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Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
Number of Followers: 20  
 
  Hybrid Journal Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1541-9312
Published by Sage Publications Homepage  [1176 journals]
  • Evaluating Head-Mounted Visual-Haptic Displays for Recovery from Unusual
           Flight Attitudes under Normal and Visually-Degraded Conditions

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      Authors: Sam Chin, Noam Eisen, Brittany Bishop, Andrew Liu, Katya Arquilla, Joe Paradiso
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Haptics are a promising approach for improving situation awareness when visual and auditory channels are saturated. This study explores using head-mounted haptic feedback to improve pilot recovery from unusual attitudes. Seven participants were tested in Digital Combat Simulator (DCS) under two test conditions (haptic-visual, visual-only) in two environmental conditions (daytime, nighttime).
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-24T09:45:32Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262981
       
  • Vulnerable Communities in the Face of Heat: A Pilot Study on Perceptions,
           Behaviors, and Support Networks During Heat Events

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      Authors: Tian Yao, Michael C. Dorneich, Ulrike Passe, Nicholas Schwab, Mary Losch, Caroline C. Krejci, Jeremy Caron
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Extreme heat is the cause of most US weather-related deaths and is a serious risk for older adults, children, and people with medical issues living in vulnerable neighborhoods. This study explored how extreme heat events affect vulnerable communities, focusing on people’s perceptions, adaptive behaviors, and social network support. Mobile ecological momentary assessment through Short Message Service was employed to collect real-time data from residents in a socioeconomically challenged urban neighborhood in Iowa. Participants responded to text messages with survey links twice daily during heat events over the summer, in which they were asked about their perceptions and behaviors. The results show the need for targeted, inclusive, and effective heat warnings and social network support to reduce heat risks and help vulnerable communities better cope with extreme heat.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-24T09:39:42Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261378
       
  • Impacts of Disability Duration and Physical Activity Level on Wheelchair
           Propulsion Strategies in People with T12/L1 Spinal Cord Injury

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      Authors: San Hong, Hyunji Kim, Jooeun Ahn, Woojin Park
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study explores the impact of disability duration and physical activity (PA) level on wheelchair propulsion in individuals with T12/L1 spinal cord injury (SCI). It involves eleven participants with complete T12/L1 SCI, as per the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A. They executed propulsion at maximum and self-selected speeds, with measurements of shoulder, elbow, wrist, and trunk angles, and electromyography (EMG) data from upper body muscles. Using a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post hoc test, the study assessed the effects of disability duration and PA level on propulsion kinematics and muscle activity. Findings reveal significant influences of disability duration on elbow motion range and biceps activity, and of PA level on trunk displacement and upper trapezius activity. The study emphasizes the need to consider broader factors in assessing variability of wheelchair propulsion strategies for SCI individuals.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-23T05:39:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262448
       
  • Barriers Toward the Implementation of Extended Reality (XR) Technologies
           to Support Education and Training in Workforce Development Programs

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      Authors: Bhargav Upadhyay, Kapil Chalil Madathil, Sudeep Hegde, David Anderson, Eric Wooldridge, David Presley, Luis Perez, Ben Reid
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Advancements in computer technology have revolutionized extended reality (XR) experiences, including augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), mixed reality (MR), and 360° photography and videography. These technologies have found widespread adoption in various educational contexts, from K-12 schools to universities. However, community and technical colleges in the United States have been slower to adopt these innovative instructional modalities. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the adoption of XR technologies at 2-year institutions, guided by the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR). A qualitative research approach was applied by interviewing 13 educators from 2-year colleges to identify their perception and the challenges faced while implementing XR-enabled instruction. Limited availability of XR educational content, restricted development opportunities of XR content, limited integration of these technologies with existing learning management systems, resource constraints and training needs of educators are some of the factors that hinder implementation of these technologies at 2-year colleges.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-23T05:37:57Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241275080
       
  • Beyond the Cone of Uncertainty: Exploring the Flexibility of Animated Risk
           Trajectories for Improving Hurricane Risk Communication

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      Authors: Amelia C. Warden, Jessica K. Witt, Benjamin A. Clegg
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Tropical cyclone storms can put lives at risk and produce extensive damage. In the USA, forecast paths of hurricanes are most commonly communicated to the public through the cone of uncertainty (CoU). This visualization has several recognized flaws, including being susceptible to the psychological bias known as the containment effect. The present work tested the CoU against a dynamic set of ensembles, referred to as Animated Risk Trajectories (ARTs). In the current study, ARTs depicted the possible hurricane trajectory using instances moving at slow, medium, or fast speeds. Participants viewed either the CoU or ARTs visualization and made judgments of risk. Overall, the ARTs consistently mitigated the containment effect compared to the CoU. However, variations in the speed of the ARTs did not influence perceived levels of risk. Further examining which visual features of ARTs, like color or size, can be used to convey additional storm information is important for developing more effective and nuanced ways to enhance public safety and response to hurricane-prone regions.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-23T05:36:17Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241275077
       
  • Experimental Investigation and Queuing Network (QN) Modeling of
           Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff (SAT) in Human Prediction of Robot’s Target
           Selection in Human-Robot Collaboration

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      Authors: Yuanchen Wang, Yili Liu, X. Jessie Yang
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Human-Robot collaboration (HRC) is playing a pivotal role in modern industry. We conducted human experiments and computational modeling with the Queuing Network (QN) cognitive architecture to investigate the patterns of speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) and speed-confidence tradeoff (SCT) in human prediction of a robot’s movement intention. Experimental results show specific patterns of SAT and SCT, which are both affected by task difficulty. For example, clear quantitative relations of SAT are shown (a) in all the easy task conditions, (b) only in the medium to long duration conditions of the medium difficulty situations, but (c) not in any of the hard (most difficult) conditions. To account for SAT and SCT, entity departure processes of the QN are used to represent information accumulation in the human mind, with the entities representing the possible robot movement target locations. This modeling work goes beyond the previous QN models that focused on the arrival and service processes of information entities.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-23T05:34:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241275075
       
  • Selective Sensorimotor Impairments With Mental Fatigue Associated With
           G-transitions During and After Spaceflight

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      Authors: John Hayes, Blake Fairchild, Kieran Nichols, Jeevan Jayasuria, Ranjana K. Mehta
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Decrements in sensorimotor performance due to vestibular challenges associated with spaceflight are well characterized, and these impairments pose a significant risk to astronaut safety and mission success. However, the impact of fatigue on this impairment is unknown. We hypothesized that the interaction of fatigue and vestibular impairment would lead to greater-than-additive detriments to static and dynamic balance. Thirteen subjects (9 m/4 f) completed a series of sensorimotor tests (static and dynamic tasks, with and without galvanic vestibular stimulation) before and after a fatigue-induction task. Contrary to the hypothesis, the combination of fatigue and stimulation did not lead to increased impairment in sensorimotor task performance. Subjects displayed improved performance under GVS following the fatigue-induction task during eyes-open conditions, but not during eyes-closed or cognitive dual-task conditions, suggesting that the availability of alternate sensory cues as well as an astronaut’s level of mental workload can impact adaptation to vestibular challenges associated with spaceflight.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-17T05:31:10Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241275073
       
  • Negative Emotions From Virtual Reality Usage: A Preliminary Exploratory
           Study Using Online Forums

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      Authors: Emily Fang, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Karen B. Chen
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      As the virtual reality (VR) industry continues to grow, it becomes important to understand how individuals interact with VR in their everyday settings. The physical effects of VR such as fatigue are well-known, but research on emotional effects is not as common. This study aimed to explore VR head-mounted display users’ negative emotions regarding at-home VR usage. Examining 140 forum posts (with 118 from Reddit), the emotions, activities, and suggestions were extracted from the posts. The emotions were classified based on Plutchik’s wheel of emotions. Thematic analysis was used in coding posters’ activities and suggestions. The results suggest fear is the most common category of negative emotion experienced by posters. This work could help generate research questions to further examine VR use in naturalistic settings. Future work can include studies with a larger scope, extracting posts from a longer timeline and with fewer inclusion criteria.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-17T05:29:31Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241275079
       
  • Exploratory Literature Review on Shared Leadership to Aid Collaboration
           and Function Allocation in Human-Autonomy Teams

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      Authors: Anirudh More, Nathan Ka Ching Lau
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This research explores the potential of shared leadership as a complementary approach to function allocation within Human-Autonomy Teams (HATs), particularly in large, multi-agent contexts. Through a literature review of shared leadership in all-human organizational contexts, conducted using three databases, Web of Science, Engineering Village, and Google Scholar, the article identifies and outlines two mechanisms in shared leadership—decentralization and mutual influence—that appear promising for improving team processes and outcomes in HATs. This research underscores the need for developing frameworks or engineering guidance incorporating these mechanisms to enhance adaptability and performance in complex and dynamic environments.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-16T06:42:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241273500
       
  • Exploring Process Performance of Envelope Opening and Ballot Extraction
           Options in Vote-by-Mail: A Utah Case Study

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      Authors: Leonie S. Otte, Gretchen A. Macht
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Vote-by-Mail (VBM) has become increasingly popular over the last decade, but the process is executed differently even between jurisdictions within the same state. Currently, most VBM literature focuses on topics from the perspective of political science, and little-to-no work features analysis of operational aspects or human-machine interactions. Depending on the jurisdiction size, these VBM process steps are executed by humans, machines, or a combination of machines supporting humans. The opening-extraction process step of envelope opening and ballot extraction is always necessary. Therefore, the literature needs to consider the process execution of VBM ballots, the possible support of machines, and human-machine interactions in the VBM tabulation processes. This study compares two opening-extraction options to open envelopes and extract ballots in the VBM tabulation process. This research demonstrates that no one system of opening-extraction is generally better than the other, but some trade-offs need to be considered.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-15T07:08:48Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241274424
       
  • How Does Variation in AI Performance Affect Trust in AI-infused Systems: A
           Case Study With In-Vehicle Voice Control Systems

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      Authors: Feiqi Gu, Haosong Xu, Dengbo He
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study investigates how performance variation in AI-infused systems, specifically in-vehicle voice control systems, affects user trust. The frequent updates of AI-infused systems over the air raise concerns about the unstable performance of AI-infused systems, due to uncertainty and inexplicability of AIs. Employing a Wizard of Oz simulation with 27 participants, the study manipulated the accurate correct rates of voice command responses to represent system updates, measuring the perceived correct rate and trust after each update. Results suggest that the way the system evolves can impact users’ trust in the current version of the system, but this effect fades out with time. Moreover, users’ perception of performance, rather than the actual performance, has an impact on users’ trust. The research underscores the importance of managing users’ perception of system performance to maintain user trust and contributes to the knowledge of the relationship between AI evolution and user trust.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-15T07:06:30Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241274423
       
  • Assessing the Individual Experience of Comfort

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      Authors: Missie Smith, Saman Madinei
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Comfort is a widely used, but rarely defined, concept, often measured by simply asking people how comfortable a specific product or device is. However, early in the product life cycle, the device being developed may not be available for testing, parts of it may not be completely functional, or it may substantially change between iterations. The goal of this work was to develop a durable method for identifying potential sources of discomfort that would be appropriate for use early in the product life cycle. It needed to be flexible enough to use for different products at different points in the product life cycle, and without directly comparing to existing products. We developed a comfort framework which identifies potential sources of comfort and discomfort and applied the framework to develop a reusable questionnaire for a single product type (wrist-worn devices).
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:56:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260667
       
  • The Pop-Out Effect of Rarer Occurring Stimuli Shapes the Effectiveness of
           AI Explainability

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      Authors: Pawinee Pithayarungsarit, Tobias Rieger, Linda Onnasch, Eileen Roesler
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is proposed to improve transparency and performance by providing information about AI’s limitations. Specifically, XAI could support appropriate behavior in cases where AI errors occur due to less training data. These error-prone cases might be salient (pop-out) because of their naturally rarer occurrence. The current study investigated how this pop-out effect influences explainability’s effectiveness on trust and dependence. In an online experiment, participants (N = 128) estimated the contamination degree of bacterial stimuli. The lower occurrence of error-prone stimuli was indicated by one of two colors. Participants either knew about the error-prone color (XAI) or not (nonXAI). Contrary to earlier research without salient error-prone trials, explainability did not help participants follow correct recommendations in non-error-prone trials but helped them correct AI’s errors in error-prone trials. However, explainability still led to over-correction in correct error-prone trials. This poses the challenge of implementing explainability while mitigating its negative effects.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:54:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261284
       
