 Subjects -> ANIMAL WELFARE (Total: 103 journals)
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- Endosymbiont-mediated resistance to entomotoxic nanoparticles and
sex-specific responses in a seed beetle-
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Abstract: Bacterial symbionts can promote insecticide resistance in their hosts by isolating and degrading insecticidal compounds or altering the expression of host genes. Although Wolbachia, a common endosymbiont in arthropods, typically does not influence insecticide resistance, there are cases of increased or decreased susceptibility. Due to the restrictions of applying conventional insecticides in a stored product setting, studies on alternative control methods are needed, including those on entomotoxic nanoparticles and the potential for resistance. For pests of stored beans, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are relatively innocuous to the azuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Here, we hypothesized that this response is mediated by Wolbachia, and we tested this using an isofemale line of C. chinensis (infected or uninfected with Wolbachia). Our results showed that the lifespan of Wolbachia-infected females was not affected by SeNPs, but increasing concentrations of SeNPs still had a negative effect on fecundity; in uninfected females, increasing concentrations of SeNPs significantly decreased both lifespan and fecundity. However, in males, SeNPs enhanced lifespan and decreased the incidence of sexual harassment behavior regardless of infection status (for uninfected males, the duration of harassment behavior also decreased). In the presence of males, 72-h female reproduction increased independent of infection status or SeNP treatment, but egg hatchability was reduced by male presence and SeNPs. This study documents a valuable example of symbiont-mediated resistance to entomotoxic nanoparticles.
PubDate: 2023-03-13
- Expanding risk predictions of pesticide resistance evolution in arthropod
pests with a proxy for selection pressure-
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Abstract: Chemical resistance in pest organisms threatens global food security and human health, yet resistance issues are mostly dealt with reactively. Predictive models of resistance risk provide an avenue for field practitioners to implement proactive pest management but require knowledge of factors that drive resistance evolution. Despite the importance of chemical selection pressure on resistance evolution, poor availability of chemical usage data has limited the use of a general multi-species measure of selection pressure in predictive models. We demonstrate the use of pesticide product registrations as a predictor of resistance status and potential proxy of chemical selection pressure. Pesticide product registrations were obtained for 427 USA and 209 Australian agricultural arthropod pests, for 42 and 39 chemical Mode of Action (MoA) groups, respectively. We constructed Bayesian logistic regressions of resistance status as a function of the number of pesticide product registrations and two ecological traits, phagy, and voltinism. Our models were well-supported with demonstrated power to discriminate between resistant and susceptible observations in both USA and Australian species sets using cross-validation. Importantly, we observed strong support for a positive association between pesticide products and resistance status. Our work expands the horizon for proactive management by quantitatively linking a proxy for selection pressure on pest species to different chemical MoAs, which can be combined with ecological information to build models of resistance evolution risk. Because pesticide product registrations can typically be obtained from publicly available data, we believe they have broad applicability for risk predictions in other agricultural pests, such as weeds and fungi, and to other geographical regions beyond the USA and Australia.
PubDate: 2023-03-11
- Fitness costs of pyrethroid resistance in the polyphagous pest mite,
Halotydeus destructor, under field conditions-
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Abstract: The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, is an economically important pest of winter field crops and pastures in Australia, and has evolved field resistance to pyrethroid chemicals through a polymorphism in the voltage-gated parasodium channel leading to knockdown resistance (kdr). In this study, we quantified the rate of reversion to susceptibility of partially resistant H. destructor populations under field conditions in the absence of pesticide exposure. This was conducted over multiple years at two geographically distant locations with mite populations known to possess pyrethroid resistance. Fitness costs associated with pyrethroid resistance were identified through reductions in the frequency of kdr resistance alleles in the absence of pesticides. This was assessed using an amplicon sequencing approach targeting known resistance alleles. We also found that resistance can increase rapidly in frequency after only a single pyrethroid application in the field. Our results highlight that, once established in H. destructor populations, pyrethroid resistance will not easily be lost even after several years, emphasizing the importance of limiting the evolution of resistance in the first place. This helps to explain why pyrethroid resistance in H. destructor continues to persist at very high frequencies in the field and continues to expand within Australia despite the existence of fitness costs. Understanding field fitness costs associated with pesticide resistance is important when devising resistance management strategies for this pest.
