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Canadian Journal of Plant Science
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.383  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 11  Subscription journalISSN (Print) 0008-4220 - ISSN (Online) 1918-1833 Published by NRC Research Press  [19 journals]
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- C17-833 camelina
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Authors: C. Eynck, A.M. Zatylny, H.W. Klein-Gebbinck, K.C. Falk
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Camelina (Camelina sativa) elite germplasm C17-833 was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Development Centre. It was developed through hybridization of camelina cultivar AAC 10CS0048 and F4 line 11CS0231-24-10 and subsequent pedigree selection. C17-833 yields significantly higher (114%) than the check cultivar AAC 10CS0048. It also has significantly higher seed oil content (42.6% vs. 41.9%) and significantly larger seeds (126%). C17-833 has very good resistance to downy mildew disease caused by Hyalonospora camelinae and is adapted to all soil zones of the Canadian Prairies.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-06-04T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2024-0035
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- Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with seed quality
traits in two early-maturing soybean populations-
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Authors: Jérôme Gélinas Bélanger, Tanya Rose Copley, Valerio Hoyos-Villegas, Louise O'Donoughue
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
In Canada, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is primarily cultivated in three provinces (Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba). Canadian breeders want to expand the current cultivation range to more northern agro-environments by developing early-maturing elite lines while maintaining good seed quality traits. To examine quantitative trait loci involved in 100-seed weight and seed protein, oil, and fatty acid (oleic, linolenic, and linoleic acids) contents, we generated an early-maturing recombinant inbred line population (QS15544RIL) and an F2:F3 (QS15524F2:F3) population adapted to cultivation zones MGs 00 and 000, and phenotyped them for 3 years and 1 year, respectively. Using two mapping algorithms (Inclusive composite interval mapping and Genome-wide composite interval mapping), we identified a total of 12 major regions that were either associated with QS15544RIL (five loci), QS15524F2:F3 (four loci), or both (three loci) populations. Of the 12 identified regions, three (RIL_GM12, RIL_GM16, and F2_GM04.2) were not previously identified and might, respectively, serve as novel sources of regulation for oil content, seed weight, and oleic acid. For the RIL_GM05 locus, we identified two novel variants in Glyma.05G244100/MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1, a gene with a confirmed role in the regulation of oleic and linoleic acid contents. Two of the major loci (RIL_GM04 and RIL_GM16) associated with the 100-seed weight trait and one locus (F2_GM04.2) associated with oleic acid were found to be overlapping three loci (E8-r1, GM16:5,680,173–5,730,237, and E8-r2) involved in early-maturity and/or shorter pod-filling that were previously identified by our group, suggesting possible breeding bottlenecks due to linkage drag or pleiotropic effects.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-26T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2024-0049
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- Effects of genotype, weather, FHB fungicide, and pre-harvest glyphosate on
grain quality of hard red spring wheat in western Canada-
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Authors: Kathleen Dorrian, Manasah Mkhabela, Harry Sapirstein, Paul Bullock
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Diverse growing season weather in western Canada has large effects on wheat quality. Management practices, such as pesticide application, may also affect wheat quality, but are largely unknown. This study measured pesticide application effects on grain quality for six hard red spring wheat cultivars over three growing seasons at four prairie locations. Each siteyear included (i) an untreated control, (ii) fungicide applied at anthesis for Fusarium head blight (FHB) control, (iii) pre-harvest glyphosate applied at physiological maturity, and (iv) a combination of both pesticides. Generally warmer and drier conditions in 2015 and 2017 compared to 2016 resulted in wheat with higher grades, test weight, thousand-kernel weight, and grain protein content but lower Fusarium damaged kernel (FDK) content. Siteyear, reflecting weather variation by location, was the major factor affecting grain quality, contributing from 39% to 77% of total variance. Rainfall variation was greater than that for air temperature and appeared to be the main weather factor affecting quality. Genotype had a significant impact on grain quality but contributed 1%–20% of total variance. The pesticide treatments had a significant effect on several quality parameters, but they contributed only 0.2%–2% to total variance, implying that they have no detrimental effect on wheat grain quality when applied as recommended. Fungicide significantly reduced FDK level in four of ten siteyears, all with high FDK levels, but not when applied at the low FDK siteyears. Fungicide for FHB control should be used only when weather is conducive to high FHB disease pressure.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-25T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0151
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- Multiple herbicide-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) control in
glufosinate-resistant canola-
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Authors: Alysha T. Torbiak, Robert E. Blackshaw, Randall N. Brandt, Bill Hamman, Charles M. Geddes
