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- Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE in Hard Rock Terrain: a Case Study of
Bundelkhand, India-
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Abstract: Abstract The present study revealed the potential runoff estimation, soil erosion, and scope of groundwater recharge in the Bundelkhand region in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The estimation of runoff and soil erosion has provided a platform to evaluate the realistic potential for water conservation in the study area. Soil Conservation Services and Curve Number (SCS-CN) method has been used to calculate the runoff volume. The soil loss has been calculated using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The estimated runoff varies from 5.5 to 28% of the total rainfall in the study area, while soil loss is estimated maximum (198.2 ton/ha/yr) in the watershed-I. The soil loss estimated has also been validated with a fair degree of accuracy using results of previous investigators. This finding provides the roadmap for the selection of suitable artificial recharge structures to augment the groundwater in the study area.
PubDate: 2023-11-30
- Assessment of Net Irrigation Requirements for Spring Wheat and Spring
Maize in Shiyanghe Watershed, Northwestern China-
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Abstract: Abstract Evaluating net irrigation requirements could support water resources managements, especially in arid regions. Shiyanghe watershed was in the northwest of China, and its dominant grain crops were spring wheat and spring maize. Their net irrigation requirements rate would be assessed by subtracting effective rainfall from crop evapotranspiration rate at four meteorological stations in the study area in this study. Among which effective rainfall would be calculated by an empirical effective rainfall formula of Northern China and crop evapotranspiration rate would be estimated by FAO Penman–Monteith equation. Then, the estimated results of accumulated net irrigation requirements rate at different stations would be expanded to the entire watershed by using inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Results showed that the accumulated net irrigation requirements rate tended to be the biggest at Minqin station and smallest at Wushaoling station for both crops during different stages, which accord with the geography distribution in the watershed. And mid-season stage had the biggest net irrigation requirements rate, then development stage, last season stage, and initial stage. The zonal averaged accumulated net irrigation requirement rates of spring wheat and spring maize in the entire watershed except for Jingtai county were 353.20 mm/whole season and 432.62 mm/whole season, respectively. And comparison with local irrigation norms and irrigative efficiencies indicated insufficient local agricultural water supply. This study can help water resources and weather modification departments organizing arrangements and operations to mitigate with water shortage problems. The detailed data selection and processing methods are also referenceable for relevant researches.
PubDate: 2023-11-08
- Advancements in Water Desalination Through Artificial Intelligence: a
Comprehensive Review of AI-Based Methods for Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Processes-
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Abstract: Abstract This research paper focuses on the importance of water as a precious resource and the challenges associated with meeting the growing demand for clean, drinkable water, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. The paper emphasizes that desalination, which involves the removal of salt and other impurities from seawater, is a viable solution to address this challenge. The paper highlights the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimizing desalination processes, including predictive maintenance, predictive water quality, and predictive energy management. The paper reviews the latest research papers on AI-based water desalination systems, thoroughly analyzing the use of AI-based modeling tools for Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane processes for water desalination. The study also gives current trends and future prospects, as well as analyzes the pros and cons of AI-based methodologies compared to conventional models. Overall, the article highlights how AI could improve RO-based membrane desalination operations and shortcomings and recommendations for future work.
PubDate: 2023-10-13
- Spatial Distribution, Exposure and Potential Ecotoxicological Health Risk
Associated with Geogenic Contaminants in Groundwater Resources of Manipur
Valley, India-
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Abstract: Abstract The concentration of selected geogenic contaminants were evaluated in the groundwater resources of Manipur Valley of India to assess their ecotoxicological human health impacts associated with long-term oral exposure to groundwater. The study focuses on and presents the regional distribution of exposure, concentration and potential ecotoxicological risks to human health among dependent adults and kids. According to the study, some geogenic pollutants, including Ni (24.28%), Co (2.85%), As (7.14%), F (37.14%) and Br (28.57%), have elevated concentrations that are higher than the WHO’s standard permitted thresholds. Approximately 94.6% of the groundwater samples are of acceptable quality, according to the heavy metal pollution index, with only 5.4% falling into the “unsuitable” category. The hazard quotients of As and F were found beyond the critical value (> 1) for non-carcinogenic health risk, whereas As and Cr exhibit very high values for carcinogenic health risk. The spatial distribution maps highlight the vulnerable zones concerning the concentration of the contaminants, oral exposure and potential human health risks associated with continuous long-term oral exposure. As a result, the study offers a thorough scenario of geogenic pollutants in the area’s groundwater resources and highlights likely spatially susceptible zones based on potential threats to human health. The groundwater management actions in the area and future uses of groundwater can both benefit from the baseline data provided by this study.
