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Authors:Rupak Bhattacharya, Dr.Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya, Aiyshi Mukherjee, Rupsha Bhattacharya, Debasish Mukherjee, Dalia Mukherjee, Hindol Banerjee Pages: 15 - 24 Abstract: Our home is our own life galaxy, the "Milky Way” which consist of trillions and trillions of stars. One of the middle aged, yellow stars is our sun. 400 billions of stars moving with a very complex and orderly grace in our spiral galaxy the Milky Way. In all galaxies there are perhaps as many as many planets as stars i.e 1011 × 1011 =1022, 10 billion trillions planets. Some stars are solitary (though in a binary star formation system) like our sun and most of the stars have their own companions. Systems of stars are commonly seen double, i.e two stars are orbiting one another. Some stars are so close that they touch each other and star staff flow beneath them. Most stars are however separated from one another by vast space-time. Stars are born and they dies too. Some stars went into novas and or in supernovas and are as bright as the entire galaxy that contains them. Some stars end them in black holes and are invisible even from a few hundred kilometers away. Some stars are in triple star systems, some are in binary star systems. Some stars are blue hot and very young. Some stars are yellow stars. Yellow stars are conventionally middle aged, while red (red giants) stars are elderly or dyeing stars. Some stars are in white dwarfs and they are in the final stage of death. Our '' sun” is a second generation star of a binary star formation process, produced by collapse of gases, Interstellar clouds within the framework of spiral pattern, a gaseous cloud which contains material required for nuclear furnaces, appearing inside the star. Stars are formed of giant interstellar mass, molecular clouds, containing trillions and trillions tons of gaseous hydrogen and deuterium ions as they collapse under gravity. Now in the dense clouds containing perhaps ten thousands millions (1010) atoms per cubic centimetre- that represent a much more dense collection of material, rather than gaseous material in stars, how are they converted into bright stars' How the stars were formed in the nebula or in galaxies of the universe' Stars formation is an astronomical puzzle that involves pure poor understanding of how interstellar giant molecular clouds (CDM+HDM) turned into the stars! Stars are formed from protostellar condensation in the star forming regions like Nebulas. PubDate: 2023-03-01 Issue No:Vol. 11, No. 3 (2023)
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Authors:Michael Shoikhedbrod Pages: 25 - 39 Abstract: Any flight control of a spacecraft (SC) depends on electricity on board. With the help of electricity, all its instruments and equipment (propulsion system, controls, communication systems, instrument complex, heating, etc.) function on board of the spacecraft. The power supply system (PSS) of a spacecraft is a critical system that ensures its life. The main base of the spacecraft power supply system is a system that generates direct electric current. This is determined by the fact that most of the sources that can be used on board are direct current sources. At present, the primary source is a source that converts any energy (chemical, light, nuclear) into electrical energy, and which must ensure the work of astronauts during the entire flight. Today, three sources have found their practical application that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy with a fairly high efficiency (about 70%): galvanic cells, batteries and fuel cells taken from the Earth. The most developed are fuel cells, which use hydrogen and oxygen as "fuel and oxygen". A fuel cell is a device that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy for forming water and generating heat. Two important advantages of fuel cells over electric batteries are: (i)Functioning until full use of fuel (fuel and oxidizer - hydrogen and oxygen), coming from an external source; (ii)The fuel cell does not need to be recharged during operation. Under space flight conditions, hydrogen and oxygen are constantly supplied to the fuel cells from tanks, filled on Earth with liquid hydrogen and oxygen. Under weightlessness conditions, hydrogen and oxygen gases and, accordingly, liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in the supercritical state are separated in the tanks, which forced the designers to install a special impeller for mixing oxygen. This drastically complicated fuel cell continuous supplying by hydrogen and oxygen and is unsafe (accident during flight of Apollo 13). The article presents the developed method and electrolyzer for the continuous supply by hydrogen and oxygen of fuel cells in space flight conditions directly from a specially designed conical electrolyzer, operating