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- Zinc Phosphide Analysis in Voles: Revisiting an Old Technique
Abstract: Zinc phosphide has been recently approved in Europe as a vole control product. Currently, only one formulation (lentils/pellets) is marketed with 0.8% Zn3P2. It is applied with a delivery device for burrow baiting. In many instances, zinc phosphide poisoning has been confirmed in non-target species (primary poisoning). In order to be prepared for potential non-target poisoning incidents in wildlife, the SAGIR network, FREDON Franche-Comté, and University of Franche-Comté conducted a field study on common voles to test the sampling method and storage impact under realistic field conditions on the detection of zinc phosphide. The toxicology laboratory of Vetagro Sup, member of SAGIR, worked on the improvement of the World Health Organization WHO technique in order to lower the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) and to validate the technique for the correct identification of field cases. The specificity was tested on 20 gastric content samples (100%), and the LOQ was established at 0.01...
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- The Secret Lives of Livestock Guardian Dogs: Current Knowledge and Future
Research
Abstract: Rangeland livestock operations in California and elsewhere are increasingly turning to livestock guardian dogs (LGD) to protect their herds from predators. LGD success depends on a variety of factors including social bonding, environmental and operational context, and individual behaviors. Observation and first-hand experience with LGD on foothill rangeland, Sacramento Valley cropland, and Sierra Nevada/Great Basin rangeland can provide practical evaluation of historic and current research regarding LGD efficacy, breed differences, and economic costs versus benefits. However, little is known about the relationship between LGD and livestock behavior and forage utilization. This article synthesizes current research, experiential knowledge from practitioners, and new frontiers for LGD research. An updated understanding of the principles of bonding LGD pups to livestock will improve LGD success rates and reduce costs for producers.
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- At the Interface between Livestock and Predators: Reducing the Risk of
Livestock-Predator Interactions among Youth Animal Owners
Abstract: Predator issues related to interactions with livestock and poultry represent a state, national, and international issue. Predators are important for healthy ecosystems; however, with increased interactions between predators and agricultural animals there is also an increased likelihood of predator depredation. The 4-H Youth Development Program is a national nonformal youth education program. Annually, over 1.5 million youth participate in 4-H Animal Science projects, mainly agricultural animals. 4-H youth who raise agricultural animals face issues of predator-livestock interactions. A 4-H curriculum was developed to help youth learn about predator-livestock interactions and strategies to mitigate these issues through improved animal husbandry. Pilot research on the use of the curriculum revealed improved knowledge among participating youth, as well as the application of mitigation strategies to youths’ own practice and outreach to their communities through a service-learning project.
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Understanding and Preventing Bird Damage on Dairies
Abstract: Wild birds cause significant damage to dairy farms through the consumption and spoilage of cattle feed. A survey of Washington State dairy farmers revealed approximately $14 million in bird damage losses for the Washington State dairy industry, annually. Furthermore, farms that reported the presence of more than 10,000 birds per day were more likely to report the presence of Salmonella spp. or Johne’s disease (caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis). Over the course of three years, we assessed the impact of bird populations on the presence of bacteria in bird feces and the nutritional composition of cattle feed. Five dairies were enrolled into the study and visited to collect bird fecal samples and cattle feed samples. Several pens were monitored on each dairy. Bird fecal samples were analyzed for three bacterial populations. Fresh and bird-depleted feed samples were analyzed for dry matter, total digestible nutrients, protein, crude fiber, ash, fat, and net energy....
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Laboratory Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Fertility Control Bait
ContraPest® on Wild-Captured Black Rats (Rattus rattus)
Abstract: A non-toxic liquid fertility control bait for rats has recently become commercially available (ContraPest® from SenesTech, Inc.). This product contains two chemicals, both of which impair spermatogenesis in male and reduce ovulations in female rats. We tested the efficacy of this bait in wild-caught adult black rats from the island of Hawai’i in a short-term laboratory trial. A control group (n = 25) was offered placebo bait and the treatment group (n = 25) was offered fertility control bait, both ad libitum, during a 15-day introduction period and during the first of four breeding rounds, for a total of 58 days of exposure. After treatment, all rats were provided placebo bait for the remainder of the study and randomly paired with mates from within their treatment groups for two additional breeding cycles. Treatment and control groups comprised 10 breeding pairs each, with random re-pairings between breeding rounds. The treatment group produced no litters during the first and...
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Preliminary Field Trials with a Palatable Form of Norbormide
Abstract: Field trials are reported in this paper on a new bait containing 1% norbormide. Two separate field trials were recently completed on commercial chicken farms in South Auckland, New Zealand. Norway rats were abundant both inside the farm sheds and around the surrounding farmland. Monitoring undertaken before toxic baiting recorded high levels of rat activity. Post-treatment monitoring found no rat paw prints in any of the tracking tunnels from Site 1, and in only one tunnel at Site 2. The decrease of 100% and 96%, respectively, represented a marked reduction in the Norway rat population at both sites.
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Using Camera Traps and AI to Improve Efficacy and Reduce Bycatch at
Goodnature A24 Rodent Traps in Hawaii
Abstract: Camera traps provide an unobtrusive means to monitor wildlife presence and behavior. Yet there is a steep learning curve associated with their deployment. Camera model, settings and position, target behavior, and technicians’ skill greatly influence the success of camera trapping. Furthermore, data storage and management are complex, as copious photos occupy considerable storage space. Finally, evaluating large numbers of digital images is time-consuming for low frequency events; in each of our trials we amassed 10,000-50,000 photos, of which 6-20% were target animals. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to digital image datasets can greatly increase efficiency, but few existing algorithms have been trained on small animals. We embarked on a camera trapping project to assess interactions of target (rodent) and non-target (bird) species with 125 GoodNature A24 rat traps deployed in rainforest sites on Kauai, Hawaii, following several observations of non-target mortality....