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Multiple herbicide-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott) has grown in prevalence in the canola (Brassica napus L.) production region of North America. Glufosinate-resistant canola facilitates kochia management since glufosinate-resistant kochia is not known to occur. Field experiments were conducted from 2013 to 2015 in five environments near Lethbridge and Coalhurst, Alberta, to identify herbicide strategies targeting acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant kochia with and without glyphosate resistance in glufosinate-resistant canola. Sequential glufosinate treatments (500 g ai ha−1) postemergence (POST) caused excellent (≥90%) kochia control and biomass reduction across environments. Preplant (PP) carfentrazone + sulfentrazone (9 + 105 g ai ha−1) alone or followed by (fb) POST glufosinate (9 + 27 fb 500 or 9 + 105 fb 500 g ai ha−1) resulted in excellent kochia control in all environments tested. PP carfentrazone + sulfentrazone (9 + 53 g ai ha−1) alone, and a single POST treatment with glufosinate (500 or 590 g ai ha−1) alone or preceded by fall-applied ethalfluralin (1100 fb 500 g ai ha−1) with or without PP carfentrazone (1100 fb 9 fb 500 g ai ha−1) caused ≥80% kochia control and biomass reduction in all environments tested. However, treatments containing PP carfentrazone + sulfentrazone caused unacceptable canola injury or yield loss in at least one environment. In conclusion, single or sequential treatments of glufosinate POST managed multiple herbicide-resistant kochia effectively in canola. Layering fall-applied/PP ethalfluralin and/or PP carfentrazone with glufosinate POST may help alleviate resistance selection pressure placed on glufosinate in canola.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-24T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2024-0008
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- Evaluation of spring-type and winter-type Brassica napus germplasm for
genetic diversity in response to flea beetle herbivory in typical and
atypical planting windows-
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Authors: Julian Heath, Laima Kott, Mohsen Yoosefzadeh Najafabadi, Istvan Rajcan
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Current practices of flea beetle (Phyllotreta spp.) control in Brassica napus L. rely heavily on seed treatments and due to growing concerns regarding the safety of such treatments on non-target and beneficial insect populations, genetic resistance would be beneficial for a more balanced integrated pest management strategy. However, none of the registered B. napus. canola varieties exhibit measurable resistance to flea beetle injury. To this end, an evaluation of 14 winter-type B. napus breeding lines and 15 spring-type B. napus breeding lines for resistance to flea beetle feedings was conducted, as it was found that at least one line in each family exhibited noticeably reduced flea beetle damage compared to sister lines in a breeding nursery. The study revealed natural genetic variation within B. napus for flea beetle antixenosis which could be used by dedicated breeders to develop canola varieties with higher levels of flea beetle resistance. Data indicated that host plant resistance did not vary between feeding by newly emerged adult flea beetles in the fall and the overwintered adults in the spring in either winter-type or spring-type canola, as well as for adult feeding preferences. This indicates that favourable genes identified in in either habitat-type could be used interchangeably to confer resistance even though the flea beetle life cycle is different for each planting period, while either overwintered adults or newly emerged adults can be used to evaluate feeding damage.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-15T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0105
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- Cropping system typologies perform differently under climate stress in
Manitoba, Canada: multi-criteria assessment-
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Authors: S.K. Curtis, M.H. Entz, K.A. Stanley, D.J. Cattani, K.D. Schneider
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Information is required to understand how novel biodiversity strategies can improve cropping system resilience to climate change. A “business as usual” (BAU) rotation (wheat–canola–wheat–soybean) was compared with a “warm-season crop” (WS) rotation (corn–sunflower–dry bean–canola); a “biodiverse” (BD) rotation (fall rye with cover crop– corn/soybean intercrop—pea/canola intercrop–green fallow mixture); a “perennial grain” (Kernza) rotation (Kernza grain intermediate wheatgrass); and an organic (ORG) rotation (millet-green fallow mixture-wheat). Drought conditions prevailed in both study years. The BAU rotation had the lowest average yield (1821 kg ha−1 compared with 2533 and 3083 kg ha−1 for the BD and WS rotations, respectively), less post-harvest residual biomass, and a lower net return than the WS rotation. The WS rotation was limited by herbicide-resistant weeds in dry beans. Kernza seed yield was five times lower than for spring wheat. ORG wheat yielded the same as other wheat and had a higher net return. Live roots days, a measure of soil health potential, were 95 for the BAU rotation and 174 and 113 for the BD and WS rotations, respectively; the most were recorded for Kernza (365). Seasonal crop growth duration was increased by including Kernza and fall rye for early season growth, and corn, sunflower, a corn–soybean intercrop, a cover crop, and fall-seeded rye for late season growth. WS and BD rotations outperformed the BAU rotation and the BD system accomplished this with half the N fertilizer. Results demonstrate the potential of biodiverse rotations; barriers to their adoption should be addressed.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-12T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0177
