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Abstract: In this paper, we consider minimal linear codes by a general construction of linear codes from q-ary functions. First, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for codewords which are constructed by functions to be minimal. Second, as applications, we present three constructions of minimal linear codes. Constructions on minimal linear codes in this paper generalize some recent results in Ding et al. (IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 64(10), 6536–6545, 2018); Heng et al. (Finite Fields Appl. 54, 176–196, 2018); Bartoli and Bonini (IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 65(7), 4152–4155, 2019); Mesnager et al. (IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 66(9), 5404–5413, 2020); Bonini and Borello (J. Algebraic Comb. 53, 327–341, 2021). In our three constructions, the conditions of functions are much looser than theirs. PubDate: 2022-01-18
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Abstract: A cryptographic primitive with low multiplicative complexity (MC) makes various applications efficient, but it may lead to cryptographic vulnerabilities. To find a trade-off between cryptographic resistance and MC, we propose a new tool called A-box, which is constructed using AND gates. In this paper, we prove several important properties of A-boxes, which provide the theoretical lower bounds of differential uniformity and linearity of corresponding S-boxes by MC. Specifically, we show that the differential uniformity (resp. linearity) of an (n, m)-bit S-box is at least 2n−l, where its MC is \(\lfloor \frac {n-1}{2}\rfloor +l\) (resp. m − 1 + l). Furthermore, we develop an algorithm to find S-boxes with differential uniformity equal to the bounds with respect to their MC. We improve the algorithm previously proposed by Zajac and Jókay (Cryptogr. Commun. 6(3), 255–277, 2014), which is applicable only to S-boxes of size lower than 5 bits, whereas ours can run on larger-sized S-boxes. We found a bijective (8,8)-bit S-box with differential uniformity 16, linearity 128, and 8 nonlinear gates: this has better cryptographic security than the SKINNY S-box with differential uniformity 64, linearity 128, and 8 nonlinear gates. We believe that our results provide a better understanding of the relationship between cryptographic resistance and MC of S-boxes. PubDate: 2022-01-13
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Abstract: We propose a method for classifying quaternary Hermitian LCD codes having large minimum weights. For example, we classify quaternary optimal Hermitian LCD codes of dimension 3. PubDate: 2022-01-07
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Abstract: Sequences with low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and desirable lengths are useful and important for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this paper, based on the generalized Boolean functions (GBFs), a class of q-ary Z-complementary sequence sets (ZCSSs) and a class of complementary sequence sets (CSSs) are constructed. The obtained new ZCSSs and CSSs have low PAPR and non-power-of-two lengths. PubDate: 2022-01-04
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Abstract: Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block and stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. The discovery of differential cryptanalysis is generally attributed to Biham and Shamir in the late 1980s, who published several attacks against various block ciphers and hash functions, including a theoretical weakness in the Data Encryption Standard (DES). Boomerang cryptanalysis is a method for the cryptanalysis of block ciphers based on differential cryptanalysis. It was invented by Wagner in (FSE, LNCS 1636, 156–170, 1999) and has allowed new avenues of attack for many ciphers previously deemed safe from differential cryptanalysis. Differential and boomerang uniformities are crucial tools to handle and analyze vectorial functions (designated by substitution boxes, or briefly S-boxes in the context of symmetric cryptography) to resist differential and boomerang attacks, respectively. Ellingsen et al. (IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 66(9), 2020) introduced a new variant of differential uniformity, called c-differential uniformity (where c is a non-zero element of a finite field of characteristic p), of p-ary (n, m)-function for any prime p obtained by extending the well-known derivative of vectorial functions into the (multiplicative) c-derivative. Later, Stănică [Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2021] introduced the notion of c-boomerang uniformity. Both c-differential and c-boomerang uniformities have been extended to the idea of simple differential and boomerang uniformities, respectively, which are recovered when c equals 1.This survey paper combines the known results on this new concept of differential and boomerang uniformities and analyzes their possible cryptographic applications. This survey presents an overview of these significant concepts that might have greater implications for future theoretical research on this subject and applied perspectives in symmetric cryptography and related topics. Along with the paper, we analyze these discoveries and the results provided synthetically. The article intends to help readers explore further avenues in this promising and emerging direction of research. At the end of the article, we present more than nine lines of perspectives and research directions to benefit symmetric cryptography and other related domains such as combinatorial theory (namely, graph theory). PubDate: 2021-12-03