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Island Rodent Eradications: Little Things Make Big Things Happen
Abstract: Island rodent eradication is often a prerequisite for ecological restoration. These operations have been scaling up in size and complexity, and typically revolve around the thorough distribution of rodenticides in bait stations, by hand broadcast, by helicopter-borne spreading buckets, or by combinations of these methods. Many of the requirements of an eradication can be met by simply purchasing the right materials and following published best practices. However, intangible factors such as training and mindset of personnel are equally critical, and less commonly understood. We briefly review these factors and highlight issues such as the limited pool of experienced eradication practitioners, the increasing complexity of eradication projects (in scale, number of species to be eradicated, nontarget species, and integration with resident human populations), and potential for human error. We close by making recommendations for addressing some of these less-tangible factors and conclude...
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- The Pocatello Supply Depot: A History and Update
Abstract: Since the Pocatello Supply Depot (PSD) was created in 1936, the PSD has gone through many transformation and organizational changes. The most recent of these changes occurred in 2014, when the PSD transitioned from a cooperative service agreement between the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Greater Pocatello Chamber of Commerce, to a fully federal facility within USDA. Despite the many organizational changes, the purpose of the PSD has remained the same. The PSD manufactures and provides specialized wildlife damage management materials and services that are not readily available from commercial sources, for use by USDA Wildlife Services (WS), other Federal and non-Federal government entities, and the public. The products produced and distributed by the PSD have changed over time to meet the needs of those managing wildlife damage. The PSD produces and/or distributes gas cartridges, zinc phosphide and strychnine grain baits, zinc phosphide concentrate, DRC-1339, synthetic...
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- If at First You Don’t Eradicate: Remediating Rat Eradication Failure
on Wake Atoll
Abstract: Island rodent eradication operations have been remarkably successful at eliminating damages caused by these harmful vertebrate pests. As efforts increase in scale and complexity, so does risk of eradication failure. In this paper we present the example of a partially successful rodent eradication project to highlight how best practices and lessons learned are being integrated to reduce risk of failure during a second attempt. In 2012 the U.S. Air Force (USAF) commissioned an attempted eradication of two rat species from Wake Atoll in the Western Pacific. Asian house rats were successfully eradicated, but it was soon confirmed that some Polynesian rats survived; population numbers have since soared. A panel of outside experts was asked to review the project and identify factors that may have contributed to failure. The USAF and Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) have used this report as a road map for further studies addressing issues including bait delivery...
PubDate: Mon, 14 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Feasibility of a Successful Rat Eradication on Wake Atoll Following
Initial Partial Failure: Potential Causes, Remedial Actions, and Remaining
Knowledge Gaps
Abstract: A 2012 attempt to remove two rat species (Rattus tanezumi and R. exulans) from Wake Atoll was partially successful. R. tanezumi was eradicated from all three islands (Wake, Wilkes, and Peale), and R. exulans was eradicated from Peale. However, R. exulans remained on Wake and Wilkes and have since recovered to very high densities. In 2013, a panel of experts reviewed the eradication operation and offered a list of possible causes of the partial failure. Since that time, further research has been conducted to address several of the issues identified in the review. In this paper, we conduct a current review of the remedial studies, identify remaining knowledge gaps, and make recommendations for ensuring the feasibility of a future operation to remove R. exulans from Wake and Wilkes Islands.
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- M-44 Use by Non-USDA-Wildlife Services Applicators between 2006-2019 in
Montana
Abstract: Use of M-44 sodium cyanide devices has been opposed by various groups contending that M-44s threaten human health and safety and endanger non-target animals. In Montana, M-44 sodium cyanide devices may be used by non-USDA-Wildlife Services individuals licensed by the Montana Department of Agriculture. This paper summarizes the use data submitted by these non-federal applicators between 2006-2019. The data includes use records, take (both target and non-target), and livestock loss reports. It is hoped that this information provides additional data and context to inform the debate over this controversial predator management tool.
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- The Effectiveness of Visual Scaring Techniques Against Grey Herons, Ardea
cinerea
Abstract: Heron streamers/droppings, which are electrical conductors, have caused power outages at electrical substations and transmission towers. It is necessary to understand the effectiveness of techniques for scaring herons to prevent electrical outages caused by their streamers. Here, we focused on bird-management techniques using visual deterrents and evaluated the deterrent effects of light-emitting diodes (LED), lasers, and a robotic approach. Grey herons were observed on the outdoor steel structure of the High Power Testing Laboratory of the Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry in Yokosuka, before and after dawn. LED lights were attached to the uppermost steel structure of the laboratory to evaluate the deterrent effects. A green laser was installed 60 m north of the steel structure. The lights and laser were fired manually when herons landed on the steel structure and we evaluated the response of the birds to the stimuli. We also installed a commercial mobile...
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Development and Testing of a Matrix for Mongoose Toxic Bait: Nontoxic Bait
Acceptance Cage Trials
Abstract: The only pesticide currently registered for mongoose control is a product developed for rats that consists of a hard-cereal bait block. Although the active ingredient (diphacinone) is known to be highly effective for mongoose, previous studies indicate that carnivorous and omnivorous mongooses do not readily consume the hard bait matrix designed for gnawing rodents. A palatable bait matrix with a consistency more appropriate to mongoose dentition and feeding behavior will be required to develop a more effective mongoose pesticide. We evaluated the acceptance and consumption of nontoxic versions of four candidate bait matrices: FOXECUTE® and FOXSHIELD® (Animal Control Technologies, Australia; ACTA); HOGGONE® (ACTA); and a potted pork shoulder loaf containing artificial dead mouse scent developed by WS-NWRC as a bait for invasive brown treesnakes (hereafter ‘BTS bait’). We offered test groups of six mongooses one of the candidate bait matrices alongside dry dog kibble dog food as...
