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 Showing 601 - 538 of 538 Journals sorted alphabetically Results in Mathematics Results in Nonlinear Analysis Review of Symbolic Logic       (Followers: 2) Reviews in Mathematical Physics       (Followers: 1) Revista Baiana de Educação Matemática Revista Bases de la Ciencia Revista BoEM - Boletim online de Educação Matemática Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas       (Followers: 1) Revista de Ciencias Revista de Educación Matemática Revista de la Escuela de Perfeccionamiento en Investigación Operativa Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matematicas Revista de Matemática : Teoría y Aplicaciones       (Followers: 1) Revista Digital: Matemática, Educación e Internet Revista Electrónica de Conocimientos, Saberes y Prácticas Revista Integración : Temas de Matemáticas Revista Internacional de Sistemas Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación en Matemática Educativa Revista Matemática Complutense Revista REAMEC : Rede Amazônica de Educação em Ciências e Matemática Revista SIGMA Ricerche di Matematica RMS : Research in Mathematics & Statistics Royal Society Open Science       (Followers: 7) Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics Russian Mathematics Sahand Communications in Mathematical Analysis Sampling Theory, Signal Processing, and Data Analysis São Paulo Journal of Mathematical Sciences Science China Mathematics       (Followers: 1) Science Progress       (Followers: 1) Sciences & Technologie A : sciences exactes Selecta Mathematica       (Followers: 1) SeMA Journal Semigroup Forum       (Followers: 1) Set-Valued and Variational Analysis SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics       (Followers: 11) SIAM Journal on Computing       (Followers: 11) SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization       (Followers: 18) SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics       (Followers: 8) SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics       (Followers: 3) SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science       (Followers: 1) SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications       (Followers: 3) SIAM Journal on Optimization       (Followers: 12) Siberian Advances in Mathematics Siberian Mathematical Journal Sigmae SILICON SN Partial Differential Equations and Applications Soft Computing       (Followers: 7) Statistics and Computing       (Followers: 13) Stochastic Analysis and Applications       (Followers: 2) Stochastic Partial Differential Equations : Analysis and Computations       (Followers: 1) Stochastic Processes and their Applications       (Followers: 5) Stochastics and Dynamics Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica       (Followers: 1) Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Informatica Studies In Applied Mathematics       (Followers: 1) Studies in Mathematical Sciences       (Followers: 1) Superficies y vacio Suska Journal of Mathematics Education       (Followers: 1) Swiss Journal of Geosciences       (Followers: 1) Synthesis Lectures on Algorithms and Software in Engineering       (Followers: 2) Synthesis Lectures on Mathematics and Statistics       (Followers: 1) Tamkang Journal of Mathematics Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications Teaching Mathematics       (Followers: 10) Teaching Mathematics and its Applications: An International Journal of the IMA       (Followers: 4) Teaching Statistics       (Followers: 8) Technometrics       (Followers: 8) The Journal of Supercomputing       (Followers: 1) The Mathematica journal The Mathematical Gazette       (Followers: 1) The Mathematical Intelligencer The Ramanujan Journal The VLDB Journal       (Followers: 2) Theoretical and Mathematical Physics       (Followers: 7) Theory and Applications of Graphs Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis Transactions of the London Mathematical Society       (Followers: 1) Transformation Groups Turkish Journal of Mathematics Ukrainian Mathematical Journal Uniciencia Uniform Distribution Theory Unisda Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Unnes Journal of Mathematics       (Followers: 2) Unnes Journal of Mathematics Education       (Followers: 2) Unnes Journal of Mathematics Education Research       (Followers: 1) Ural Mathematical Journal Vestnik Samarskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta. Seriya Fiziko-Matematicheskie Nauki Vestnik St. Petersburg University: Mathematics VFAST Transactions on Mathematics       (Followers: 1) Vietnam Journal of Mathematics Vinculum Visnyk of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Ser. Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics       (Followers: 1) Water SA       (Followers: 2) Water Waves Zamm-Zeitschrift Fuer Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik       (Followers: 1) ZDM       (Followers: 2) Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik       (Followers: 2) Zeitschrift fur Energiewirtschaft Zetetike

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 Swiss Journal of GeosciencesJournal Prestige (SJR): 0.741 Citation Impact (citeScore): 2Number of Followers: 1      Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles) ISSN (Print) 1661-8734 - ISSN (Online) 1661-8726 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2469 journals]
• Coupling length: a generalized gleno-acetabular distance measurement for
interpreting the size and gait of quadrupedal trackmakers