PubDate: 2023-10-12
- Quantifying Soil Erosion and Identifying Critical Source Areas Under
Current Management in the Holeta Watershed, Awash Basin, Ethiopia-
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Abstract: Abstract Erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation overall in the world. In the current study, soil erosion is quantified, and areas prone to high risk of soil erosion are identified under current management in the Holeta watershed, Awash Basin, Ethiopia, where lands are primarily cultivated. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to simulate the baseline hydrologic and soil erosion processes. The model used spatial (i.e., DEM, land use, and soil maps) and temporal (climate) data to simulate different biophysical processes. Moreover, streamflow and sediment data were acquired and analyzed for model calibration and validation. The performance of the model during calibration and validation with both streamflow and sediment loads was evaluated against the measured data by using statistical parameters (R2 = 0.64, 0.81, NSE = 0.61, 0.76, PBIAS = 12.6%, 9.8%, respectively) during calibration and validation with streamflow and (R2 = 0.78, 0.68, NSE = 0.74, 0.61, PBIAS = 16.1%, 18.2%, respectively) while calibration and validation by sediment. The annual sediment load in the Holeta watershed varies from 2 to 136.4 t/ha/year with an average of 18 t/ha/year. The annual severity of sediment load was prioritized under very low, low, moderate, high, very high, and severe. About 13.3% of the Holeta watershed’s sub-basin contributed a higher sediment yield than average under current management. The significant sediment yield is generated from cultivated areas whereas; the lowest magnitude is generated from forested areas. Overall, since the generated sediment is within the tolerated range, current conservation retains soil loss for sub-basin 2, 4–15, and effective management practices can be identified by further study and established for the erosion-affected areas (sub-basins 1 and 3).
PubDate: 2023-09-27
- Assessment of the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Hydrological
Components of the Upper Watershed of Subarnarekha River Basin, Jharkhand,
India Using SWAT Model-
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Abstract: Abstract This study investigated the impact of LULC changes on several hydrological components of the upper watershed of the Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand, India. Several hydrological components of the water balance were simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Three scenarios were generated using a combination of climatic data for the years (1997–2020) and LULC data for the years (2000, 2012, and 2020). The model was run successfully for the calibration and validation period using monthly stream flow data. Sixteen model parameters were applied for sensitivity analysis. RCHRG_DP and ALPHA_BF were found to be the most sensitive parameters. The components of the water balance were calculated accurately. The outcome of this study shows the decrease in evapotranspiration, recharge to deep aquifer and shallow aquifer, and the increase in surface runoff due to urban development and negative change in forest cover over the study area. A significant increase in surface runoff is viewed as a negative impact on watersheds or river basins that balances the hydrological process. In general, the increased surface runoff may intensify the environmental problem by accelerating erosion and sedimentation. The findings of this study will be beneficial to the hydrological community, water resource managers, and decision-makers active in agricultural water management and soil conservation as well as those working to mitigate increased surface runoff and floods from the perspective of LULC transformation and climate change.
PubDate: 2023-09-27
- Soil Erosion Assessment by RUSLE, Google Earth Engine, and Geospatial
Techniques over Rel River Watershed, Gujarat, India-
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Abstract: Abstract The assessment of soil erosion holds paramount significance in sustainable land management and environmental conservation. In this context, the integration of advanced technologies such as the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Google Earth Engine (GEE), and geospatial techniques presents a formidable approach for evaluating soil erosion dynamics. This integrated methodology proves particularly valuable when applied to the Rel River watershed, where factors such as terrain, land use, and precipitation patterns intricately influence erosion processes. The collective use of two methods, the quantitative method focused on RUSLE to assess soil under various circumstances of erosion and sediment yield, whereas the qualitative approach focused on spectral indices of soil erosion in GEE to generate degradation map. This study was aimed at evaluating soil erosion and land degradation across the Rel River watershed in the western region of Gujarat, India. Soil loss has been estimated using soil loss models, i.e., RUSLE and geoinformation datasets, which were extracted from GEE. The degraded area was prepared using GEE and mapped using geographical information system (GIS). The results demonstrate that estimated value for erosion due to rainfall is 37 to 40 MJ mm h−1 ha−1 year−1, soil erodibility is 0.01 to 0.05 ton h MJ−1 mm−1, topographic variables lies in a range from 0 to 20, and crop management factor is 0.001 to 1. The findings also demonstrate that the total annual soil loss for flood events in 2017 is 35.36 t/ha/year, which is categorized into the severe zone of degradation. According to the soil degradation map created using GEE, the majority of the study region falls into the low and medium degradation zones, while the northeastern part and river fall into the high degradation zone. The findings will be helpful in implementing soil management and conservation techniques to arrest soil erosion in the Rel River watershed.