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Large-scale Aerial Baiting to Suppress Invasive Rats in Hawaii: Efficacy
of Diphacinone and Associated Risks
Abstract: Invasive rats are among the most damaging animals to native species on many island ecosystems including those in Hawaii. On Oahu Island, U.S. Army Garrison Natural Resources Program currently manages invasive rat populations to protect natural resources by using grids of A24 automated traps, and previously snap-trap grids and rodenticide bait stations. Despite these control efforts generally suppressing rats, some lands with natural resources that are at risk to rat predation are not easily accessible for implementing these traditional rat control methods. In a 430-ha mesic forest on Oahu where ungulates are excluded and site access is limited due to military training and presence of live ordnance, we tested the efficacy of aerial application of anticoagulant rodenticide bait pellets (Diphacinone-50 Conservation), applied in two applications at a rate of 12.82 kg/ha per application. We measured the effectiveness of the rodenticide bait application by deploying tracking tunnels...
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Rose-ringed Parakeets in California: Established Populations and
Potentially a Serious Agricultural Threat
Abstract: The rose-ringed parakeet has been introduced to >40 countries, gaining its status as the most widely introduced parrot in the world. Although regarded as a strikingly beautiful bird by many people, this species is a severe agricultural pest that establishes and experiences a lag time prior to exponential population growth. In addition to agricultural damage, these birds cause noise and fecal pollution, aggregate in large night roosts near human structures, may be involved in disease transfer, and, in some cases, they may help spread invasive plants. In the U.S., rose-ringed parakeets have been reported in several southern states, but established populations are in Hawaii, Florida, and California. Escapees from the pet trade probably account for most introductions, and parakeets have been reported occurring in California as early as 1956. The estimated population in Bakersfield was 3,000 birds in 2012, and additional smaller populations have been reported in San Diego, Anaheim,...
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Age Distribution of Urban Coyotes in Southern California: A Comparison of
Tooth Wear and Cementum Annuli Methods
Abstract: Although coyotes are a natural component of southern California ecosystems, they are sometimes considered a nuisance because their opportunistic habits and tolerance for urban and suburban environments bring them into conflict with people. Recent attacks on people and pets have increasingly led to lethal control of nuisance animals, yet it is unclear whether the demographic distribution of nuisance individuals is representative of the coyote population as a whole. We used two methods, cementum annuli analysis and tooth wear, to estimate the age of coyotes collected as nuisance or road-killed animals in southern California. Age estimates based on tooth wear, a non-lethal method, were broadly similar to those from cementum annuli analysis, although tooth-wear estimates were highly variable and tended to overestimate age, especially for younger individuals. The demographic structure of coyotes collected as nuisance animals was biased toward young adults and males, which suggests...
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Temperature and Humidity Variation between Cage and Plastic-walled Traps:
Implications for Animal Welfare
Abstract: Wildlife control operators have observed that animals caught in plastic-walled traps during summer conditions were showing signs of heat stress. To verify the plausibility of these anecdotes, three temperature and humidity sensors were used to monitor local environmental conditions as well as those inside a covered cage trap and a plastic-walled trap. The study lasted for more than 365 days. Average temperature/humidity for ambient air was 10.8°C/72%; for covered cage traps it was 12.0°C/79%; and for plastic-walled traps it was 12.75°C/78.4%. Results are consistent with anecdotal observations that animals caught in plastic traps would experience higher temperatures. This information can be used to improve animal welfare during cage and box trapping activities.
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Automated Aerial Baiting for Invasive Brown Treesnake Control: System
Overview and Program Status
Abstract: The economically and ecologically catastrophic introduction of invasive brown treesnakes to the Pacific Island of Guam has long served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of invasive species and the seeming impossibility of their management on a landscape scale. USDA Wildlife Services and federal and private partners have engineered a system for the automated manufacture and aerial delivery of toxic baits for landscape-scale suppression of brown treesnakes in large and remote forest plots. The helicopter-borne dispensing module can launch four bait cartridges per second, and a single payload of 3,600 cartridges can treat 30 ha of forest at 120 baits/ha in 15 to 30 minutes depending on flightpath efficiency. In this paper we recap the research, development, testing, and implementation of the system, including the procedures for monitoring biological responses to bait applications during an experimental suppression within a 55-ha forest plot surrounded by a snake-proof barrier.