Abstract: Abstract The gleno-acetabular distance DGA, a conventional proxy for the size of a quadrupedal trackmaker, is often estimated as the distance GA between the midpoint between a left and right pair of pes tracks and the midpoint between a selected pair of left and right manus tracks. While frequently used to estimate trackmaker size from fossil trackways, the relationship between GA and DGA depends upon the gait (which is unknown for extinct trackmakers), and is subject to multiple additional sources of uncertainty including which specific pair of manus tracks to associate with a given pair of pes tracks. Here a generalization is introduced, termed coupling length, which does not require any presumption about trackmaker gait of the degree of overstepping. On the contrary, a systematic analysis of a trackway in terms of coupling length can permit estimation of both the size and the gait with which the trackmaker progressed. Coupling length can be computed at successive points along a trackway, allowing exploration of a range of hypothetical gaits and body sizes for the trackmaker responsible. A fitness function quantifying persistent variation in coupling length along a trackway is used to indicate whether a given trackway could have been created by a fairly consistent gait, and if so, a range of high-fitness solution gaits and their associated DGA. The method was applied to selected quasi-regular sauropod trackways and a solution found for a narrow range of gaits with limb phase of about 0.3 and DGA = 1.6 ± 0.2 m. This is the first estimation of sauropod trackmaker gait, and introduces a novel method by which irregularity along a trackway is used as a source of information to constrain inferences of trackmaker behavior. The computed DGA for this sauropod suggests significantly smaller trackmakers than conventional estimations based on track dimensions and hip height estimates. Size estimation by this approach offers greatly reduced uncertainty compared to conventional estimates.
PubDate: 2022-05-12

• New paleontological and biostratigraphical data (calcareous nannofossils,
ostracods, brachiopods), correlations and lithostratigraphic units in the
Urgonian facies (latest Hauterivian-Barremian) of the Swiss and French
Jura Mountains: the Falaises Member and the Saars Formation (former
“Gorges de l’Orbe Formation”)

Abstract: Abstract From latest Hauterivian to latest Barremian, the Urgonian facies of the Swiss and French Jura Mountains are subdivided into three formations and five members: new Saars Formation (= former “Gorges de l’Orbe Formation” sensu Strasser et al., 2016; Pictet, 2021) with a new Falaises Member below the Montcherand and Bôle members of Pictet (2021), Rocher des Hirondelles Formation with Fort de l’Ecluse and Rivière members (Pictet, 2021, revised), and Vallorbe Formation (revised from Strasser et al., 2016 and the “Vallorbe Member” of Pictet, 2021). The latest Hauterivian-early Late Barremien Saars Formation includes three members 1) to 3): 1) Latest Hauterivian-Early Barremian Falaises Member with new Early Barremian nannoflora from the Corcelles Marls (much younger than the late Early Hauterivian nannoflora from the Uttins Marls of the type locality at Mont de Chamblon), primitive orbitolinids Praedictyorbitolina claveli Schroeder, 1994; and fossils/microfossils usually considered as Hauterivian markers: echinids Pseudholaster intermedius (Münster in Goldfuss, 1826), brachiopods Glosseudesia semistriata (Defrance, 1828), Lamellaerynchia hauteriviensis Burri, 1953 and Plicarostrum aubersonense Burri, 1956, and ostracods of the Assemblage 1 [Protocythere triplicata (Roemer, 1841), Rehacythereis bernardi (Grosdidier, 1964), Schuleridea clunicularis (Triebel, 1938), Schuleridea gr. thoerenensis (Triebel, 1938)]. 2) Early Barremian Montcherand Member with brachiopods Glosseudesia inexpectata Mojon, n. sp. and Glosseudesia ebrodunensis (de Loriol, 1864), and ostracods of the Assemblage 2 [Strigosocythere strigosa (Grosdidier, 1964), P. triplicata, and juvenile immature species markers of the next ostracod Assemblage 3]. 3) Early to early Late Barremian Bôle Member with adult ostracod markers of the Assemblage 3 [Rehacythereis geometrica (Damotte and Grosdidier, 1963), Bairdoppilata barremiana Mojon, n. sp., Bairdoppilata luminosa Kuznetsova, 1961; Neocythere (Centrocythere) gottisi Damotte and Grosdidier, 1963; Schuleridea derooi Damotte and Grosdidier, 1963; Schuleridea alata Kaye, 1965; Dolocytheridea intermedia Oertli, 1958]. 4) The Early to Late Barremian Fort de l’Ecluse Member/Rocher des Hirondelles Formation and Late Barremian Rivière Member/Vallorbe Formation are characterized by markers such as echinids Heteraster couloni (L. Agassiz, 1839), orbitolinids [Praedictyorbitolina carthusiana Schoeder et al., 1990; Eopalorbitolina charollaisi Schroeder and Conrad, 1967; Valserina broennimanni Schroeder and Conrad, 1967; Paleodictyoconus actinostoma Arnaud-Vanneau and Schroeder, 1976; Paracoskinolina maynci (Chevalier, 1961)], and typical ostracods of the Assemblage 4 [Strigosocythere chalilovi (Kuznetsova, 1961), Rehacythereis buechlerae (Oertli, 1958) only in the southern Jura and replaced by R. geometrica in the central Jura, Platycythereis rostrata Sauvagnat, 1999] extended in the latest Barremian-Early Aptian Fulie Member of the basal Perte-du-Rhône Formation defined by Pictet et al. (2016).
PubDate: 2022-05-10