PubDate: 2023-09-26
- Utilization of Pinus kesiya and Schima wallichii Biomass-Derived Activated
Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal: Adsorption Performance and Mechanistic
Insights-
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Abstract: Abstract Biomass material offers several advantages to synthesize activated carbon because of its economic viability, renewability, availability, and unique physicochemical properties. This piece of work reports activated carbon prepared from biomass of Pinus kesiya and Schima wallichii via ZnCl2 activation for potential application to remove methylene blue from water. The optimum adsorption parameters—pH, adsorbent dose, and agitation speed—were obtained using Taguchi design of experiment. Experimental equilibrium data of adsorption of methylene blue onto the adsorbents fitted well with Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 116.28 mg g−1 and 95.24 mg g−1 for Pinus kesiya activated carbon and Schima wallichii activated carbon respectively. The kinetic experimental data followed a pseudo-second-order equation for both the adsorbents. The potential rate-controlling step in the adsorption of methylene blue onto the adsorbents was predominantly intraparticle diffusion with two stages of adsorption for Pinus kesiya activated carbon and three stages of adsorption for Schima wallichii activated carbon. Density functional study investigation suggested that methylene blue adsorption onto activated carbon is predominantly chemisorption, and the presence of a carboxylic acid functional group on the activated carbon surface has a higher methylene blue adsorption affinity with an adsorption energy of −171.85 kJ mol−1 compared to —CHO and —OH functionalized carbon, pristine activated carbon models. Our work indicates that activated carbon derived from Pinus kesiya and Schima wallichii biomass could be an efficient adsorbent to remove methylene blue from water.
PubDate: 2023-09-15
- Evaluating The Effect of Initial Soil Moisture Content on Infiltration
Characteristics Using Empirical and Hydrus 1D Models-
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Abstract: Abstract In irrigation water management, it is critical to understand the infiltration rate and its properties. The study aimed to evaluate the ability of some empirical equations and Hydrus 1D models to predict soil infiltration and the effect of initial soil moisture content on infiltration characteristics. The experiment was conducted on Arba Minch demonstration farmland using a double-ring infiltrometer, and the performance of the various infiltration models (Horton, Philip, Kostiakov, and modified Kostiakov) and Hydrus 1D was evaluated in the study area at five different initial water contents. The results showed that the Horton and Hydrus 1D models were fitted with the observed infiltration for the soil with five initial water contents (0.13, 0.256, 0.31, 0.354, and 0.375), and the goodness of fits was evaluated by R2 and RMSE with a range between 0.9967–0.997, 0.93–0.94, and 0.0054–0.006 and 0.024, respectively. Hence, Horton and Hydrus 1D models were successfully used to evaluate the cumulative infiltration of soil in the study area. Therefore, in this study, the Hydrus 1D model well captured the infiltration rates at different initial soil moisture contents.
PubDate: 2023-09-12
- GIS-Based MCDA Model to Map Soil Erosion Hotspot Area in Case Study of
Temi Watershed in Hulet Ejju Enesie Woreda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia-
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Abstract: Abstract The development of Ethiopia is greatly affected by soil erosion and land degradation, which are exacerbated by the rugged and steep slopes in the region. To address this issue, the GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) model was utilized to map the erosion hotspots in the Temi watershed. The model took into account various factors such as land use, soil type, topographic wetness index, potential gully locations, and stream power index. The weighted overlay tool of the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Toolbox was employed to generate the soil erosion hotspot map, which was weighted using pairwise comparisons of the aforementioned factors. The results showed that 12.17% of the watershed was extremely sensitive to soil erosion, 65.7% was moderately sensitive, and 22.13% was slightly sensitive. The validation and field observations revealed that MCDA outperformed the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in terms of accuracy. The study also highlighted that while the overall soil erosion risk in the Temi watershed was moderate, the cultivated bottomlands were particularly vulnerable. The findings of this study can serve as a crucial resource for decision-makers in identifying vulnerable lands and implementing biophysically appropriate management practices for the Ethiopian highlands within the Temi watershed.