PubDate: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- The Challenges, Responsibility, and Need to Track Human-Coyote Conflicts
in California
Abstract: A common adage is “you can’t manage what you can’t measure.” How applicable this saying may be to wildlife conservation and management is debatable; however, understanding the “where,” “who,” and “why” of human-wildlife conflict can help managers evaluate and prioritize incident response and conflict mitigation efforts. It is critical to note that no tracking or reporting system is capable of effectively capturing all human-wildlife incidents. The format and functionality of the tracking system, how the system is advertised to the public, and who manages the system are all important factors in the accessibility, utility, and success of each tracking system. Here, we examine three different systems for tracking reported human-coyote incidents and encounters in California: 1) the Wildlife Incident Reporting system, operated by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife; 2) Coyote Cacher, operated by the University of California - Agricultural and Natural Resources Cooperative...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Predator-free New Zealand 2050: Fantasy or Reality'
Abstract: Possums, stoats, and rats introduced into previously mammal-free New Zealand (NZ) seriously impact our native flora and fauna. As a result, considerable research effort has focused on their control, with excellent success in the eradication of mammals from offshore islands. Unfortunately, we have run out of defendable, non-human occupied islands and the current focus is the NZ mainland, with a new government goal called Predator Free NZ 2050. In 2010, the Centre for Wildlife Management and Conservation started a research programme investigating new control and monitoring tools that could be used on the NZ mainland. More recently (2015) a privately funded research entity called Zero Invasive Predators Ltd (ZIP; both based at Lincoln University) was established with the goal of developing technologies to remove predators from large mainland areas and then defending them from reinvasion. ZIP has since demonstrated that a modified delivery technique for aerial 1080 can achieve near...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Use of A24 Self-resetting Traps for California Ground Squirrel
(Otospermophilus beecheyi) Control
Abstract: California ground squirrels have been implicated in causing damage to anthropogenic structures, critical infrastructure, sensitive wildlife species, and agricultural areas in California. Current methods employed to reduce the abundance of California ground squirrels include trapping, shooting, exclusion, fumigation, filling of burrows, natural predation, habitat modification, and use of rodenticides. Recent technological advances in rodent traps provide an opportunity to test CO2-powered, self-resetting traps to reduce California ground squirrel abundance. Goodnature A24 automatic rat+stoat traps deployed in three 80 × 80 m trapping arrays reduced the relative abundance of California ground squirrels on average by 84.8% over a period of nine days. When trapping arrays were compared to control arrays, A24 automatic traps also significantly reduced the relative abundance of California ground squirrels. Inspection of California ground squirrel carcasses indicated that A24 automatic...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Assessing Beaver Occupancy and Dam Building Potential: A Case Study in the
Umpqua Watershed of Southwestern Oregon
Abstract: Interest in beaver-related restoration is growing in the western U.S. but understanding the basic ecology of American beaver and their population dynamics is often overlooked when integrating beaver into stream restoration goals. Our study investigated the spatial-temporal distribution of beaver colonies and their damming activities to better inform stream restoration projects in the West Fork Cow Creek Basin of the Umpqua Watershed in southwestern Oregon. During fall 2017, we conducted beaver activity surveys at 144 randomly selected reaches predicted to be either suitable or unsuitable for damming, but suitable for beaver occupation. We categorized beaver use at each reach using assessments of their activities and time of last use. We recorded dam structure and impoundment characteristics at all identified dams. Evidence of beaver activity was documented at 57% of locations suitable for dam establishment and 48% of unsuitable dam sites. Beaver dams were found only in reaches...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Watching Out for Human Wildlife Conflicts and Vertebrate Pests in Southern
California: The Wildlife Watch Program
Abstract: Understanding residents’ perceptions and expectations surrounding wildlife species that some may consider “vertebrate pests” is an important element in developing socially acceptable, yet ecologically appropriate and scientifically sound, management strategies. Coyotes are a native wildlife species that are sometimes viewed as vertebrate pests. Human-coyote conflicts in southern California illustrate the importance of incorporating the social sciences, particularly knowledge of human behavior, communication and education, in a coyote management strategy. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife has developed Wildlife Watch as a community-based approach to coyote management across eight cities in Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Wildlife Watch (based on the Neighborhood Watch national crime prevention program) uses conservation-oriented principles to empower local communities, agencies, and residents to remove wildlife attractants and to exclude or deter coyotes from neighborhoods....
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Using Camera Traps to Evaluate Predator Urine Avoidance by Nuisance
Wildlife at a Rural Site in Central Missouri, U.S.A.
Abstract: Predator urine is sold commercially and marketed as a deterrent for nuisance wildlife. Previous studies have shown mixed support for this application. We assessed the potential application of coyote urine as a mesocarnivore deterrent at the Ozark Research Field Station in south-central Missouri. The field station is a 4-ha residential university property bordered by state conservation land and national forests. In Fall of 2019, bait stations were deployed at eight sites at the field station. A bait station consisted of one game camera and one bait pile (protein). Each bait station was deployed for 21 consecutive nights (eight sites × 21 nights = 168 trap nights). From days 7-14, coyote urine was deployed at all bait stations. Bait piles were weighed and refilled daily. Camera traps were assessed for battery charge and card storage daily. Bait removal, diversity, species composition, occurrence, activity, and abundance were compared among treatments. Raccoons were the most abundant...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Hybrid Wild Turkey Habitat Use in Utah: Implications for Agricultural
Conflicts
Abstract: The Utah wild turkey management plan identifies insufficient winter habitat (limited food resources) and low-quality breeding and summer habitat as high and medium priority concerns, respectively, for wild turkey management in Utah. Along the Escalante River, over 70 miles of riparian areas were treated to remove Russian olive and tamarisk, which could improve breeding and summer habitats. A challenge to wild turkey management is predicting how turkeys may adapt to habitat changes. We studied the seasonal habitat use of wild turkeys in Escalante, Utah to determine their basic habitat use and movements, and their use of treated areas. Turkeys had large summer home range sizes (females = 151.1 ±41.5 km2, males = 147.4 ±60.7 km2), suggesting fragmented habitats and limited resources. Summer habitat use showed two distinct patterns: use of lowland habitats along the Escalante River or use of higher elevation ponderosa, aspen, and pinyon habitats. Male and female turkeys frequently...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Utilizing Wireless Endoscopes to Capture Visual Nesting Data: An
Affordable Time Efficient Solution
Abstract: Collecting data with wildlife can present several challenges to researchers, especially when the species is a bird nesting at heights requiring a ladder. These challenges can include using time to efficiently to visit large quantities of nesting sites, the costs to purchase new technology, and minimizing disturbances to wild animals. In order to meet these parameters, our team came up with a solution to allow us to do head counts and note general nesting behavior of barn owls, a biological control agent of voles. Our solution cost just $60 to provide equipment for a trained volunteer or researcher to collect this data on their own. Each team member uses a wireless endoscope, a small LED flashlight, a painter’s pole, and a smart phone to collect data in the field without a need for cell phone service. This solution allows more data collectors to participate for less money and time. Otherwise, this would require more costly equipment and the setup and usage of ladders. Usage of...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Placebo Bait Uptake Trial to Test Feasibility of Polynesian Rat (Rattus
exulans) Eradication on Wake Atoll
Abstract: Rodent eradications have contributed to the recovery of many threatened species, but challenges often exist for campaigns that occur on tropical islands when compared to more temperate regions. A post-operational review of a rat eradication operation on Wake Atoll indicated that certain areas, such as those with high alternative food abundance, may have contributed to the failure to remove all Polynesian rats. We conducted a nontoxic bait uptake trial to evaluate whether the maximum prescribed bait application rate for Brodifacoum-25W rodenticide pellets was sufficient to expose all rats to a lethal dose at three sites on Wake Atoll, including around a solid waste aggregation area (SWAA), which was previously identified as “high risk.” We monitored bait persistence and condition throughout the treatment period as well as rat movement via radio tracking. Bait uptake by rats was also assessed by trapping and examination of rat orifices and gastrointestinal contents for pyranine...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Trappability of Low Density Invasive Rats
Abstract: On Aotea/Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, two invasive rat species (Pacific rats and ship rats) pose risks to the ecosystems and challenge the management in two sanctuaries. At Glenfern Sanctuary (83 ha) an eradication has successfully removed ship rats and a predator-proof fence prevents reinvasion. However, Pacific rats persist in low abundance. At Windy Hill Sanctuary (770 ha) intensive rodent control maintains both species at low abundance despite ongoing reinvasion. A capture-mark-recapture study was conducted between February and April in 2016 and repeated between July and September 2017 to determine population densities, confirm species composition, and analyse the effects of time, population density, and interspecific competition on rat behaviour. Live traps were monitored with camera traps to analyse behaviour of rats around traps. Population density and detection probability of Pacific rats varied between times reflecting seasonality in food abundance and rat reproduction....