on the basis of obtaining separately concentrated gas-liquid mixtures: negatively charged electrolytic hydrogen bubbles + water, formed in the near-anode zone throughout anode length; positively charged electrolytic oxygen bubbles + water, formed in the near-cathode zone along the entire length of the cathode during electrolysis, due to the electrostatic attraction of opposite charge mixtures and voltage on the grid anode and cathode. The conical shape of the developed electrolyzer and its outlets under microgravity conditions allows for the separate discharge of two gas-liquid mixtures into different ampoules, equipped with static separators, generating separately hydrogen and oxygen in a continuous mode. The developed method and electrolyzer make it possible to continuously supply by hydrogen and oxygen of fuel cells in a safe and cost-effective way. PubDate: 2023-03-01 Issue No:Vol. 11, No. 3 (2023)
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Authors:Odaudu Ugbede Sunday, Ekele Thompson Ochedi, Mukaila El- Hussain Abdulrahman Pages: 40 - 45 Abstract: Reoccurring fire outbreaks in markets is a problem in Nigeria; especially in Lagos. To minimise this problem, a research was conducted on the three major markets in Lagos with the aim of comparatively assessing the fire resistivity of the constructi. on materials for their shelves and bases for keeping goods, in order to provide guidelines for designing shelves and bases of market buildings in Nigeria. The research data were gathered through desktop study; the data were analysed and checked by using contents analyses technique, in order to validate the results. The research findings showed that non-fire resistant wood was used for the construction of shelves and bases such as tables, stools and benches for keeping goods in the markets. Among the recommended guidelines for the design of shelves and bases in Nigerian markets are: design specifications for shelves in markets should be non-combustible metal plates, in order to curtail the rate at which fire spreads from them to other interior building materials, goods and properties in the event of outbreaks of fire. Alternatively, they should be non-fire resistant treated wood, so as to minimise the spread of fire in markets. PubDate: 2023-05-16 Issue No:Vol. 11, No. 3 (2023)
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Authors:Sukriti Dogra, Shruti H. Kapur, Mridula Sharma Pages: 1 - 4 Abstract: The environment of Earth is being harmed, and the planet is degrading due to the exponential population growth and resource depletion. A collision with an asteroid could completely destroy the Earth thus causing extinction of the entire human species, so a settlement at a different planet could save the extinction of human race. A civilization on another planet could prevent the extinction of the human race since an asteroid collision could entirely destroy Earth and wipe out the whole human species. Research in several branches of science and engineering is being done in order to explore and colonise the universe, which is now possible thanks to modern technology. Organizations like “Space X” are planning to take people to Mars in the near future (2026–2030). For the people who will be living and working there, this creates a significant demand for livable spaces and shelters. The future of construction on Mars offers tremendous opportunity for research and creative suggestions on how to establish a colony there. The objective of the current study is to examine the possibilities and ideas for life on Mars. PubDate: 2022-12-17 Issue No:Vol. 11, No. 3 (2022)
Please help us test our new pre-print finding feature by giving the pre-print link a rating. A 5 star rating indicates the linked pre-print has the exact same content as the published article.
Authors:Anita Kumari, D. Rajarajan, Bidyut B. Gogoi, Nirmala S, A Kartik Pages: 5 - 14 Abstract: For safeguarding the space assets, it is imperative on our part to know about the location of Resident Space Objects (RSO) in space. Two-Line Element Sets (TLEs) are indispensable in the assessment of a RSO’s orbit in space and thereby it helps in overcoming threats to space assets by appropriate action. In the present work, we have proposed an approach to generate TLE of all the RSOs using long arc/short arc estimated orbit from RADAR/Optical Telescope based multi-arc, multi stations observations from Indian stations. This estimated orbit is used as initial guess for TLE for refined estimation. Results are compared with the estimated precise orbit which demonstrates that the proposed methodology generate fair TLE that can be consistent with the available ones and hence this TLE generation methodology can serve as an alternative tool for generating TLEs of RSOs in space. PubDate: 2022-12-14 Issue No:Vol. 11, No. 3 (2022)
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