• Integrated stratigraphic, sedimentological and petrographical evaluation
for CERN’s Future Circular Collider subsurface infrastructure (Geneva
Basin, Switzerland-France)

Abstract: Abstract The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is currently undertaking a feasibility study to build the next-generation particle accelerator, named the Future Circular Collider (FCC), hosted in a 90–100 km subsurface infrastructure in the Geneva Basin, extending across western Switzerland and adjacent France. This article represents a preliminary, basin-scale stratigraphic and lithotype analysis using state-of-the-art Swiss and French stratigraphic terminology, set in context with the FCC. Existing stratigraphic information, rock cores and well reports, laboratory analyses and geophysical well-logs from 661 wells representative for the construction area have been integrated to pave the way for a multidisciplinary approach across several geoscientific and engineering domains to guide the FCC’s upcoming technical design phase. Comparisons with well-log data allowed the identification of rock formations and lithotypes, as well as to formulate a preliminary assessment of potential geological hazards. Regional stratigraphic evaluation revealed the FCC’s intersection of 13 geological formations comprising 25 different lithotypes across the Geneva Basin. A lack of data remains for the western to south-western subsurface region of the FCC construction area shown by well-density coverage modelling. The main geological hazards are represented by karstic intervals in the Grand Essert Formation’s Neuchâtel Member, Vallorbe and Vuache formations, associated to fractured limestone lithotypes, and Cenozoic formations represented by the pure to clayey sandstone-bearing Transition zone and Siderolithic Formation. Potential swelling hazard is associated to the presence of anhydrite, and claystone lithotypes of the Molasse Rouge and Grès et Marnes Gris à gypse formations, yielding up to 17.2% of smectite in the Molasse Rouge formation. Hydrocarbon indices in both gaseous and bituminous forms are encountered in the majority of investigated wells, and bear a potential environmental hazard associated with the Molasse Rouge deposits and fractured limestones of the Mesozoic Jura formations.
PubDate: 2022-05-03

• Crushed but not lost: a colubriform snake (Serpentes) from the Miocene

Abstract: Abstract An incomplete postcranial skeleton of a snake from the middle Miocene of the Swiss Molasse in Käpfnach mine, near Zurich, Switzerland, is described in this paper. The skeleton is rather crushed and resting on a block of coal, with only some articulated vertebrae partially discerned via visual microscopy. We conducted micro-CT scanning in the specimen and we digitally reconstructed the whole preserved vertebral column, allowing a direct and detailed observation of its vertebral morphology. Due to the flattened nature of the fossil specimen, several individual vertebral structures are deformed, not permitting thus a secure precise taxonomic identification. Accordingly, we only refer the specimen to as Colubriformes indet. Nevertheless, this occurrence adds to the exceedingly rare fossil record of snakes from Switzerland, which had so far been formally described solely from three other Eocene and Miocene localities.
PubDate: 2022-04-22