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- Assessing the influence of climate controls on grapevine biophysical
responses: a review of Ontario viticulture in a changing climate-
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Authors: Jessica A. Williamson, Richard M. Petrone, Riccardo Valentini, Merrin L. Macrae, Andrew Reynolds
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Climate change presents unique challenges for grape growers across the world. In Ontario, three distinct viticultural regions are experiencing climatic shifts towards warmer growing seasons. According to historical records collected from Environment and Climate Change Canada, Lake Erie North Shore has transitioned from an intermediate-to-warm growing season classification, the Niagara Peninsula from the lower to upper limits of the intermediate zone, and Prince Edward County from cool to intermediate, when analyzing their average growing season temperatures. Terroir is directly related to vine water status, an indicator of grapevine stress. Biophysical responses controlled by air temperature and precipitation include fluctuations in vapour pressure deficits, evapotranspiration, and water-use-efficiency rates, as well as soil water content levels. By conducting an extensive literature review, the development of a conceptual model addresses how variations in climatic controls, under the scope of climate change, may influence grapevine water status, biophysical responses, and associated production outcomes for Ontario vineyards. Cool-to-intermediate air temperatures, when paired with increased precipitation will lead to no or low vine stress, increasing photosynthesis and transpiration rates, and variable plant water-use-efficiency levels, producing higher yields and lower quality grapes, if no management strategies are applied. Oppositely, higher air temperature as a product of climate change, when paired with variable precipitation may produce mild-to-severe stress, reducing yield, and increasing grape quality. With the appropriate management strategies, both traditional and new, growers may be able to accommodate for the influence of climate change on their vineyards.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-12T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0161
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- Spring wheat agronomic and quality responses to a
genotype × environment × N source and management systems approach-
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Authors: Zhijie Wang, Sheri Strydhorst, Xiying Hao, Guillermo Hernandez Ramirez, Greg Semach, Chris Holzapfel, Jessica Enns, Laurel Thompson, Brian L. Beres
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Yield and quality improvements in Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are increasingly difficult to attain, which behooves a systems approach to unlock genotype (G) × environment (E) × management (M) synergies. This 25 site-year study was designed to assess a G × E × M systems approach to improve CWRS agronomics, quality, and N use efficiency (NUE). The investigation consisted of genetics (AAC Viewfield vs. AC Stettler), N source (untreated urea; urea + urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT); urea + nitrification inhibitor, nitrapyrin; urea + dual-inhibitor (NBPT + dicyandiamide); and polymer-coated) and N timing/placement (all-banded at planting, two-split applications and three-split applications), deployed across diverse soil zones in western Canada. Differential yield responses were observed between cultivars as AAC Viewfield produced superior yield over AC Stettler (+4.3%) in black and grey soils, while yield attainment was similar in dark brown soils. Genetic improvement over AC Stettler seemed most apparent in water abundant environments; however, AC Stettler was often superior in drier conditions. All N sources produced comparable outcomes for yield, quality, NUE, and net returns. In black and grey soils, adopting either all-banded or two-splits improved grain yield due to augmented seedling vigor, heads per plant, and N recovery. The timing of split-applications introduces more risk to yield and is likely attributed to a poorly developed source:sink relationship in the critical growth period if applied late to optimize grain protein. This highlights the complexity of the system and balance needed to harness the potential synergy between G, E, and M components.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0142
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- The effects of pre-harvest glyphosate rate and timing on yield and
pre-malt quality of malting barley-
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Authors: John T. O'Donovan, Hiroshi Kubota, K. Neil Harker, T. Kelly Turkington, William May, Eric N. Johnson, Brian Beres, Marta Izydorczyk, Lori Oatway, Henry de Gooijer, Alick Mulenga, Timothy Schwinghamer, Breanne D. Tidemann
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
