 Subjects -> AERONAUTICS AND SPACE FLIGHT (Total: 124 journals)
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- Vertical Structure of the Martian Atmosphere: The View from Mars Express
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Abstract: Launched in 2003, the European Space Agency’s Mars Express (MEX) has been orbiting Mars for 20 years and its instruments have performed continuous monitoring of the conditions in the Martian atmosphere, providing one of the most complete datasets of atmospheric parameters ever collected for Mars. This article provides an overview of the observations of the vertical structure of the Martian atmosphere performed by MEx, which led to the identification of peculiar phenomena that affect the atmospheric circulation and dynamics on different scales, from local to regional and global.
PubDate: 2025-04-01
- Understanding the Formation of Saturn’s Regular Moons in the Context of
Giant Planet Moons Formation Scenarios-
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Abstract: This article explores the different formation scenarios of the Kronian moons system in the context of a highly dissipative Saturn, with the objective of identifying the most likely of these scenarios. First, we review the diversity of objects – moons and rings – orbiting solar system giant planets, and the diversity of their architectures, which formation scenarios must reproduce. We then identify in this broader context the specific features of the Saturn system, such as the particularly large spectrum of its moon masses, the uniqueness of Titan and the presence of both dense and tenuous rings, before discussing the applicability of the different giant planet moon formation scenarios to the Saturn case. We discuss each of the most relevant scenarios and their respective merits. Finally, we tentatively propose a “favorite” scenario and we identify the key observations to be made by future space missions and/or Earth-based telescopic observations to validate this scenario or possibly alternative ones.
PubDate: 2025-03-20
- The Langmuir Probe Instrument on Board the Rashid-1 Rover of the Emirates
Lunar Mission-
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Abstract: The Rashid-1 rover, which was part of the Emirates Lunar Mission (ELM) program, was a small rover aimed to be operated for one lunar day on the lunar surface. As part of its scientific instrumentation, Rashid-1 carried a Langmuir probe experiment (LNG) in order to provide the first extensive, high-resolution in situ measurements of the bulk parameters of the lunar dayside thermal plasma at different altitudes above the lunar surface. The LNG was comprised of four probes, mounted at different locations and heights above the lunar surface on the Rashid-1 rover. This way, the LNG was intended to derive an altitude profile of the two plasma parameters electron density and electron temperature above the lunar surface. The design of the instrument and a description of the data analysis technique, calibration, and validation are provided in this paper. Due to the short separation between the probes and the rover body (in terms of Debye length), the measurements of the LNG were expected to be influenced by the presence of the rover and its sheath. This was addressed through numerical modeling, which is described and preliminary results are presented. Unfortunately, the landing in the Atlas crater of the lunar lander carrying Rashid-1 to the surface was not successful – however, this description of the instrument design and the data analysis techniques are still useful for future explorations of the lunar plasma environment.
PubDate: 2025-03-19
- Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) for the SMILE Mission
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Abstract: The Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) is one of the four instruments onboard the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) satellite, a collaborative science mission between the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the European Space Agency (ESA). The UVI will capture the terrestrial auroral images that depict the energy depositions in the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling system. The primary function of UVI is to image the entire auroral oval at characteristic wavelengths while effectively mitigating contamination from dayglow, achieving a spatial resolution of approximately 100 km or better. The co-axis four-mirror all-reflective optical system provides a circular field of view of 9.97°, enabling coverage of the entire polar region when the spacecraft’s geocentric distance exceeds 50,000 km. This capability allows UVI to continuously monitor the complete auroral oval for over 40 hours. UVI operates in the long wavelength range of the N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) band, specifically between 160–180 nm. To achieve the required spectral response and significantly reject out-of-band stray light, multilayer coatings are applied to its mirrors. The detector utilized is an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD), with photons emitted from the phosphor being coupled through a relay lens to the ICCD. By default, the CCD captures one frame (512 × 512 pixels) every two seconds; thus, thirty frames per minute are coadded to produce a single UVI image. This processing can be performed in orbit or on ground to compensate the possible satellite jitters. The detailed geometric and photometric calibration procedures for UVI are elaborated upon in the paper.