• Serpentinite dehydration at low pressures

Abstract: Abstract Petrographic observations combined with mineral compositional analyses constrain the phase relations of prograde metamorphosed serpentinites in the Bergell contact aureole (Italy). In a 1500 m profile perpendicular to the north-eastern edge of the Bergell intrusion, seven dehydration reactions ran to completion. Three previously undocumented reactions have been identified within 70 m of the intrusive contact: olivine + anthophyllite = orthopyroxene + H2O, tremolite + Cr–Al-spinel = olivine + Mg-hornblende + H2O and chlorite = olivine + orthopyroxene + Cr-Al-spinel + H2O. Petrological analysis indicates that these reactions occur over a narrow range of pressure and temperature, 300 ± 30 MPa and 720 ± 10 °C respectively. Computed phase diagram sections reproduce the observed mineral parageneses with one notable exception. Due to the underestimation of aluminium and sodium contents in Ca-amphibole models, plagioclase is predicted above 700 °C instead of Mg-hornblende. In comparison with natural grains, the aluminium content of computed chlorite compositions is overestimated for low grade parageneses while it is underestimated near the upper thermal stability limit of chlorite. In the computed sections, Fe partitioning relative to Mg between olivine and other silicates, suggests a clear preference for Fe in olivine, that therefore shows lower Mg#s. In contrast, microprobe analyses of natural mineral pairs indicate that orthopyroxene, Mg-hornblende and anthophyllite have lower Mg#s than equilibrium olivine. The inferred thermal profile of the metamorphic aureole is not consistent with simple heat conduction models and indicates a contact temperature of ~ 800 °C, which is 120–230 °C higher than previously estimated. Petrography also reveals extensive retrograde overprint of the prograde parageneses within 200 m of the contact. Retrogression is related to metamorphic fluids that were released by dehydration reactions during contact metamorphism and magmatic fluids expelled from the tonalite intrusion. The thermal gradient between the intrusion and the country rocks induced hydrothermal circulation of these fluids throughout the contact aureole, which beyond peak metamorphic conditions caused retrograde overprint of the prograde parageneses. The proposed phase relations for low and high pressures, and in particular, the transition from tremolite to Mg-hornblende, provides a complete representation of hydration and dehydration processes in serpentinites in subduction zones, along deep oceanic transform faults, and at passive continental margins. The latter has new implications, specifically for subduction initiation.
PubDate: 2022-04-15

• Traces of a prehistoric and potentially tsunamigenic mass movement in the
sediments of Lake Thun (Switzerland)

Abstract: Abstract Mass movements constitute major natural hazards in the Alpine realm. When triggered on slopes adjacent to lakes, these mass movements can generate tsunami-like waves that may cause additional damage along the shore. For hazard assessment, knowledge about the occurrence, the trigger and the geomechanical and hydrogeological mechanisms of these mass movements is necessary. For reconstructing mass movements that occurred in or adjacent to lakes, the lakes’s sedimentary record can be used as an archive. Here, we present a prehistorical mass-movement event, of which the traces were found in an alpine lake, Lake Thun, in central Switzerland. The mass movement is identified by large blocks on the bathymetric map, a chaotic to transparent facies on the reflection seismic profiles, and by a mixture of deformed lake sediments and sandy organic-rich layers in the sediment-core record. The event is dated at 2642–2407 cal year BP. With an estimated volume of ~ 20 × 106 m3 it might have generated a wave with an initial amplitude of > 30 m. In addition to this prehistorical event, two younger deposits were identified in the sedimentary record. One could be dated at 1523–1361 cal year BP and thus can be potentially related to an event in 598/599 AD documented in historical reports. The youngest deposit is dated at 304–151 cal year BP (1646–1799 AD) and is interpreted to be related to the artificial Kander river deviation into Lake Thun (1714 AD).
PubDate: 2022-04-09

• Glaciofluvial sequences recording the Birrfeld Glaciation (MIS 5d–2) in
the Bern area, Swiss Plateau

PubDate: 2022-03-26

• Early Pleistocene complex cut-and-fill sequences in the Alps

Abstract: Abstract Cut-and-fill sequences are the result of climatically or tectonically induced alternating aggradation and incision phases of a fluvial system. A recently established cosmogenic nuclide chronology of the Cover Gravels (Deckenschotter in German) in the northern Alpine Foreland, which are the oldest Quaternary glaciofluvial gravels and comprise evidence of early Pleistocene glaciations, suggests a cut-and-fill build-up. This suggested cut-and-fill architecture challenges the morphostratigraphy. The Deckenschotter deposits represent a suitable archive for reconstructing drainage patterns, base level changes, and the landscape evolution of the northern Alpine Foreland during the early Pleistocene. In this study, we focused on the highest morphostratigraphic Deckenschotter sites: three at Irchel and one in the area around Lake Constance. Sediment analyses were performed to determine their provenance and depositional environments. The geochronology was established using isochron-burial dating. The results indicate that the sediments were transported from the Central and eastern Central Alps, as well as from the Molasse, to the foreland and deposited in a proximal glaciofluvial environment. Based on these findings, we propose that the Deckenschotter are cut-and-fill sequences that accumulated in three stages during the early Pleistocene at ca. 2.5 Ma, ca. 1.5 Ma, and ca. 1 Ma. The presence of a cut-and-fill system implies that the regional base level was relatively constant during the early Pleistocene. In addition, the ca. 2.5 Ma glaciofluvial gravels document the first evidence of glaciers in the northern Alpine Foreland. This timing is synchronous with the onset of Quaternary glaciation in the northern hemisphere at ca. 2.7 Ma.
PubDate: 2022-03-24