  • Online Self-Confidence Calibration for Improving Learning Outcomes Via
           Intelligent Tutoring Systems

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      Authors: Madeleine S. Yuh, Neera Jain
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) are designed to imitate human tutors by closing-the-loop between learners and tutoring agents. It is well-established that the cognitive factors of self-confidence and workload impact learners’ self-awareness of achievements and self-efficacy, which in turn enhances learning outcomes. However, little work has been done to operationalize these concepts in ITSs for psychomotor learning. In this work, the authors consider learners’ skill progression while repeatedly landing a quadrotor in a simulator. The landing simulator is enabled with automation assistance that can turn on or off; when on, the automation assistance augments the learner’s input to mimic an expert’s landing trajectory. The authors design an algorithm to calibrate learners’ self-confidence to their performance and compare it against learners’ who do not receive any assistance. Statistical analyses revealed that participants who received assistance according to the calibration algorithm demonstrated more self-efficacy and less fatigue than those who did not.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:53:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260743
       
  • Firearm Safety Dimensions, an Extension of the Military Safety Climate
           Questionnaire

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      Authors: Martin Schüler
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The purpose of this pilot study is to identify specific safety climate dimensions pertaining to firearm safety and accidental discharge of firearms. New items capture the seriousness in firearms training pertaining to safety, handling and learning. The new items were developed in cooperation with the Swedish Armed Forces. The new items together with the Nordic safety climate questionnaire and the military safety climate questionnaire were distributed to one regiment within the Swedish Armed Forces. Data was collected and analyzed through statistical methods. An exploratory factor analysis initially indicated two new factors. The confirmatory factor analysis rejected one new factor keeping Serious firearms training. A two-level factor model was created influenced by accidents and incidents relating to firearms. Two latent variables were identified Safety Voice and Safety engagement both affected by accidents and incidents relating to firearms. The employee category squad leaders, soldiers or sailors at the lowest level of the organization, display significant differences compared to others in creating a climate were incidents and accidents might not be discussed or learnt from preventing unsafe behavior. The results from this study have one dominant limitation, this being that the sample size is only from one regiment. The new factor Serious firearms training need additional testing and validation before being adopted into an instrument. Future research should focus on verifying the two-level factor model with additional data from other military installations and to incorporate other types of variables into the model.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:50:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260682
       
  • Evaluating Active Learning Strategies for Automated Classification of
           Patient Safety Event Reports in Hospitals

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      Authors: Shehnaz Islam, Myrtede Alfred, Dulaney Wilson, Eldan Cohen
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Patient safety event (PSE) reports, which document incidents that compromise patient safety, are fundamental for improving healthcare quality. Accurate classification of these reports is crucial for analyzing trends, guiding interventions, and supporting organizational learning. However, this process is labor-intensive due to the high volume and complex taxonomy of reports. Previous work has shown that machine learning (ML) can automate PSE report classification; however, its success depends on large manually-labeled datasets. This study leverages Active Learning (AL) strategies with human expertise to streamline PSE-report labeling. We utilize pool-based AL sampling to selectively query reports for human annotation, developing a robust dataset for training ML classifiers. Our experiments demonstrate that AL significantly outperforms random sampling in accuracy across various text representations, reducing the need for labeled samples by 24% to 69%. Based on these findings, we suggest that incorporating AL strategies into PSE-report labeling can effectively reduce manual workload while maintaining high classification accuracy.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:49:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260676
       
  • Artificial Intelligence on the Digital Flight Deck: A Continuum with
           Parallel Trajectories

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      Authors: Sam Holley, Mark Miller, Leila Halawi
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Reports of artificial intelligence (AI) in industries have drawn attention to digital flight decks of airliners. This encompasses single pilot operations, distributed crewing, and forms of reduced crew operations. Pilots, understandably, have concerns about reliability of AI and intrusion in crew operational procedures. To better comprehend the extent of automation malfunctions, and advanced roles for AI, data from NTSB and ASRS databases were examined. Results were assessed for applications of AI to resolve known human or system limitations. To evaluate trust and confidence related to AI, a survey of 42 company pilots provided baseline findings. Results revealed a substantial level of distrust in AI to make important decisions and that pilots believe they are necessary to prevent critical mistakes. To better understand the potential role of AI on the flight deck, parallel tracks for development are presented that illustrate domain-specific applications from more complex human-automation teaming and shared cognition operations.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:47:06Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260403
       
  • Investigating the Impact of User Interface Designs on Expectations About
           Large Language Models’ Capabilities

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      Authors: Felix Gröner, Erin K. Chiou
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Large Language Models (LLMs) with their novel conversational interaction format could create incorrectly calibrated expectations about their capabilities. The present study investigates human expectations toward a generic LLM’s capabilities and limitations. Participants of an online study were shown a series of prompts that cover a wide range of tasks and asked to assess the likelihood of the LLM being able to help with those tasks. The result is a catalog of people’s general expectations of LLM capabilities across various task domains. Depending on the actual capabilities of a specific system, this could inform developers of potential over- or under-reliance on this technology due to these misconceptions. To explore a potential way of correcting misconceptions we also attempted to manipulate their expectations with three different interface designs. In most of the tested task domains, such as computation and text processing, however, these seem to be insufficient to overpower people’s initial expectations.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:45:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260399
       
  • A Novel Affective Design Tool: Task Emotion Analysis (TEA)

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      Authors: Myounghoon Jeon, Gayoung Ban, Mungyeong Choe, Yeana B. Lee
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      As research interests have been increased on emotions and affect in Human Factors and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), extensive research has been conducted on developing emotion detection technologies. However, little research has been conducted on the necessary former steps–for example, identifying what emotions are involved in specific use cases and how those emotions need to be treated. The present paper introduces a novel affective design tool, “Task Emotion Analysis (TEA)” following the traditional Human Factors method, Task Analysis. TEA involves basic task analysis but provides (1) what types of emotions are induced from or engaged with each task, (2) why they are induced, and (3) how they can be mitigated through interactions with technologies. Sample TEA results are provided to demonstrate its effectiveness. We hope that TEA can provide a legitimate method for the design of empathic interfaces and contribute to conducting deeper emotion analysis in Human Factors and HCI research.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:43:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260396
       
  • Understanding Reliance Decisions in Automated Vehicles Using Random Forest
           Analysis

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      Authors: Xingjian Ma, Xizi Xiao, Ranjana Mehta, Anthony D. McDonald
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Driver reliance on automated vehicles (AV) is a critical component of safety particularly during high-risk traffic scenarios. Factors that influence reliance, including trust, situation awareness, fatigue, and demographics, have been independently explored; however, few analyses have investigated predicting AV reliance and compared factors comprehensively. The goals of this study were to develop a random forest (RF) model to predict reliance and to analyze the importance of factors for reliance decisions. We leveraged data from a driving simulation study where participants encountered four traffic events including responding to an illegal vehicle crossing, managing construction zones, stopping at a vandalized stop sign, and a pedestrian detection task. The dataset included reliance decisions and subjective assessments of dispositional trust, situational trust, fatigue, and workload. An RF model fit to the dataset using cross validation achieved an average AUC of 0.81 and accuracy of 0.77 and situational trust emerged as the most influential predictor.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:41:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262982
       
  • Evaluating the Timing Strategy and Permanence of Implementation of the
           OR-Stretch, An Intraoperative Ergonomic Microbreak for Surgeons

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      Authors: Scott Anderson, Hamid Norasi, Susan Hallbeck, Young Erben
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Ergonomic microbreaks such as the OR-Stretch can address work-related musculoskeletal pain among surgeons and potentially alleviate burnout and early retirement. Fifteen surgeons at a single institution completed two operative cases using the OR-Stretch, once using the Scheduled (every 45 min) timing strategy and once using the Self-Determined (between 30 and 60 min based on surgeon preference) strategy. Eight surgeons preferred the Scheduled timing strategy, and seven preferred Self-Determined (p = .80). The stretch was skipped 16% of the time using the Scheduled strategy and 6% with the Self-Determined strategy (p = .18). Personal interest, improved mental focus, and ease of remembering were cited as the most influential factors for continued usage, while the most influential factor for not continuing was forgetting to use it. Self-determined intervals for intraoperative microbreaks represent a valid and potentially preferable implementation approach. Efforts to promote long-term adoption of microbreaks should focus on reminding surgeons to use them during operations.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:40:09Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261947
       
  • Unlocking the Potential of Augmented Reality: Investigating its Impact on
           Laparoscopic Training

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      Authors: Isra K. Elsaadany, Jessica M. Gonzalez-Vargas, Jason Z. Moore, Scarlett R. Miller
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Laparoscopic surgery is an important procedure that is performed over 15 million times annually. However, complications can reach up to 39%. Simulation-based training has been shown to be effective in laparoscopic surgery. Specifically, Augmented Reality (AR) simulators have been shown to improve performance. Leveraging the effectiveness of AR in medical training, this two-phase study aims to explore the potential utility of AR for laparoscopic training. Results from semi-structured interviews with experts and residents revealed that the advantages of current simulators include haptic feedback and disadvantages include lack of realism and visualizations. Results also showed that the most common challenges experienced by residents include camera navigation and trocar insertion. Results from user testing show that the AR simulator was perceived to have the ability to improve trocar insertion and laparoscopic surgery skills and practices more than current simulators. Thus, the AR simulator may be beneficial in improving skills in laparoscopic surgery.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:38:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261943
       
  • Enhancing Colonoscopy Training Through Simulation-Based Training:
           Designing and Evaluating an Interactive Graphical User Interface

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      Authors: Isra K. Elsaadany, Hang-Ling Wu, Okba E. Alenezy, Diviya V. Gopalakrishnan, Jessica M. Gonzalez-Vargas, Jason Z. Moore, Scarlett R. Miller
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Colonoscopy can reduce the risk of colon cancer by 90%. Due to the lack of surgeon experience, the miss rate of cancerous polyps can reach up to 20%. While simulators have been developed to reduce the high learning curve, these simulators lack real-time feedback needed for successful colonoscopies. The goal of the study was to improve upon colonoscopy training by designing a graphical user interface (GUI) through a two-phase study that included 10 semi-structured interviews and a usability study with 10 participants. Results showed that simulators do not mimic colonoscopy in patients and lack real-time feedback. Additionally, medical residents experience challenges like navigating the scope and loop reduction. User testing results show that users were satisfied with the GUI. Additionally, feedback on polyp detection, cecal intubation time, and force was perceived as useful. As such, the GUI with real-time and post-training feedback has the potential to improve performance in colonoscopy.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:36:06Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261941
       
  • Development of a Survey Instrument to Measure Educators’ Preparedness
           for Creating Extended Reality Learning Modules

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      Authors: Jiwon Kim, Michael C. Dorneich, Eliot Winer, Kexin Wang
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      To facilitate the adoption of extended reality (XR) technologies in education, various interventions, such as XR technical skills training and user-friendly authoring toolkits, have been designed for educators. However, traditional assessment tools often fall short, primarily focusing on interventions’ outcomes, such as usability, rather than on educators’ acceptance and readiness. This study aimed to bridge this gap by developing a new metric that assesses educators’ preparedness for integrating XR technologies into their teaching practices. Forty-one participants completed the developed survey before and after creating XR lessons. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed two key factors: perceived XR authoring proficiency and perceived XR’s educational values. The developed survey can be utilized to capture educators’ perceptions of barriers and needs, providing practitioners with targeted feedback to enhance XR applications in educational settings.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:33:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262317
       
  • Joint Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Mission Collaboration
           with Autonomous Pilots

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      Authors: Richard Agbeyibor, Vedant Ruia, Jack Kolb, Karen M. Feigh
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study explores human-autonomy collaboration between a future autonomous pilot and a human crew member pursuing a joint Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) mission. We introduce a novel open-sourced autonomous ISR interaction domain simulating real-world scenarios. As aviation increasingly integrates autonomy, our focus lies in understanding how various autonomous capabilities and interface features affect trust, perception, and user interactions. Conducting an exploratory study with 27 participants in a flight simulator, we examine the impact of various autonomy modes on human-autonomy interaction. Through demographic analysis, interface usage, and qualitative responses, we explore the impact of experience, expertise, and authority on collaboration dynamics.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:32:06Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262302
       
  • A Formative Usability Study Evaluating a Decision Aid for Caregivers of
           Incapacitated Patients