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Abstract: A linear code is called an MDS self-dual code if it is both an MDS code and a self-dual code with respect to the Euclidean inner product. The parameters of such codes are completely determined by the code length. In this paper, we consider new constructions of MDS self-dual codes via generalized Reed-Solomon (GRS) codes and their extended codes. The critical idea of our constructions is to choose suitable evaluation points such that the corresponding (extended) GRS codes are self-dual. The evaluation set of our constructions consists of a subgroup of finite fields and its cosets in a bigger subgroup. Four new families of MDS self-dual codes are then obtained. Moreover, by the Möbius action over finite fields, for any known self-dual GRS codes, we give a systematic way to construct new self-dual GRS codes with flexible evaluation points. PubDate: 2021-11-24
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Abstract: In this paper we want to estimate the nonlinearity of Boolean functions, by probabilistic methods, when it is computationally very expensive, or perhaps not feasible to compute the full Walsh transform (which is the case for almost all functions in a larger number of variables, say more than 30). Firstly, we significantly improve upon the bounds of Zhang and Zheng (1999) on the probabilities of failure of affinity tests based on nonhomomorphicity, in particular, we prove a new lower bound that we have previously conjectured. This new lower bound generalizes the one of Bellare et al. (IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 42(6), 1781–1795 1996) to nonhomomorphicity tests of arbitrary order. Secondly, we prove bounds on the probability of failure of a proposed affinity test that uses the BLR linearity test. All these bounds are expressed in terms of the function’s nonlinearity, and we exploit that to provide probabilistic methods for estimating the nonlinearity based upon these affinity tests. We analyze our estimates and conclude that they have reasonably good accuracy, particularly so when the nonlinearity is low. PubDate: 2021-11-19
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Abstract: We introduce rational complexity, a new complexity measure for binary sequences. The sequence s ∈ Bω is considered as binary expansion of a real fraction \(s \equiv {\sum }_{k\in \mathbb {N}}s_{k}2^{-k}\in [0,1] \subset \mathbb {R}\) . We compute its continued fraction expansion (CFE) by the Binary CFE Algorithm, a bitwise approximation of s by binary search in the encoding space of partial denominators, obtaining rational approximations r of s with r → s. We introduce Feedback in \(\mathbb {Q}\) Shift Registers (F \(\mathbb {Q}\) SRs) as the analogue of Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) for the linear complexity L, and Feedback with Carry Shift Registers (FCSRs) for the 2-adic complexity A. We show that there is a substantial subset of prefixes with “typical” linear and 2-adic complexities, around n/2, but low rational complexity. Thus the three complexities sort out different sequences as non-random. PubDate: 2021-11-15
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Abstract: For positive integers k ≥ 2 and t, let m = 2kt and α be a primitive element of the finite field \(\mathbb {F}_{2^{m}}\) . In this paper, we study the parameters of a class of cyclic codes \(\mathcal {C}_{(1,v)}\) which has two zeros α and αv with \(v=\frac {2^{m}-1}{2^{t}+1}\) . It is shown that \(\mathcal {C}_{(1,v)}\) is optimal or almost optimal with respect to the sphere packing bound. Based on some results of Kloosterman sums and Gaussian periods, the weight distribution of the dual code of \(\mathcal {C}_{(1,v)}\) is completely determined when t = 5. PubDate: 2021-11-12
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Abstract: In a prior paper (Boukerrou et al. IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2020(1), 331–362 2020), Boukerrou et al. introduced the Feistel Boomerang Connectivity Table (FBCT). FBCT is an important cryptanalytic technique on Feistel ciphers. In fact, the coefficients of FBCT are actually related to the second-order zero differential spectra of functions in even characteristic. In this paper, we push further the study initiated in Boukerrou et al. (IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2020(1), 331–362 2020). Almost perfect nonlinear (APN) functions and the inverse function are interesting in cryptography and coding theory. In Boukerrou et al. (IACR Trans. Symmetric Cryptol. 2020(1), 331–362 2020), Boukerrou et al. determined the second-order zero differential spectra of APN functions and the inverse function in even characteristic. In order to derive further cryptographic properties of APN functions and the inverse function in odd characteristic, we calculate the second-order zero differential spectra of some APN functions and the inverse function in odd characteristic. In addition, these APN functions and the inverse function have low second-order zero differential uniformity. PubDate: 2021-11-09