The production of barley cultivars with malting and brewing quality characteristics is subject to strict grading and technical standards for the end-use market. Environmental and management factors can significantly alter grain quality, and the qualities required for malting. Crop and kernel uniformity are critical factors where variability can exceed the tolerance for meeting malt quality. A practice to address variations in crop maturity is the application of pre-harvest glyphosate. Pre-harvest glyphosate applications can, however, alter malting characteristics in barley, and, if mis-timed, can also reduce yield. A 4-year study at five locations in Alberta and Saskatchewan from 2013 to 2017 was conducted to determine the effects of pre-harvest glyphosate applications on malting barley characteristics. Glyphosate was applied at 900 and 1125 g ae ha−1 on malting barley cultivars ‘CDC Meredith’ and ‘AC Metcalfe’ malting barley at soft dough, hard dough, and physiological maturity growth stages. Yield reductions of up to 12% were observed from glyphosate applications at soft dough, and yield was maximized with applications at physiological maturity. Glyphosate application, at two rates, reduced percentage plump kernels, but did not affect kernel weight or protein concentration. The growth stage of barley plants did not provide an accurate indicator of seed moisture levels at the time of application, which motivated our conclusion that glyphosate applications can be mistimed by inaccurate indicators. The results motivate our questioning of the utility of pre-harvest glyphosate applications, given the adverse effects to barley yield and quality observed, even when applied according to the label instructions.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0167
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- The effects of roller crimping direction for termination of fall sown
cereal rye (Secale cereale L.)-
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Authors: Hayley L. Brackenridge, François J. Tardif, Kerry Bosveld, Robert E. Nurse
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Consensus around the optimal direction of roller crimping a row-planted cover crop has not been established. Several publications report crimping either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of cover crop planting with little to no justification apart from unpublished observations or hypotheses. This study explicitly compared the effects of roller crimping direction on crimping efficacy, weed suppression, and cash crop yield. At Elora, ON in 2020 and 2021, and Harrow, ON in 2021, a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop was planted in three orientations (north-south vs. east-west vs. no rye control) then terminated with a roller crimper parallel or perpendicular to the direction of planting. A sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cash crop was planted either north–south or east–west in the same direction as roller crimping. A split plot treatment of weediness (weedy vs. weed-free) was applied. It was found that roller crimping direction did not have a consistent effect on rye mortality or number of upright tillers, nor did it affect weed control. However, total marketable sweet corn fresh weight decreased in perpendicular crimped rye compared to parallel crimping, despite equivalent cob counts. We did not find evidence in this study to suggest that perpendicular roller crimping improves ground cover and therefore weed suppression, contrary to other unpublished observations. Given the effect on sweet corn yield, roller crimping perpendicular to the direction of cover crop planting may not be a suitable practice. Alternative methods for improving cover crop-based weed control should be investigated.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-04-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0184
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- Low temperature and excess moisture affect seed germination of soybean
(Glycine max L.) under controlled environments-
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Authors: Rongzhen Suo, Sandhu Kulbir, Frank You, Robert Conner, Elroy Cober, Mingjiu Wang, Anfu Hou
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Cold and excess moisture pose a serious threat to soybean production especially during seed germination in short-season environments. In this study, the effects of low temperature and excess moisture stress on seed germination were investigated in 187 soybean accessions originating from 18 countries. The experiment used a combination of three temperature conditions (i.e., 20 °C/14 °C, 14 °C/10 °C, and 10 °C/10 °C day/night) and two moisture levels (i.e., normal and excess). The seed germinability traits measured included germination rate (GR), germination index, germination time, germination uniformity, and coefficient of velocity of germination. Overall, GR was lowest in the 20 °C/14 °C + excess moisture and germination time was longest in the 10 °C/10 °C + excess moisture. When compared with 20 °C/14 °C + normal moisture treatment, GR at 10 °C/10 °C + excess moisture decreased by 38%; germination time increased by 20 days; seed viability decreased by 83%; germination uniformity decreased by 70%; germination speed decreased by 73%. Differences in GR, germination index, and germination velocity under different treatments were affected by temperature, moisture, and their interaction. Variation in germination time uniformity was determined by temperature, with no significant effects of moisture conditions and the interaction of temperature and moisture. It was shown that the temperature–excess moisture interaction led to a sharp decrease in seed germination. Two genotypes including PI 603147 and PI 507702 were identified with a GR over 90% at 10 °C/10 °C + excess moisture. This study generated new knowledge and data to further the understanding of genetic resistance to cold and excess moisture stress in soybean.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-03-28T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0162
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- Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and waterhemp (Amaranthus
tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer) biovigilance in Canadian Agro-ecosystems-
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Authors: Shaun M. Sharpe, Sara L. Martin, Eric R. Page, Charles M. Geddes
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