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      Authors: Shababa Matin, Thaddeus J. Puzio, Martin L. Blakely, Philip Kortum
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Families making medical decisions for an incapacitated loved one need to process medical information for various care pathways while balancing different perspectives and experiencing distress. A decision aid tool to help family members make medical decisions on the patient’s behalf should be easy to use and not create additional burdens. A formative usability study with high, medium, and low verbosity versions of an initial decision aid was conducted with university students before clinical testing. The results showed no significant differences in usability metrics between different verbosity levels, but the qualitative findings indicated areas of improvement in the organization of information that could lead to improved usability of the decision aid. While the findings are limited due to the study being void of some of the burdens families face in true clinical situations, the study allowed us to identify numerous usability issues before testing with target users.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:29:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262269
       
  • Perceptions of Autonomous Robot Teammates During Field Operations

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      Authors: Trevor Patten, Rachel Benton, Ericka Rovira, Susan Mohammed, Anne Collins McLaughlin
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Trust remains a critical focus within human-robot interaction research with the benefits of trust including increased task performance. There is a growing body of literature that suggests that the perceived characteristics of robots play a role in trust; however, less is known about the relationship between trust and the perceived characteristics of an autonomous robot teammate in an applied military setting. We investigated the relationship between the perceived characteristics of a robot teammate and the level of trust in the robot by equipping United States Military Academy (USMA) cadets with a pseudo-autonomous quadrupedal robot teammate during field training. We found that the likability, animacy, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of the robot positively correlated with trust.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:27:14Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262267
       
  • Evaluating Cross-Training’s Impact on Perceived Teaming Outcomes for
           Human-AI Teams

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      Authors: Caitlin Lancaster, Hanna Gilreath, Rohit Mallick, Nathan J. McNeese
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) across various industries has given rise to human-AI teams (HATs), where collaboration between humans and AI may leverage their unique strengths. However, these teams often face performance challenges due to mismatches between human expectations and AI capabilities, hindering the effectiveness of these future workforce teams. Addressing these discrepancies, team training, particularly cross-training, has emerged as a promising intervention to align expectations and enhance team dynamics. This study explores the efficacy of different cross-training approaches and human/AI team role assignments on team training reactions and perceived task performance in an advertising co-creation task. The findings suggest that cross-training significantly improves both training reactions and task performance perceptions. By extending traditional team training methods to HATs, this research suggests that cross-training may serve as a viable strategy to improve team effectiveness and support the future workforce.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:25:36Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262033
       
  • Effects of Chronic Stress and Acute Stress on Driving Performance

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      Authors: Myriam Oliver, Patricia R. DeLucia, Christopher P. Fagundes
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The current study examines whether chronic stress due to spousal caregiving, compounded by acute stress, affects driving performance. Ten spousal caregivers completed the 12-item Zarit Burden Interview to assess caregiver burden level. Acute stress was manipulated by having participants complete the Trier Social Stress Test or a control task. Participants then used a driving simulator to complete a car-following (CF) task alone or concurrently with either a divided attention (DA) task, a backward counting (BC) task, or both. They also performed the DA task while driving without car-following requirements. Car-following measures, such as modulus and delay, and vehicle control measures such as standard deviation of lateral position were recorded. Participants also completed the Attention Network Task and the Useful Field of View (UFOV) task. Results indicated that caregiver burden level and acute stress did not degrade driving performance.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:23:36Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262028
       
  • Analyzing Worker Videos for Quantifying Motion Amounts Through Computer
           Vision

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      Authors: Hari Iyer, Neel Macwan, Shenghan Guo, Heejin Jeong
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study proposes a computer vision framework to monitor worker joint motion from task videos. The framework focuses on landmark features, particularly those associated with participants’ upper and lower limbs, to extract spatial joint movements. By utilizing the Hotelling T-squared statistic, multivariate joint motion distributions were monitored. The application of control chart techniques involved two phases: Phase I (offline) and Phase II (online) monitoring. For implementation, task videos were strategically partitioned into two segments. The first segment was designated for offline training, allowing for the establishment of baseline patterns. The second was allocated for online monitoring, enabling the real-time evaluation of worker demand levels during operational activities. The correlation between the amount of motion and task perception aligns with participants’ ratings from the perception survey, validating the framework’s effectiveness. Understanding how workers interact with products and equipment allows designers to create tools that are easier and more comfortable to use.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:22:06Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262027
       
  • High-Fidelity Worker Motion Simulation With Generative AI

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      Authors: Neel Macwan, Atharva Jitendra Hude, Hari Iyer, Heejin Jeong, Shenghan Guo
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Worker motion simulation synthesizes human movements in specific work scenarios to analyze behavior and assess performance, offering a cost- effective way to evaluate safety and productivity. However, existing studies struggle with high fidelity and precision. Recent advances in Generative AI enhance motion simulation. This study integrates ChatGPT and MotionGPT AI models to generate high-fidelity motions for tasks like lifting objects with the non-dominant hand or walking five steps to the right. To improve accuracy, ChatGPT-generated guidance was aligned with MotionGPT’s training vocabulary. By analyzing the HumanML3D dataset, a JSON file of word frequencies was created to adjust input prompts to match the training data’s patterns. This strategy mitigates out-of-distribution issues, refining MotionGPT’s accuracy. Simulated motions were validated against real human motions using computer vision-based video analysis. By comparing body landmarks, we quantitatively improved fidelity. This study advances AI-aided worker motion simulation and provides a new method for AI performance evaluation in industrial settings.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:20:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262026
       
  • Development of a Human and Technology Integration Methodology That Enables
           Work Optimization at Nuclear Power Plants

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      Authors: Casey R. Kovesdi, Ryan Spangler, Patrick Murray, Jeremy Mohon
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The existing United States nuclear power plants are in need of modernization of digital technologies to reduce their operating cost. However, they have been historically reluctant to adopt digital technologies due to a range of regulatory and technical challenges. Addressing human and technology integration considerations are one key technical barrier that needs to be addressed. This work describes an approach to addressing such challenges in nuclear power plant modernization. This work describes the methodology through the lens of work optimization of a nuclear power plant, discussing its key features, and use of emerging systems thinking methods in its integration into a broader business case framework.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:18:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262015
       
  • Understanding the Influence of Fatigue on Full Arm Gestures in Augmented
           Reality Environments

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      Authors: Jung Hyup Kim, Varun Pulipati, Ching-Yun Yu, Fang Wang
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This research investigates fatigue’s impact on arm gestures within augmented reality environments. Through the analysis of the gathered data, our goal is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the constraints and unique characteristics affecting the performance of arm gestures when individuals are fatigued. Based on our findings, prolonged engagement in full-arm movement gestures under the influence of fatigue resulted in a decline in muscle strength within upper body segments. Thus, this decline led to a notable reduction in the accuracy of gesture detection in the AR environment, dropping from an initial 97.7% to 75.9%. We also found that changes in torso movements can have a ripple effect on the upper and forearm regions. This valuable knowledge will enable us to enhance our gesture detection algorithms, thereby enhancing their precision and accuracy, even in fatigue-related situations.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:16:06Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261685
       
  • Assessing Student Performance Through Pupil Dilation and Problem-Solving
           Time in Augmented Reality

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      Authors: Jung Hyup Kim, Siddarth Monhanty, Varun Pulipati, Fang Wang, Sara Mostowfi, Danielle Oprean, Yi Wang, Kangwon Seo
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This research aims to explore the prediction of student learning outcomes in Augmented Reality (AR) educational settings, focusing on engineering education, by analyzing pupil dilation and problem-solving time as key indicators. In this research, we have created an innovative AR learning platform through the incorporation of eye-tracking technology into the Microsoft HoloLens 2. This enhanced learning platform enables the collection of data on pupil dilation and problem-solving duration as students engage in AR-based learning activities. In this study, we hypothesize that pupil dilation and problem-solving time could be significant predictors of student performance in the AR learning environment. The results of our study suggest that problem-solving time may be a critical factor in predicting student learning success for materials involving procedural knowledge at low difficulty levels. Additionally, both pupil dilation and problem-solving time are predictive indicators of student learning outcomes when dealing with predominantly procedural knowledge at high difficulty levels.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T09:01:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261682
       
  • Utilizing Motion Capture to Quantify Physical Workload in Augmented
           Reality Learning Environments

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      Authors: Varun Pulipati, Jung Hyup Kim, Fang Wang, Sara Mostowfi, Danielle Oprean, Kangwon Seo
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study examines the ergonomic impact of augmented reality (AR) technologies in educational contexts, with a focus on understanding how prolonged AR engagement affects postural dynamics and physical demands on users. By analyzing slouching scores alongside NASA Task Load Index (TLX) Physical Demand (PD) values, we assess the physical strain experienced by participants during the initial modules of an AR-based lecture series. Our findings demonstrate a notable decline in slouching scores as participants progress through the lecture modules, indicating increased postural deviations. To quantify these effects, we developed a regression model that effectively predicts the physical demands imposed by various AR modules, based on the observed slouching scores.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:59:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261681
       
  • Detail Matters: Drivers’ Responses to Flood Warnings in Simulated
           Driving

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      Authors: Katherine R. Garcia, Jing Chen
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Flood risk communication is imperative to aiding people’s decision making in flood situations. These warnings can be communicated through navigation applications on mobile devices. The current study investigated how flood-depth information affected drivers’ actions given flood warnings from a mobile navigation application in a driving simulator. This study manipulated the type of flood warning presented to the participants in the driving scenarios and measured their actions given a potentially flooded roadway. Participants experienced six drives with different flood warning conditions. Results indicated that providing flood depth information helped drivers accurately estimate the depth of the flood and their perceived risks; including more detailed information was helpful for drivers to make informed decisions regarding a flooded roadway. We suggest that designers include flood depth information to help drivers accurately perceive the depth and risk regarding a flooded roadway.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:55:46Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261381
       
  • Examination of Driver Interpretation and Response to Snowplow Rear-End
           Lighting Configurations

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      Authors: Bradley A. Drahos, Katelyn R. Schwieters, Curtis M. Craig, Nichole L. Morris
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Pursuing clear and safe roadways during the winter weather season is a key priority; however, the process of plowing roads has inherent risks given icy road conditions, risky driver behavior, high speed differentials, and low visibility. This work examined differences in driver interpretation and response to existing and proposed snowplow rear-end lighting configurations. Ninety-seven participants completed an online survey where they rated the likelihood of signal interpretations and driving maneuvers they would take as an approaching driver. An orthogonal factor analysis was conducted resulting in five interpretation-response factors across signal states. The proposed designs were more accurately perceived as running when presenting a running signal and braking when presenting a braking signal. Existing configurations were more likely to be incorrectly interpreted as turning when the signal was not indicating turning. Findings suggest that the existing rear-end snowplow lighting configurations may be ambiguous and the proposed designs reduce this ambiguity.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:54:06Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261379
       
  • Emergence of Paper-Digital Systems: A Usability Evaluation of Single-Page
           Versus Multipage Digital Instructions in a Ballot Mailing Task

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      Authors: Annlyle Diokno, Nessa Kim, Philip Kortum, Michael Byrne
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Findings from previous research that assessed the usability of single-page and multipage digital interfaces in purely digital interactions indicated that the single-page format is more efficient than its multipage counterpart. This research expands on previous work by applying the findings from these digital-only interactions to a paper-digital interaction. Specifically, this study assessed the usability of single-page and multipage instructional interfaces to guide voters through the paper-based ballot mailing process embedded in the prototype of an electronic voting system designed for overseas military voters. A detailed classification of errors and requests for assistance revealed that the multipage format had fewer occurrences of both than the single-page format. Statistical analyses revealed no statistically significant differences between the single-page and multipage interfaces in efficiency, contrary to previous research, as well as no differences in effectiveness, satisfaction, and workload. To conclude, we provide arguments in favor of utilizing the multipage format for the digital display of the ballot mailing instructions on electronic voting systems moving forward. These findings can reveal best practices for the design of digital instructions in emerging paper-digital systems.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:50:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260679
       