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Abstract: Combinatorial t-designs are closely related to coding theory and finite geometries and have nice applications in some engineering areas. One of the major approaches to the construction of combinatorial t-designs is the employment of error-correcting codes. In this paper, this approach is further investigated with a class of linear codes related to the extended BCH codes and their duals over finite fields. By determining the parameters of these codes, an infinite family of 3-designs is presented and their parameters are also explicitly determined. In addition, the parameters of some combinatorial 2-designs from the extended codes of certain primitive BCH codes are also determined. Moreover, Research Problem 9.4 proposed by Ding in [Designs from Linear Codes, World Scientific, Singapore, pp: 257, 2018)] is also solved. PubDate: 2021-11-04
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Abstract: The recent FLIP cipher is an encryption scheme described by Méaux et al. at the conference EUROCRYPT 2016. It is based on a new stream cipher model called the filter permutator and tries to minimize some parameters (including the multiplicative depth). In the filter permutator, the input to the Boolean function has constant Hamming weight equal to the weight of the secret key. As a consequence, Boolean functions satisfying good cryptographic criteria when restricted to the set of vectors with constant Hamming weight play an important role in the FLIP stream cipher. Carlet et al. have shown that for Boolean functions with restricted input, balancedness and nonlinearity parameters continue to play an important role with respect to the corresponding attacks on the framework of FLIP ciphers. In particular, Boolean functions which are uniformly distributed over \({\mathbb {F}}_{2}\) on \(E_{n,k}=\{x{\in \mathbb {F}_{2}^{n}}\mid \text {wt}(x)=k\}\) for every 0 < k < n are called weightwise perfectly balanced (WPB) functions, where wt(x) denotes the Hamming weight of x. In this paper, we firstly propose two methods of constructing weightwise perfectly balanced Boolean functions in 2k variables (where k is a positive integer) by modifying the support of linear and quadratic functions. Furthermore, we derive a construction of n-variable weightwise almost perfectly balanced Boolean functions for any positive integer n. PubDate: 2021-11-01
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Abstract: Linear codes are an important class of codes in coding theory and have been extensively studied due to their significant applications (including the design of secret sharing schemes) in practical systems. Interesting linear codes having several different real-world applications are the so-called Golay codes. Secret sharing schemes play a fundamental role in cryptography and have numerous applications in security systems. One approach to constructing secret sharing schemes is based on linear codes, especially for minimal linear codes and self-dual codes. Several minimal linear codes based on Boolean cryptographic functions and vectorial Boolean functions have been found. This paper proposes two secret sharing schemes based on the dual of the [23,12,7]2 and [11,6,5]3 Golay codes, respectively, where these two Golay codes are neither minimal nor self-dual. We determine the minimal access structures of our schemes by using the two Golay codes’ combinatorial properties. To our surprise, our schemes are 3-democratic. This is interesting since our schemes are not threshold secret sharing schemes, and previous works propose some democratic secret sharing schemes that are based on the dual of minimal linear codes. On the other hand, we find that our schemes’ minimal access structures contradict a result of Dougherty et al. (ITW 2008). We then revise the minimal access structures of the secret sharing schemes based on the [24,12,8]2 and [12,6,6]3 extended Golay codes, respectively, and we further discuss the democracies of these two schemes. PubDate: 2021-11-01
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Abstract: A fascinating topic of combinatorics is the study of t-designs, which has a very long history. The incidence matrix of a t-design generates a linear code over GF(q) for any prime power q, which is called the linear code of the t-design over GF(q). On the other hand, some linear codes hold t-designs with t ≥ 1. The purpose of this paper is to study the linear codes of t-designs held in the Reed-Muller and Simplex codes. Some general theory for the linear codes of t-designs held in linear codes is presented. Several open problems are also presented. PubDate: 2021-11-01