• 120 years of georesources research in Switzerland: the Swiss Geotechnical
Commission (1899–2018)

Abstract: Abstract Geological surveys have a wide range of tasks for their countries: to map the geology and to assess the georesources potential for metallic ores, industrial minerals, geothermal energy, fossil fuels, aggregates and groundwater. In Europe, most countries founded geological surveys around the mid-nineteenth century in order to create an overview of the geological resources they wanted to exploit. In Switzerland, at that time, the industrial revolution triggered a tremendous demand for infrastructure and energy raw materials. However, no national georesources institution was established when the nation-forming process among the 25 cantons culminated in the foundation of the Swiss Federal State in 1848. The Swiss Geological Survey was founded 138 years later in 1986. How did Switzerland map the country, assess the resource potential and provide fundamental data for land use planning without such an organisation' This paper elaborates on the evolution of Swiss institutions mandated to study the geological resources, with a focus on the Swiss Geotechnical Commission (SGTK, 1899–2018). Given the low financial resources, no long-term nation-wide investigation programs could be implemented. The commission's study program was mainly driven by external societal and political factors. World War I for example reactivated the search for coal which was intensively exploited during those years. Before and during World War II, the focus temporarily shifted to oil and gas exploration. From 1970 onwards, SGTK was involved in several applied research projects and collaborations with various industry partners. In this paper, we revisit the key turning points in the evolution of the commission's investigation program, including related financial and organisational aspects, and discuss how Switzerland’s federalistic structure influenced the geological survey activities. The history of the SGTK represents an exemplification of how a nation managed its geological survey activities, until 1986 in the absence of a geological survey and without large hydrocarbon and metallic ore resources and a corresponding, significant mining industry. The SGTK case also shows that flexible, project-based investigations can be advantageous as they respond to current challenges at short notice. This could to some degree substitute the initial absence of a geological survey, as shown by the numerous SGTK monographs that are key references also 100 years after their publication.
PubDate: 2022-03-24

• Deep hydrochemical section through the Central Alps: evolution of deep
water in the continental upper crust and solute acquisition during
water–rock-interaction along the Sedrun section of the Gotthard Base
Tunnel

Abstract: Abstract Drilling of the Gotthard Rail Base Tunnel through the Central Alps from 2005 to 2010 opened up fractured basement units and frequent water inflows provided access to the major fluid-rock interactions processes in orogenic crystalline upper crust. Construction of the 57 km long tunnel was divided into five different sections. Here we report data and observations from the 10 km long central Sedrun section 211 water samples were collected at inflow points 900 to 2350 m below the surface. The exceptional samples and data provide a comprehension of the hydrochemical evolution and solute acquisition of deep groundwater in basement units. The investigated tunnel section drilled through steeply dipping rock units and vertical fracture systems at high angle. It cuts across granite, gneiss and schist of the pre-Alpine basement and across two narrow zones of meta-sediments. Rock temperature along the Sedrun section varies from 30 to 45 °C depending on the thickness of the overburden. The fracture water is of meteoric origin and acquires its composition exclusively by chemical interaction with the surrounding rocks along the flow path. Water from inflow points in the basement of the Gotthard Massif has typically a high pH of about 10 and total dissolved solids in the range of 100 to 300 mg L−1. Sodium is the prime cation of most waters. Although plentiful in the rocks, calcium, potassium and magnesium are low to very low in water. The anions associated with Na are carbonate/bicarbonate, sulfate, fluoride and chloride in widely varying proportions. High fluoride concentrations of up to 15.4 mg L−1 are characteristic for most waters. As a result of the high pH dissolved silica (SiO2) reached concentrations of up to 58 mg L−1 and represents 25—30 wt% of the solutes. The meteoric recharge provides dissolved O2 and CO2 to the fluid-rock interaction processes. The solutes derive from the dissolution of feldspar (Na+, SiO2aq), oxidation of sulfides to sulfate (SO42−), alteration of biotite (F−), and fluid inclusions opened by brittle deformation (Cl−). The solids formed during fluid-rock interaction, mainly zeolites, chlorite (and other clay minerals) and secondary Fe-minerals, remove Mg, Fe, and K almost quantitatively from the water. The high pH results from hydrolysis of silicates. The data distinctly show that within the depth interval of 1.0–2.5 km below surface deep water in continental basement evolves to a low TDS, high pH, sodium carbonate and silica solution by interaction of gneiss and granite with infiltrating pristine meteoric water, snow and rain.
PubDate: 2022-03-24