  • Risk-Based Visualization of Hurricane Forecasts

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      Authors: John C. Outwater, Mariah J. Woodruff, Aaron R. Hill, Michael F. Schober
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The research presented here tests user comprehension of a new kind of risk-based visualization of hurricane forecasts versus other common representations: a cone of uncertainty (with and without a centerline) and an ensemble representation. Our landfall heat maps use intensity hues and a filled black circle with size representing hurricane category at the time of forecast, rather than representing the hurricane path. In two online studies we compare how different representations of the same scenarios affect viewers’ (a) judgments of the risk that a location is likely to be hit by a hurricane, (b) their likelihood of issuing an evacuation order for that location (if they were to be in a role of issuing evacuation orders), and (c) their confidence in their judgment. Findings contribute to developing a toolkit of visual materials that designers of hurricane visualizations can select from based on empirical evidence of user responses to their elements.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:42:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260678
       
  • An Analysis of Online Peer Support Groups for Informal Caregivers of
           Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

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      Authors: Nandana Nair, Anirudh Vemuri, Caroline Clayton, Avantika Anoop, Agastya Sharma, Sarvesh Sawant, Kapil Chalil Madathil
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Parkinson’s Disease (PD) affects over 500,000 Americans, causing symptoms like tremors and stiffness. Informal caregivers, often family or friends, play a critical role in providing support, which includes emotional support, assistance with daily activities, and medication management. However, this caregiving is emotionally and physically taxing, leading to stress, burnout, and adverse effects on mental health. Online peer support groups, especially on platforms like Reddit, have become essential for caregivers, allowing them to connect virtually and share experiences, overcoming geographical and time constraints and reluctance to engage in person. This study aims to explore the specific needs and challenges faced by PD caregivers in these online communities. It examines the types of information they seek, the responses they receive, and the range of emotions they experience. By understanding these aspects, the research seeks to enhance the support dynamics and emotional wellbeing within these virtual support networks.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:40:17Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260677
       
  • Task-Allocation Decisions of Human-UAS Collaboration: Effects of Workload,
           Trust, and Self-confidence

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      Authors: Yining “Elena” Zhang, Jing Chen, Liang Sun, Bin Hu, Michael S. Politowicz, Eric T. Chancey
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) show promise in urban air transport, package delivery, and emergency services. UAS efficiency can be significantly improved by having multiple operators (m) managing a greater number of vehicles (N), or the m:N architecture of operation. The current study investigates how workload affects operators’ task-allocation decision-making and the potential mediating effects of two crucial human factors, trust and self-confidence. In the context of a simulated UAS package-delivery task under the m:N architecture, two groups of participants with different levels of expertise in UAS operation will be recruited: UAS pilots and university students. Each participant will watch two sets of videos with different work-load manipulations and report their preferred task-allocation strategy for various subtasks. Measures of perceived workload, trust, and self-confidence will be conducted after each video session. Findings will inform optimizing task-allocation designs for UAS missions, considering operators’ decision-making needs and expertise disparities.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:34:26Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241274652
       
  • Patients’ Perception of Quality of Outpatient and Inpatient Care in
           General and Specialized Hospitals

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      Authors: Qian Lin, Calvin Kalun Or, Dan Zhang
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      There has been little research comparing patients’ perceptions of the quality of care in outpatient and inpatient settings between general and specialized hospitals. This study aimed to address this gap by examining 1,337 outpatients and 1,833 inpatients across all general (n = 5) and specialized (n = 7) tertiary public hospitals in a major city in China. Patients’ perceptions of the quality of care were assessed across six dimensions: safety, tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Dimension gap scores were used to compare perceptions of each dimension between the two hospital types, and statistical differences were determined using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Negative dimension gap scores were identified in the safety, tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy of outpatient and inpatient care in general and specialized hospitals, except for the tangibility of inpatient care in general hospitals. The negative dimension gap scores for specialized hospitals were significantly larger than those for general hospitals across all six dimensions of both inpatient and outpatient quality of care, except for assurance of inpatient care. Overall, outpatients and inpatients in both general and specialized hospitals did not experience the care they expected, and outpatient and inpatient care in specialized hospitals were perceived as lower quality than in general hospitals. Patient perceptions indicated that both outpatient and inpatient care in both general and specialized hospitals need further enhancements.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:33:05Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241274426
       
  • Empirical Impacts of Independent and Collaborative Training on Task
           Performance and Improvement in Human-AI Teams

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      Authors: Christopher Flathmann, Beau G. Schelble, Anna Galeano
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      With improving AI technology, human-AI teams are becoming increasingly common in research. Within these teams, humans and AI can work collaboratively to complete shared tasks. However, continuing research efforts highlight that humans are ill-prepared to work in human-AI teams. As such, recent efforts have called for training to become a greater focus in the. This paper reports on an empirical in-person experiment that explored the impact of individual and collaborative task-focused training in human-AI teams. Participants were tasked with either training together or separately prior to collaborative working in a human-AI team. Results show that having humans train together prior to joining a human-AI team can negatively impact their performance and ability to improve at a task when they begin working in a human-AI team. As such, results suggest that human-AI teams need to identify ideal ways to collaboratively train humans on task-related skills in human-AI teams.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-13T08:31:36Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241274425
       
  • 2D and 3D Augmented Reality Attention Cueing Comparisons in 3D Target
           Search

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      Authors: Brendan Kelley, Christopher Wickens, Amelia C. Warden, Benjamin Clegg, Francisco Ortega
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study compared three attentional cueing types to assist the user/participant in visually searching for a target within a simulated naturalistic scene. Participants had to locate a hostile combatant appearing in one of several building windows on an AR-simulated building. Other non-target windows either contain no people or people dressed in non-hostile clothes. We compare the effectiveness of three commonly used attention cues placed in simulated augmented reality on a head mounted display (Magic Leap 2): a 2D wedge arrow pointing toward the target, a 3D Arrow pointing toward the target, and a 3D gaze guidance line, connecting the center of the momentary field of view to the target. Results revealed that the gaze guidance line significantly supported the most rapid cueing and the 3D arrow was slowest and least accurate. The gaze guidance line also induced the fewest head movements. This pattern of results is explained via three mechanisms: the ambiguity of depth perception and the complexity of the 3D arrow, and the ability of the gaze guidance line to always indicate the direction of the target, even when the latter is not in the initial field of view.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:41:40Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241265077
       
  • From Categorical to Dimensional: A Multifaceted Approach to Emotions

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      Authors: Duha Alkurdi, Shiva Rasouli, Walter J. Talamonti, Mansoor Nasir, Areen Alsaid
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Current emotion research utilizes two primary frameworks: categorical and dimensional. Each framework offers unique insight, but also faces challenges in capturing the full spectrum of emotional experience. This study compares and integrates categorical and dimensional approaches to better understand their applications and limitations in emotion research, particularly in enhancing human-centered designs. Using Plutchik’s Wheel and the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 participants rated their emotional responses to AI- generated images of various driving scenarios. Subsequently, the categories of emotions were mapped into the valence and arousal space. The integration of categorical and dimensional models revealed significant variability in individual interpretations of different emotions, highlighting the complexity and non-uniformity of emotional experience. These findings suggest that emotions may require more than two dimensions for full representation. A multifaceted approach that combines both frameworks can offer a comprehensive understanding of emotions and is essential for developing effective, empathetic, human-centered applications.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:37:27Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262446
       
  • Evaluating the Influence of Incorrect Reassurances on Trust in Imperfect
           Automated Decision Aid

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      Authors: Jin Yong Kim, Olivia Richie, X. Jessie Yang
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Prior research on trust in automation has primarily focused on instances where decision aids form predictions based on the same raw input information as humans. This study extends the paradigms into the human-processed input framework, where machine predictions are based on human-processed data, instead of the raw input. The human-processed input framework introduces a unique error pattern, “incorrect reassurance,” where faulty automation prediction erroneously validates users’ initial errors. This study examined the impact of “incorrect reassurance” on human trust in automation in the human-processed input framework. Thirty-five participants completed a Mental Rotation Task (MRT), using an imperfect automated decision aid. Results show that incorrect reassurance patterns led to larger trust decrement, lower final performance, and quicker final reaction time compared to other performance patterns. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding trust in automation in the context of the human-processed input framework.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:33:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241264498
       
  • Interior Illumination Impact on Night Driving in a Driving Simulator

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      Authors: Ekim Koca
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Automakers are beginning to include larger and brighter tablet-style interfaces in their vehicles. The amount of light emitted from these large interfaces could cause issues with driver distraction and might degrade performance. In the following study, the impact of bright lights from the interface on driver performance and object detection was studied.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:29:34Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241264253
       
  • Toward User-centered Explainable Displays for Complex Machine Learning
           Models in Healthcare: A Case Study of Heart Disease Prediction

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      Authors: Joseph K. Nuamah
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The current approaches to explaining black box machine learning models have primarily been based on the intuition of model developers, rather than being informed by end-user needs or existing literature. Our goal is to utilize existing cognitive science and human factors research to design explanation displays. To achieve this, we used the Cleveland Heart Disease Data Set to create an eXtreme Gradient Boosting heart disease prediction model. We established an initial context of use to inform the design of a prototype explanation display. Our design choices were based on cognitive chunk organization, and we used SHapley Additive exPlanation to generate instance-level explanations for our model. Model evaluation showed good performance, and we developed four prototype explanation displays. Our work demonstrates that it is feasible to design multiple prototype explanation displays for complex machine learning models by organizing features in a structured manner. We also provide a set of steps that can be followed for designing and evaluating user-centered explanations in healthcare.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:23:14Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241264252
       
  • Qualitative Data Coding of User Experience With an Urban Air Mobility
           Fleet Manager Interface

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      Authors: Gregory Costedoat, Gita S. Hodell, Robert E. Larson
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate created the High Density Vertiplex (HDV) project to integrate and evaluate a prototype Urban Air Mobility (UAM) ecosystem. Part of the HDV testing environment included a prototype operator user interface called the Fleet Manager Interface (FMI). In 2023, HDV conducted flight testing with the FMI during which a user experience (UX) study was performed to assess the quality of UX and elicit design recommendations. As a result, a large database of open-ended, qualitative responses was generated and then coded using a new qualitative data coding technique called Directive String Coding. The key themes that arose from the coded responses showed that the UX was pleasant, system notifications should be more salient, and information across multiple screens should be integrated into a central display. As the Fleet Manger operational role is still being defined, it is vital to increase our understanding of the tools and capabilities needed for such a role. The results from HDV work will eventually feed into standards for vertiport operations that will enable safe and scalable UAM operations in the United States.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:20:12Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241264207
       
  • Let’s Get Physical: The Influence of Embodiment on Industrial
           Human-Robot Interaction

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      Authors: Johanna zu Putlitz, Eileen Roesler
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      In recent years, an increasing number of studies in human-robot interaction (HRI) have used images or videos of robots as a simple, inexpensive, and customizable substitute for physically embodied robots. Thus, the question arises whether results from studies using depictions can be validly applied to interactions with embodied robots. This study investigated the effect of embodiment in HRI within an industrial interaction scenario, focusing on perception, trust, and task performance. Eighty-five participants interacted either with an embodied robot or its depiction via a computer screen. Results showed that the embodied robot was perceived as more likable, intelligent, and safer, eliciting higher initial trust. Primary task performance was observed to be higher in interaction with the embodied robot, while secondary task performance was higher in interaction with the robot’s depiction. These findings challenge the generalizability of depiction-based HRI research, highlighting the importance of considering embodiment in future research designs.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:16:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241264206
       
  • Where Do Users Look When Deciding If a Text Message is Safe or
           Malicious'

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      Authors: Eleni Alexandra Katsarakes, Morgan Edwards, Jeremiah D. Still
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Phishing via SMS, or SMiShing, is a rapidly growing cyber threat that causes significant financial losses. While research on email phishing has explored user behavior, the understanding of human factors in SMiShing detection remains limited. This study bridges the gap by investigating how users visually evaluate real-world SMS message legitimacy using eye-tracking technology. We aim to identify which message components capture user attention (e.g., sender information, typos/grammatical errors, links) and assess if users focus sufficiently on established red flags associated with phishing attempts. This research contributes to more effective user-centric countermeasures against SMiShing attacks by informing the design of security interventions that consider user behavior and mobile device information limitations.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:13:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241264204
       
  • Promoting Eco-Friendly Behavior in University Activity-Based Workspaces
           Through Eco-Feedback