PubDate: 2023-09-12
- Evaluating Performance of Community-based Irrigation Schemes Using
Remote-sensing Technologies to Enhance Sustainable Irrigation Water
Management-
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Abstract: Abstract An accurate estimate of the amount of water used in an irrigation scheme is vital to conserve water resources, although a reliable scheme-level estimate is difficult. The study used remote-sensing technologies to assess the Koga irrigation scheme’s performance in the Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and Landsat 8 images were used to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa). Additionally, the FAO-Penman-Monteith method was applied to estimate the crop’s evapotranspiration (ETc) and used as a crop water need in assessing performance parameters. The result shows that seasonal relative irrigation supply (RIS) was 6 to 77% higher than the demand. Depletion fraction (DF) varied from 0.4 to 0.5, while relative evapotranspiration deficit values ranged from 0.3 to 0.6, and the crop water use estimate was only about 50% of its need. The lower crop water use is attributed to the excessive application of water for plowing, pre-plant irrigation, and during the early stage of the crop. While the amount of water applied at the mid and late-season stages is less than the crop water need due to water mismanagement because of a lack of coordination among the water users. The study concludes that the use of remote sensing created a good potential to evaluate community-managed scheme irrigation performance. Performing under potential is an implication of low irrigation water productivity that affects environmental sustainability. Therefore, re-thinking better water management ways in community-managed schemes can help to improve water productivity and food security in the changing environment.
PubDate: 2023-09-11
- Mechanistic Interaction of Microbe in Dye Degradation and the Role of
Inherently Modified Organisms: a Review-
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Abstract: Abstract Dyes color various materials, including leather, paper, cosmetics, and textiles. Wastewater contains different dyes that have negative impacts on humans and the environment. Dye-containing wastewater has been treated using several well-known procedures, including physicochemical and biological degradation. Interestingly, the breakdown of industrial dyes by fungus, yeast, and algae is considered an innovative treatment technology to control chemicals and secondary water pollution. The present review discusses the degradation of industrial dyes using a microbial community with a special focus on the microbial degradation mechanism of dye molecules. The influences of different parameters (e.g., pH, temperature, concentrations of dyes, soluble salts, the effects of CO2 and nitrogen, and dye structure) have been discussed to achieve optimal dye degradation potential of microbes. In addition, the role of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the utilization of various enzymes in dyes biodegradation are also highlighted along with prospects. This review also critically sketches the most recent advancements and advanced bioreactors for dye degradation. It is anticipated that the treatment of industrial dyes using microbial community is an advanced technology to establish a pollution-free natural environment and successfully achieve one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
PubDate: 2023-09-06
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00219-7
- The Removal of Fluoride from the Water Using Epipremnum aureum (Money
Plant)-
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Abstract: Fluoride showed beneficial effects in the standard limit, but the high consumption of fluoride may lead to health issues in humans such as dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. That is why many strategies for the removal of fluoride are in use for the time being, but the herbal-based approaches are more reliable in term of environmental safety and toxicity. The present work utilized the Epipremnum aureum (money plant) as an effective remedial tool for fluoride from water. The method involved drying and crushing money plant leaves followed by the removal of inherited color using repeated washing by 1% formaldehyde. The main characterization technique used XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis, and the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature were analyzed for the optimizing condition for adsorption. Under optimized conditions, it showed about 88% removal of fluoride from an aqueous medium. The data were well fitted for adsorption isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models of adsorption and showed the Langmuir adsorption capacity of 0.95 mg/g. These results showed that the money plant’s dry leaf powder (MLDP) is a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from an aqueous medium. Graphical 
PubDate: 2023-09-06
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00221-z
- Groundwater Risk Assessment in Imo River Basin of Southeastern Nigeria
Using GIS-Based DRASTIC and GOD-