PubDate: 2023-03-10
- Female's war: a story of the invasion and competitive displacement between
two xylophilus group nematode species-
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Abstract: Interspecific competition occurs fiercely between invasive and native species which occupy similar niche. Here, we report the competitive mechanism underlying the displacement of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In the early stage of the competition, population of both species increase significantly, but their abundance rates were differentiated, B. xylophilus increased, whereas B. mucronatus decreased. Unexpectedly, sex ratio of female to male of both species increased sharply and peaked at 4.87 and 3.88, respectively, which were outclassed that of noncompetitive conditions (2.77 and 2.21). Thereafter, the sex ratio of B. xylophilus declined and stabilized at 2.81, but the sex ratio of B. mucronatus declined till no B. mucronatus was left, indicating the interspecific competition could be dominated by female. The mating behaviors showed that for both species, the mating success rate of one couple dropped slightly when one male or female of other species was added, but dropped significantly when two males or females were added. Surprisingly, almost no successful mating was observed when three males or females of other species were added. We therefore hypothesize that the mating opportunity of one couple could be deprived by the other species once three or more male or female were added. Further, threshold value of competitive displacement experiments and model analysis were completely consistent with the above experiments. Our results elucidate the crucial role of sex ratio in interspecific competition for the first time, as well as their mating disruption, directing a wonderful story of female-dominated war between two xylophilus group nematode species.
PubDate: 2023-03-02
- Brace yourselves, winter is coming: the winter activity, natural diet, and
prey preference of winter-active spiders on pear trees-
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Abstract: Modern agricultural pest management systems rely on naturally occurring generalist predators to promote pest suppression. Still, little research has been done to assess their overall effectiveness, especially over the winter period when their potential is high. In this study, we focused on three genera of winter-active spiders Clubiona, Philodromus, and Anyphaena, common predators on pear trees in Central Europe during winter and early spring. We investigated their predation activity, natural diet, and prey preference using molecular gut content and abundance data obtained from cardboard bands, which served as natural shelters. We compared these characteristics between two distinct biocontrol-promoting managements—integrated pest management (IPM) and organic management (ORG). We found the proportion of prey-positive spider individuals during the winter period to be lower compared to the spring period with Anyphaena having by far the highest proportion. The prey composition during winter was more diverse in ORG orchards, but in both managements, it was inclined toward pests, mostly pear psyllids. Conversely, in early spring, despite psyllids still being a part of the diet, spiders in IPM orchards preyed more frequently on neutral prey (mostly dipterans), while the spiders from organic orchards preyed mostly on pests (lepidopterans). Although more data are needed to assess trophic interactions and the overall efficiency of these winter-active predators in complex arthropod food webs present in pear orchards, the results obtained from this research provide the first evidence of higher pest predation during a period of agricultural quiescence.
PubDate: 2023-03-02
- RETRACTED ARTICLE: Artificial heat waves induce species-specific plastic
responses on reproduction of two spider mite predators-
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PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Correction to: Artificial heat waves induce species-specific plastic
responses on reproduction of two spider mite predators-
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PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Biological control in a changing climate: plant-mediated impact of
elevated CO2 concentration on Lobesia botrana eggs and egg parasitism by
Trichogramma cacoeciae-
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Abstract: Climate change can affect biological pest control by altering trophic interactions. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can reduce host plant quality and, in turn, alter herbivore and natural enemy preference and performance. Using the Geisenheim VineyardFACE (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment) facility, we studied plant- and herbivore-mediated bottom-up effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, and the parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae. Grapevine inflorescences of two cultivars cultivated at ambient or elevated CO2 (aCO2 and eCO2: 400 and 480 ppm) in the VineyardFACE were incorporated into L. botrana artificial diet. Eggs laid by the respective adults were parasitized by T. cacoeciae. Egg size and emergence rate of L. botrana as well as parasitism rate, parasitoid emergence rate and egg size preference of T. cacoeciae were evaluated. We observed an indirect grapevine cultivar-dependent bottom-up effect of CO2 on both herbivore and egg parasitoid. Compared to aCO2, eCO2 resulted in larger host eggs and higher parasitism rates regarding Riesling-feeding but not regarding Cabernet Sauvignon-feeding L. botrana larvae. Parasitoid emergence rate was higher when L. botrana had fed on Riesling compared to Cabernet Sauvignon-diet. Egg size preference depended on the host’s diet: T. cacoeciae preferred larger L. botrana eggs when the larvae had fed on grapevine-containing diet but not when they fed on standard artificial diet. Our results highlight the importance of the host’s diet for the parasitoid’s preference and performance. They furthermore suggest that the future efficiency of L. botrana-biocontrol by T. cacoeciae will not decrease under elevated CO2 concentrations.