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Tropical Island Rodent Eradications: A Proposed Model to Improve Outcomes
Abstract: Recent failures of tropical island rat eradications have spurred a re-appraisal of the approach required to increase the success rate. A review of some failures implies that direct transfer of the temperate island eradication strategy to tropical islands, based on a ‘seasonal vulnerability’ model, may be erroneous, and particularly so for ‘wet’ tropical islands with year-round breeding by rodents. A new model based on intra-specific competition is proposed, with suggested research avenues to tease out aspects of rodent population dynamics that may make rodents vulnerable to eradication techniques in tropical islands.
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- The Lord Howe Island Rodent Eradication: Lessons Learnt from an Inhabited
Island
Abstract: The 2019 rodent eradication on 1,455-ha Lord Howe Island was the second and largest attempted on a permanently inhabited island. With 350 residents, it presented numerous novel challenges, resulting in an operation best summarised in four words: Compromise, Commensal, Complexity, and Cost. A ground-based operation was conducted across the built-up portion of the island, some 300 ha, with aerial bait applied on forested higher ground (1,200 ha); brodifacoum was used exclusively for this attempted eradication. Initial community resistance and the presence of mice meant that almost 19,000 external bait stations were established within the Settlement, on a 10-m grid. The intensive grid was expected to result in numerous bait stations within rodents’ home ranges. An additional 3,500 internal bait stations were put in all buildings and 9,500 hand-broadcast points overlapped the aerial and bait station boundaries. Over 60 field staff were employed locally, from Australia and overseas,...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- A Preliminary Field Evaluation of Candidate Repellents to Reduce Black
Bear Damage to Western Larch Trees
Abstract: Bear damage to western larch trees on intensively managed public and private forest lands of the Intermountain West continues to be a problem for forest managers. Bark stripping and subsequent cambium feeding by bears commences upon den emergence in the spring, when foraging options are most restrictive. Various damage reduction methods are often controversial (snaring, hunting, supplemental feeding), or do not always adequately resolve the problem (silvicultural strategies); hence, a need exists for the development of alternative nonlethal techniques to reduce damage. We tested the efficacy of three candidate repellents (Hot Sauce®, Tree Guard™, and grizzly bear feces) to reduce spring/summer bear damage to western larch trees on reforestation units in northern Idaho. Plots were laid out and treated in early June and examined for damage four months later. Thirty-four of 300 (11.3%) treated trees were damaged by black bears. Of the newly damaged trees, the highest damage rates...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Effectiveness of A24 Automatic Traps for Landscape Level Rodent Control
Abstract: Beginning in 2009, the Army’s Natural Resource Program on O’ahu implemented the first of three ecosystem-scale rat trapping grids of traditional snap traps in the Waianae Mountains using the model outlined in The New Zealand Department of Conservation’s current best practices for kill-trapping rats. Traps were generally checked every two weeks, but bait often remained palatable for just a few nights due to slug interference. Because of the amount of labor required for single set traps, trials with Goodnature A24 self-resetting traps were conducted from 2014-2016. Early findings showed that traps were malfunctioning at a rate of ~25% and there were major deficiencies with the bait and bait-delivery system. In 2016 the bait system was improved when Goodnature developed the automatic lure pump that continually releases fresh bait for ~4-6 months. Other improvements were also made to the A24 trap to decrease the malfunction rate. In 2017, we replaced more than 1,300 snap traps at...
PubDate: Thu, 5 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Flavor Preference of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits by Small Indian Mongooses
(Herpestes auropunctatus) in Southwestern Puerto Rico
Abstract: The small Indian mongoose is an invasive pest species and rabies reservoir in Puerto Rico and other islands in the Caribbean. In the United States and Europe, rabies in wild carnivores is largely controlled through oral rabies vaccination (ORV), but no ORV program for mongooses exists. The oral rabies vaccine currently licensed for use in wild carnivores in the United States has not been reported as immunogenic for mongooses. A mongoose-specific bait has been developed but field-based bait flavor preference trials have not been performed in Puerto Rico. We evaluated removal of egg-flavored (treatment) vs. unflavored (control), water-filled placebo ORV baits in a subtropical dry forest in southwestern Puerto Rico from 2014-2015. During six trials at four plots we distributed 350 baits (175 treatment and 175 control) and monitored baits for five days or until at least 50% of baits had been removed or were rendered unavailable to mongooses due to inundation by fire ants. The estimated...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- A Case Study of the Eviction of a Female Bobcat and Her Four Kittens from
a Suburban Backyard in Fremont, California
Abstract: Since 2000, the Alameda County Vector Control Services District has received only 10 requests for service regarding bobcats. Seven of those cases have occurred in the past three years. Of those, only one case has involved the bobcats creating a den on a residential property. This is the case study of a mother bobcat and four kittens denning in the backyard of a suburban home in Fremont, California. The eviction of the bobcats from the deck of the vacant home was completed in May and June of 2019. During a four-week period, a wide range of eviction techniques were used, including noise, light, and water harassment, along with eviction fluid and human presence. This experience gave us the opportunity to observe and record the behaviors of bobcats living in a suburban environment and to test various eviction methods that had previously been untested in Alameda County. After four weeks of continuous humane harassment, the eviction was successful.