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Abstract: Abstract The goal of the current study is to evaluate the two methods’ capability for evaluating aquifer vulnerability in the study area by contrasting them. In contrast to the DRASTIC model, which assesses aquifer vulnerability using seven hydrogeological parameters, the GOD model estimates groundwater vulnerability across large regions based on just three parameters, including groundwater confinement, overlying strata, and depth to groundwater (depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity). These index approaches used a variety of meteorological, geological, and hydrogeological observations to gather their data. The GOD and DRASTIC indices were computed using a sieve analysis to assess the hydraulic conductivity of the various strata covering the aquifers. The study’s findings showed that the DRASTIC Index (DI) has a range of 76 to 192 with a mean value of 140.8. The Benin Formation has a mean DI of 162, which indicates high susceptibility, whereas the Ajali and Ameki Formations were determined to have average moderate vulnerabilities with DI values of 101 and 139, respectively. The Imo Shale, Ogwashi, and Nsukka Formations were calculated to have mean DI values of 76, 77, and 85, respectively, indicating modest aquifer vulnerability. The GOD Index across the study area ranged from 0.1 to 0.504 with a mean value of 0.328; it was also discovered. The mean GOD Index for the Benin Formation is 0.504, indicating high susceptibility, while the GOD Index values for the Ajali and Ameki Formations were assessed to be 0.105 and 0.112, respectively, indicating low vulnerability. Low vulnerability was identified for the Imo Shale, Nsukka, and Ogwashi Formations, with GOD Index values of 0.15, 0.125, and 0.1, respectively. Due to its shallow aquifer depth and loose, uncompacted character, our data suggest that the Benin Formation has the highest vulnerability levels.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00210-2
- Trend Analysis of Rainfall and Meteorological Drought Indices over India
During 1958–2017-
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Abstract: Abstract Rainfall plays a very vital role and its deficit causes a huge impact on the environment. Understanding the pattern of rainfall and drought trends has become increasingly crucial in many regions due to climate change. In this study, using the rainfall data from 1958 to 2017 for thirty-four meteorological subdivisions of India, trend analysis is performed for annual and seasonal rainfall. Along with the rainfall trend analysis, the study is also performed for meteorological drought indices, i.e., Effective Drought Index (EDI), Standardized Precipitation Index-9 (SPI-9), and Standardized Precipitation Index-12 (SPI-12). The results obtained from the Mann–Kendall test show that the rainfall patterns in the area under investigation are changing over time. As evidenced by the decrease in rainfall, the study region has been experiencing a lack of water supply in numerous subdivisions. The drought frequency for the meteorological drought indices has also been investigated, and it has been observed that the region is experiencing drought from extremely dry conditions to normal dry conditions. The findings in this study will help us to better comprehend the changes in rainfall and drought severity over the study region. This study may also benefit effective disaster management and preparedness strategies for this catastrophe, which is wreaking havoc on the environment.
PubDate: 2023-08-31
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00215-x
- Correction to: Investigation of Pumpkin Seed as a Potential Coagulant for
Drinking Water Treatment-
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PubDate: 2023-08-25
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00218-8
- Combined Coagulation-Electrocoagulation Treatment of Urban, Peri-urban,
and Textile Wastewaters: Process Evaluation and Sludge Setting
Characteristics-
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Abstract: Abstract Water is a crucial component in the multifaceted fight against climate change, which is causing the environmental discharge standards to be much more stringent. This research work explored the potential of the electrocoagulation process by combining it with the traditional chemical coagulation process to find the efficacy of this combined treatment for pollutant removal. The effect of different operational parameters like reaction time of electrolysis, applied electrical potential, and concentration of chemical coagulant was studied with respect to removal efficiency and electrode consumption for urban, peri-urban, and textile wastewaters. Moreover, sludge settling characteristics and filterability studies were also studied along with major environmental impact indicators of this process. The results indicated that the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSS) were increased for all three kinds of wastewater samples with applied electrical potential and coagulant dose. The maximum removal efficiencies of BOD5, COD, and TSS for urban wastewater treatment with combined electrochemical process (ECC) were 96.9%, 94.4%, and 94.1%; for peri-urban wastewater were 96.2%, 92%, and 93.3%; and for textile wastewater were 96.3%, 96%, and 95.7%, respectively. Reaction time of the electrolysis process was most significant for the first half an hour of the electrocoagulation process. Furthermore, sludge volume index (SVI) of 58.5, 60, and 67 mL/g for urban, peri-urban, and textile wastewaters showed excellent setting characteristics in conjunction with impressive filterability.