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- More persistent bacterial than fungal associations in the microbiota of a
pest insect-
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Abstract: The invasive fly Drosophila suzukii is a pest that can infest a diverse range of intact, ripening fruits, using its serrated ovipositor. This constitutes a different niche compared to the rotting fruits its ancestors use, especially because these intact fruits have limited quantities of microbes and soluble nutrients for the developing larvae. To investigate the potential role of microbial associations in the niche expansion of this invasive fly, we characterized the bacterial and fungal communities of D. suzukii and various wild fruits from which they developed. To assess cross-generational microbial associations, we also lab-reared fly populations and characterized their microbial communities. Diversity metrics of microbial communities differed significantly between flies and fruits. Different fruit types varied substantially in microbial composition, while flies showed relatively uniform bacterial communities, irrespective of the fruit source they developed on. After approximately ten generations of lab-rearing, bacterial communities still showed considerable overlap with those of wild flies. Fungal communities of flies and fruits showed larger resemblance, with a substantial overlap between wild flies and the fruits on which they had developed. Our study thus reports that the fungal community structure in these pests largely reflects those on the breeding substrates, while these flies might have formed more persistent associations with some bacteria and transmit these across generations.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- A chitin synthase mutation confers widespread resistance to buprofezin, a
chitin synthesis inhibitor, in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens-
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Abstract: Development of insecticide resistance in insect populations is a major challenge to sustainable agriculture and food security worldwide. Buprofezin, one of the commonly used chitin synthesis inhibitors, has severely declined its control efficacy against the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), a devastating rice insect species. To date, however, mechanism of buprofezin resistance in target pests remains elusive. We conducted a long-term (25 years from 1996 to 2020) and large geographical scale (11 provinces and cities in China) resistance monitoring program for buprofezin in BPH, a notorious pest of rice crop in East and Southeast Asia. BPH rapidly developed resistance with > 1,000-fold resistance being detected in nearly all the field populations after 2015. Using the bulk segregant mapping method, we uncovered a novel mutation (G932C) in chs1 gene encoding chitin synthase 1 from a near isogeneic buprofezin-resistant (> 10,000-fold) strain harboring recessive, monogenic resistance. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-modified Drosophila melanogaster possessing the same mutation as a model, we found that the G932C mutation was not only responsible for buprofezin resistance but also conferred a cross-resistance to cyromazine, an insect molting disruptor, on which the mode of action is largely unknown. Taken together, our study for the first time revealed the molecular mechanism conferring buprofezin resistance in BPH and implicated that cyromazine also targets chitin biosynthesis to confer its toxicity.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Cowpea aphid resistance in cowpea line CB77 functions primarily through
antibiosis and eliminates phytotoxic symptoms of aphid feeding-
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Abstract: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the most important crops in semiarid areas of the world, where it thrives in hot, dry conditions. While cowpea is able to withstand abiotic stresses, it suffers serious losses from biotic antagonists, including infestation by the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora). Cowpea aphid infestations are highly destructive, especially on young plants. However, it is unclear whether cowpea aphid damage is the result of aphids having phytotoxic effects on their hosts, or simple density effects. To better understand cowpea aphid damage and the potential for resistance traits to mitigate aphid impacts, we evaluated phenotypic changes in cowpea in response to variable aphid densities and systemic versus local infestations. Low aphid densities induced leaf distortions and pseudogalling, suggesting that cowpea aphids are phytotoxic to cowpea. Resistance to the cowpea aphid has been previously identified in an African cowpea germplasm, and near isogenic lines (NILs) containing resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were generated in the California blackeye cultivar background. Using a series of performance assays, we determined that resistance conferred by the two QTL counteracts aphid phytotoxicity and severely limits aphid growth and fecundity. Using choice assays, a preference by cowpea aphids for the susceptible NIL was observed. Electrical penetration graph analysis revealed that the resistance phenotype includes weak surface level deterrence and strong phloem-based resistance that manifests during the sap ingestion phase. Our study provides evidence of phytotoxic traits in A. craccivora while identifying a viable means of counteracting aphid damage and reproductive potential through resistance.