The evolution and spread of herbicide-resistant weeds threatens long-term sustainability of Canadian agro-ecosystems. Herbicide-resistant weeds increase management inputs and costs, increase off-target and environmental exposure to pesticides, reduce yield quality and quantity, and impede harvest efficiency. Amaranthus species including Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer) are particularly concerning due to both their propensity towards herbicide resistance evolution, their history of invasion, and their spread in agro-ecosystems. A biovigilance approach is taken to build awareness of these pigweeds' initial invasion and spread in the USA. Characteristics of their identification, potential hybridization, and known herbicide resistance evolution are reviewed. Fourteen species of Amaranthus are found in Canada, nine of which (including waterhemp) possess herbicide-resistant biotypes. A total of 45 hybrids between various Canadian Amaranthus species with each other or Palmer amaranth have been noted. Hybrids have been experimentally produced or observed from herbarium specimens, with three cases of herbicide resistance transfer notably with Palmer amaranth or waterhemp. Mitigation strategies will depend on successful species identification and herbicide resistance status determination. Common pathways for Palmer amaranth introductions in the northern USA include both animal feed systems with grain screenings and crop production systems including seed and equipment contamination. Regional awareness campaigns will be critical to support Canadian farmers in identifying and quickly mitigating invasions of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp to prevent establishment and spread of infestations into new areas.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-03-22T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0193
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- Optimizing the evaluation of root system architectural traits in Brassica
napus-
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Authors: Chunxiao Yang, Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman, Sheau-Fang Hwang, Linda Y. Gorim, Stephen E. Strelkov
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
A semi-hydroponic system was developed to assess canola (Brassica napus L.) root architectural traits. Four cultivars were grown under controlled conditions in germination paper rolls immersed in half-strength Hoagland’s solution. Eight parameters, including total root length, total root surface area, average root diameter, tip number, total primary root length, total lateral root length, total tertiary root length, and basal link length, were analyzed using the WinRHIZO software after 7, 14, and 21 days. The results suggested that 14 days in the semi-hydroponic system were optimal for accurate root trait assessment, as clear differences were observed while maintaining ease of handling and scanning.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-03-13T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0169
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- Identification of Canadian barley varieties by high-throughput SNP
genotyping-
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Authors: Sung-Jong Lee, Maria Eckhardt, Mathieu Dusabenyagasani, Marta Izydorczyk, Tigst Demeke, Daniel Perry, Sean Walkowiak
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Barley is a major grain crop in Canada and is used for generating malt, in addition to being used as human food and animal feed. Differentiating barley varieties is important for malt quality assurance and grain handling. Here, we present a DNA-based testing method for the identification of Canadian barley varieties. The method uses 24 custom TaqMan genotyping assays, which are analyzed using the high-throughput SmartChip system (Takara Bio Inc.). Using this method, we are able to distinguish 124 barley varieties commonly grown in Canada.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-03-12T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0187
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- Validation of a delivery strategy for reducing nutrient inputs and
improving nutrient use efficiency in greenhouse-grown sub-irrigated pot
chrysanthemums-
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Authors: Barry J. Shelp, Katherine R. Teeter-Wood, Edward J. Flaherty, Lou M. Schenck, Jamie Aalbers
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Two experiments were conducted in a naturally lit research greenhouse to validate our modified strategy for delivering nutrients to sub-irrigated chrysanthemum plants. A split-plot design was used with four blocks arranged randomly, three nutrient rates as the main plot, and two contrasting cultivars as the subplot. The entire nutrient supply was removed at bud break and markedly reduced during vegetative growth, compared to common commercial fertilizer formulations, without adversely affecting tissue nutrient levels and plant/inflorescence quality, indicating that the plants were functioning in the low nutrient sufficiency zone. Specific nutrients (Nt) were more likely to exhibit improved uptake efficiency (shoot Nt content/Nt supply) than improved utilization efficiency (inflorescence DM/shoot Nt content) with decreasing nutrient supply. Thus, the common practice of delivering superfluous nutrient levels to greenhouse-grown chrysanthemum has little scientific merit in terms of nutrient accumulation and plant longevity. Applying a low‐input nutrient delivery strategy to the cultivation of indoor-grown, potted ornamental plants would improve the overall sustainability of the Canadian floricultural industry.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-03-06T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0120
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- Fusarium head blight detection, spikelet estimation, and severity
assessment in wheat using 3D convolutional neural networks-
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Authors: Oumaima Hamila, Christopher J. Henry, Oscar I. Molina, Christopher P. Bidinosti, Maria Antonia Henriquez