PubDate: 2023-08-25
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00214-y
- Ecotope-Based Diversity Monitoring of Wetland Using Infused Machine
Learning Technique-
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Abstract: Abstract Monitoring of ecotope-based diversity in inaccessible wetlands at a spatio-temporal scale is facilitated by remote sensing and GIS technique, cost-effectively. This study pertains to the characterization and change detection of ecotopes for Harike wetland (Ramsar site) of India using Machine Learning (ML) tools adopting a Random Forest (RF) classifier upon Surface Reflectance Tier 1 data products of Landsat images (1990–2020) in Google Earth Engine (GEE). The customized algorithms inferred ten distinct ecotopes in the wetland based on unique homogenous hydrological, anthropogenic, and vegetation characteristics. The novelty of this study is that it has been applied to ecotopes mix of land, water, and vegetation communities with complex boundaries of varying sizes, acted upon by anthropogenic factors. The multi-temporal study indicates increased aquatic vegetation and its interchange within the ecotopes, a rise in water pollution, decreased ponded area, and the conversion of wetland to agricultural area over the selected time frame. As evident from satellite data, the wetland receives loads of polluted water, mainly contributed by the river Satluj through Buddha Nala (drain), the main receptor of Ludhiana city’s domestic and industrial sewage. The study signifies regular monitoring of ecotopes on a scientific basis for better preservation and health management of the wetland on a sustainable basis.
PubDate: 2023-08-16
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00212-0
- Irrigation Requirement of Wheat Under Future Climate Change in Northwest
Bangladesh-
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Abstract: Abstract Wheat is an important dry season irrigated crop in the water-scarce Northwest Bangladesh. Knowledge on irrigation requirement of wheat under climate change is crucial for the planning of irrigated agriculture in the region. This study estimated irrigation requirement of wheat for Bogura, Rajshahi, Pabna, and Dinajpur districts for 2050s and 2080s under moderate (RCP4.5) and rapid (RCP8.5) climate change scenarios; RCP indicates representative concentration pathways. The climate scenarios were prepared from the outputs of five global circulation models (GCMs) with a combination of downscaling and bias correction. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo), effective rainfall (ER), potential crop-water requirement (∑ETC), and potential irrigation requirement (∑ETC–ER) were estimated by CropWat model. The ER, ∑ETC, and ∑ETC–ER were also determined for a base period of 1980–2013 for Bogura district to be used for comparison. The results reveal that ETo would increase during the wheat-growing period, with a greater increase during the development and mid-season stages and also under the rapid climate change compared to the moderate climate change scenario. Both the crop-water and irrigation requirement of wheat would increase due to increased ETo despite an increase in ER to some extent. The average irrigation requirement (over the climate models) would be 5.7% and 13.9% higher during 2050s and 2080s, respectively, compared to the base period under moderate climate change. The highest increase (17.5%) in irrigation requirement would be during 2080s under rapid climate change. The results of this study would be useful for local adaptation of irrigated agriculture to climate change.
PubDate: 2023-08-12
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00213-z
- Unlocking the Potential of Adsorption in Distillery Wastewater Treatment:
a Comprehensive Review-
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Abstract: Abstract The world’s top two producers of sugarcane are India and Brazil. After China, India is the second-largest manufacturer of alcoholic beverages. The distillery industry in India produces a huge amount of wastewater that is often released untreated into water bodies. Different distilleries have common pollutants that are being discharged into water bodies including wastewater, chemicals and solvents, cooling water, and agricultural runoff. Water pollution due to distilleries is causing a significant impact on the water’s quality, making it unsafe for human consumption, aquatic life, and other uses and damaging the soil due to inadequately treated and indiscriminately disposed effluents. Heavy metals and organic contaminants have a major influence on the contamination of water bodies. The various adsorbents and their efficiency in distillery wastewater treatment are examined in this comprehensive review. The adsorbents like sugarcane bagasse, zeolites, chitosan, activated carbon, fly ash, and clay minerals are studied for the effective and economical treatment of distillery wastewater by researchers and are reviewed in this paper. The review of the relevant literature shows that the maximum removal efficiencies of organic matter and heavy metals vary between 44 and 99.8% with optimal pH from 2 to 7 and contact time varying from 1 to 24 h. A bibliometric study is also mentioned in this paper to justify the need for the study of distillery wastewater using adsorbents. Sustainable and economic criteria are studied through the life cycle assessment of different adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater. Overall, 78 research papers are reviewed in this paper. It has been shown that naturally occurring adsorbents and adsorbents made from agricultural waste may effectively treat distillery effluent in place of commercial activated carbons. However, it has been determined that there are still some open questions about the optimization and commercialization of suitable adsorbents, as well as the application, regeneration, reuse, and safe disposal of loaded adsorbents. Finally, the potential directions of the contamination biosorption study are presented.
PubDate: 2023-08-09
DOI: 10.1007/s41101-023-00211-1
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