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Potential of substrate-borne vibration to control greenhouse whitefly
Trialeurodes vaporariorum and increase pollination efficiencies in tomato
Solanum lycopersicum-
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Abstract: The effects of substrate-borne vibration with frequencies of 30 and 300 Hz on the number of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the number of fruit sets in greenhouse tomatoes were investigated. When tomatoes were intermittently subjected to 300-Hz vibration generated from vibrational exciters installed in a greenhouse, the number of adult and larval T. vaporariorum was significantly reduced compared with non-vibration plots. The substrate-borne 30-Hz vibration generated from different vibrational exciters did not affect the number of T. vaporariorum when smaller acceleration was applied to tomato plants; however, it showed a suppressive effect when greater acceleration was applied. Regarding pollination, the number of fruit sets in tomatoes subjected to 300-Hz vibration was the same as that in non-vibration plots, which was lower than that in plant growth regulation treatment plots. The number of fruit sets in tomatoes subjected to 30-Hz vibration significantly increased compared with that in non-vibration plots, which was comparable to that in plant growth regulation treatment plots. Our findings suggest that applying substrate vibration to tomatoes is effective in suppressing the plant infestation by T. vaporariorum and promoting tomato pollination. Vibrations could disrupt various behaviors associated with infestation and cause repellency in T. vaporariorum. This study focused on the effectiveness of vibrational conditions, including frequency, acceleration, and temporal characteristics, in detail, aiming to incorporate them into integrated pest management programs in greenhouse tomato cultivation.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Geranium macrorrhizum, a potential novel companion plant affecting
preference and performance of Myzus persicae on sweet pepper-
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Abstract: The combination of a companion plant with a cultivated plant is considered an interesting strategy to reduce pest pressure and, hence, the use of pesticides. Although several plants from the Alliaceae and Lamiaceae families are known to be efficient companion plants against aphid pests, only a few plants of the Geraniaceae family have been studied so far. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential effects of Geranium macrorrhizum as a companion plant on the colonization of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae) by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Aphid’s orientation behavior, probing behavior and life history traits were assessed on sweet pepper using a host choice preference setup, Electrical Penetration Graph technique and clip-cage laboratory bioassays, respectively. The potential disturbance through mechanical stimulation of geranium leaves was also assessed. The composition of VOCs from G. macrorrhizum leaves was analyzed using SPME technic followed by GC–MS. This study revealed that G. macrorrhizum as a companion plant was intrinsically repellent but not enough to completely mask the attractive odor of the sweet pepper host plant. Moreover, G. macrorrhizum negatively impacted the probing behavior, fecundity and survival rate of M. persicae on sweet pepper. The effects were exacerbated when G. macrorrhizum leaves were mechanically stimulated. This could be due to the greater amount of the main VOCs germacrone and β-elemenone emitted by G. macrorrhizum following mechanical stimulation. Our results bring new insights into the use of novel companion plants to regulate aphid pest populations.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Resistant cassava cultivars inhibit the papaya mealybug Paracoccus
marginatus population based on their interaction: from physiological and
biochemical perspectives-