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Abstract: An (n,m)-function is a mapping from \({\mathbb {F}_{2}^{n}}\) to \({\mathbb {F}_{2}^{m}}\) . Such functions have numerous applications across mathematics and computer science, and in particular are used as building blocks of block ciphers in symmetric cryptography. The classes of APN and AB functions have been identified as cryptographically optimal with respect to the resistance against two of the most powerful known cryptanalytic attacks, namely differential and linear cryptanalysis. The classes of APN and AB functions are directly related to optimal objects in many other branches of mathematics, and have been a subject of intense study since at least the early 90’s. Finding new constructions of these functions is hard; one of the most significant practical issues is that any tentatively new function must be proven inequivalent to all the known ones. Testing equivalence can be significantly simplified by computing invariants, i.e. properties that are preserved by the respective equivalence relation. In this paper, we survey the known invariants for CCZ- and EA-equivalence, with a particular focus on their utility in distinguishing between inequivalent instances of APN and AB functions. We evaluate each invariant with respect to how easy it is to implement in practice, how efficiently it can be calculated on a computer, and how well it can distinguish between distinct EA- and CCZ-equivalence classes. PubDate: 2021-11-01
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Abstract: Building upon the observation that the newly defined Ellingsen, et al. (2020) concept of c-differential uniformity is not invariant under EA or CCZ-equivalence Hasan et al. (2021), we showed in Stănică and Geary (2021) that adding some appropriate linearized monomials increases the c-differential uniformity of the inverse function, significantly, for some c. We continue that investigation here. First, by analyzing the involved equations, we find bounds for the uniformity of the Gold function perturbed by a single monomial, exhibiting the discrepancy we previously observed on the inverse function. Secondly, to treat the general case of perturbations via any linearized polynomial, we use characters in the finite field to express all entries in the c-Differential Distribution Table (DDT) of an (n, n)-function on the finite field \({\mathbb {F}}_{p^{n}}\) , and further, we use that method to find explicit expressions for all entries of the c-DDT of the perturbed Gold function (via an arbitrary linearized polynomial). PubDate: 2021-11-01
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Abstract: The problem of finding APN permutations of \({\mathbb {F}}_{2^{n}}\) where n is even and n > 6 has been called the Big APN Problem. Li, Li, Helleseth and Qu recently characterized APN functions defined on \({\mathbb {F}}_{q^{2}}\) of the form f(x) = x3q + a1x2q+ 1 + a2xq+ 2 + a3x3, where q = 2m and m ≥ 4. We will call functions of this form Kim-type functions because they generalize the form of the Kim function that was used to construct an APN permutation of \({\mathbb {F}}_{2^{6}}\) . We prove that Kim-type APN functions with m ≥ 4 (previously characterized by Li, Li, Helleseth, and Qu) are affine equivalent to one of two Gold functions G1(x) = x3 or \(G_{2}(x)=x^{2^{m-1}+1}\) . Combined with the recent result of Göloğlu and Langevin who proved that, for even n, Gold APN functions are never CCZ equivalent to permutations, it follows that for m ≥ 4 Kim-type APN functions on \({\mathbb {F}}_{2^{2m}}\) are never CCZ equivalent to permutations. PubDate: 2021-11-01
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Abstract: Properties of a secondary bent function construction that adds the indicator of an affine subspace of arbitrary dimension to a given bent function in n variables are obtained. Some results regarding normal and weakly normal bent functions are generalized. An upper bound for the number of generated bent functions is proven. This bound is attained if and only if the given bent function is quadratic. In certain cases, the addition of the indicator of an m-dimensional subspace, for different m, will not generate bent functions. Such examples are presented for any even n ≥ 10. It is proven that there exists an infinite family of Maiorana–McFarland bent functions such that the numbers of generated bent functions differ for the bent function and its dual function. PubDate: 2021-11-01
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Abstract: We study LCD (linear complementary dual) and ACD (additive complementary dual) codes over a noncommutative non-unital ring E with four elements. This is the first attempt to construct LCD codes over a noncommutative non-unital ring. We show that free LCD codes over E are directly related to binary LCD codes. We introduce ACD codes over E. They include free LCD codes over E as a special case. These facts imply that LCD and ACD codes over E are worth studying. In particular, we characterize a free LCD E-code C in terms of a binary generator matrix G. We also define an ACD code over E, called a left-ACD code. We give several conditions for the existence of left-ACD codes. PubDate: 2021-10-30
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