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most significant diseases affecting wheat and other small-grain cereals worldwide. Developing FHB-resistant cultivars is critical but requires field and greenhouse disease assessment, which are typically laborious and time consuming. In this work, we developed automated applications based on three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that detect FHB symptoms expressed in wheat, estimate the total number of spikelets versus the total number of infected spikelets on a wheat head, and subsequently calculate FHB severity index. Such tools are an important step toward the creation of automated and efficient phenotyping methods. The data used to generate the results are 3D point clouds consisting of four colour channels—red, green, blue (RGB), and near-infrared (NIR)—collected using a multispectral 3D scanner. Our 3D CNN models for FHB detection achieved 100% accuracy. The influence of the multispectral information on performance was evaluated; the results showed the dominance of the RGB channels over both the NIR (720 nm peak wavelength) and the NIR plus RGB channels combined. Our best 3D CNN models for estimation of total and infected number of spikelets achieved mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 1.13 and 1.56, respectively. Our best 3D CNN models for FHB severity estimation achieved 8.6 MAE. A linear regression analysis between the visual FHB severity assessment and the FHB severity predicted by our 3D CNN showed a significant correlation.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-26T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0127
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- CDC Kernen oilseed flax
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Authors: Helen M. Booker, H. Randy Kutcher, Khalid Y. Rashid, Bunyamin Tar'an
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
CDC Kernen, a late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was registered in 2021 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar had a significant yield advantage (107%) compared to CDC Glas (the yield check) in all soil zones of the Northern Prairies. The yield of CDC Kernen was 115%, 98%, and 105% of CDC Glas in the Black, Brown, and Black and Grey soil zones of Western Canada, respectively. This cultivar has medium (45.1%) oil content, oil quality (iodine value (IV) 192; alpha linolenic acid content 57.1%), equivalent to CDC Glas (the seed quality standard) coupled with larger seed size (thousand seed weight 6.1 g) than CDC Glas. It is immune to North American rust (race 371) caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini and powdery mildew caused by Oidium lini.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-26T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0185
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- Evaluation of nitrogen fertilization of hybrid hazelnuts (Corylus
americana × Corylus avellana) based on leaf nitrogen sufficiency
thresholds-
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Authors: Lois C. Braun
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Hybrids between Corylus avellana and Corylus americana are one of several new perennial and winter annual crops being developed as part of the Forever Green Initiative at the University of Minnesota. As a woody perennial shrub, hazelnuts in agroforestry systems can provide a new revenue source for rural landowners; continuous living cover to prevent soil erosion, sequester soil carbon, protect water quality, and provide wildlife habitat; and a delicious and healthful new local food. If hazelnuts are to fulfill their potential, better germplasm and better nitrogen fertilization recommendations are both needed. We modeled these trials after trials by R.E. Worley, who showed that yields of pecan trees fertilized only when leaf nitrogen (N) fell below critical thresholds were maintained with lower levels of applied N, benefitting both the environment and growers’ profits. Results of trials at three Minnesota sites, comparing N applied only when leaf N fell below 1.8%, 2.0%, or 2.2% with annual N applications and no N over 4 years, support using 2.2% leaf N as the critical threshold for N fertilization. Our results showed that whereas only 8% of N applied annually ended up in the harvested nuts and husks, N that was applied to plants that demonstrated hunger for it was more efficiently taken up. Our results suggest a need for more productive germplasm and further research to develop best management practices for N fertilization.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-21T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0001
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- Warmer future climate in Canada—implications for winter survival of
perennial forage crops-
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Authors: Budong Qian, Qi Jing, Guillaume Jégo, Gilles Bélanger, Ward Smith, Andy VanderZaag, Jiali Shang, Jiangui Liu, Brian Grant, Marianne Crépeau
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Significant increase in wintertime air temperature, especially the reduced cold extremes under climate change, might be beneficial to the winter survival of perennial crops. However, climate warming could result in less snowfall, reduced snow cover, as well as changes in climate conditions for fall hardening and winter thaws. How these changes might impact the risks of winter damages to overwintering crops, such as perennial forage crops requires a comprehensive assessment for proactively adapting to climate change in the agricultural sector, especially the beef and dairy industries. Based on the most up-to-date climate projections from a set of global climate models, we used a snow model and a suite of agroclimatic indices for perennial forage crops to assess potential changes in the risks of winter injury to perennial forage crops across Canada in the near-term (2030s), the mid-term (2050s), and the distant future (2070s). Our results show that the risk of exposure to extremely low temperatures (daily Tmin ≤ −15 °C) without snow protection is projected to decrease across Canada with improved conditions for fall hardening. However, winter thaws and rainfall are projected to increase, and this would increase the risk of winter injury due to loss of hardiness together with potential soil heaving and ice encasement.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0192