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Abstract: Paracoccus marginatus papaya mealybugs cause considerable threats and challenges to cassava production and processing. The deployment of resistant cultivars offers effective, economical and eco-friendly management strategies for pest management. We measured P. marginatus mortality, development and reproduction to evaluate the resistance of fifteen cassava cultivars and conducted physiological and biochemical analyses when P. marginatus was fed on two resistant cultivars (Myanmar and C1115) and three susceptible cultivars (BRA900, Bread, SC205). Significantly lower digestive (amylase, sucrase, lipase), detoxification (glutathione-S-transferase and carboxylesterase) and antioxidant activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), enzyme activities were observed in P. marginatus feeding on resistant cultivars compared to susceptible cultivars. For resistant cultivars, a significant reduction was found in nutritional components containing free amino acids, nitrogen, soluble sugars and the secondary metabolite malondialdehyde. Additionally, significantly higher enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, POD and PPO) levels and secondary metabolite quantities (total phenol and tannins) were found in resistant cultivars induced by P. marginatus compared with susceptible ones. Additionally, RT-qPCR tests showed that the transcripts of ten genes involved in nutrition, secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities were consistent with physiology changes. Thus, the resistant cultivars suffered lower P. marginatus damage by elevating secondary metabolite contents and antioxidant activities, reducing plant nutrition levels and decreasing insect enzymatic activities. This study will be beneficial in developing indices for standard regulation to evaluate P. marginatus-resistant cassavas and effectively manage this pest.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Fitness consequences of oviposition choice by an herbivorous insect on a
host plant colonized by an endophytic entomopathogenic fungus-
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Abstract: Several species of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), often considered as bioinsecticides, are able to colonize and establish a symbiotic relationship with plants as endophytes. Recent studies have demonstrated that insects feeding on endophytically colonized plants could have reduced survival. These newly emerging, but not yet fully understood, ecological roles suggest the possibility that EPF may affect preferences and performance of herbivorous insects. However, such plant-mediated effects and underlying mechanisms are largely unexplored. Here, we examined that the endophytic EPF, Beauveria bassiana, could affect oviposition selection and offspring fitness of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis on maize, Zea mays. We observed that O. furnacalis females preferred to lay eggs on B. bassiana-inoculated maize plants. This was attributed to the changes in plant volatile profiles upon endophytic colonization by B. bassiana. Of these plant volatiles, we observed increased amounts of insect-preferred compounds, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 3-hexen-1-ol, and decreased amounts of non-preferred compounds β-caryophyllene, naphthalene and α-pinene. This finding suggests that B. bassiana-induced plant volatiles could modulate the interactions between plants and insects. However, fewer O. furnacalis larvae, pupae, and adults survived on the B. bassiana-colonized maize plants and this was correlated with lower plant nitrogen content in these plants. These results indicated that oviposition selection of O. furnacalis did not reflect the maximization of offspring fitness following maize inoculation with B. bassiana. We suggest that EPF-inoculated maize causes a detrimental attraction for O. furnacalis, which should be considered for potential application of “trap plants” when incorporating endophytic EPF within integrated pest management programs.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Investigating dispersal abilities of Aphrophoridae in European temperate
regions to assess the threat of potential Xylella fastidiosa-based
pathosystems-
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Abstract: Modeling the potential spread of Xylella fastidiosa can document contingency plans in northern Europe, so far uncolonized by the bacterium. Through mark–release–recapture (MRR) and flight-mill experiments, the flight capacity of two potential vectors for temperate Europe was studied: Philaenus spumarius, the reported southern European vector, and Aphrophora salicina, a xylem-specialist feeding on potential host plants of X. fastidiosa. Aphrophora salicina displayed significantly better flight performances than P. spumarius. In flight-mills, the average distance flown was, respectively, 623 m vs. 102 m and the maximal distance flown was 6.16 km vs. 1.54 km in 2.5 h. In MRRs, A. salicina travelled more than 30 m in a single flight, with a maximal interception distance of 80 m after two days, highlighting that dispersal is driven by connectivity and host plant quality. Philaenus spumarius mainly jumped, with 1 m movements in length and a maximal interception distance of 32 m in 27 days. Models estimated P. spumarius' daily mean dispersal at 1.5 m and A. salicina's at 3.5 m. Although only a small part of the population moves over very long distances, this pool of efficient insects could already be sufficient to effectively spread an epidemic. As Salicaceae have been reported as host plants of the bacterium, the association of Aphrophoridae and Salicaceae in riparian areas could create bacterium reservoirs in corridors allowing for transportation over medium to long distances.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Intraspecific variability in herbivore response to elemental defences is
caused by the metal itself-
