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- Retardation of acquisition after conditioned inhibition and latent
inhibition training in human causal learning.-
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Abstract: Inhibitory stimuli are slow to acquire excitatory properties when paired with the outcome in a retardation test. However, this pattern is also seen after simple nonreinforced exposure: latent inhibition. It is commonly assumed that retardation would be stronger for a conditioned inhibitor than for a latent inhibitor, but there is surprisingly little empirical evidence comparing the two in either animals or humans. Thus, retardation after inhibitory training could in principle be attributable entirely to latent inhibition. We directly compared the speed of excitatory acquisition after conditioned inhibition and matched latent inhibition training in human causal learning. Conditioned inhibition training produced stronger transfer in a summation test, but the two conditions did not differ substantially in a retardation test. We offer two explanations for this dissociation. One is that learned predictiveness attenuated the latent inhibition that otherwise would have occurred during conditioned inhibition training, so that retardation in that condition was primarily due to inhibition. The second explanation is that inhibitory learning in these experiments was hierarchical in nature, similar to negative occasion-setting. By this account, the conditioned inhibitor was able to negatively modulate the test excitor in a summation test, but was no more retarded than a latent inhibitor in its ability to form a direct association with the outcome. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/xan0000351
- The opportunity to compare similar stimuli can reduce the effectiveness of
features they hold in common.-
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Abstract: In three experiments, rats were given experience of flavored solutions AX and BX, where A and B represent distinctive flavors and X a flavor common to both solutions. In one condition, AX and BX were presented on the same trial separated by a 5-min interval (intermixed preexposure). In another condition, each daily trial consisted of presentations of only AX or only BX (blocked preexposure). The properties acquired by stimulus X were then tested. Experiment 1 showed that after intermixed preexposure X was less able to interfere with a conditioned response established to a different flavor. Experiment 2 showed that X was less effective at overshadowing when trained in compound with another flavor. Simple conditioning, with X as the conditioned stimulus, was not sensitive to the form of preexposure (Experiment 3). These results indicate that the opportunity to compare similar stimuli that is provided by presenting them in close succession can change the properties of features they hold in common, making these features less effective when tested in compound with other stimuli. A loss of effectiveness by such features would contribute to the perceptual learning effect, the enhancement of subsequent discrimination, that is generated by prior exposure to closely spaced similar stimuli. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/xan0000349
- Externalizing forgetting: Delay testing in a long operant chamber.
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Abstract: In a long operant chamber, pigeons were trained to discriminate between 4-s and 12-s samples in a symbolic matching-to-sample task. Subsequently, delay and no-sample test trials were introduced. The location in the chamber in which the trial started and each comparison was presented varied across three experiments. Our main goals were to assess the effect of the delay and to compare preferences on delayed and no-sample trials. Both pigeons’ preferences and their movement patterns were analyzed. In Experiments 1 and 3, pigeons learned to move immediately to the location where the correct comparison would be presented, allowing them to select a comparison at its onset and receive reinforcement. In Experiment 2, some birds moved differently—probably reflecting an interaction of travel distance with outcome certainty. On delay testing, as the delay increased, accuracy decreased and the pigeons tended to move to the middle of the chamber, irrespective if that location was associated with the beginning of the trials or with one of the comparisons. Inserting a delay seemed to lead to a disruption where stimulus control by the sample was reduced and replaced by control by the location at the moment of choice. On no-sample delayed testing, pigeons also showed a tendency to move toward the middle of the chamber, which was combined with a preference for the comparison associated with the short sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/xan0000353
- Intricacies of running a route without success in night-active bull ants
(Myrmecia midas).-
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Abstract: How do ants resolve conflicts between different sets of navigational cues during navigation' When two cue sets point to diametrically opposite directions, theories predict that animals should pick one set of cues or the other. Here we tested how nocturnal bull ants Myrmecia midas adjust their paths along established routes if route following does not lead to their entry into their nest. During testing, foragers were repeatedly placed back along their homeward route up to nine times, a procedure called rewinding. This procedure produced an accumulating path integrator, or vector, in diametric opposition to the learned landmark views of the route. Repeated rewinding made some individuals head initially in the nest-to-feeder vector direction, but all ants ended up using the visual scene for homing, demonstrating the importance of view-based homing in this species. Repeated rewinding, however, led to path deteriorations; with increased path meander and scanning, results also found in desert ants. After nine rewinding trips, ants were displaced off their route in further manipulations, to a site near the nest, an unfamiliar site, or with the terrestrial surround entirely covered. The results show that a change in visual conditions diminished the weight accorded to path integration: the off-route ants no longer headed off in the vector direction as they did on the immediately preceding trial. They relied on celestial compass cues in other ways for homing. Experiment 2 showed the effects of rewinding in the unaltered natural habitat were not view-specific in these bull ants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/xan0000350
- Focused-attention mindfulness increases sensitivity to current schedules
of reinforcement.-
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Abstract: Four experiments explored the impact of focused-attention mindfulness training on human performance on free-operant schedules of reinforcement. In each experiment, human participants responded on a multiple random ratio (RR), random interval (RI) schedule. In all experiments, responding was higher on RR than RI schedules, despite equated rates of reinforcement. A 10-min focused-attention mindfulness intervention (focused attention) produced greater differentiation between schedules than relaxation training (Experiments 1, 2, and 4), or no intervention (Experiment 3). Focused-attention mindfulness improved learning when the schedules associated with components of the multiple schedule were reversed. This occurred irrespective of whether the focused-attention mindfulness was before (Experiment 2) or after (Experiments 3 and 4) initial training, or whether compared to relaxation (Experiments 2 and 4) or no intervention (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, following multiple RR, RI training, focused-attention mindfulness increased sensitivity to contingency reversal and did not interfere with previous training in a group that did not receive a contingency reversal. In contrast, relaxation training did not facilitate reversal learning and interfered with previous learning. The results suggest that focused-attention mindfulness improves awareness of operative contingencies by focusing participants on the present, rather than reducing interference from previous learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/xan0000352
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