flooded soil
conditions on the basis of its relative growth rate and stoichiometry-
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Authors: Cheng Xu, Xiaopeng Liu, Zhuangzhuang Qian, Xiaojun Zhao, Bo Wang, Tao Yang, Xiaomin Ge, Luozhong Tang
Pages: 1 - 16
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-16, January 2025.
The aim of this study was to understand the effects of water stress on plant growth, nutrients distribution and their stoichiometry in different organs of poplar seedlings, and further explore the validation of growth rate hypothesis (GRH) under water stress treatments. Poplar seedlings (Populus deltoides “Nanlin 3804”) were grown under drought (D), normal water management (CK), low-level flooding (LF), high-level flooding (HF), and high-level flooding followed by flood recovery (FR) treatments in 60 days. Poplar seedling growth, nutrients contents, and stoichiometry among different treatments were analyzed. The seedlings had greater relative growth rate of biomass, height, and stem-basal diameter (BRGR, HRGR, and SRGR, respectively) under flooding treatments, especially in FR treatment (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-02-04T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0243
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Robinia pseudoacacia, a nitrogen-fixing tree, facilitates the future
growth of neighboring trees in Black Rock Forest-
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Authors: Alexa Helms, Alexandra M. Huddell, Wenying Liao, Anika P. Staccone, Brendan M. Buckley, William S. F. Schuster, Duncan N. L. Menge
Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-13, January 2025.
Trees that form symbioses with nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria (N fixers) have long been thought to facilitate neighbors’ growth by providing new N, but some data do not show facilitation. Two hypotheses to explain the lack of facilitation are that (1) N fixers may decrease the amount of N they fix over time, reducing the N supply to their neighbors and (2) the effect of facilitation might take longer than the 1–5-year interval of most studies. In this study, we tested these hypotheses with the N-fixing tree Robinia pseudoacacia L. and its nonfixing neighbors, using tree ring N isotopes to estimate past N fixation and tree ring width to estimate past size and growth. Where the isotopes allowed a constrained estimate of N fixation, we did not find support for the first hypothesis: 51% of Robinia’s N came from fixation throughout its 60-year lifespan, with little variation across age. In support of the second hypothesis, we found that Robinia enhanced growth of neighboring trees in the future (up to 14 years) more than in the present. This delayed effect matches the expected timing of facilitation by N fixers and indicates that single-census studies might underestimate the degree to which N fixers facilitate forest growth.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-31T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0183
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Spruce budworm defoliation patterns during outbreak rise are influenced by
tree species, insecticide spraying, and spatial autocorrelation-
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Authors: Shawn D. Donovan, David A. MacLean, Chris Hennigar, Rob C. Johns, Yun Zhang
Pages: 1 - 18
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-18, January 2025.
Spruce budworm (SBW; Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks are an important natural disturbance in North America, killing trees over millions of hectares. We related 11 years of SBW defoliation in 87 plots in Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, to 23 stand, site, and climate variables. Defoliation was consistently ordered among host species: balsam fir > white spruce > black spruce. Within the relatively small 200 km2 study area, cluster analyses resulted in four and 10 clusters for balsam fir cumulative and current defoliation, respectively; variation in cumulative defoliation converged over 11 years. Current defoliation was significantly spatially autocorrelated among plots within stands, but autocorrelation weakened at distances >2500 m. Cumulative defoliation was significantly related to insecticide spraying, minimum and maximum summer temperature, and interactions between SBW larvae per branch versus hardwood and white spruce basal area. Tree species, insecticide spraying, and number of defoliating SBW larvae were the main determinants of defoliation. Results showed much higher local spatial variability in current defoliation patterns than previous studies, but over the course of an outbreak, cumulative defoliation patterns converged. Cumulative defoliation patterns similar to these, assigned based on local defoliation severity, can be input into defoliation-based growth models to predict impacts on growth and survival.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-30T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0269
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Comparing outbreak regimes of western spruce budworm at low- and
high-elevation sites in Idaho using dendrochronology-
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Authors: Ian M. Woodruff, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Robert A. Andrus
Pages: 1 - 16
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-16, January 2025.