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- A comparative study of fodder Galega (Galega orientalis LAM.) and common
forage legumes in monoculture and grass–legume binary mixture in
Canadian Prairies-
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Authors: Bill Biligetu, Jillian Bainard, Nityananda Khanal, Hu Wang
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Fodder Galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is a perennial legume adapted to the temperate regions of the world. The objective of this research was to compare the performance of fodder Galega to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) in monocultures and grass–legume mixtures. From 2018 to 2020, a multiple-location trial was conducted at Swift Current, Saskatoon, Melfort, SK and Beaverlodge, AB, Canada. The average forage mass of fodder Galega in monoculture was 3226, 1176, and 1678 kg·ha–1 at Melfort, Saskatoon, and Swift Current, respectively, and was lower than alfalfa. However, fodder Galega and alfalfa had similar forage mass at Beaverlodge (7900 and 7670 kg·ha−1, respectively). The proportion of fodder Galega in the grass–legume mixtures was 36%–42% in 2019, decreasing to 3%–27% at Saskatoon. At Swift Current, fodder Galega in the mixtures was 11%–13% in 2019, which almost disappeared from the stand in 2020. At Beaverlodge, fodder Galega maintained 38%–47% in 2019 and increased to 47%–69% in 2020. Fodder Galega had similar acid detergent fiber to cicer milkvetch at two of four sites, which was lower than those of alfalfa and sainfoin. The crude protein of fodder Galega and its mixtures with grasses was lower than other mixtures at the three Saskatchewan sites, but was higher at Beaverlodge. Our results indicate that fodder Galega has potential to be utilized as a forage legume in cooler northern regions, but its productivity was low in the Dark Brown and Brown soil.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0089
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- CDC Esme oilseed flax
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Authors: Bunyamin Tar'an, Helen M. Booker, Megan A. House, Kenneth I. Jackle, H. Randy Kutcher
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
CDC Esme, a high-yielding, late-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar, was registered in 2023 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. CDC Esme had a superior yield (106%) compared to the check variety, CDC Glas, in all soil zones of the Northern Prairies. The yield of CDC Esme was 106%, 105%, and 105% of CDC Glas, in the long-season Black, Brown, and short-season Black and Grey soil zones of Western Canada, respectively. CDC Esme has larger seeds (thousand seed weight) than that of check cultivar, CDC Glas, with improved quality based on the iodine value of 192 and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content of 57.1%. This cultivar is immune to the North American rust (race 371) caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-16T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0186
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- Copy number variation at Vrn-A1 and haplotype diversity at Fr-A2 are major
determinants of winter survival of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in
Eastern Canada-
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Authors: Yi Chen, Mina Kaviani, Mohsen Yoosefzadeh Najafabadi, Michel McElroy, Istvan Rajcan, Alireza Navabi
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Winter survival is an essential trait for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in high latitude regions such as Eastern Canada. Indoor studies have identified that copy number variation of genes influencing freezing is an essential component. Although Canadian winter wheat is predominantly grown in Eastern Canada, the extent to which allele variation in freezing tolerance genes affects winter survival in this region remains unknown, as there are presently no studies characterizing such variation in Canadian winter wheat germplasm. In this study, we characterized a panel 415 Canadian winter wheat cultivars for haplotype diversity of the Frost Resistance-2 (Fr-A2) locus and copy number variation of Vernalization-A1 (Vrn-A1) and C-repeat binding factors-A14 (CBF-A14). Additionally, this study evaluates each gene’s effect on winter survival across two locations and 2 years. We found that a combination of Vrn-A1 copy number and Fr-A2 haplotype accounted for 67.38% of the genotypic variance. Most of the cultivars tested (77.3%) carry the allele combination of three copies of Vrn-A1 and the Fr-A2-T haplotype, which was associated with the best winter survival. Interestingly, copy number of Vrn-A1 did not significantly affect heading time, therefore, selecting for higher copy number of Vrn-A1 would not affect maturity.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-02T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0101
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- Improved methods to estimate days and temperature to fifty percent
mortality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low-temperature
flooding and ice encasement-
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Authors: Jaber Husiny, Alexandra Ficht, Rachel Whiting, Helen Booker, David C. Hooker, Michel McElroy, Eric Lyons