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      Authors: Sara Sadralashrafi, Mohammadhossein Nahavandian, David M Neyens, Bart Knijnenburg, Da Li
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Eco-feedback has been demonstrated as an effective strategy to promote energy-saving behavior among occupants in buildings by providing real-time or historical information on energy consumption and environmental impacts. However, the application of eco-feedback in academic buildings for space choices is limited. In this study, we explored the impact of providing eco-feedback on occupants’ space choices in university Activity-Based Workspaces (ABW), where individuals select their workspaces using an online booking system. We designed two user interfaces: one baseline interface with no eco-feedback, and also an intervention interface that included eco-feedback. A within-subject user interface evaluation study was conducted, and the results suggest that eco-feedback significantly motivates occupants to select highly eco-friendly spaces (p-value 
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:10:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241263511
       
  • The Effect of Healthcare Chatbots’ Information Presentation Styles on
           User Acceptance in a Knowledge Seeking Task

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      Authors: Samuel N. Koscelny, David M. Neyens
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The rise of large language models offers new opportunities for disseminating more effective and equitable healthcare information. While past research has extensively investigated users’ perceptions of chatbots, few have examined the design strategies for chatbot information presentation. The objective of this research aims to explore how communication style (conversational or informative) and language style (technical or non-technical) affect user acceptance and ability performing a knowledge seeking task with a healthcare chatbot in a 2 × 2 between-subjects design. Following this, participants engaged in semi-structured interviews, where we analyzed participants’ experiences through inductive thematic analysis. Our findings indicate users generally found conversational chatbots to be more understandable with greater perceived interaction freedom than informative chatbots. These insights highlight the importance of aligning chatbot communication with users’ expectations. Future research should validate these findings with larger and more diverse populations, considering the impact of various chatbot interaction styles on user experience and long-term effectiveness.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:07:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241263509
       
  • Not Right Now: Factors Affecting Interruption Decisions in a Healthcare
           Paradigm

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      Authors: Matthew G. Pacailler, Rachel Ball, Ballie Hirst, Mark W. Scerbo
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Interruptions that occur during high-stakes tasks in healthcare increase the likelihood of adverse events. Research on interruption management strategies has addressed the outcomes of interruptions but not what influences the decision to accept or reject them. This study examined the effects of high and low levels of three moderators on the interruption decision-making process: priority, cost of the interruption, and method of interruption. Participants entered data in a simulated patient chart while monitoring simulated patient vital signs and were interrupted four times to perform other activities. Participants could either accept or reject each interruption. The results showed that high priority, low-cost, and face-to-face interruptions were more likely to be accepted. Thus, participants considered the nature of the interrupting task when deciding to suspend work on their current task. These results suggest that a better understanding of factors that affect interruption decisions can lay a foundation to help diminish their disruptiveness.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:04:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262995
       
  • Pedagogical Agent in Math versus Art Lessons: Impact on Learning,
           Perceived Workload, and Motivation

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      Authors: Reganne Miller, Richard Catrambone
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.

      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T12:00:39Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262994
       
  • Cognitive and Perceptual Augmentation Through Neuromodulation during
           Fatiguing Tasks is Sex-specific

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      Authors: Kieran M. Nichols, John Hayes, Rohith Karthikeyan, Ranjana K. Mehta
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Transformative paradigms to proactively mitigate fatigue through noninvasive neurostimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have been shown to be more effective than existing interventions. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HD-tDCS (High-Definition) as a fatigue countermeasure on vigilance and perceived fatigue on longer bouts of mental fatigue. Thirty-two participants were assigned to active stimulation and sham groups, and they took part in a 2 hr fatigue protocol of 2-back visuospatial working-memory tests. To evaluate the effect of active stimulation, separate linear mixed-effect models with the group (stimulation/sham), phase (pre/post), and sex (male/female) were analyzed. The results showed the effectiveness of HD-tDCS in slowing fatigue-related declines across both cognitive and perceptual channels, with fatigue reduction being more effective in women. These observations could inform sex-based considerations to improve the operational readiness of tDCS-based countermeasure systems to help mitigate fatigue among emergency and military personnel.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:58:00Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262993
       
  • Understanding the Workload of Remote Truck Operators with Discrete Event
           Simulation

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      Authors: Xingjian Ma, Vanik Zakarian, Anthony D. McDonald
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study employs a discrete event simulation (DES) model to understand the dynamic workload of remote truck operators managing partially-automated trucks. The DES model uses operator queues and event generators simulating automated truck events and leverages data from the California DMV’s disengagement database and driving simulation experiments. Disengagement data were partitioned into three groups by disengagement frequency: low, moderate, and high and separate arrival time distributions were developed for each group. Simulations from the model suggest that for companies with low disengagement rates, operator utilization will likely remain below minimal thresholds to prevent boredom. In contrast, companies with moderate or high disengagement rates both exceed operator utilization capacity and generate prolonged wait times as more trucks are controlled. These findings suggest that calibrating remote truck control to human capabilities will be challenging. A sensitivity analysis suggests that accurately estimating disengagement rates will be crucial for model accuracy and predictive performance.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:56:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262989
       
  • Machine Learning for Prediction of Driver Takeover Time in Automated
           Driving: Insights from Non-urgent Low Consequence Scenarios

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      Authors: Ryan Thomas Villarreal, Nade Liang, Brandon Pitts, Mansoor Nasir, Denny Yu
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This work investigates driver takeover times in non-urgent, low consequence scenarios within conditionally automated driving. Using physiological and behavioral data from 46 participants in a driving simulator, classification algorithms were applied to predict metrics of takeover time following a takeover request (TOR). Eye-tracking, heart rate variability, and computer-vision based body posture features were analyzed for their predictive power. The Naïve Bayes algorithm outperformed other models, achieving an accuracy of 78% when predicting the time to first gaze in the driving scene following a TOR. Results from feature selection showed eye-tracking metrics to have the most predictive power. These results suggest that eye-tracking metrics and simple, computationally efficient, 2-class algorithms may be sufficient for predicting takeover time in non-urgent, low-consequence scenarios. This research provides evidence for integration of physiological sensing into adaptive automated driving systems (ADS) to develop context-aware TOR alert systems to improve road safety.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:55:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260671
       
  • Cognitive Biases in Commercial Aviation: Empirical Review of Accident
           Reports

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      Authors: Chihab Nadri, Jordan Regalado, Thomas Ferris, Maryam Zahabi
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Cognitive biases in commercial aviation can coax pilots into disregarding established protocols or overlooking potential hazards, a concern that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has acknowledged. However, the concrete impact of these biases on aviation operations has not been adequately quantified; empirical evidence remains limited. Recognizing this research gap, our study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of cognitive biases within commercial aviation. We conducted a review of National Transportation Safety Board flight incident reports for air carriers across the United States, from 2014 to 2024. We also conducted an expert interview with an instructor who is an experienced pilot to ascertain current training material and its adequacy in addressing cognitive biases. Our analysis revealed cognitive biases not identified by the FAA (e.g., overconfidence) and training material gaps. Our research lays the groundwork for improved training protocols and the potential for a more nuanced understanding of pilot behavior and safety.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:52:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241262980
       
  • Understanding Team Cognition in Support of Long-Distance Space Missions

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      Authors: Andres Käosaar, Stephen M. Fiore, Caroline Gomez, C. Shawn Burke
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Future long-distance space missions (LDSM) present formidable challenges due to prolonged isolation, communication delays, and extreme conditions, which affect individual and team cognitive functions, crucial for mission success. This necessitates a higher degree of autonomy, emphasizing the importance of team cognition in managing the complexities of LDSMs. Although prior research has largely focused on individual cognition, the collective cognitive processes that support effective team performance in space have been less studied. This oversight is critical as factors like microgravity and isolation can impair individual level cognitive functions vital for teamwork, such as attention and working memory. This paper employs the Macrocognition in Teams Model to study publicly available transcripts from the Apollo space missions to understand the challenges to collaborative problem-solving in these complex and high stress environments.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:51:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260664
       
  • Exploring Cognitive Workload Changes in Teleoperators: Collaboration with
           On-Site Workers and Robots in Assembly Tasks

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      Authors: Saman Jamshid Nezhad Zahabi, Sakshi Taori, Sunwook Kim, Sol Lim
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Teleoperation is commonly employed to perform industrial tasks in remote or inaccessible areas. However, there is a noticeable gap in evaluating cognitive workload of teleoperators in collaboration environments. This study compared the variation of cognitive workload for teleoperators guiding an on-site participant to complete a wire assembly task in two scenarios: one aided by a robot arm (tRH) and another without any robot assistance (HH). Additionally, the task demands for on-site participants were manipulated to measure its impact on teleoperator’s workload. NASA-TLX and EEG activity were utilized to assess workload. The results indicated that EEG theta activity was significantly higher for the HH group than tRH group, potentially showing lower workload for teleoperators in the scenario with robot assistance. Task difficulty did not affect any of the workload measures. The study highlights the importance of cognitive workload assessment in human-robot collaborations to optimize human cognitive demands in complex settings.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:50:29Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260410
       
  • Aging in a Smart Home' The Oldest Olds’ Attitudes Toward
           Technology for Aging-in-Place

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      Authors: Taylor Patskanick, Lauren Cerino, Sophia Ashebir, Shabnam FakhrHosseini, Lisa D’Ambrosio, Joseph F. Coughlin
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Recent studies have explored the complexity of technology adoption among older adults, particularly for aging in place with smart home technologies. However, less is known about those aged 85 and older, a rapidly growing demographic in the U.S. This study investigates smart home technology adoption and attitudes within this group using a survey and focus groups, focusing on the perceived benefits and drawbacks of specific devices. Results suggest the primary advantages of this technology for this population, include enhanced safety, personal curiosity satisfaction, and eco-friendliness. Conversely, the main disadvantages were maintenance costs, initial purchase expenses, and the learning curve associated with new systems. Findings emphasize the over-85 demographic are highly interested in technologies that help maintain their sense of control and autonomy over their environment.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:49:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260397
       
  • Usability Assessment of Voice-Enabled Technologies for Users with Visual
           Disabilities

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      Authors: Hyung Nam Kim
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Voice-enabled technologies such as VoiceOver (screen reader) and the Seeing AI app (image recognition) have revolutionized daily tasks for people with visual disabilities, fostering greater independence and information access. However, a gap remains in understanding the user experience (UX) of these technologies. This study investigated how those with visual disabilities interacted with VoiceOver and the Seeing AI app. A convenience sample of eight participants with visual disabilities engaged in direct observations while using these technologies. The study utilized the System Usability Scale (SUS) to assess perceived usability and analyzed findings using descriptive statistics. Results indicated a poorer UX with VoiceOver compared to the Seeing AI app, with challenges identified in graphical user interfaces (GUIs), voice and gesture commands. Relevant recommendations were made to enhance usability. The study emphasizes the need for more intuitive GUIs and optimized voice/gesture interactions for users with visual disabilities.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:47:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260395
       
  • Using EMG to Better Understand Patient Pain and Stress During Routine
           Mammography

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      Authors: Krystyna Gielo-Perczak, Riley McNaboe, Hugo Posada-Quintero
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Since breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, it is recommended that women over the age of 40 get annual mammogram screenings. Regular mammograms allow for early breast cancer detection, and in turn, proper treatment and improved patient prognosis. However, the stress and discomfort associated with the mammogram procedure deter many women from routine screening. Most previous work attempting to characterize mammogram-related pain utilizes subjective, questionnaire-based methods. A more objective approach is needed to fully understand the stress and pain experienced by patients during the mammogram procedure. In recent years, bio signals such as surface electromyography (sEMG) have been used to quantify various physiological states including stress and pain. Advocating women’s health and early breast cancer detection, the Human-User Interaction Lab is the first research lab to use sEMG to quantitatively measure the stress and pain experienced by patients during mammography compressions.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:45:51Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260394
       
  • Evaluating the Effectiveness of Game-Based Learning for Long-Term
           Knowledge Retention

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      Authors: Sameeran G. Kanade, Sogand Hasanzadeh, Brandon Pitts, Behzad Esmaeili, Vincent G. Duffy
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This longitudinal study investigated the efficacy of game-based learning in enhancing the retention of safety knowledge, specifically within the domain of construction safety. The research focused on assessing participants’ retention of safety knowledge 1 year after game-based training, revealing a resilient performance despite a perceived decline in preparedness. Analysis of the data indicated no statistically significant variance in participants’ performance in hazard identification tests conducted 1 year after the initial assessment following game-based training. The study also explored the relationship between perceived preparation, actual performance, and the temporal gap between evaluations, highlighting the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of these dynamics in educational settings. The implications of this research extend beyond construction safety, underscoring the transformative potential of game-based learning in cultivating enduring safety awareness across various industries. By harnessing innovative educational technologies, organizations can enhance workplace safety protocols and mitigate occupational hazards.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:42:19Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260392
       