The western spruce budworm (Choristoneura freemani; WSB) is the most damaging defoliating insect in the Pacific Northwest. Despite general knowledge about climate influences on WSB, few studies have evaluated how outbreak dynamics are affected by local variability in climate. We used dendrochronological techniques to reconstruct WSB activity in Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at three low- and three high-elevation sites (representing climate variability) in Idaho, USA. We first tested different thresholds used in an established algorithm for determining WSB activity and found substantial variability in outbreak metrics. We then compared the timing of our reconstructed outbreaks with activity reported by aerial surveys, historical reports, and other reconstructions. Some agreement occurred in non-outbreak periods, but significant disagreement existed in the timing of outbreaks. Our assessment of topo-climatic influences on reconstructed WSB activity revealed that defoliation frequency was lower at low-elevation sites, with some inconsistencies depending on metric and threshold choice. Finally, we examined the influence of interannual variability of drought on outbreak initiation, finding no consistent effects. Our results reveal sensitivity to the choice of threshold of the reconstruction algorithm and suggest that more investigation is needed to better understand the role of climate, given future conditions that will likely be warmer and drier.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-28T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0303
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Survival and growth of three boreal conifer species transplanted to warm
sites: implications for responses to global warming and extreme climatic
events-
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Authors: Susumu Goto, Haruhiko Taneda, Yoko Hisamoto, Tokuko Ujino-Ihara, Toshihide Hirao
Pages: 1 - 12
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-12, January 2025.
Understanding the responses of boreal conifers to climate change are essential for future mitigation and adaptation. In this study, 3-year-old seedlings of three Japanese boreal conifers including Sakhalin fir, Yezo spruce, and Sakhalin spruce, naturally found in Hokkaido, Japan, were transplanted in spring 2016 to a cool control and two warm (air-dried interior and humid coastal) sites. We investigated survival, height, and ecophysiological traits based on three parameters: stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C), specific leaf area, and leaf mass specific nitrogen concentration (N) of seedlings during experiments. The survival rates of two spruce species were gradually significantly lower in warm sites, while that of Sakhalin fir did not significantly differ among sites. The relative growth rate (RGR) of two spruce species was significantly lower in the warm-interior site than in both cool control and warm-coastal sites in 2018, although in 2017 the RGR of two spruce species was lower in the warm sites than in cool control site. The less negative δ13C value in 2018 revealed that a vapor pressure deficit might decrease the spruces’ RGR via stoma closure in the warm-interior site. We found that Sakhalin fir would be less sensitive to climate change than two spruce species.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-24T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0154
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Impact of single and combined soil amendments on the growth and foliar
nutrients of white spruce (Picea glauca) on a poorly regenerated logged
site-
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Authors: Hiba Merzouki, Vincent Poirier, Alison Munson, David Paré, Annie DesRochers
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
Regeneration failure is occasionally encountered in the boreal mixed forest following clear-cutting, primarily due to competing vegetation and altered soil conditions. This study investigates the effects of applying several soil amendments to improve white spruce plantation growth on poorly regenerated forest sites. Biochar (2.6 Mg ha−1), wood ash (7 Mg ha−1), and manure (105 Mg ha−1) were used alone or in combination, with effects on foliar elements and seedling growth assessed after two growing seasons. While biochar and wood ash have been frequently used, combining them with manure has been limited in boreal forests. Using a randomized complete block design, we measured soil pH, incident light, seedling growth, specific leaf area, and foliar nutrition. Manure significantly increased seedling growth (+37%) compared to treatments without it. It also increased foliar nitrogen (+17%) and phosphorus (+14%). Wood ash increased foliar nitrogen (+7%), phosphorus (+15%), potassium (+19%), and calcium (+29%). Biochar, without wood ash, decreased foliar aluminum by 56%. We conclude that manure represented an important nitrogen and phosphorus source for seedling growth. This research highlights the potential of amendment combinations for improving growth and foliar nutrition of seedlings in poorly regenerated boreal forest ecosystems, for example, where herbicide use is prohibited.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-23T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0195
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- Small area estimation of forest biomass via a two-stage model for
continuous zero-inflated data-
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Authors: Grayson W. White, Josh K. Yamamoto, Dinan H. Elsyad, Julian F. Schmitt, Niels H. Korsgaard, Jie Kate Hu, George C. Gaines, Tracey S. Frescino, Kelly S. McConville
Pages: 1 - 19
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-19, January 2025.
