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Authors:Nicholas Rawlings, Dimitris Papanikolaou Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. The ability of architects to collaborate and work in parallel on digital assets is limited by pessimistic strategies for managing shared files. The software engineering community has worked around this problem by adopting optimistic version control techniques, which rely on the ability to diff, patch, and merge versions of the files they manage. Unfortunately, the diffing, patching, and merging algorithms in existing version control systems are designed to work with text, and not with the types of files, such as 3D models, most commonly used by architects. This paper presents a high-level design for a command line program capable of diffing, patching, and merging openNURBS models, an open source 3D model format that enjoys widespread use among architects and other designers. Key algorithms are illustrated through simple geometric examples, and future plans to integrate the program into an existing version control system are described. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2023-02-28T05:13:23Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771231154485
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Authors:Gozde Damla Turhan, Guzden Varinlioglu, Murat Bengisu Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Recent studies in digital design and fabrication processes focus on the potentials of using biological systems in nature as mathematical models or more recently as bio-based materials and composites in various applications. The reciprocal integration between mechanical and digital media for designing and manufacturing bio-based products is still open to development. The current digital form-finding scripts involve an extensive material list, although bio-based materials have not been fully integrated yet. This paper explores a customized form-finding process by suggesting a framework through mechanically informed material-based computation. Bacterial cellulose, an unconventional yet potential material for design, was explored across its biological growth, tensile properties, and the integration of datasets into digital form finding. The initial results of the comparison between digital form finding with conventional materials versus mechanically informed digital form finding revealed a huge difference in terms of both the resulting optimum geometry and the maximum axial forces that the geometry could actually handle. Although this integration is relatively novel in the literature, the proposed methodology has proven effective for enhancing the structural optimization process within digital design and fabrication and for bringing us closer to real-life applications. This approach allows conventional and limited material lists in various digital form finding and structural optimization scripts to cover novel materials once the quantitative mechanical properties are obtained. This method has the potential to develop into a commercial algorithm for a large number of bio-based and customized prototypes within the context of digital form finding of complex geometries. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2023-02-25T07:54:29Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771231159239
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Authors:Yifan Zhou, Hyoung-June Park Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. The goal of this paper is to develop an interactive web-based machine learning application to assist architects with multimodal inputs (sketches and textual information) for conceptual design. With different textual inputs, the application generates the architectural stylistic variations of a user’s initial sketch input as a design inspiration. A novel machine learning model for the multimodal input application is introduced and compared to others. The machine learning model is performed through procedural training with the content curation of training data (1) to control the fidelity of generated designs from the input and (2) to manage their diversity. The web-based interface is at its work in progress as a frontend of the proposed application for better user experience and future data collection. In this paper, the framework of the proposed interactive application is explained. Furthermore, the implementation of its prototype is demonstrated with various examples. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2023-01-05T04:34:23Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221147605
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Authors:Ruwan Fernando, Ruby Michael Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Evolutionary design (ED) is a strategy that makes use of computational power to couple generative techniques with evaluation methods, to put forward designs that are better with each iteration. In this research, we present a representation scheme for solving spatial layout problems that is simple to implement as well as extend. The mechanisms for evaluation and mutation are defined and also shown to be extendable. Ultimately, the topic explored here is the ways in which ED and computation can enhance our design thinking and how computers can provide the background to new design processes and workflows. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2023-01-04T06:38:35Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221148778
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Authors:Andre Brown First page: 3 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print.
Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2023-01-14T10:12:29Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771231153022
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Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print.
Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-08-08T04:53:38Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221093272
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Authors:Sverre Magnus Haakonsen, Anders Rønnquist, Nathalie Labonnote First page: 5 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Shape grammars allow a designer to explore a diverse and broad design space. Especially among architects and engineers, the opportunity to evaluate numerous alternatives in the conceptual phase facilitates creativity. Since the introduction of shape grammars 50 years ago, significant research and development have been performed: new applications, combinations with optimisation and integration in digital environments, among others. Consequently, there is a need to map the existing literature to encourage further progress in the field and a lower threshold for those interested in learning more about shape grammars. This study, therefore, presents a systematic mapping of shape grammars in architecture and engineering. Mapping is performed by identifying a query of relevant keywords used in five databases, with the results forming the basis of the mapping. Each of the included articles is then screened to filter out those that do not fit the content criteria. The remaining publications are then evaluated and organised based on the attributes’ application, research type, implementation, engineering and optimisation. The outcome is organised in explanatory illustrations and tables. The final discussion highlights the extensive work performed with shape grammars in the generation of two-dimensional floor plans, an increase in digital development in recent years and the need for further research. The findings indicate a gap between the state of the art and the necessary level of applicability for shape grammars to be an attractive design tool, especially for non-experts. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-05-20T01:17:17Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221089882
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Authors:Gizem Özerol, Semra Arslan Selçuk First page: 23 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Through the recent technological developments within the fourth industrial revolution, artificial intelligence (AI) studies have had a huge impact on various disciplines such as social sciences, information communication technologies (ICTs), architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC). Regarding decision-making and forecasting systems in particular, AI and machine learning (ML) technologies have provided an opportunity to improve the mutual relationships between machines and humans. When the connection between ML and architecture is considered, it is possible to claim that there is no parallel acceleration as in other disciplines. In this study, and considering the latest breakthroughs, we focus on revealing what ML and architecture have in common. Our focal point is to reveal common points by classifying and analyzing current literature through describing the potential of ML in architecture. Studies conducted using ML techniques and subsets of AI technologies were used in this paper, and the resulting data were interpreted using the bibliometric analysis method. In order to discuss the state-of-the-art research articles which have been published between 2014 and 2020, main subjects, subsets, and keywords were refined through the search engines. The statistical figures were demonstrated as huge datasets, and the results were clearly delineated through Sankey diagrams. Thanks to bibliometric analyses of the current literature of WOS (Web of Science), CUMINCAD (Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD, and CAAD futures), predictable data have been presented allowing recommendations for possible future studies for researchers. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-05-17T05:34:11Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221100102
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Authors:Hossein Soltan Rahmati, Mohammad Hossein Ayatollahi First page: 42 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Morphological theories in architecture are more popular than ever partly due to the rapid developments in computational techniques. This rapid development, however, is more fruitful when it is informed of the philosophical and ethical bases of such techniques. The neglected historical case of Benjamin W. Betts, an architect of the late Victorian Britain, is an early example of the effects of philosophical presuppositions on computable theories of morphogenesis in arts and architecture. The aims of this study are to shed light on his motivations and sources of inspiration, and also to present an algorithm for his procedure. We used the only book available on the Betts' works in addition to archival materials to conduct the research. Betts was under heavy influence of Idealism and Oriental thought in his symbology and the morphogenetic procedure he designed. The Python/Grasshopper algorithm for Rhino presented in this paper produces two dimensional Betts' diagrams that can be used as an educational tool or an opportunity of enjoying the beauty of mathematical forms, and the immense variety they offer thanks to parameterization. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-06-05T04:00:10Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221106152
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Authors:Bhoomika Umashankar First page: 67 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Architects aspire to build iconic buildings and focus on experimenting with non-standard forms. The construction of non-standard forms is challenging. This has led many researchers and facade designers to develop and resolve the complexity of forms to simpler, buildable elements. In this progress, the tessellation of non-standard surfaces has experimented considerably with different approaches using computational tools. All the approaches from researchers or facade engineers have limited access for every designer. As they develop patented software or use any coding languages which are not accessed by any open-source platform. Hence in academia, it is difficult to experiment in this domain. This paper analyzes the existing panalization computational tools and different approaches used by researchers worldwide in developing complex curved surfaces. Analyzing the relevant cases led to identifying the gap in current research. This has led to investigate and explore a new algorithmic process using an existing computational tool: Agent-based modeling on an open-source tool (Grasshopper-Visual programming language), which is phase -1 of the Master’s thesis. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-08-16T07:03:04Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221120693
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Authors:Seyed Hossein Zargar, Jaleh Sadeghi, Nathan C. Brown First page: 84 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Agent-based modelling (ABM) is a complex problem-solving approach that can be employed in early-stage parametric design, and certain design applications may benefit from such a bottom-up strategy. This research investigates the potential of ABM for structural design optimization. A case study of a form-found cantilevered truss is presented that has a doubly curved shape over a regular grid, resulting in individual members with different lengths across the structure. It is hypothesized that an agent-based approach might generate an irregular grid of similar or better structural performance, but with more uniform length of individual elements. This approach could be useful when designing a global structural form from a kit of parts or adaptively reusing a disassembled existing structure with regular member lengths. A series of ABM simulations are conducted with different hyperparameters, and the generated designs are compared to the original form-found shape in terms of structural performance. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-11-30T03:12:43Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221143493