PubDate: 2025-03-18
- The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer
(JUICE) Mission-
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Abstract: The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, is in charge of a comprehensive geodetic mapping of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto on the basis of Laser range measurements. While multiple topographic profiles will be obtained for Europa and Callisto during flybys, GALA will provide a high-resolution global shape model of Ganymede while in orbit around this moon based on at least 600 million range measurements from altitudes of 500 km and 200 km above the surface. By measuring the diurnal tidal deformation of Ganymede, which crucially depends on the decoupling of the outer ice shell from the deeper interior by a liquid water ocean, GALA will obtain evidence for (or against) a subsurface ocean on Ganymede and will provide constraints on the ice shell thickness above the ocean. In combination with other instruments, it will characterize the morphology of surface units on Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto providing not only topography but also measurements of surface roughness on the scale of the laser footprint, i.e. at a scale of about 50 m from 500 km altitude, and albedo values at the laser wavelength of 1064 nm. GALA is a single-beam laser altimeter, operating at a nominal frequency of 30 Hz, with a capability of reaching up to 48 Hz. It uses a Nd:YAG laser to generate pulses with pulse lengths of 5.5 ± 2.5 ns. The return pulse is detected by an Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) with 100 MHz bandwidth and the signal is digitized at a sampling rate of 200 MHz providing range measurements with a sub-sample resolution of 0.1 m. Research institutes and industrial partners from Germany, Japan, Switzerland and Spain collaborated to build the instrument. JUICE, conducted under responsibility of the European Space Agency (ESA), was successfully launched in April 2023 and is scheduled for arrival at the Jupiter system in July 2031. The nominal science mission including multiple close flybys at Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, as well as the final Ganymede orbit phase will last from 2031 to 2035. In May 2023 GALA has completed its Near-Earth Commissioning, showing full functionality of all units. Here we summarize the scientific objectives, instrument design and implementation, performance, and operational aspects of GALA.
PubDate: 2025-03-18
- The JANUS (Jovis Amorum ac Natorum Undique Scrutator) VIS-NIR Multi-Band
Imager for the JUICE Mission-
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Abstract: The JANUS instrument (Jovis, Amorum ac Natorum Undique Scrutator) aboard the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) is a multispectral camera enabling imaging in the 380-1080 nm wavelength range. The performance and capability of JANUS fulfils all requirements for imaging the variety of different targets JUICE will investigate, including the icy satellites, Io, small inner and irregular moons, the rings and Jupiter itself. JUICE’s orbital trajectory in the Jupiter system will allow icy Galilean satellites observations from afar to closest approaches of a few hundred kilometres, resulting in spatial sampling from km/pixel down to 3 m/pixel respectively. All other targets will be observed from a distance > several $10^{5}\text{ km}$, i.e. spatial sampling above several km/pixel. Thirteen bandpass filters provide good spectral coverage with bandwidths from several tens of nm down to 10 nm. The spectral resolution of JANUS will provide unprecedented characterization of endogenic and exogenic geological processes that shaped the icy satellites surfaces, enable monitoring of volcanic activity on Io, and enable investigation of the physical and dynamical properties of small satellites and rings. The dynamics of Jupiter’s atmosphere will be characterised over more than three years at different altitudes thanks to the ad-hoc selected filters. This paper briefly summarizes the science objectives of JANUS and describes in some detail the instrument architecture, its design, performances and observational capabilities. Although specific aspects, like e.g. data calibration, will be covered in future papers, this work is aimed at offering a general reference to the science enabled by JANUS and the design and capabilities of the instrument.
PubDate: 2025-03-18
- Wave Optics, Interference, and Decoherence in Strong Gravitational Lensing
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Abstract: Wave-optical effects in gravitational lensing have long been predicted, and with the discovery of populations of compact transients such as gravitational wave events and fast radio bursts, may soon be observed. We present an observer’s review of the relevant theory underlying wave-optical effects in gravitational lensing. Starting from the curved-spacetime scalar wave equation, we derive the Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction integral, and analyze it in the eikonal and wave optics regimes. We answer the question of what makes interference effects observable in some systems but not in others, and how interference effects allow for complementary information to be extracted from lensing systems as compared to traditional measurements. We end by discussing how diffraction effects affect optical depth forecasts and lensing near caustics, and how compact, low-frequency transients like gravitational waves and fast radio bursts provide promising paths to open up the frontier of coherent gravitational lensing.