  • Autonomous Spacecraft Motion Plan Characteristics Influence Perceived Path
           Appropriateness

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      Authors: Hannah Larson, Leia Stirling
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking maneuvers, performed by two spacecraft joining together in space, are becoming increasingly automated. However, human supervision of the docking spacecraft remains necessary for system failure mitigation, which manifests in manual takeover of the docking spacecraft’s motion control. Previous analysis found that intrinsic characteristics of the motion plans taken by the spacecraft significantly influenced human supervisor manual-takeover performance. This work analyzes how the human supervisor’s observation of the spacecraft’s path traversal compared to the participant’s expectation of path traversal. In this study, participants (N = 33) monitored a simulation of an autonomous spacecraft attempting to dock at one of two docking stations. Participants were asked about their interpretation of the appropriateness of the path taken by the spacecraft in each trial. Statistically significant relationships were identified between intrinsic characteristics of the motion plan, the human supervisor’s takeover performance, and the human’s interpretation of the path taken.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:41:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261346
       
  • Smart All-Hazard Responses Framework (SARF): Human Factors and Ergonomics
           Approach

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      Authors: Junho Park, Ava Rathenberg, Katie Usher, Changwon Son
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The integration of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) into emergency responses is crucial due to frequent human errors and inadequate human-system interactions which impede effective emergency and disaster management. Therefore, this research aims to develop and validate the Smart All-hazards Response Framework (SARF) that systematically incorporates HFE principles across all aspects of disaster management, from planning through post-response analysis. The framework focuses on reducing human errors, enhancing human-system interactions, and boosting system resilience. The research methodology includes a detailed literature review, the development of the HFE-integrated framework, and rigorous testing through experimental studies and simulations across various scenarios. Key questions address the integration of HFE to optimize system performance and the impact of ergonomic interventions on responder safety in high-risk environments. By advancing a holistic, human-centered approach to emergency and disaster management, this study aims to significantly enhance the effectiveness, safety, and adaptability of responses to all kinds of hazards.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:40:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260390
       
  • Using a Critical FMEA Approach to Identify Equity-Related Failures in
           Usability Evaluations of Health Technologies

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      Authors: D. Ruben Tjhie, Enid Montague, Joseph A. Cafazzo
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Design issues that affect the usability of health technologies for marginalized populations may lead to further exacerbating health inequity. To address this concern, we propose the use of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to systematically identify potential inequities that result from usability evaluation methods. This new application of FMEA grounds the traditional FMEA in critical theory and introduces two key concepts: the equity failure mode and reflexivity. To test our approach, we engaged 13 usability practitioners with expertise in healthcare in a series of four workshops. We found that when participants located themselves reflexively in their practice of usability evaluation, they were able to identify more nuanced equity failure modes. Through reflecting on our experience using this method, we aim to illustrate that the critical FMEA is a viable approach human factors practitioners and researchers can use to anticipate equity failure modes in design and evaluation methods.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:39:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260389
       
  • Measuring User Response to Attention Guidance Using the Integrated
           Cognitive User Assistance System

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      Authors: Benedict Wilkins, Szonya Durant, Elizabeth Fox, Kostas Stathis
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Humans are limited in their attentional capacity and miss salient cues when multitasking. We built a platform, ICUa (Integrated Cognitive User assistance) that simulates parts of MATBII, a computer-based multitasking testbed, adding gaze-based attention guidance in an attempt to improve multitasking performance. ICUa uses software agents for monitoring the interface, human behavior and eye gaze in order to guide attention (displaying highlights and arrows). We varied the difficulty of our testbed and found effects on human performance (based on error times) and characterized the types of errors that occurred with higher difficulty and how agent response changed. There was no clear effect of ICUa guidance on gaze patterns or human performance. The visual guidance we deployed may not be sufficient to measurably influence behavior. Future work will develop the detection eye gaze patterns and effective cues to redirect attention using this human-agent interface for experiments on attention guidance.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:38:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241261276
       
  • The Impact of System Confidence and Reliability on Drivers’
           Decision-Making in Conditionally Automated Vehicles

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      Authors: Myeongkyu Lee, Brandon J. Pitts
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Automated vehicles (AVs) are becoming increasingly intelligent. At the same time, researchers are exploring ways to enable transparent communication between drivers and AVs. One line of work has focused on understanding how displaying an AV’s confidence in detecting roadway obstacles influences drivers’ behavior. In this study, we investigate what actions drivers make when presented with AV’s confidence information regarding its obstacle avoidance ability that does not always match its reliability. Twenty participants drove a semi-autonomous vehicle, while being presented with a confidence information, and needed to decide whether to take over or not. Findings suggest that alignment between the vehicle’s reliability and confidence increased the number of correct decisions. Also, drivers self-calibrated their decision strategy such that more correct decisions were made when provided with accurate information. Insights from this work can be used to inform the design of AV driver models and human-machine interfaces to promote safety within AVs.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:37:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260388
       
  • Developing a Team Classification Scheme for Human-Agent Teaming

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      Authors: Hyesun Chung, Timothy Holder, Julie Shah, X. Jessie Yang
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study develops a team classification scheme for human-agent teaming (HAT) and, based on this, analyzes 25 testbeds utilized in 68 empirical studies on HAT. The team classification scheme, adapting an existing scheme used for human-human teams, consists of nine dimensions, including team composition, task interdependence, role structure, leadership structure, authority differentiation, communication structure, communication direction, communication medium, and team life span. This scheme was then applied to analyze 25 testbeds utilized in 68 empirical studies. We found that a significant portion of existing literature on HAT focused on teams consisting of one human and one agent, with humans typically assuming leadership roles. Moreover, the dynamics within these teams tended to remain static over time. Our findings highlight the importance of further research into diverse team attributes, such as team composition, leadership structure, and communication structure. Such efforts would facilitate a deeper understanding of complex team dynamics in human-agent teaming.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:35:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260387
       
  • A Tension: Fortifying Usability While Safeguarding Voter Independence in
           Military Voting Solutions

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      Authors: Nessa Kim, Annlyle Diokno, Michael Byrne, Philip Kortum
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Absentee voting presents a unique challenge for U.S. uniformed service members, as they often struggle to request and return absentee ballots while deployed, sometimes stationed far from their registered voting area. This research evaluates the usability of a proposed absentee voting system for military voters, which allows instant ballot requests and enables voters to verify their own votes, focusing on whether the user interface supports effective use among military personnel. Our evaluation revealed that military voters frequently relied on external assistance to navigate the electronic voting system, revealing opportunities for its improvement and design recommendations to facilitate absentee voting for U.S. military personnel.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:33:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260357
       
  • Individual Differences in Fatigued Performance

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      Authors: Megan B. Morris, Garrett Swan, Bella Z. Veksler
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Cognitive fatigue is a prevalent issue across multiple military operational domains, resulting in degraded mission performance and costly mishaps. One approach to mitigating the effects of fatigue in operational environments is to develop technology, such as biomathematical, physiological, and cognitive models, that can help individuals assess and predict their fatigue and its impacts on performance. We can further enhance the accuracy of these models by incorporating individual difference metrics that allow for increased individualization. In the current study, we examine how individual differences in circadian typology, typical sleep duration, sleep duration need, and hardiness relate to fatigued performance during a 24-hr long mobility aircraft simulator session with mobility aircrews. Specifically, we examine individual difference relationships with performance on three cognitive tasks, the Psychomotor Vigilance Test, the N-back task, and the Change Signal Task, which measure processes crucial to operational performance: attention, working memory, and executive functioning.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:31:58Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260337
       
  • Investigating the Impacts of Different Warning Modalities on
           Individual’s Risk Perception and Response Behaviors Through a Virtual
           Reality Experiment

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      Authors: Tolu Sanni, Ziming Liu, Jiyoung Lee, Wei Song, Jun Liu, Yangming Shi
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      With the impacts of global climate change, natural hazards are growing in, number and intensity, affecting American communities. Effective risk, communications have been identified as one of the best ways to prepare, for and mitigate natural hazards. Current natural hazard warning systems, remain inadequate since they are generalized and abstract. To address, this issue, this study explores how different modalities—specifically, haptics, audio, and text affect individuals’ risk perceptions and their, subsequent protective behaviors. This study developed a virtual reality, system and conducted a human-subject experiment with 24 participants, related to tornado risk communication. Task performance was measured, based on the time in the shelter, level of trust, expectations, and, intention to shelter. Risk perception and cognitive load data were, collected using well-established questionnaires. The research results, found that haptic-enhanced warnings were more effective in prompting, risk perceptions and protective actions compared to audio and static text, messages.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:29:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260336
       
  • Investigating Stochastic Resonance in Tactile Discrimination

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      Authors: Jayashri Prakash, Patricia R. DeLucia
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon where addition of noise to a system enhances the system’s signal-to-noise ratio. SR can improve the ability to detect weak signals. Lugo et al. showed that tactile detection threshold decreased when participants received auditory white noise. We aimed to replicate the results of Lugo et al., except that we measured tactile discrimination. We examined whether discrimination between durations of vibrotactile stimuli would be better when auditory noise was presented. Participants performed a 2AFC task for three noise conditions: no noise, 45 dB, 55 dB. A total of 17 out of 24 participants demonstrated increased tactile sensitivity when white noise was present compared to when it was absent, which is not statistically significant. The optimal noise level varied among individuals. Eight participants performed best at 45 dB and 4 at 55 dB. Hence, determining the ideal noise level for each person is crucial for enhancing tactile sensitivity.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:27:54Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260329
       
  • Perturbation Detection in Space-based Human-Machine Teams (HMTs) in
           Different Layers

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      Authors: Elmira Zahmat Doost, Xiaoyun Yin, Shiwen Zhou, David A. Grimm, Matt Lijenstolpe, Nancy J. Cooke, Jamie C. Gorman
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study focuses on detecting unique and complex challenges of Human-Machine Teaming (HMT) in space missions, where coordination among humans, robots, and AI agents is critical. Such missions are beset by “perturbations”—unexpected challenges involving communication delays due to the vast distances separating team elements. These issues must be overcome to maintain the safety and effectiveness of space-based missions. This study conducted engineering tests to evaluate the impact of perturbations on communication and vehicle operations and the physiological state of the humans involved. It outlines an experimental scenario involving various space entities (e.g., lunar colonies; orbiters; rovers) to simulate space mission conditions and communication and coordination challenges. The study employs layered dynamics methods to detect perturbations in technological and cognitive team states across the mission, using sensors and information entropy as key analytical tools.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:26:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260320
       
  • Demonstrating the Value and Impact of Human Factors-based Projects in
           Healthcare

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      Authors: Jason J. Saleem, Kurt Ruark, Kyle Maddox, Jennifer Herout
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Institutionalizing human factors in healthcare organizations is a formidable enterprise. While much progress has been made over the years, challenging disconnects remain in applying and communicating about human factors tools and methodologies in the healthcare domain. Our objective was to explore how human factors professionals, especially those embedded within a healthcare organization, assess the value and impact of their healthcare operations-based projects. Toward this end, we interviewed eight human factors professionals working in healthcare to understand strategies that work well for them in demonstrating the value and impact of their work, as well as pitfalls to avoid. While especially relevant to the healthcare domain, this knowledge may help other human factors professionals in any industry develop strategies and plans to demonstrate value from their work, communicate about impact, and thereby grow the reach of human factors.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:24:18Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260319
       
  • Adaptive Clothing for People with Spinal Cord Injury in Activities of
           Daily Living, Occupational Management, and Sports

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      Authors: San Hong, Yujin Hong, Woojin Cho, Junseok Park, Sungwoo Jeong, Myunghwan Yun
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study explores the needs of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) in adaptive clothing in the context of activities of daily living, occupational management, and sports. Twenty participants with SCI were recruited for individual semi-structured interviews. Three themes under each of the three contexts emerged. Suggestions were made to cope with the addressed needs and concerns.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:22:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260318
       
  • Evaluation of a Passive Upper Extremity Exoskeleton on Reducing Discomfort
           and Workload in Cardiac Sonographers