• Geology along the Bedretto tunnel: kinematic and geochronological
constraints on the evolution of the Gotthard Massif (Central Alps)

Abstract: Abstract The unlined Bedretto tunnel crosses large parts of the pre-Triassic basement of the Gotthard massif (Central Alps), giving the possibility to study late-Variscan plutonic rocks (Rotondo granite) and their Caledonian (poly-)metamorphic host rocks (Tremola and Prato series). The Rotondo granite consists mostly of an equigranular, fine-grained granite and to a lesser extent of a porphyritic granite. Commonly, the Rotondo granite is massive or only slightly foliated. Ductile deformation is localized along discrete shear zones composed of granitic or quartz-biotite-rich lithologies. This paper reviews the geology of the Bedretto tunnel with emphasis on the Rotondo granite and presents constraints based on kinematic, microstructural, and U–Pb geochronological evidence, which can be summarized as follows: (1) Both granitic and quartz-biotite-rich shear zones (QB-SZ) in the Rotondo granite generally dip moderately to steeply towards north and are related to top-to-south reverse shearing, indicating south-verging backthrusting during the exhumation of the Gotthard massif. (2) Zircons from both the equigranular and porphyritic Rotondo granite show overlapping $${}^{206}\hbox {Pb}/{}^{238}\hbox {U}$$ -age ranges of 285–319 Ma and 280–335 Ma, respectively, which indicate that both are part of the same late-Variscan magmatic episode. Almost no older inherited cores are reported. (3) In zircons from a QB-SZ, $$30\%$$ of the concordant age spots scatter between 339 and 589 Ma. This suggests that the parent material of the QB-SZ is unrelated to the magmatic episode that formed the Rotondo granite, but rather that the QB-SZ represent sheared xenoliths within the granite.
PubDate: 2022-03-19

• Postglacial evolution of Lake Constance: sedimentological and geochemical
evidence from a deep-basin sediment core

Abstract: Abstract The modern, over 250-m-deep basin of Lake Constance represents the underfilled northern part of an over 400-m-deep, glacially overdeepened trough, which reaches well into the Alps at its southern end. The overdeepening was formed by repeated glacial advance-retreat cycles of the Rhine Glacier throughout the Middle to Late Pleistocene. A seismic survey of Lake Constance revealed a Quaternary sediment fill of more than 150 m thickness representing at least the last glacial cycle. The stratified sedimentary fill consists at the base of ice-contact deposits on top of the molasse bedrock, overlain by glaciolacustrine to lacustrine sediments. During the successful field test of a newly developed, mid-size coring system ("HIPERCORIG"), the longest core (HIBO19) ever taken in Lake Constance was retrieved with an overall length of 24 m. The sediments recovered consist of a nearly continuous succession of lacustrine silts and sands including more than 12 m of Late Glacial sediment at the base. 14 lithotypes were identified through petrophysical and geochemical analyses. In combination with a 14C- and OSL-based age-depth model, the core was divided into three main chronostratigraphic units. The basal age of ~ 13.7 ka BP dates the base of the succession back to the Bølling-Allerød interstadial, with overlying strata representing a complete and thick Younger-Dryas to Holocene succession. The sediments offer a high-resolution insight into the evolution of paleo-Lake Constance from a cold, postglacial to a more productive and warmer Holocene lake. The Late Glacial succession is dominated by massive, m-thick sand beds reflecting episodic sedimentation pulses. They are most likely linked to a subaquatic channel system originating in the river Seefelder Aach, which is, despite the Holocene drape, still apparent in today’s lake bathymetry. The overlying Holocene succession reveals a prominent, several cm-thick, double-turbiditic event layer representing the most distal impact of the Flimser Bergsturz, the largest known rockslide of the Alps that occurred over 100 km upstream the river Rhine at ~ 9.5 ka BP. Furthermore, lithologic variations in the Holocene succession document the varying sediment loads of the river Rhine and the endogenic production representing a multitude of environmental changes.
PubDate: 2022-03-05