PubDate: 2025-03-13
- The Analyzer for Cusp Ions (ACI) on the TRACERS Mission
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Abstract: The Analyzers for Cusp Ions (ACIs) on the TRACERS mission measure ion velocity distribution functions in the magnetospheric cusp from two closely spaced spacecraft in low Earth orbit. The precipitating and upflowing ion measurements contribute to the overarching goal of the TRACERS mission and are key to all three science objectives of the mission. ACI is a toroidal top-hat electrostatic analyzer on a spinning platform that provides full angular coverage with instantaneous 22.5° × ∼6° angular resolution for a single energy step. ACI has an ion energy range from ∼8 eV/e to 20,000 eV/e covered in 47 logarithmic-spaced energy steps with fractional energy resolution of ∼10%. It provides reasonably high cadence (312 ms) measurements of the ion energy-pitch angle distribution with good sensitivity and energy resolution, enabling detection of cusp boundaries and characterization of cusp ion steps.
PubDate: 2025-03-13
- Technical STEM Workforce Development Re-Imagined: The Lucy Student
Pipeline and Competency Enabler (L’SPACE)-
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Abstract: NASA’s Lucy Student Pipeline and Competency Enabler (L’SPACE) is a novel student collaboration program designed and implemented for the NASA Lucy Mission. This technical STEM workforce development program has been designed to provide an authentic, team-based learning environment to support STEM majors as they prepare to enter the space exploration ecosystem. L’SPACE recruits and serves from colleges and universities all over the United States of America and is designed at every level to foster a STEM identity in the students, working to create a more diverse workforce in the future. From the program’s inception in Fall of 2018 through the Fall of 2023, over 8967 unique students have been accepted and participated in the program, with 8070 having completed the L’SPACE academies. Through active mentoring and support, the completion rate for the L’SPACE Program is 90%. L’SPACE participants come from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico and represent 915 US colleges and universities, including 328 community colleges. The level of effort of the participants across all the elements of L’SPACE represents over 750,000 hours of workforce development training delivered and completed. The L’SPACE Team’s staff, internal and external evaluators actively evaluate all elements of the program to make sure that the program is meeting the participants’ and industry’s needs. L’SPACE uses a fast track and iterative approach, being informed by the data to make needed adjustments to the program as often as needed to reflect participant-centered and/or industry changes in the rapidly evolving workforce development environment.
PubDate: 2025-03-12
- Magnetic Reconnection in Solar Flares and the Near-Sun Solar Wind
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Abstract: An overview is presented of our current understanding and open questions related to magnetic reconnection in solar flares and the near-sun (within around 20$R_{s}$) solar wind. The solar-flare-related topics include the mechanisms that facilitate fast energy release and that control flare onset, electron energization, ion energization and abundance enhancement, electron and ion transport, and flare-driven heating. Recent observations and models suggesting that interchange reconnection of multipolar magnetic fields within coronal holes could provide the energy required to drive the fast solar wind are also discussed. Recent in situ observations that reconnection in the heliospheric current sheet close to the sun drives energetic ions are also presented. The implications of in situ observations of reconnection in the Earth space environment for understanding flares are highlighted. Finally, the impact of emerging computational and observational tools for understanding flare dynamics are discussed.
PubDate: 2025-03-12
- From Foreshock 30-Second Waves to Magnetospheric Pc3 Waves
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Abstract: Ultra-low frequency waves, with periods between 1-1000 s, are ubiquitous in the near-Earth plasma environment and play an important role in magnetospheric dynamics and in the transfer of electromagnetic energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. A class of those waves, often referred to as Pc3 waves when they are recorded from the ground, with periods between 10 and 45 s, are routinely observed in the dayside magnetosphere. They originate from the ion foreshock, a region of geospace extending upstream of the quasi-parallel portion of Earth’s bow shock. There, the interaction between shock-reflected ions and the incoming solar wind gives rise to a variety of waves, and predominantly fast-magnetosonic waves with a period typically around 30 s. The connection between these waves upstream of the shock and their counterparts observed inside the magnetosphere and on the ground was inferred already early on in space observations due to similar properties, thereby implying the transmission of the waves across near-Earth space, through the shock and the magnetopause. This review provides an overview of foreshock 30-second/Pc3 waves research from the early observations in the 1960s to the present day, covering the entire propagation pathway of these waves, from the foreshock to the ground. We describe the processes at play in the different regions of geospace, and review observational, theoretical and numerical works pertaining to the study of these waves. We conclude this review with unresolved questions and upcoming opportunities in both observations and simulations to further our understanding of these waves.