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Authors:Djordje Stojanovic, Milica Vujovic, Yi Ding, Milan Katic First page: 100 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. This paper introduces modular and context-aware evaporative cooling for the outdoor urban environment as a physical structure that could be implemented at various scales and physical contexts. We propose a technique for collecting occupancy and climatic data to create a computational context and optimise its operation. We then outline a concept for developing a predictive algorithm that would further enhance its performance. The research focuses on the interaction between the proposed system and the environment and establishes an evidence-based technique to balance the temperature drop and the humidity it generates. The study combines architectural design, mechanical engineering and computer science to enable the upscaled application of evaporative cooling to help reduce local heat accumulation in cities. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-05-20T09:36:31Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221095307
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Authors:Ahmad A Fouad, Ahmed El Antably First page: 120 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Spatial behavior is a principal aspect for architects to consider. Unfortunately, it is sometimes hard to predict, as users of space seldom follow a standard routine. However, predicting user behavior in a space can potentially illuminate the entire design process. Moreover, it is a key factor in fighting the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Until most of the public gets their vaccine, health officials recommend social distancing as the primary means of fighting the pandemic. This paper uses an agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) approach to reproduce, analyze, and predict spatial behavior during the pandemic in a school environment and its impact on disease propagation. The simulation reproduces the behavior of teachers and students at a sample elementary school. By manipulating parameters that simulate the school officials' response to the pandemic, stakeholders can assess the most effective preventive measures. As a result of running multiple scenarios, the study demonstrates how varying starting conditions and alternate spatial behaviors could lead to different results, providing insight to stakeholders on how to handle disease spread in school environments. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-05-05T03:08:03Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221089886
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Authors:David William Newton First page: 136 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. Mental health disorders, such as depression, have been estimated to account for the largest proportion of global disease burden. Existing research has established significant correlations between the built environment and mental health. This research, however, has relied on traditional statistical methods that are not amenable to working with large remote sensing image-based datasets. This research addresses this challenge and contributes new knowledge and a novel method for using generative deep learning for urban analysis and synthesis tasks involving mental health. The research specifically investigates three mental state measures: depression, anxiety, and the perception of safety. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the process—providing a new method to find correlational signals, while providing insights on the correlation between specific urban design features and the incidence of depression. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-05-18T12:55:05Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221089885
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Authors:Sara Dotta Correa, Carlos Eduardo Verzola Vaz First page: 158 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. This work presents the second stage of a larger study which conducted the elaboration of a shape grammar based on the analysis of the remaining fishing villages in the Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. The architectural and formal structure of the villages provide a perspective of the constructive methods and features embedded in the spatial arrangements and represent a local cultural heritage site. The aim of the present work relies on unraveling its spatial resources using a shape grammar approach, in order to contribute to the preservation of a distinct culture, and is intended to be used to safeguard its formal language planning. Also, through the analytical grammar, it would be possible to contribute in framing design guidelines regarding the remaining villages, to keep it steady on the traditional context, safeguarding its peculiar character. As such, the method in this body of work considered the analysis resulting from the first stage, in order to develop an analytical shape grammar using Garopaba village as a case of study. This stage involved the establishment of a formal language for the analytical grammar, consisting of initial form, vocabulary, families, and spatial relations, and thus, a series of rules emerged, decoding the composition arrangements. The results involved the verification of the considered parameters, confirming the existence of spatial patterns. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the grammar contributes to identifying the occupation process occupation and the spatial patterns which underlies an artisanal fishing village. Also, the grammar allowed the creation of urban compositions similar to the structure of traditional fishing communities in Santa Catarina, generating different discussions regarding the analytical approach towards fishing villages arrangements, compared to the examples studied, specifically, in Garopaba city. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-09-27T09:51:25Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221124698
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Authors:Fadime Diker, Mesut Arslan, İlker Erkan First page: 188 Abstract: International Journal of Architectural Computing, Ahead of Print. In this study, it is aimed to develop an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model that can estimate tread width values based on the physical characteristics of people and suitable for comfort and safety needs. The input values were obtained by measuring the height, step, and shoe sole lengths of the sample group of 200 people. For the tread width value to be used as output value, a prototype stair model in which different step sizes can be experienced was used. The tread width value obtained by using the test data in the developed ANFIS model was compared with the tread width value obtained from the experimental study. It has been concluded that the ANFIS model developed as a result of the comparison can be used as an efficient tool in estimating the value of stair tread width, which can meet people’s physical comfort needs. Citation: International Journal of Architectural Computing PubDate: 2022-04-15T03:57:15Z DOI: 10.1177/14780771221082252
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