• First record of the brachiopod Erymnaria in the Chruteren Member (Euthal
Formation) from a new Palaeogene site in the Brülisau Schuppenzone of
northeastern Switzerland (Canton St. Gallen) with remarks on shell
asymmetry

Abstract: Abstract A small, smooth-shelled rhynchonellid brachiopod, Erymnaria Cooper, 1959 was discovered in a previously unknown locality in the so-called Brülisau Schuppenzone (imbricate zone) of the South Helvetic region of northeastern Switzerland. It is the first record of this genus in this region and in Switzerland in general. It is comparable to the type species of Erymnaria, E. polymorpha (Massalongo, 1850). Its specific identity is currently undetermined, and the species is referred to Erymnaria sp. 1. The main characteristic of Erymnaria sp.1 is its asymmetric shell. This prompted a comparison of E. sp. 1 with other known asymmetric brachiopods. Questions of asymmetry and variability within the same genus and with brachiopods in general are discussed. Another, larger brachiopod species found at the new site is tentatively named Erymnaria' sp. 2. The site can be assigned to the Chruteren Member (Euthal Formation) of Early Ypresian age, dated by large Foraminifera. Thus, the previous distribution area of the Chruteren Member can be extended.
PubDate: 2022-03-02

• Seismic history of western Anatolia during the last 16 kyr determined by
cosmogenic 36Cl dating

Abstract: Abstract Western Anatolia is one of the most seismically active regions worldwide. To date, the paleoseismic history of many major faults, in terms of recurrence intervals of destructive earthquakes, their magnitude, displacement, and slip rates is poorly understood. Regional crustal extension has produced major horst-graben systems bounded by kilometer-scale normal faults locally in carbonates, along which vertical crustal displacements occurred. In this study, we explore the seismic history of western Anatolia using 36Cl exposure dating through study of well-preserved carbonate normal fault scarps. To accomplish this, 36Cl concentrations in 214 samples from fault plane transects on the Rahmiye and Ören fault scarps were measured and compared with existing 36Cl measurements of 370 samples on five fault scraps in western Anatolia. At least 20 seismic events have been reconstructed over the past 16 kyr. The age correlation of the seismic events implies four phases of high seismic activity in western Anatolia, at around 2, 4, 6, and 8 ka. Slips are modeled ranging between 0.6 to 4.2 m per seismic event, but are probably the result of clustered earthquakes of maximum magnitude 6.5 to 7.1. While the average slip rates have values of 0.3 to 1.9 mm/yr, incremental slip rates of the faults range greater than 0.1 to 2.2 mm/yr, showing more activity mostly through late Holocene. Our finding reveals high capability of cosmogenic 36Cl dating to explore seismic behavior of active faults beyond the existing earthquake records.
PubDate: 2022-02-17
DOI: 10.1186/s00015-022-00408-x

• The deep Basel-1 geothermal well: an attempt assessing the predrilling
hydraulic and hydrochemical conditions in the basement of the Upper Rhine
Graben

Abstract: Abstract Hydrogeological properties of fluid reservoirs in the brittle continental crust at 5 km have been deduced from hydraulic and chemical data provided by the Deep Heat Mining well Basel-1 in the south of the Upper Rhine rift valley (central Europe, Switzerland). The investigation was challenging because no direct temperature logs or fluid samples from the undisturbed reservoir exist. However, the properties of the undisturbed reservoir have been reliably reconstructed from short time hydraulic tests and the evolution of outflow water composition. The rock of the open hole sections (4629–5000 m) is predominantly coarse-grained undeformed poorly fractured quartz-monzodiorite. The permeability k = 5.8 × 10–18 m2 is characteristic for plutonic basement at 5 km depth. Fluid flow is restricted to few steeply dipping fracture zones in this section. Outflow water triggered by massive injection of river water contains predominantly NaCl. The total of dissolved solids (TDS) in the pristine reservoir at depth is about 45 g kg−1. The origin of the high salinity is probably fossil seawater. The water has been modified in the reservoir by desiccation reactions related to the partial and local hydration of the igneous reservoir rock. The estimated reservoir temperature of 185 °C using three different calibrations of standard fluid geothermometers is in excellent agreement with measured and extrapolated temperatures in the borehole. The consistent application of different fluid geothermometers confirms the rock control of the fluid composition.
PubDate: 2022-01-31
DOI: 10.1186/s00015-021-00403-8

• Anatomy and kinematic evolution of an ancient passive margin involved into
an orogenic wedge (Western Southern Alps, Varese area, Italy and
Switzerland)