PubDate: 2025-03-07
- Europa Clipper: A Mission to Explore Ocean World Habitability –
Editorial-
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PubDate: 2025-03-06
- Magnetosphere and Plasma Science with the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
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Abstract: The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is a European Space Agency mission to explore Jupiter and its three icy Galilean moons: Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Numerous JUICE investigations concern the magnetised space environments containing low-density populations of charged particles that surround each of these bodies. In the case of both Jupiter and Ganymede, the magnetic field generated internally produces a surrounding volume of space known as a magnetosphere. All these regions are natural laboratories where we can test and further our understanding of how such systems work, and improved knowledge of the environments around the moons of interest is important for probing sub-surface oceans that may be habitable. Here we review the magnetosphere and plasma science that will be enabled by JUICE from arrival at Jupiter in July 2031. We focus on the specific topics where the mission will push forward the boundaries of our understanding through a combination of the spacecraft trajectory through the system and the measurements that will be made by its suite of scientific instruments. Advances during the initial orbits around Jupiter will include construction of a comprehensive picture of the poorly understood region of Jupiter’s magnetosphere where rigid plasma rotation with the planet breaks down, and new perspectives on how Jupiter’s magnetosphere interacts with both Europa and Callisto. The later orbits around Ganymede will dramatically improve knowledge of this moon’s smaller magnetosphere embedded within the larger magnetosphere of Jupiter. We conclude by outlining the high-level operational strategy that will support this broad science return.
PubDate: 2025-03-03
- Solar System Elemental Abundances from the Solar Photosphere and
CI-Chondrites-
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Abstract: Solar photospheric abundances and CI-chondrite compositions are reviewed and updated to obtain representative solar system abundances of the elements and their isotopes. The new photospheric abundances obtained here lead to higher solar metallicity. Full 3D NLTE photospheric analyses are only available for 11 elements. A quality index for analyses is introduced. For several elements, uncertainties remain large. Protosolar mass fractions are H (X = 0.7060), He (Y = 0.2753), and for metals Li to U (Z = 0.0187). The protosolar (C+N)/H agrees within 13% with the ratio for the solar core from the Borexino experiment. Elemental abundances in CI-chondrites were screened by analytical methods, sample sizes, and evaluated using concentration frequency distributions. Aqueously mobile elements (e.g., alkalis, alkaline earths, etc.) often deviate from normal distributions indicating mobilization and/or sequestration into carbonates, phosphates, and sulfates. Revised CI-chondrite abundances of non-volatile elements are similar to earlier estimates. The moderately volatile elements F and Sb are higher than before, as are C, Br and I, whereas the CI-abundances of Hg and N are now significantly lower. The solar system nuclide distribution curves of s-process elements agree within 4% with s-process predictions of Galactic chemical evolution models. P-process nuclide distributions are assessed. No obvious correlation of CI-chondritic to solar elemental abundance ratios with condensation temperatures is observed, nor is there one for ratios of CI-chondrites/solar wind abundances.
PubDate: 2025-02-24
- The TRACERS Analyzer for Cusp Electrons
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Abstract: The Analyzer for Cusp Electrons (ACE) instruments on the Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS) mission provide measurements of electron velocity distribution functions from two closely spaced spacecraft in a low Earth orbit that passes through the magnetospheric cusp. The precipitating and upward-going electrons provide a sensitive probe of the magnetic field line topology and electrostatic potential structure, as well as revealing dynamic processes. ACE measurements contribute to the top-level TRACERS goals of characterizing the spatial and temporal variation of magnetic reconnection at the terrestrial magnetopause and its relationship to dynamic structures in the cusp. ACE utilizes a classic hemispheric electrostatic analyzer on a spinning platform to provide full angular coverage with 10 degree by 7 degree resolution. ACE can measure electrons over an energy range of 20-13,500 electron volts, with fractional energy resolution of 19%. ACE provides 50 ms cadence measurements of the electron velocity distribution, enabling sub-kilometer spatial resolution of cusp boundaries and other structures.