Nationwide Forest Inventories (NFIs) collect data on and monitor the trends of forests across the globe. Users of NFI data are increasingly interested in monitoring forest attributes such as biomass at fine geographic and temporal scales, resulting in a need for assessment and development of small area estimation techniques in forest inventory. We implement a small area estimator and parametric bootstrap estimator that account for zero-inflation in biomass data via a two-stage model-based approach and compare the performance to a Horvitz–Thompson estimator, a post-stratified estimator, and to the unit- and area-level empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP) estimators. We conduct a simulation study in Nevada with data from the United States NFI, the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, and remote sensing data products. Results show the zero-inflated estimator has the lowest relative bias and the smallest empirical root mean square error. Moreover, the 95% confidence interval coverages of the zero-inflated estimator and the unit-level EBLUP are more accurate than the other two estimators. To further illustrate the practical utility, we employ a data application across the 2019 measurement year in Nevada. We introduce the R package, saeczi, which efficiently implements the zero-inflated estimator and its mean squared error estimator.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-22T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0149
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- A comparison of fast-growing maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton.)
plantations with native broadleaved vegetation for greenhouse gas balances
-
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Authors: Ufuk Özkan, Yusuf Serengil
Pages: 1 - 13
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-13, January 2025.
Establishing fast-growing plantations is a long-term strategic climate change mitigation option, since these plantations may absorb carbon at an accelerated rate and alleviate the pressure on natural forests. In Istanbul, nearly 5% of the forests, totaling 32 603 ha of natural oak–beech forest ecosystems, were converted to maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton.) plantations in the 1990s. Maritime pine grows faster than native mixed broadleaf forests but introduces a higher fire risk. The objective of this study was to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) consequences of these conversions by analyzing wildfire emissions and carbon stock changes for a period of two decades after conversion. The carbon modeling was done using the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector model calibrated with ground measurements. The results revealed that the total ecosystem carbon stocks would remain at 97.9 tC/ha (Avoided Species Conversion scenario) compared to 116.7 tC/ha in the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario. The BAU scenario refers to real-life conditions that the species conversions have occurred. The fire emissions had a minor share in total ecosystem GHG balance, because the burnt area rate was low (around 0.1%) during the assessment period.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-20T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0224
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Biocontrol of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni (Tams.)
(Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) by forest-derived entomopathogenic fungi-
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Authors: Muhammed Koç, Duygu Bekircan Eski, Ardahan Eski
Pages: 1 - 9
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-9, January 2025.
The pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), is an important forest pest in the Mediterranean region. This study demonstrated for the first time the biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) isolated from pine forest soils on Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni. The identity of five isolates obtained by the Tenebrio-bait method was established by macroscopic and microscopic features and ITS-rDNA sequencing. Pathogenicity and virulence of novel indigenous isolates on fourth stage larvae of Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni were then determined. PPM1, PPM3, and PPM5 were identified as Beauveria bassiana Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae); PPM2 and PPM4 were identified as Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae). All isolates were found to be pathogenic at a concentration of 107 conidia/mL, with virulence varying between 15% and 100%. The pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum on Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni was demonstrated for the first time in this study and its virulence was determined to be 76%. In addition, the virulence of Beauveria bassiana PPM1 isolate reached 100% at a concentration of 107 conidia/mL 14 days after treatment. Moreover, the median lethal concentration (LC50) required to kill 50% of the larval population was estimated to be 5.7 × 103 conidia/mL. Our results are important to improve the application of new EPF species as biological control agents in pest management.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-17T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2025-0008
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
-
- American beech mortality in stands recently infected by beech bark
disease: implications for partial cutting-
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Authors: Sébastien Dumont, Steve Bédard, Guillaume Moreau
Pages: 1 - 12
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-12, January 2025.
Beech bark disease is a major concern for northern hardwood forest management that affects most of the American beech range in North America. In infected stands, mitigating effects of the disease and promoting more resistant beech populations for natural regeneration relies heavily on our ability to identify high-risk trees and adapt tree marking for partial harvesting. We monitored several individual characteristics, including external signs of disease, on 871 beech trees in recently infected northern hardwood stands at the northern range limit of American beech in Canada, to assess their ability to predict mortality over an 8-year period. At the stand level, the mortality rate over the study period was 29.3%, while the uninfected rate was 16.6%. At the tree level, the diameter, the levels of Neonectria perithecia coverage on the stem, crown dieback, and the level of canker coverage on the bark had the greatest capacity to predict individual short-term mortality. Therefore, tree markers should first select trees with a diameter> 20 cm that are affected by any sign or symptom of the disease, followed by smaller trees with >10% coverage of Neonectria perithecia or crown dieback >25%, and lastly, trees with >50% coverage of canker.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0084
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Risk of imidacloprid to soil invertebrates when applied as basal bark
spray for the control of hemlock woolly adelgid-
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Authors: Christopher B. Edge, Shane Heartz, Anthony Lagalante, Andrew Lewis, Jon Sweeney
Pages: 1 - 11
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-11, January 2025.