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      Authors: Tianke Wang, M. Susan Hallbeck, Michael Martineau, Merri Bremer, Garvan C. Kane, Mojgan Zoaktafi, Emmanuel Tetteh
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Cardiac sonographers are frequently exposed to ergonomic risks such as postural stress and high levels of physical exertion while performing scanning tasks, contributing to work-related pain, and discomfort among cardiac sonographers. Passive exoskeletons are a potential ergonomic intervention with the potential to mitigate some of the risks associated with scanning. This study examined the effectiveness of a passive upper body exoskeleton in reducing the levels of work-related pain, discomfort, and workload in cardiac sonographers while performing transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE). Twelve cardiac sonographers were asked to use the HAPO FRONT exoskeleton while performing TTEs during a full workday. Participants were asked to rate their body part discomfort and workload throughout the day, both with and without the exoskeleton. The exoskeleton did not significantly decrease discomfort or workload associated with performing TTEs, except for a slight reduction in the discomfort at the left hand/wrist. This result indicates that the HAPO FRONT was not effective or appropriate for use by cardiac sonographers. Future development and study of purpose-designed exoskeletons for healthcare applications may provide greater benefits to cardiac sonographers.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:20:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260317
       
  • Real-Time Gaze Sharing Techniques and Their Influence on Performance and
           Shared Situational Awareness of Teammates in UAV C2 Operations

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      Authors: Jad A. Atweh, Mohamad El Iskandarani, Sara L. Riggs
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Situational awareness (SA) is vital for coordination and safety in complex domains. However, the lack of focus on shared SA (SSA) between teammates undermines effective teamwork. Gaze sharing allows partners to view each other’s gaze points on their respective displays while completing their tasks. Understanding how performance and SSA are influenced by gaze sharing is critical but understudied in dynamic contexts. In this study, 35 teams completed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) command-and-control (C2) tasks using different visualization techniques. SSA scores were the highest with the fixation trail, correlating positively with target detection accuracy. SSA scores were lower in the no gaze sharing condition and the lowest while using the fixation dot. These findings underscore the importance of visualization methods in shaping SSA and task performance. If gaze sharing is used, the results here show that there is a need to select appropriate visualization techniques to support team SSA and performance.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-12T11:17:59Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260316
       
  • Emotional Ability and Its Connection with Academic Performance: An
           Exploratory Study on HBCU Students Post-COVID

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      Authors: Hyung Nam Kim
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study examines empathy in Black/African American undergraduate students at a Historically Black College (HBCU) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior research suggests empathy benefits communication, emotional well-being, and academic performance. However, less is known about student empathy, particularly among Black students at HBCUs. We surveyed 63 students to assess empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Results showed variations in empathy dimensions, with empathic concern and personal distress negatively correlating with academic performance. These findings require further investigation with a larger sample size. The study contributes to understanding empathy’s role in academic success for Black/African American students at HBCUs.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:58:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260315
       
  • Occipital Multiscale Entropy as a Generalized Marker of Differential Task
           Performance

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      Authors: L. Jack Rhodes, Lorraine Borghetti, Megan B. Morris
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The identification of a single neuroelectrophysiological measure of differential performance across time in a fatigued state remains elusive, especially where a single marker would need to be reliable and generalizable across a variety of tasks with varying demands (e.g., perceptual, cognitive). Here, we propose assays of occipital multiscale entropy (MSE) as one such putative marker. Toward this end, we aimed to determine if differential patterns of occipital MSE between good and poor performers generalized across fatiguing perceptual (a 10-minute psychomotor vigilance test) and cognitive (“Greebles” task, involving classification and decision-making) tasks, finding significant MSE differences across good and poor performers in these disparate tasks at multiple MSE timescales. Based on this converging evidence, we frame occipital MSE as a potential fatigue marker that is generalizable across task type.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:55:16Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260314
       
  • Human-Integrated System Simulation Analysis “in the Wild”

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      Authors: Andrew J. Abbate, Maia B. Cook
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Systems engineers often use model-based simulations to evaluate design concepts before building physical prototypes and running live experiments. However, their simulations typically lack infrastructure representing human behavior (e.g., cognitive tasks) and performance measures (e.g., workload). While human factors practitioners have developed simulation approaches that include such infrastructure, they typically employ languages, tools, and techniques that engineering teams cannot easily adopt given real-world budget and schedule constraints. To address this challenge, we propose a novel, lightweight approach to human-integrated system simulation analysis. Our approach enables the analyst to take a preexisting system model, add minimal human-model infrastructure, and run whole-system simulations that produce operator-workload and task-duration estimates, all using a common engineering language and tool, SysML and Cameo Systems Modeler, and any preexisting behavioral modeling technique. We demonstrate the approach using a simple, preexisting model of a fictitious space-telescope system.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:50:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260313
       
  • Improving Pedestrian Conspicuity at Night: Testing the Efficacy of an
           Educational Intervention

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      Authors: Morgan D. McCree, Richard A. Tyrrell, Joanne M. Wood, Patrick J. Rosopa
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Most pedestrian fatalities happen at night, and poor conspicuity has been identified as a critical problem. Researchers understand what typical pedestrians do not: At night, a pedestrian’s conspicuity heavily depends on contrast and the presence or absence of retroreflective markings and biological motion. This experiment aims to evaluate the impact of an 11-min educational video that explains these critical concepts. Half of the participants will view the video while the other half will not. All participants will provide quantitative estimates of the nighttime conspicuity and safety of a pedestrian wearing each of five clothing configurations. We hypothesize that participants who view the video will exhibit improved comprehension of safety-relevant concepts and the visual challenges experienced by drivers at night. This research could underscore the value of online interventions in educating road users about critical concepts that impact nighttime conspicuity, thereby encouraging them to adopt evidence-based methods to enhance their conspicuity.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:46:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260312
       
  • Brake Response Time and the Effects of Parked and Incurring Vehicles on
           Driver Behavior

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      Authors: Pamela M. D’Addario, Kurt W. Ising, Gunter P. Siegmund
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      A commonly investigated parameter in driving research is perception-response time (PRT), which refers to the duration required for a driver to respond to a roadway hazard. This study used a driving simulator to reproduce a commonly cited test-track response-time study by Mazzae et al., where responses to a laterally incurring vehicle were investigated. The primary goal of the current study was to evaluate how different factors in the configuration of the Mazzae et al. study, namely presence of parked roadside vehicles and incurring vehicles, affected response times. We enrolled 88 subjects and had them operate a driving simulator that replicated the prior study’s test track with and without the parked and incurring vehicles. A delay in accelerator pedal release was found when the incursion vehicles were present during three prior non-event passes through the critical intersection. The presence of parked vehicles did not affect response times. Accelerator-release times and brake response times from our simulator study align well with the original test-track response-time data.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:41:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260308
       
  • Cognitive Systems Engineering Issues in the Design of Machine Learning
           Systems

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      Authors: Philip J. Smith, Mica Endsley, John D. Lee, Joseph Lyons, Emilie M. Roth, Sam Krening
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The objective of this panel is to better understand how machine learning (ML) systems influence users and to identify strategies to make such interactions more effective when designing decision support systems and joint cognitive systems for real-time control. The panelists will draw upon their insights from the fields of aviation, defense, ground transportation and medicine, as well as the literature on human-automation and human-AI interaction. The panelists will discuss findings regarding both the positive and negative influences that the design of such systems can have on perceptual, cognitive and decision making processes. They will further provide concrete examples of system designs. Topics for discussion will include: (a) The Ironies of AI Based on Machine Learning: Challenges and New Directions, (b) Understanding the Influences of ML on Joint Cognitive Performance, (c) Mixed Initiative Access to Information, (d) Focusing and Accelerating Decision Making, and (e) Designing the Operational Domain.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:36:38Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260307
       
  • Comparing the Effectiveness and Applicability of Two Intraoperative Break
           Scheduling Strategies Using OR-Stretch Web-App

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      Authors: Hamid Norasi, Mojgan Zoaktafi, Joseph Kim, Tianke Wang, Emmanuel Tetteh, M. Susan Hallbeck
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study provided additional evidence to support the OR-Stretch Web- App as a potential ergonomic intervention in the operating room. Overall, the ORStretch Web-App was beneficial to surgeons’ physical performance, mental focus, and discomfort. However, improving the Web-App to be user-friendly, and developing strategies to align the microbreaks with appropriate time spots during surgeries to not interrupt surgical workflow are among the key factors that need attention. Additionally, no significant differences in the surgeons’ subjective evaluation of the Break-30 and Break-60 scheduling strategies were found. However, the data and surgeons’ feedback implied that taking microbreaks every 30 min (Break-30 condition) may not be ideal, especially during long or complicated surgical procedures.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:28:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260305
       
  • Biomechanical Assessment of Exoskeleton Intervention for Injured and
           Recovering Workers: A Simulation Study of Bending Tasks

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      Authors: Darlington Egeonu, Bochen Jia, Jesudara Omidokun, Liang Yang
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Exoskeletons, wearable devices designed to enhance physical activity, show promise in mitigating work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. This study examines exoskeleton efficacy as ergonomic intervention for aiding injured workers with limited trunk mobility in returning to work. Six adult males participated in simulated bending tasks using a trunk mobility restrictor and a passive trunk exoskeleton. Lumbosacral joint loads and moments during bending tasks with and without the exoskeleton were biomechanically assessed using optical motion capture and ground reaction force data as model inputs. Results indicate significant reductions in compressive loads and subject moments at the lumbosacral joint with exoskeleton usage, particularly during full bending. Moreover, the exoskeleton’s supportive impact increases with greater trunk flexion angles. These findings underscore exoskeleton potential in facilitating the return to work for individuals with limited trunk mobility, emphasizing the need for further empirical validation in real-world settings.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:22:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260302
       
  • Employing a Computational Model to Reveal Stimulus-Driven Influences in
           Interfaces

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      Authors: Jeremiah D. Still, Mary L. Still
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      It is challenging to design complex interfaces that support efficient visual searches. It requires understanding how numerous sources of information contribute to attentional selection, along with an understanding of the tools and tasks used to study visual search. This work is intended to examine visual salience, a pre-attentive process often overlooked in traditional design approaches. Although the importance of visual salience in task-driven searches has been debated, recent evidence suggests this stimulus-driven property contributes to the guidance of attention. Computational modeling has proven effective in predicting the influence of salience (e.g., N-SEEV and Attentional Priority models). With advances in this area of research, continuing examination of the applications and limitations of computational salience models is warranted. Therefore, the present work also examines the predictive power of computational models in displays like web pages and mobile interfaces. Emphasis is placed on the role salience should play in optimizing interface search efficiency.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:17:27Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260301
       
  • The Transferability of Pilots’ Video Gaming Experience to the Skills and
           Situation Awareness of Operating UAVs

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      Authors: Rochelle Potdar, Andrew R. Dattel
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, are increasingly used in various industries. However, this increased automation can lead to reduced safety, decreasing situational awareness (SA). Industry experts have investigated operator accuracy, attentiveness, and selection methods by testing transferable skills between pilots with different video gaming (VG) habits and flying a drone. To contribute to this research further, we investigated pilots’ VG playing habits on SA while flying a UAV and their ability to learn and perform in a novel scenario. SA of non-VG playing pilots and VG playing pilots while operating a drone using a simulator was compared. VG playing pilots (n = 31), compared to non-VG playing pilots (n = 31) were quicker to adapt and learn in a novel environment and exhibited significantly better SA while flying a drone. These findings may be useful to identify individuals who are predisposed to better SA, thus improving selection and training.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T07:09:21Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260300
       
  • Sleep, Wellness, and Mood of Personnel Standing Watch on US Navy
           Information Warfare Watchfloors

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      Authors: Nita Lewis Shattuck, Panagiotis Matsangas, Christopher K. McClernon
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This project aimed to improve the sleep, wellness, and mood of personnel standing watch on US Navy Information Warfare watchfloors. Data were collected from 82 participants on two US Navy watchfloors. Volunteers wore ŌURA rings and completed questionnaires at the beginning and end of the study. Our findings suggest that the 6-section/8-hour-shift watchbill is generally preferable to the 4-section/12-hour-shift watchbill. We developed general guidelines and recommendations for fatigue mitigation based on the data collected from the two watchfloors, the predicted effectiveness of the two watchbills calculated using the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE-FAST) model, and background literature on shiftwork. The recommendations for watchstanders focused on sleep hygiene practices, sleep environment, timing of sleep and naps, light management, the use of caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine, nutrition, and exercise.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:52:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260299
       
  • Participant Compliance When Wearing a Sleep-tracking Ring for Extended
           Time Periods: Preliminary Results