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Vampire Bats: Preparing for Range Expansion into the U.S.
Abstract: The common vampire bat apparently is expanding its range northwards in Mexico and seems poised to enter the southern United States. Climate models predict suitable habitat in the U.S. in south Texas and parts of southern Arizona. While vampire bats’ northward range expansion is not unexpected, the fact that this species brings a strain of rabies that impacts livestock and people warrants a strategic response. Annual economic damages from bats are estimated between $7M and $9M, largely associated with deaths of livestock from rabies. To prepare for the emerging rabies issue, USDA Wildlife Services programs in Texas and Arizona have begun training employees to recognize symptoms and respond to bat presence. Surveillance of livestock at sale barns and on ranches is designed to maximize the opportunity to detect bat bites in livestock. Outreach on the issue, via one-on-one training and a DVD handout to landowners along both sides of the border, has been initiated. This paper details...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Towards a Predator Free New Zealand
Abstract: New Zealand biodiversity is highly endemic and suffers from extreme loss due to habitat destruction and invasive mammalian predators. Building on New Zealand’s expertise in mammal eradications on offshore islands, the New Zealand government recently announced NZ$28 million to initiate the process to eradicate invasive rats, possums, and mustelids from the New Zealand mainland by 2050. Predator Free 2050 Ltd was established to distribute these funds to groups who could demonstrate local eradication and landscape scale suppression of predators, and lever additional funding to achieve their goals. Not surprisingly, this programme has raised a few eyebrows, enthralled people, angered others, or kick-started a tranche of new biodiversity protection projects across the country. Whatever one’s perspective, the bar has been set very high, and consequently has engaged a lot of people in the thinking, planning, and on-the-ground action. This is one of the most exciting times in New Zealand’s...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Are TNR Practices Contributing to Human-Coyote Conflicts in Southern
California'
Abstract: Coyotes are among the most successful carnivores in urban and suburban environments, which has increasingly led to conflicts with pets and people in southern California. One possible contributor to high coyote population densities and human-coyote conflicts is an abundance of free-roaming domestic cats subsidized by backyard feeding and trap-neuter-release (TNR) programs. To determine if coyotes regularly eat free-roaming cats, we identified prey items in the stomachs of 311 coyotes between 2015 and 2018; specimens were either road-killed coyotes or coyotes taken as nuisance animals. We used two methods to estimate coyote diet: visual identification of stomach contents and molecular polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) analysis of prey remains in stomachs. A total of 245 coyotes stomachs contained identifiable food items, including 200 (43%) that contained mammalian prey (based on hair, bones, and tissue); 178 of these had sufficient tissue from which DNA could be extracted. Combining...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Development of a Rodent Bait with Slug-repellent Properties
Abstract: Since 1995, the Army’s Natural Resources Program on O‘ahu has been controlling rodents in O‘ahu’s forests to protect native plants, invertebrates, and birds. Bait longevity and attractiveness are keys to successful rodent trapping. Success is impeded when slugs interfere with bait intended for rodents. Slugs can consume all or a portion of the bait, make it less attractive to rodents via their slime, and large slugs can trigger the traps. The goal of this study was to determine whether food grade citric acid (up to 5% concentration) added to common rodent bait (i.e., commercial peanut butter and Goodnature lure) would repel slugs. We conducted several trials including where captive slugs were offered both a test (0.5-5% citric acid added) and control bait. We found slugs significantly preferred the control bait (i.e., bait without any citric acid) in the two-choice feeding experiment when the bait was Goodnature rat + mouse lure. Goodnature rat + mouse lure is the standard bait...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Evaluating Airsoft Electric Guns for Control of Invasive Brown Treesnakes
Abstract: Firearms are often used in lethal control of invasive vertebrates, but safety and regulatory aspects limit the circumstances under which they can be used. During August 2016 at the Brown Treesnake Project laboratory on Guam, we evaluated hobby‐grade Airsoft Electric Guns (AEGs; a lower powered, less‐hazardous, and less‐regulated alternative to firearms) for capture and control of small animals, with specific emphasis on invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis). Tests of AEGs differing in power with ammunition (plastic pellets) masses ranging from 0.20 to 0.39 g, fired at gelatin blocks from distances of 4, 8, and 12 m, showed that heavy ammunition is of overriding importance for maximizing lethality: 0.39‐g pellets penetrated more deeply at 12 m than did 0.20‐g pellets at 4 m. Inspection of tissue damage in brown treesnake carcasses subjected to fire with the 0.39‐g ammunition from the same distances suggested that injuries sustained by a direct hit from 12 m would often...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Paying for Prevention: Evaluating Arizona Rancher Spending to Avoid or
Reduce Livestock Conflicts with the Mexican Gray Wolf
Abstract: The reintroduction of the Mexican gray wolf to the southwest U.S. has been controversial because of documented wolf-livestock conflict (and fear of potential conflicts). Wolf-livestock interactions can lead to economic losses for ranchers directly from depredation and indirectly through physiological impacts on livestock such as weight loss. Ranchers report that, in addition to economic losses, they face additional management costs due to the presence of wolves. Relying on a survey of Arizona ranchers, this study explores ranchers’ attitudes toward wolf reintroduction, identifies and estimates the costs of management practices implemented by ranchers to avoid or reduce wolf-livestock conflicts, and examines how spending on preventative management practices, including the value of ranchers’ time, compares with net returns per cow under three different price scenarios: a low-price, mid-price, and high-price year. Building upon literature that finds ranchers are motivated by lifestyle...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- An Evaluation of Aggressive White-tailed Deer Behavior on a College Campus