The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is an invasive insect on the east coast of North America where it has resulted in the widespread death and decline of hemlock trees. In Canada the most commonly used control strategy is the application of imidacloprid-based insecticides by basal bark spray, which could pose risk to non-target species. We monitored soil concentrations 50–400 cm away from trees for 24 months post application of Xytect 2F at a rate of 0.278 g imidacloprid/cm diameter at breast height and conducted a preliminary risk characterization by calculating risk quotients (RQ) for soil invertebrates derived from species sensitivity distributions built from no observed effect concentrations and EC50 values. Imidacloprid was detected in 58.3%–96.8% of samples at 50 and 100 cm and 8.3%–45.8% at 200 and 400 cm from treated trees. The RQ values exceeded 1 at all times 50 cm from the tree for the median exposure, and at all distances and times for the upper 95% CI exposure. The frequency that RQ's exceeded 1 declined with distance from tree at all time periods and declined over time at 50 and 100 cm from treated trees, but not at 200 and 400 cm. Overall, the highest risk to non-target soil invertebrates from basal bark application of imidacloprid occurs within 200 cm of treated trees.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0267
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Combining the optimal grafting methods, seasons, and scion donors enhances
the conifer grafting success and early supply of the next-generation
seedlings-
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Authors: Michinari Matsushita
Pages: 1 - 9
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-9, January 2025.
Improving the efficiency of grafting enables next-generation seed orchards to be established within a shorter period, resulting in improvement of productivity of high-quality seedlings for afforestation. This study investigates the effects of grafting methods (top-cleft and side-veneer), seasonal variation of collecting scions, and genetic variation of graft scions on the grafting survival rates of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. When comparing the grafting methods, the scion shoot elongation of top-cleft method (13.7 cm) was greater than the side-veneer method (8.9 cm), while the survival rate did not differ between the top-cleft (87.5%) and side-veneer methods (83.3%). When comparing the grafting seasons on the survival rate of top-cleft grafts, the scions collected during the autumn and early spring showed significantly higher survival rates than those collected during the summer. In addition, there was a variation in graft survival rates among the genotypes, and a significant positive correlation (r = 0.56) was found between the estimated clonal value of graft survival and of the estimated breeding value of trunk volume in the original test sites, indicating that the genotype that grew well had a higher rate of grafting success. These results can serve as practical guidance for conifer grafting.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0262
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Motor-manual release changes carbon distribution in soil and tree biomass
pools in the short term-
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Authors: Léa Darquié, Vincent Poirier, Annie DesRochers
Pages: 1 - 9
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-9, January 2025.
Despite offering multiple ecosystem services, such as their ability to sequester carbon (C), regenerating mixedwood boreal forests are often only managed to increase their coniferous part by controlling their competition, impacting the ecosystem C stocks. The aim of this study was to compare the short-term effect of motor-manual release treatments of variable intensities: broadcast brushing (brushing), release from below (RFB), and crop tree release on carbon stocks in soil (SOC) and live biomass (aboveground and root C stocks). The stands treated by brushing had twice as much SOC stocks than in the other stands, at the 5–10 cm depth. RFB treatment kept the largest aspen stems in the stands and retained enough total live biomass to compensate for the initial loss. Despite being similar in intensity, stands treated with RFB had more than twice the amount of live biomass than stands treated by brushing. Overall, total C stocks (SOC and live biomass) did not change between the stands but the distribution among the different C pools did, with the live biomass being the most impacted by the treatments. The design of the RFB treatment seemed promising to mitigate C loss during early forest operations while still controlling fast-growing competitors.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0208
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Changes in leaf functional traits of Phoebe chekiangensis underplanted in
moso bamboo forests with different densities-
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Authors: Huijing Ni, Zhenya Yang, Jiancheng Zhao
Pages: 1 - 10
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-10, January 2025.