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Low-temperature flooding and ice encasement (LTFIE) cause variable survival of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Ontario, which limits the adoption of wheat into crop rotations by growers. The development of novel cultivars capable of withstanding LTFIE is a promising avenue for improvement, but the methods used to assess the survival of winter wheat under LTFIE are restricted. This study developed updated methods to determine the survival of wheat cultivars under LTFIE using controlled environments and, to our knowledge, is the first method since the 1980s to use Canadian eastern soft red winter wheat (CESRW) to conduct cold tolerance studies. Chamber-acclimated plants of AC Carberry (spring wheat control), Branson (CESRW), CM614 (CESRW), and Norstar (hardy Canadian western red winter control) cultivars were used to estimate the days (LD50) and temperature (LT50) to reach 50% mortality under ice and without ice treatments. Norstar had the longest LD50 at 33 days, Branson and CM614 had similar LD50 of 18 and 20 days, and AC Carberry did not reach an LD50 as it died early in both treatments. The LT50 of each cultivar was different; Norstar had the lowest LT50 (−13.6 °C day 0 and −13.2 °C day 7), and AC Carberry had the highest LT50 (−6.6 °C day 0 and −2.7 °C day 7). The detailed methods developed in this study were more reliable compared to older methods based on the more accurate reported LD50 and LT50 of the cultivars, therefore, these methods can be used to screen winter cereals for LTFIE in the future.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-02-01T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0143
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- The potential of growing soybean in Saskatchewan and its irrigation water
needs under climate change scenarios—a modelling study-
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Authors: Budong Qian, Barrie Bonsal, Qi Jing, Ward Smith, Guillaume Jégo, Yinsuo Zhang, Rosa Brannen, Brian Grant, Marianne Crépeau
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
The soybean industry in Canada is seeking opportunities to expand cultivation due to economic and environmental benefits of growing soybean. Climate projections indicate that soybean expansion into Saskatchewan would be possible with the increases in the available crop heat units under a future warmer climate; however, crop water availability could limit yields. Using a crop growth model, we simulated soybean yields within the Canadian Regional Agricultural Model regions in Saskatchewan for the near-term (2030s), mid-term (2050s), and distant future (2070s) periods under different climate scenarios. Soybean yields were simulated without water stress (potential yield), with water stress (rainfed yield), and under full and partial irrigation scenarios. Irrigation water needs were estimated under the irrigation scenarios and irrigation water availability was discussed. Our results suggest that reasonable and likely more profitable yields (∼2000–2500 kg ha−1) can be achieved under rainfed conditions in the Black soil zone neighbouring Manitoba but soybean production would be less favourable in the Dark Brown soil zone and least favourable in the Brown soil zone. Northeastern regions in the Black soil zone were found to be suitable for growing soybean cultivars in the maturity group (MG) 0 in the distant future and MG 00 in the mid-term under the medium–high greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Soybean would still not be suitable in the northwestern region. Our results indicate that regions in central Saskatchewan requiring 120–170 mm of irrigation are more likely to benefit from the proposed Lake Diefenbaker Irrigation Projects in the future.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-01-30T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0148
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- Factors that influence measurements of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) flower
bud cold hardiness obtained using differential thermal analysis-
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Authors: Elizabeth Houghton, Kirsten Hannam, Denise Neilsen, Louise M. Nelson
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ahead of Print.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a technique commonly used to evaluate the cold hardiness of plant organs that supercool as a means for cold survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different pretest bud storage conditions, cooling rates, and bud excision techniques on dormant sweet cherry flower bud low temperature exotherms (LTEs) measured using DTA. Furthermore, this study compared cold hardiness estimates made using DTA and controlled freezing tests. We determined that buds stored at warmer temperatures (12.5 °C and room temperature) for 2–6 h prior to DTA or transported to the lab in a moist environment underwent biologically relevant changes in their apparent sensitivity to cold, as indicated by LTEs produced at warmer temperatures. The DTA cooling rate also significantly affected LTEs, with faster cooling resulting in the production of LTEs at warmer temperatures. Overall, LTEs were comparable among buds with varying amounts of plant material remaining attached to the bud base. It is important to note that the region directly subtending the primordia was always left intact on the buds being compared. This study demonstrated that overall, DTA and controlled freezing tests resulted in comparable measures of cold hardiness. The findings presented in this study are pertinent to researchers interested in conducting cold hardiness measurements in sweet cherry and highlight that consistency in DTA pretest conditions and bud preparation are required to achieve reliable LTE results that can be compared among studies.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Plant Science
PubDate: 2024-01-22T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjps-2023-0087
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