Abstract: The Berry College campus has a population of white-tailed deer habituated to the presence of humans. One area of the campus contains residential houses, and apartments for faculty and staff. In this area, there have been numerous anecdotal reports, as well as photographic and video evidence, of white-tailed deer exhibiting aggressive behavior, particularly toward dogs being walked on leashes. In addition, deer following individuals or circling humans at a distance, making them uncomfortable, have been reported. The objective of this study was to document and establish the locations, frequency, and types of behaviors exhibited by deer in response to humans walking with and without leashed dogs. During the summer of 2019, a total of 13 instances of aggressive behavior were encountered by residents of the area and the investigators. In a majority of the events, (n = 12), deer would follow individuals with their dogs an average distance of 212.7 m ± 24.8 (100%), circle in front of...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Estimating the Number of Rodents Removed by Barn Owls Nesting in Boxes on
Winegrape Vineyards
Abstract: To mitigate the economic and environmental costs of rodent pests, winegrape producers in Napa Valley, California, have installed nest boxes to attract barn owls to their properties, but their effectiveness to control rodent pests in vineyards has not yet been thoroughly tested. A rigorous estimate of the number of rodents that barn owls remove from the landscape is a necessary step, and this study aimed to produce estimates of rodent removal and prey species composition by using remote nest box cameras. Results indicate that each barn owl chick received 170.2 ± 8.92 rodents before dispersing from the nest box. Combined with the average number of chicks fledged (3.62 ± 1.40), this finding indicates adults deliver on average 616 rodents per nest box, with low and high estimates ranging from 358 to 899 rodents. With conservative assumptions of owl survival and consumption during the non-breeding season, we estimate a barn family could remove 3,466 rodents in a full year (estimates...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Reflections on 25 Years of Global Conservation on Islands as We Enter into
the U.N. Decade of Restoration
Abstract: Since the year 1500, islands have been home to over 75% of known bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile extinctions. The majority of these have been caused by introduced species, particularly vertebrates such as rats, mice, cats, and ungulates. Arguably, the most damaging vertebrate taxon on island ecosystems is the rodents. Mice and rats have been implicated in around half of all bird and reptile extinctions. Rodents have been introduced now to over 80% of the world’s islands. Over the last 70+ years, conservationists around the world have been working to recover species and island ecosystems from the impacts of invasive species, particularly rodents, developing systematic approaches and techniques that are guided by principles of island invasive species eradication. The eradication of rodents from islands is not only possible, but has been completed on over 600 islands, from small offshore rocks to 400,000-ha South Georgia Island, with hundreds of native species protected from...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Does Diphacinone Application Strategy Affect Secondary Exposure Risk
Associated with Management of California Ground Squirrels'
Abstract: California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus spp.) are one of the most damaging vertebrate species in California agricultural systems, including rangelands. One of the primary tools used to mitigate damage caused by ground squirrels is rodenticide application. First-generation anticoagulants, such as diphacinone, are the most commonly used rodenticide for California ground squirrels and are applied in one of three methods: 1) spot treatments, 2) broadcast applications, and 3) bait stations. Spot treatments involve spreading bait very thinly by hand around a burrow entrance. Spot treatments tend to be time consuming, so they are generally only used to treat a small number of burrow systems. Broadcast applications require the use of a calibrated seed spreader. This allows easier application of bait to much larger areas. Bait stations house bait within a centralized location. They are used to exclude non-target access to bait by animals larger than the entrance of the bait station....
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Avian Pests of Cereal Crops in Rainforest and Savanna Agro-ecological
Zones, Ondo State, Nigeria
Abstract: The impacts of wildlife (especially birds) on agriculture cannot be underestimated, and result in human-wildlife conflicts. This study identified avian pests of rice and maize in two agro-ecological zones of Ondo State, Nigeria. Information gathered from informal interviews and questionnaires administered to FADAMA farmers in local communities, together with direct observations made over exploratory transects, were used to survey avian pests. A total of 27 avian pest species of rice and maize, belonging to nine families and three orders, were recorded in the two agro-ecological zones in Ondo State. In the savanna agro-ecological zone, a total of 18 avian pest species belonging to nine families and three orders were recorded, whereas in the rainforest agro-ecological zone, a total of 21 avian pest species belonging to eight families and two orders were recorded. Farmers revealed that bird damage is a serious problem which usually leads to reduction in yield, harvest quality, and...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Use of Rodenticide Bait Stations by Commensal Rodents in Southern
California
Abstract: Non-native, commensal rodents damage property and represent a significant public health hazard through the spread of diseases. Pest management professionals commonly use second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides, usually placed in tamper-proof bait stations, to control commensal rodents in urban areas; however, there are significant concerns about poisoning of native wildlife, especially through secondary exposure of predators and scavengers that consume prey killed by rodenticides. Behavioral responses of commensal and native rodents to bait stations are not well understood, especially at the urban-wildland interface. The goals of this project were to 1) determine temporal patterns of bait station use by commensal rodents; 2) identify factors that may influence bait station visitation by native species; and 3) devise simple mitigation techniques to reduce wildlife exposure to rodenticides. We deployed Reconyx™ PC800 digital cameras to monitor bait stations placed in 90 residential...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Exploiting Olfactory Habituation with Unrewarding Prey Cues to Reduce
Unwanted Predation
Abstract: Two fundamental processes in predator-prey interactions have never been exploited in pest control. First, predators constantly make foraging decisions to maximize their energy intake, thereby ignoring unrewarding food cues; and second, predators and prey frequently use chemical mimicry to avoid being recognized. Given olfaction is the primary sense of most mammalian species, we tested whether we could deceive generalist mammalian predators into ignoring the odor cues of secondary prey by repeatedly providing prey odor with no food reward until predators gave up and searched elsewhere. We habituated predators in the wild to bird odor by exposing them to odor extracted from commercially available bird species before native birds (double-banded plover, wrybill, pied oystercatchers) arrived for nesting. We continued the odor treatment during nesting to camouflage the birds’ real odor from that of the extracted odor. Chick production over a 25- to 35-day period in treated areas was...