Abstract: Abstract We make use of own geological mapping, interpretations of seismic reflection profiles and deep geophysical data to build a lithospheric-scale cross-section across the European Western Southern Alps (Varese area) and to model a progressive restoration from the end of Mesozoic rifting to present-day. Early phases of Alpine orogeny were characterized by Europe-directed thrusting, whereas post-Oligocene shortening led to basement-involving crustal accretion accompanied by backfolding, and consistent with the kinematics of the adjoining Ivrea Zone. Wedging was favored by a significant component of reactivation of the inherited Adriatic rifted margin. Our results also suggest that, during the collisional and post-collisional tectonics, lithosphere dynamics drove diachronically the onset of tectonic phases (i.e., wedging and slab retreat), from east to west, across the Western Southern Alps.
PubDate: 2022-01-31
DOI: 10.1186/s00015-021-00404-7

• The Saint-Ursanne earthquakes of 2000 revisited: evidence for active
shallow thrust-faulting in the Jura fold-and-thrust belt

Abstract: Abstract The interpretation of seismotectonic processes within the uppermost few kilometers of the Earth’s crust has proven challenging due to the often significant uncertainties in hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms of shallow seismicity. Here, we revisit the shallow seismic sequence of Saint-Ursanne of March and April 2000 and apply advanced seismological analyses to reduce these uncertainties. The sequence, consisting of five earthquakes of which the largest one reached a local magnitude (ML) of 3.2, occurred in the vicinity of two critical sites, the Mont Terri rock laboratory and Haute-Sorne, which is currently evaluated as a possible site for the development of a deep geothermal project. Template matching analysis for the period 2000–2021, including data from mini arrays installed in the region since 2014, suggests that the source of the 2000 sequence has not been persistently active ever since. Forward modelling of synthetic waveforms points to a very shallow source, between 0 and 1 km depth, and the focal mechanism analysis indicates a low-angle, NNW-dipping, thrust mechanism. These results combined with geological data suggest that the sequence is likely related to a backthrust fault located within the sedimentary cover and shed new light on the hosting lithology and source kinematics of the Saint-Ursanne sequence. Together with two other more recent shallow thrust faulting earthquakes near Grenchen and Neuchâtel in the north-central portion of the Jura fold-and-thrust belt (FTB), these new findings provide new insights into the present-day seismotectonic processes of the Jura FTB of northern Switzerland and suggest that the Jura FTB is still undergoing seismically active contraction at rates likely < 0.5 mm/yr. The shallow focal depths provide indications that this low-rate contraction in the NE portion of the Jura FTB is at least partly accommodated within the sedimentary cover and possibly decoupled from the basement.
PubDate: 2022-01-06
DOI: 10.1186/s00015-021-00400-x

• Correction to: New insights on the Early Cretaceous
(Hauterivian–Barremian) Urgonian lithostratigraphic units in the Jura
Mountains (France and Switzerland): the Gorges de l’Orbe and the Rocher
des Hirondelles formations

PubDate: 2022-01-05
DOI: 10.1186/s00015-021-00401-w

• Arya Udry receives the 2021 Paul Niggli Medal

PubDate: 2021-12-29
DOI: 10.1186/s00015-021-00402-9

• Subaqueous geomorphology and delta dynamics of Lake Brienz (Switzerland):
implications for the sediment budget in the alpine realm

Abstract: Abstract Non-invasive techniques such as seismic investigations and high-resolution multibeam sonars immensely improved our understanding of the geomorphology and sediment regimes in both the lacustrine and the marine domain. However, only few studies provide quantifications of basin wide-sediment budgets in lakes. Here, we use the combination of high-resolution bathymetric mapping and seismic reflection data to quantify the sediment budget in an alpine lake. The new bathymetric data of Lake Brienz reveal three distinct geomorphological areas: slopes with intercalated terraces, a flat basin plain, and delta areas with subaquatic channel systems. Quasi-4D seismic reflection data allow sediment budgeting of the lake with a total sediment input of 5.54 × 106 t sediment over 15 years of which three-quarter were deposited in the basin plain. Lake Brienz yields extraordinarily high sedimentation rates of 3.0 cm/yr in the basin plain, much more than in other Swiss lakes. This can be explained by (i) its role as first sedimentary sink in a high-alpine catchment, and by (ii) its morphology with subaquatic channel-complexes allowing an efficient sediment transfer from proximal to distal areas of the lake.
PubDate: 2021-12-20
DOI: 10.1186/s00015-021-00399-1

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School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
Email: journaltocs@hw.ac.uk
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