PubDate: 2025-02-14
- The Role of Kinetic Instabilities and Waves in Collisionless Magnetic
Reconnection-
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Abstract: Magnetic reconnection converts magnetic field energy into particle energy by breaking and reconnecting magnetic field lines. Magnetic reconnection is a kinetic process that generates a wide variety of kinetic waves via wave-particle interactions. Kinetic waves have been proposed to play an important role in magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasmas by, for example, contributing to anomalous resistivity and diffusion, particle heating, and transfer of energy between different particle populations. These waves range from below the ion cyclotron frequency to above the electron plasma frequency and from ion kinetic scales down to electron Debye length scales. This review aims to describe the progress made in understanding the relationship between magnetic reconnection and kinetic waves. We focus on the waves in different parts of the reconnection region, namely, the diffusion region, separatrices, outflow regions, and jet fronts. Particular emphasis is placed on the recent observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft and numerical simulations, which have substantially increased the understanding of the interplay between kinetic waves and reconnection. Some of the ongoing questions related to waves and reconnection are discussed.
PubDate: 2025-02-14
- Europa Clipper Mission Design, Mission Plan, and Navigation
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Abstract: The Europa Clipper mission will explore Europa and investigate its habitability utilizing a set of five remote-sensing instruments that cover the electromagnetic spectrum from thermal infrared to ultraviolet wavelength, four in-situ fields and particles instruments, a dual-frequency radar, and a gravity and radio science investigation. Key mission objectives include to produce high-resolution images of Europa’s surface, determine its composition, look for signs of recent or ongoing activity, measure the thickness of the icy shell, search for subsurface lakes, and determine the depth and salinity of Europa’s ocean. The Europa Clipper Mission Plan integrates the above investigations in a way that allows for the simultaneous acquisition of complimentary datasets (i.e., datasets at the regional scale, distributed globally across Europa) utilizing a complex network of flybys while in Jupiter orbit. About 50 flybys of Europa—with closest-approach altitudes varying from several thousand kilometers to as low as 25 kilometers—will be executed over an approximately 4.3-year prime mission. We present an overview of the mission design, which is driven by the complex scientific goals of the mission but also influenced by launch vehicle capabilities, the intense Jovian radiation environment, varying thermal environment, and dependency on precise planet and moon flybys to manage the orbit. We describe the interplanetary and Jovian orbit design, Mission Plan, and Navigation Plan, and forecast performance against mission requirements to date.
PubDate: 2025-02-14
- Magnetic Reconnection in Space: An Introduction
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Abstract: An International Space Science Institute (ISSI) workshop was convened to assess recent rapid advances in studies of magnetic reconnection made possible by the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission and to place them in context with concurrent advances in solar physics by the Parker Solar Probe, astrophysics, planetary science and laboratory plasma physics. The review papers resulting from this study focus primarily on results obtained by MMS, and these papers are complemented by reports of advances in magnetic reconnection physics in these other plasma environments. This paper introduces the topical collection “Magnetic Reconnection: Explosive Energy Conversion in Space Plasmas”, in particular introducing the new capabilities of the MMS mission used in majority of the articles in the collection and briefly summarizing the advances obtained from MMS.
PubDate: 2025-02-12
- Nonlinear Resonant Interactions of Radiation Belt Electrons with Intense
Whistler-Mode Waves-
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Abstract: The dynamics of the Earth’s outer radiation belt, filled by energetic electron fluxes, is largely controlled by electron resonant interactions with electromagnetic whistler-mode waves. The most coherent and intense waves resonantly interact with electrons nonlinearly, and the observable effects of such nonlinear interactions cannot be described within the frame of classical quasi-linear models. This paper provides an overview of the current stage of the theory of nonlinear resonant interactions and discusses different possible approaches for incorporating these nonlinear interactions into global radiation belt simulations. We focus on observational properties of whistler-mode waves and theoretical aspects of nonlinear resonant interactions between such waves and energetic electrons. We consider only sufficiently energetic particles, which can be treated as test particles and do not have a significant feedback to the waves. The review covers two main regimes of nonlinear resonant wave-particle interactions: the regime of long wave-packets, historically better studied, and the regime of short wave-packets, actively investigated more recently based on refined spacecraft observations.
PubDate: 2025-02-12
- Outstanding Questions and Future Research on Magnetic Reconnection
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Abstract: This short article highlights unsolved problems of magnetic reconnection in collisionless plasma. Advanced in-situ plasma measurements and simulations have enabled scientists to gain a novel understanding of magnetic reconnection. Nevertheless, outstanding questions remain concerning the complex dynamics and structures in the diffusion region, cross-scale and regional couplings, the onset of magnetic reconnection, and the details of particle energization. We discuss future directions for magnetic reconnection research, including new observations, new simulations, and interdisciplinary approaches.
PubDate: 2025-02-11
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