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      Authors: Panagiotis Matsangas, Nita Lewis Shattuck, Christopher K. McClernon
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The widespread use of wearable technologies in research settings has made it easier to assess health-related indices. However, information is limited regarding participant compliance when using these wearable technologies in military settings. This study assessed participant compliance when wearing Ōura rings for periods of up to 210 days (182 participants, four military commands). In our results, compliance followed a power decay function with substantive differences across commands and across both demographic and occupational factors. Overall compliance was approximately 40% after 80 days of wearing the device, ~30% after 125 days, and ~20% after 210 days. Higher ranking individuals had better compliance compared to subordinate military members. This difference increased consistently for the first 2 months of wearing the device, reaching 20% to 50% depending on the command. Personnel seniority and in-person interaction with researchers are important factors that should be taken into consideration when conducting longitudinal studies in military environments.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:46:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260297
       
  • The Influence of Operator Trust on Human-Robot Interaction Within Teams

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      Authors: Heidi Segars, Anne Collins McLaughlin, Ericka Rovira, Susan Mohammed
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Utilizing advanced machinery in team environments often necessitates reliance on a leader, or “operator,” who is in charge of interfacing with technology directly on the team’s behalf. This is particularly evident in modern military missions, where teams depend on operators of robotic machinery to safely navigate dangerous tasks or hazardous terrain. The present work is part of a larger study on integrating a semi-autonomous quadruped robot into military training exercises. This analysis focused on how trust in an operator controlling Spot influenced different aspects of human-robot interaction (HRI) among the team. Operator trust was found to be positively correlated with positive perceptions of the robot, trust in and reliance on the robot, and willingness to use the robot for future exercises. Improving operator trust, thereby shifting the focus to human-human interaction, may prove an effective avenue for bolstering confidence in robotic systems.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:41:35Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260296
       
  • A Pilot Study Evaluation of a Passive Shoulder Exoskeleton for a
           Drilling-fastening Task

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      Authors: Jianyang Tang, Dongjoon Kong, Leia Stirling
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Exoskeletons have been considered as a method to mitigate Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) in industry. However, it is still unclear how they affect work performance and processes that have accuracy and precision requirements (e.g., drilling, riveting, welding). In this study, the effect of a passive shoulder exoskeleton on a drilling-fastening task performance (the flushness and tilt angle of the fastener) and user perceptions (discomfort, fatigue, and workload) was examined. Participants (n = 13) performed a drilling-fastening task with the exoskeleton present and absent. Results support that the exoskeleton did not influence the quality of the drilling task, perceived fatigue, or perceived workload. There were mixed results on perceived discomfort, with participants feeling less discomfort, similar discomfort, and greater discomfort based on the body location. This study provides added context for industry decision-making on using passive shoulder-support exoskeletons as a method to mitigate WMSDs.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:32:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260294
       
  • ErgoReality: A Virtual Reality Simulations Software for Ergonomic Analysis
           of Workstation Design

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      Authors: Christopher Morse, Mohammad Iman Mokhlespour Esfahani, Suresh Krishnan
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Traditional tools for ergonomic assessments of workstation designs often involve ergonomists using Digital Human Modeling (DHM) software to simulate worker motions. However, these tools can be limited by posture prediction algorithms that fail to capture the full range and variability of human behavior. Virtual Reality (VR) offers an alternative by enabling workers to perform tasks within simulated workspaces, where their movements are captured using motion tracking systems. This approach generates kinematic data that can overcome the shortcomings of DHM tools, facilitating improved accuracy in the ergonomic evaluation of workstation design. Building multiple alternative virtual workstations is not only quicker but also more cost-effective than building physical prototypes. In this paper, we introduce a VR application, ErgoReality, and discuss its three main components: simulation development, data collection, and ergonomic analysis. We also explore further research areas to enhance the tool, address potential limitations, and propose strategies to mitigate these challenges.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:24:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260293
       
  • Alternative Emergency Vehicle Lighting Affects Traffic Behaviors

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      Authors: Kajsa Weibull, Björn Lidestam, Johanna Holm, Erik Prytz
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Emergency vehicle lightings (EVL) mitigate the risk of collision and make drivers move over. The present paper explored how new alternative EVL designs can improve driver behavior in different emergency vehicle interaction scenarios. From workshops with 14 emergency responders, three scenarios (Emergency driving, Police pull-over, Emergency vehicle alongside the road) and 19 EVL blink patterns were chosen. These alternative EVLs were presented in an online survey with 2627 Swedish respondents. Alternative EVL affected reported driving behavior. Drivers reported being most certain of what is expected from them in the emergency-driving scenario. It is important to ensure that the EVL is easy to interpret in more unfamiliar emergency-vehicle interactions such as police pull-over. Only a third of drivers had seen the pull-over EVL currently used in Sweden. The current pull-over EVL in combination with a stop sign increased the chance of drivers reporting that they would pull over.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:19:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260291
       
  • The Importance of Timing—An Expert Evaluation on Latencies for Voice
           Assistants

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      Authors: Denise Sogemeier, Yannick Forster, Frederik Naujoks, Josef F. Krems, Andreas Keinath
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      In a driving simulator study, six experts interacted with an in-vehicle voice assistant (VA) and rated different latencies. The results suggest that in order to maintain drivers’ satisfaction with the interaction, in-vehicle VAs should have a latency of no more than 5 s. A slight delay of 1.5 s was rated best while shorter latencies caused highest variance amongst experts—indicating that the fastest response may not necessarily be the most desirable. Satisfaction may also depend on the complexity of the use case as experts showed higher tolerance toward longer latencies in the navigation-domain. Furthermore, our results raise thought-provoking insights about the importance of considering human expectations and preferences in the design of in-vehicle VAs. Despite technological advancements, humans might still expect a natural delay, similar to that in a human-human interaction. These findings emphasize the need to balance using cutting-edge technology with the desire for familiar interactions.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:13:45Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260290
       
  • Toward Adaptive Virtual Reality Systems: Understanding Emotional and
           Physiological Responses in VR Game

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      Authors: Allison Bayro, Heejin Jeong
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Virtual reality (VR) affective computing is expanding to include systems that can identify and respond to human emotions. This study explores emotional responses in VR using the game Pong to monitor these reactions under different gameplay conditions. It investigates how game pace and opponent behavior affect emotions, assessed through physiological metrics like electrocardiogram, galvanic skin response, electromyogram, and player behaviors. Results from three game variations—slow-paced, fast-paced, and lag-induced—showed distinct emotional and physiological responses. Significant differences were found in arousal and valence levels, with varying heart rate and skin conductance among the game conditions. These findings suggest that VR game design can significantly influence emotional states, providing insights that could help develop more engaging and responsive VR systems. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of VR to evoke and measure specific emotional responses, contributing to the fields of human-computer interaction, and affective computing.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:08:15Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260289
       
  • Predicting Perceived Back Fatigue During Exoskeleton Supported Trunk
           Bending Tasks using Machine Learning

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      Authors: Pranav Madhav Kuber, Abhineet Rajendra Kulkarni, Ehsan Rashedi
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Repetitive trunk flexion tasks performed over long durations can increase low-back injury risk, where Back Support Industrial Exoskeletons (BSIEs) can be beneficial. While BSIEs have shown effectiveness in lab assessments, real-world outcomes have shown variation based on task complexity, necessitating monitoring of physical demands. Fourteen participants performed repetitive trunk BSIE-assisted forward bending and return, without fatigue and then at medium-high fatigue. We recorded muscle activity in low-back and thigh muscles using Electromyography (EMG) and whole-body stability using force plates. Classification algorithms, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost (XGB) were utilized to predict perceived medium-high back fatigue using sensor data. Highest performance was observed with XGB algorithm using data from a single low-back EMG sensor (Accuracy: 86.1%, Recall: 86%), and force plate (93.5, 94.1%). Outcomes of our study can be helpful in developing novel fatigue detection products, benefiting ergonomists in properly implementing BSIEs in industrial scenarios.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T06:03:55Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260287
       
  • Factors that Affect Pilot Response Times to Alerts: Findings From a
           Literature Review and Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) Reports

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      Authors: Kelene A. Fercho, Dennis B. Beringer, Colleen Donovan
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Factors affecting the time it takes a human to respond to an alert may include alerting system design, operator characteristics such as age or experience, or the operating environment. Using the aviation domain as one example, this variety of factors makes it difficult to specify what “acceptable” pilot response times are, as one cannot assign a value that will be consistent across systems, people, and situations. Further, characteristics of the pilot population, operations, and flight deck technologies change over time, so that average pilot response times derived in the past may not represent accurately expected response times for pilots flying modern aircraft. This paper compiles the findings from both a literature review and a survey of NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) reports, documenting that the confluence of factors affecting pilot responses to alerts results in response times that are often longer and more variable than might otherwise be expected.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-08-11T05:55:56Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241260286
       
  • Inattentional Insensitivity As A Predictor of Relevant Situation Awareness
           Questions And Irrelevant Questions

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      Authors: Andrew R. Dattel, Hui Wang, Sophie Chanoux, Cristhian Padilla, Haroon Jamanzi, Rochelle Potdar, Rajan Maroju, Tianxin Zhang, Pooja Amonkar
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      This study explored predictors of situation awareness (SA) and predictors of irrelevant information in a complex task. Thirty-one participants were tested on personality, a little-known situation awareness test, working memory, inattentional blindness (IB), and inattentional insensitivity (IIS) as predictors of situation awareness and performance in a driving simulator. The two IIS conditions were visual (IB) and tactile. Participants were paid $25 for about a 1 ½ hour commitment. During the driving simulator scenario, participants answered 10 questions (half related to the driving task and half not critical to safe driving performance). More relevant questions were answered correctly than irrelevant questions. However, few predictors were shown for SA (relevant questions), but IB, and personality variables predicted response time for irrelevant questions. Tactile IIS was found to be better for performance on one of the SA tests and resulted in fewer errors in one of the tactile IIS tasks.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-02-14T04:15:02Z
      DOI: 10.1177/21695067231221721
       
  • Transitioning Lab Courses to Online Platforms by Higher Education
           Institutions during COVID-19

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      Authors: Gayatri Anoop, Arvind Kolangarakath, Kapil Chalil Madathil, Katie Shakour, Rebecca Short, Tim Ransom
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      The COVID-19 pandemic forced universities to shift their in-person lab courses to remote delivery, which presented several challenges for instructors and students. This article analyzed 33 peer-reviewed research articles to identify the various approaches taken by universities to migrate lab courses to remote platforms, as well as the difficulties encountered during the transition. The review revealed that technology and internet issues, workload constraints, academic integrity, and the overall educational experience were among the challenges faced. The authenticity and completeness of online labs were inferior to in-person labs, resulting in mixed opinions on the effectiveness of online labs. Students found labs that incorporated video recordings and simulations on a synchronous platform to be the most engaging. However, home labs provided limited hands-on experience, depending on the circumstances. Further research is required to investigate the cognitive, physical, and temporal demands posed by these technologies to develop a more compelling online lab experience.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-02-14T04:14:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/21695067231221720
       
  • A Novel Application of Non-linear Dynamics Investigating Cognitive
           Workload and Situational Trust in Highly Automated Vehicles

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      Authors: Emily Parcell, Sidney Scott-Sharoni, Nadia Fereydooni, Bruce Walker, John Lenneman, Benjamin Austin, Takeshi Yoshida
      Abstract: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Ahead of Print.
      Vehicles with driving automation are becoming increasingly present despite the reported apprehension of potential consumers. The potential benefits, such as fewer crashes, lighter traffic, and increased transportation access, give merit in researching how to engender appropriate human- automation interaction that will ensure a smoother adoption of the technology. One method involves investigating how users receive information about the vehicle. Using a simulated highly automated vehicle, researchers examined how content temporality and modality affected the situational trust and cognitive workload of 36 participants using subjective measures and 15 participants using non-linear dynamics. Researchers found only one significant main effect of temporality on workload; however, post-hoc comparisons between groups were insignificant. Nevertheless, applying non-linear dynamics to driving research is a novel and underutilized approach. Researchers, designers, and users may benefit from using real-time measures rather than aggregate scores to understand how driver behavior changes based on the environment.
      Citation: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
      PubDate: 2024-02-14T04:13:03Z
      DOI: 10.1177/10711813241228178
       
 
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JournalTOCs
School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
Email: journaltocs@hw.ac.uk
Tel: +00 44 (0)131 4513762
 


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