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Abstract: Some plants are able to accumulate on their leaves metals taken from the soil, using this as a defence against herbivorous arthropods. However, herbivore response to metal accumulation in plants is known to be variable. While some species and taxonomic groups are less affected than others, hormetic effects have also been observed in spider mites, herbivorous crop pests. Still, knowledge on the range and causes of intraspecific variation in the response of herbivores to metal accumulation is lacking. Here, using two species of spider mites, Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi, we tested the variation in 17 populations in response to cadmium-accumulating tomato plants and the drivers of such variation. We observed a nonlinear, hormetic response of mites to plants with cadmium in some, but not all, populations. The same pattern was recaptured in artificial diets with different concentrations of cadmium but not in artificial diets with sugars, which change in the plant in response to cadmium. This indicates that herbivores on metal-accumulating plants respond to metals, not to the variations in leaf carbohydrates. Therefore, metals exert different effects on herbivores according to the amount accumulated, but independently of other studied plant traits. This knowledge is key to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying herbivore responses to metal-based plant defences and to pesticides containing heavy metals. Additionally, our findings draw attention to the need of considering intraspecific variation and nonlinearities when studying the effects of metals and other contaminants on herbivorous arthropods.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Molecular basis of mutual benefits between Cucurbit chlorotic yellows
virus (CCYV) transmission and imidacloprid resistance in Bemisia tabaci-
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Abstract: Increased insecticide resistance among insect vectors and arboviruses results in significant economic losses to agricultural production and poses a continuous threat to food safety. To date, many studies have been conducted on how virus-infected host plants indirectly and plant virus directly change the physiological characteristics of insect vectors. However, the relationship between the insecticide resistance of the insect vector and the virulence of the viral pathogen has not received sufficient attention. Here, we investigated the effect of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a plant virus transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in a semi-persistent manner, on the resistance of B. tabaci to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. We found CCYV enhanced the resistance of B. tabaci to imidacloprid. The CYP6CM1 gene was significantly up-regulated in viruliferous susceptible B. tabaci compared with non-viruliferous B. tabaci after an acquisition access period of 10 d, including its upstream regulators. Silencing the CYP6CM1 gene by RNA interference reduced the ability of B. tabaci to acquire CCYV compared with the control. Additionally, imidacloprid-resistant B. tabaci outperformed sensitive adults in terms of virus transmission ability. These results suggest that CCYV enhances the ability of imidacloprid-sensitive B. tabaci to resist adverse external factors (insecticides). In turn, B. tabaci resistance affects virus transmission. Thus, to a certain extent, the plant virus and insect vector establish a mutually beneficial relationship that facilitates virus transmission.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Correction: Insect netting: effect of mesh size and shape on exclusion of
some fruit pests and natural enemies under laboratory and orchard
conditions-
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PubDate: 2023-01-11
- Specificity of vectoring and non-vectoring flower thrips species to
pathogen-induced plant volatiles-
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Abstract: Insect-vectored plant pathogens are known to alter host-plant quality and associated cues, subsequently affecting the frequency of interactions with vectors and influencing pathogen transmission. It is unknown whether these changes deliver information highly specific to the vector and have evolved as a result of host manipulation or if they are more generalist indicator of plant status. In the current study, the responses of two thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, the vector of the tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and a non-vectoring species, F. tritici Fitch, to pathogen-induced plant volatiles (PIPVs) in tomatoes were investigated. As the two species cohabit, and one is a vector of tospoviruses while the other is not, this system is perfectly suited to investigate the specificity of PIPVs to insect vectors. Both species were exposed to PIPVs of TSWV and the begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Frankliniella tritici did not respond to PIPVs. F. occidentalis was attracted to both TSWV- and TYLCV-infected plants and showed no preference between plants infected by either virus. Volatiles from TSWV- and TYLCV-infected plants were collected and identified using GC–MS. Principal component analysis showed a clear differentiation between the volatiles of the uninfected and infected tomatoes. There was no differentiation between the volatile profiles of the two virus-infected tomatoes, suggesting that PIPVs may be a by-product of viral infection that elicit a generalist response in F. occidentalis and are likely not the result of host manipulation.
PubDate: 2023-01-06
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