Leaf functional traits are sensitive to environmental changes and are a current hotspot in ecology. The objective of this study was to explore the changes in leaf functional traits of Phoebe chekiangensis underplanted in moso bamboo forests with different densities. Leaf functional traits of P. chekiangensis were determined, and their relationships were investigated. Results showed that leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) increased with the increase of bamboo forest density, and they were significantly lower at 1350 individual·ha−1 than that of 2250 individual·ha−1. However, leaf thickness (LT) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) showed an opposite trend, and they were significantly higher at 1350 individual·ha−1 than that of 2250 individual·ha−1. No significant difference was found in chlorophyll a (Ca), chlorophyll b (Cb), total chlorophyll (Ca + Cb), and total carotenoids (Car) among the three treatments. Ca/Cb showed a decreasing trend, and it was significantly higher at 1350 individual·ha−1 than that of 2250 individual·ha−1. Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration increased with the increase of bamboo forest density, and it was significantly higher at 2250 individual·ha−1 than that of 1350 individual·ha−1. C/N decreased, and it was significantly higher at 1350 individual·ha−1 than that of 2250 individual·ha−1. LT was positively correlated with LMA, and negatively correlated with SLA. N concentration was positively correlated with SLA, and negatively correlated with LMA. Significant positive correlation between Ca + Cb and C concentration was observed. In conclusion, the leaf functional traits of P. chekiangensis could compensate for light deficiency through certain trait variations and combinations and better adapt to the environment.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0086
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Impacts of COVID-19 and contractual changes on the financial performance
of lumber futures-
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Authors: Nan Zhang, Bin Mei
Pages: 1 - 12
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-12, January 2025.
The United States lumber futures market has followed a volatile path since 2017. Two key events in this market are the COVID-19 pandemic and the release of newly revised lumber futures contracts in August 2022. This study aims to examine how these two events affect the financial performance of lumber futures. We employ the event study methodology and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model to explore the market’s reaction. A market model that includes supply and demand factors, along with the GARCH effect, is used to calculate abnormal returns and their associated volatility. A standardized trading volume ratio is also constructed to assess volume effects. The results reveal different patterns of abnormal returns over the event windows: COVID-19 caused significant daily abnormal returns and cumulative negative effects, while new contracts generated positive abnormal returns that declined over time. Second, contractual changes induced immediate abnormal return volatility, whereas COVID-19 led to sustained volatility across longer windows. Lastly, COVID-19 caused below-normal trading volume effects, while the new contracts caused short-lived increases in trading activity above normal levels. These findings can help understand how different market events affect the financial performance of lumber futures, providing valuable insights for market participants.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-10T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0177
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Note of appreciation
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Pages: 1 - 1
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-1, January 2025.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-10T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0308
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Statut social et perception paysanne sur les services écosystémiques
dans deux zones phytogéographiques au Burkina Faso-
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Authors: Alexis Sompougdou, Hugues Roméo Bazié, Sibiry Albert Kaboré, Ismaîla Kinda, Idriss Sermé, Hassan Bismarck Nacro
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
Les agroécosystèmes procurent de nombreux biens et services à plusieurs millions de personnes. Toutefois, au Burkina Faso, ils sont continuellement dégradés, impactant les moyens d'existence des populations rurales. L'objectif de cette étude était d'appréhender les perceptions des services écosystémiques, les mécanismes, les approches de gestion des agroécosystèmes des producteurs selon leur statut social et la zone phytogéographique. 396 producteurs classés suivant l'approche Participatory Analysis of Poverty, Livelihood and Environment Dynamic ont été enquêtés dans deux zones phytogéographiques différentes. Un inventaire des ligneux dans 249 placettes installées dans les champs des producteurs enquêtés a été réalisé. Les résultats ont révélé que les producteurs sont classés en trois catégories sociales et exploitent 3 types d'agroécosystèmes. 31 et 29 espèces ligneuses regroupées en 15 et 16 familles, 23 et 26 genres ont été recensés; 8 et 10 services écosystémiques ont été cités, respectivement dans la zone sud soudanienne et nord soudanienne. Les producteurs ont une bonne perception des services écosystémiques qui est influencée par la zone phytogéographique. Le statut social influence la perception que les producteurs ont des services écosystémiques dans la zone sud soudanienne contrairement dans la zone nord soudanienne. Cette étude peut aider à une gestion durable des agroécosystèmes.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-09T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0234
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Seasonal bird communities in Shelterwood harvests and unmanaged mature
forest-
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Authors: Cathryn H. Greenberg, Margaret Woodbridge, Maria Whitehead, J. Drew Lanham, Charles Kwit, Joseph Tomcho
Pages: 1 - 20
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-20, January 2025.