PubDate: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000
- Good practice in vertebrate pest control
Abstract: The responsibilities for good practice in pest control is share among the general public, government agencies, and industry. The responsibilities appropriate to each of these groups is discussed in some detail, particularly in regard to the growing pest control industry in the U.S., and in particular, those within the industry who control wildlife damage. Among topics discussed are sanitation and other non-chemical means of pest management and control, guides to the safe use of pesticides, and the labeling of service containers (e.g., bait stations).
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Review of animal repellents
Abstract: Chemical repellents for both mammal and bird damage management are reviewed, with emphasis on recent research progress at the Denver Wildlife Research Center. Improvements in the process of chemical screening are described. Of more than 8,500 chemical compounds tested at both the Denver and Patuxent Research Center, no suitable repellents for use in product packaging has been found. Studies on repellents to reduce animal damage to wire and cable, especially to buried cable by pocket gophers, are under way. While little progress has been made on identifying compounds that are successful area repellents against mammals, contact repellents to protect plants in both agriculture and forestry applications have shown some success against rabbits and deer. Some success in repelling birds from seed and sprouting seed has been achieved in field tests. Recent literature citations are given.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- The summer European starling problem in Tulare County
Abstract: Growing populations of starlings have been causing increasing summer damage to grapes and figs in Tulare County, CA, since 1960. Losses in specific grape plantings range from “slight” to nearing 80% loss. Trials of various control methods have shown mixed results. Of the most successful are trapping, or trapping combined with toxic bait. Where statis populations occur, or where starlings stage or gather before going to roost, the modified Australian crow trap has shown success. Exposing bait (fresh grapes, or raisins dipped in a toxic solution of DRC-1339) in conjunction with the use of a trap as a decoy cage has proved promising. Where trapping or baiting are not feasible, some sites have been adequately protected using carbide or acetylene exploders or even shell crackers.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Closing remarks - Third Vertebrate Pest Conference
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Biological control of vertebrate pests
Abstract: This paper provides an in-depth understanding of the concept of biological control (biocontrol). In doing so, it interprets important biological principles of control methodology, and it intercalates these discussions with analysis of the biological backlashes and other ecological interactions that may be created whenever vertebrate “pests” are control by biological means. The concept “balance of nature” is explained, noting that only in the most remote area is human impact on the environment not present. The term “biological control” is defined as an attempt to reduce the population density of a pest species (e.g., increase mortality, reduce natality, or cause significant emigration) either by increasing predation, changing habitat conditions, introducing or stimulating epizootics, or by use of antifertility agents. The dynamics of vertebrate population are examined in detail. Detail discussion in provided on predators (both native and introduced), habitat modification, diseases,...
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Rodent problems on private forest lands in northwestern California
Abstract: The principal forest rodent control efforts, which attempt to reduce or prevent rodent damage to reforestation efforts, are described in terms of historical development and current practice. Following logging, the open canopy phase of forest rotation often creates environmental conditions that lead to dramatic increases in rodent damage. Investigations have helped develop information concern tree seed losses to rodents. Through field trials, a better understanding of the use of endrin as a seed repellent was obtained, including observations that mice “learned” to avoid endrin-treated seeds. Studies have also revealed more details about population levels and encroachment by seed-eating rodents such as Peromyscus maniculatus, Clethrionomys californicus, and Reithrodontomys. Future research needs regarding rodent control in forest habitats are discussed. Literature citations are provided.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- The role of the Agricultural Extension Service in vertebrate pest control
Abstract: The role of the farm advisor (county agent) in vertebrate pest control is discussed, with personal examples from San Mateo County, CA. Agents of the Agricultural Extension Service (Cooperative Extension) affiliated with the state’s Land Grant University serve in the capacity of assisting and facilitating research, conducting and facilitating education and training, and serving as a liaison for clientele as well as for those involved in wildlife damage management.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Measuring bird damage to corn
Abstract: This paper provides a detailed analysis of bird damage assessments to detect crop loss in corn. Measurement criteria, methods of loss calculation, and rate of sampling are discussed. In planning a strategy to measure crop loss, one needs to take into account distribution of damage as well as variation in measurement.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Rats, bombs, and paradise - the story of Eniwetok
Abstract: The history of introduction of Rattus species onto Pacific islands and their management are discussed. The Polynesian rat was transported among inhabited islands by Micronesians and Polynesians in their outrigger canoes. The larger roof rat was less widely distributed prior to World War II, and where resources are limited, locally it may push the Polynesian rat to extinction. The Norway rat does poorly in most tropical areas and is restricted to warehouse, dock, or residential areas. At Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, Polynesian rats were probably the only rodents present until after WW II, when roof rats were brough in along with supplies and equipment for the atomic testing program in the late 1940s or early 50s. It is speculated that Polynesian rats were exterminated by the atomic blast that denuded the island, while roof rats likely survived within protected cable tunnels or under concrete structures.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
- Opening comments - Third Vertebrate Pest Conference
PubDate: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +000
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