Effective bird conservation planning requires consideration of year-round habitat requirements. We evaluated how bird communities differed across seasons, and between young shelterwood (SW) and unmanaged mature (M) hardwood forests over 8 years. We detected 3952 individuals of 82 bird species within transects. Total abundance, richness, and diversity were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Richness was greater in SW than M during all seasons; abundance and diversity were greater in SW during summer, fall, and spring. Community composition differed between SW and M during all seasons except winter. Within seasons, abundance of most analyzed species was greater in SW than M or similar between the treatments. In SW young forest habitat suitability for most species (except indigo buntings) persisted for at least 8 years. Residency guilds and some species showed greater habitat selectivity in some seasons (heavier use of SW) than others (similar use of both SW and M). Our study illustrates the important role of young forests in promoting bird diversity year-round. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding bird use of all forest age-classes during all seasons, and how long dynamically changing young forests support more birds and bird species than mature forest during non-breeding seasons.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-09T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0247
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Biomass allocation and growth of young black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)
B.S.P.) trees-
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Authors: Cornelia Krause, Pierre-Y. Plourde, Charles Marty
Pages: 1 - 15
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-15, January 2025.
Accurately predicting biomass allocation to below- versus above-ground tree parts is crucial in estimating carbon stocks in forest ecosystems. A 9-year outdoor experiment was conducted to analyze the variations in biomass allocation in below- and above-ground parts in black spruce trees growing at the edge or at the center of a raised garden bed. Dry biomass, length, and radial growth of stems, branches, and roots were measured as well as the annual above-ground growth for the five most recent years prior to harvesting. We found that more than 90% of dry biomass was allocated to the above-ground tree parts whereas less than 10% was allocated to the root system. Strong correlations were found between the different tree parts regardless of the tree’s position in the delimited growth area. Annual growth variables declined from 2018 to 2022, likely due to increased competition for resources. The dry biomass of the woody root and the root surface close to the stem were well correlated to the above-ground tree parts (varying between 45% and 95%). Thus, the strong link between the root system and the above tree parts is confirmed.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-09T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0164
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- A data compilation and synthesis of the impacts of seismic surveys on
surface soil properties in boreal Alberta, Canada-
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Authors: Marissa A. Davies, Scott J. Davidson, Patrick J. Deane, Angelo Filicetti, Scott Ketcheson, Percy Korsah, Kimberly Kleinke, Scott E. Nielsen, Megan A. Schmidt, Nazia Tabassum, James M. Waddington, Lelia Weiland, Sophie Wilkinson, Maria Strack
Pages: 1 - 18
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Volume 55, Issue , Page 1-18, January 2025.
Linear clearings of vegetation to perform geophysical surveys, called seismic lines, are created for oil and gas exploration in boreal Canada and often persist on the landscape for decades after disturbance. Therefore, an assessment of environmental conditions on seismic lines is needed to inform restoration efforts. This study aimed to compile surface soil properties (upper 5–15 cm; dry bulk density, organic matter content, organic matter bulk density, volumetric water content, and water content by mass) on and off seismic lines across upland, transitional, and peatland ecosystems in northern Alberta, Canada (N = 1638). Soil properties differ between seismic line and reference samples, especially on older “conventional” lines. Changes included higher dry bulk density, lower organic matter content, and elimination of microtopographic variability. Changes in dry bulk density can, in part, be explained by a reduction in organic matter content, but altered carbon cycling and/or compaction are also important. Restoration techniques such as inverted mounding create an entirely distinct soil condition, with higher mean bulk densities and lower organic matter contents than both on and off seismic lines. Therefore, an assessment of microtopographic recovery should be conducted before prescribing restoration treatments to limit further degradation of soil structure.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-09T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0240
Issue No: Vol. 55 (2025)
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- Recognizing van Deusen’s mixed estimator for annual forest inventory
as a linear mixed model-
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Authors: David L.R. Affleck, George C. Gaines
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Ahead of Print.
The mixed estimator (ME) for annual forest inventory proposed by van Deusen (1999; Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1824–1828) is reformulated as a linear mixed model. This equivalent structure admits an interpretation of the ME as a polynomial regression on year with correlated year-specific random effects. It also uncovers the necessary criterion for maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. The improved performance of the ME under ML estimation is illustrated through simulations and application to inventory data from Montana, USA. Limitations of the ME relating to model-misspecification are also discussed.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Forest Research
PubDate: 2025-01-23T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2024-0180
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