 Subjects -> ARCHITECTURE (Total: 219 journals)
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- The Effect of Sugar Palm Fiber Content on the Marshall Performance of Hot
Mix Buton-Asphalt Mixture
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Ludfi Djakfar Rahayu Kusumaningrum Theo Adhitya Kusuma and Abid Hartisah Rahman With large natural asphalt deposit sits in its soils, Indonesia should not worry regarding the availability of the pavement material in the near future. However, this natural asphalt, called Buton Asphalt, has some deficiency in terms of its ability to sustain crack. Therefore, it should be modified with material resisted to cracking. One of such materials is palm sugar fiber. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of adding palm sugar fiber to the hot mix Buton-asphalt mixture based on the Marshall characteristics. The sugar palm fiber was varied at 0.2-0.4% of the mixture weight at 0.5-1.5cm fiber length. The mixture preparation conformed to the 2018 Bina Marga Specifications. The result showed that the mixture's optimal sugar palm fiber content was 0.2% of the mixture weight with a length of 0.5 cm. Adding sugar palm fiber increased Marshall stability up to 3.11% and Marshall Quotient by 15.56%. VMA and VIM also increased to 7.97% and 33.76%, respectively. The Marshall flow, however, decreased to 13.07%. The result indicates that adding sugar palm fiber to the mixture improved the mixture's performance. Therefore, for future use, it is recommended to add this fiber as the modifier. As for future research, other types of fiber such as coconut fiber should also be investigated for its potential use in Buton Asphalt mix.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Evaluation of Dam Foundation's Grouting Efficiency Based on Lugeon Values
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Bambang Risharnanda Suhardjono Andre Primantyo H. and Runi Asmaranto Grouting plays an important role in improving the dam foundation and reducing the permeability in Lugeon values. The precise assessment of the dam foundation grouting's quality has grown to be a top priority. The effectiveness of the grouting method for decreasing Lugeon values in the dam foundation has not been certainly revealed. The foundation of the dam is weathered lapilli tuff and gravelly sand is a typical porous weathered rock. The grouting has been performed as a down-stage, in which the grout hole is drilled in stages using a pneumatic packer. The improvement of the dam foundation by grouting is evaluated by comparing the first permeability (permeability before grouting) and secondary permeability (permeability after grouting) by using Lugeon values with a water pressure test (WPT). This test employed 608 data which included the first permeability, depth, grout take, and secondary permeability. This study has revealed that the first permeability for low permeability values (1 – 5 Lu) in depths of 5-30 m does not exist. The grout take ranges from 12.79 to 2212.09 kg/m. Finally, secondary permeability for depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30m is 15.00%, 20.00%, 19.30%, 43.81%, 48.05%, 69.57% respectively. This paper focuses on evaluating dam foundation improvement with a grouting method in Bajulmati Dam by using the permeability, grout takes and conditions of rock mass discontinuities. Thus, the results are expected to be applicable to assess the quality of curtain grouting.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Accessibility and Connectivity of Connecting Road Probolinggo - Lumajang
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Budi Sugiarto Waloejo Imma Widyawati Agustin Septiana Hariyani and Calvin Elyana Chan The Probolinggo-Lumajang area is an access road that is one of the development priorities. Therefore, it is necessary to study the connectivity of the road infrastructure. Improvements in connectivity are carried out to facilitate the movement of people who will cross the area and also increase the potential in the area. With the improvement in access, developments in other fields in the region can therefore increase. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the accessibility and connectivity of the road that connects Probolinggo and Lumajang districts. This study used the accessibility index analysis and connectivity index analysis. The results showed that the accessibility index has a medium density category. The medium density category has a minimum accessibility index value of 0.50, so the accessibility index value of the Probolinggo-Lumajang Connecting District is categorized as not appropriate (low) with the existing parameters of 0.02 or less than 0.50. The connectivity index value in each link between the connecting sub-districts has 2 classifications, namely low and high. The results of this study contributed to the Governments of Lumajang Regency and Probolinggo Regency in preparing directions to improve the accessibility of the Lumajang - Probolinggo road section by offering a solution to adding 2 new road alignments, namely Tiris Road to Ranuyoso Road and Kuripan Road, Bantaran Road to Ranuyoso Road with road lengths of 14.08 km and 9.50 km respectively. The addition of a new road alignment was carried out as an alternative for drivers to be able to go directly to the primary collector road by avoiding congestion caused by market activities.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Impact of Traffic Volume on the Pollution Cost, Value of Time, and Travel
Time Cost in Jakarta City Centre Area
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Asep Yayat Nurhidayat Hera Widyastuti Sutikno Dwi Phalita Upahita and Annissa Roschyntawati Traffic congestion is one of the major concerns in the transportation system. The domination of private car as the primary mode of transport in big cities, including Jakarta, has caused negative impacts such as increase of congestion and air pollution. Traffic congestion in Jakarta can be considered quite severe, with an average travel speed of only 15 km/hour. Meanwhile, the use of public transportation continues to decline. Traffic congestion causes high fuel consumption, increased vehicle operation cost, increased travel time, reduced air quality, and increased traffic accident rate. This study aims to analyze the impact of traffic congestion by using congestion cost as a proxy to represent the potential loss. Two major roads in Jakarta, Gadjah Mada and Hayam Wuruk Street were chosen as the study location. The total generalized cost was calculated from several aspects: vehicle operation cost, pollution cost, and time value, based on the actual and perceived traffic conditions. The congestion cost was calculated as the differences between actual condition and perceived condition. It represents the potential loss caused by traffic congestion. The result shows a significant increase in vehicle operation cost, pollution cost, and value of time due to congestion. The results also indicate that users perceived lower travel time and generalized cost than the actual condition. The congestion cost in Hayam Wuruk Street is IDR 12.149/vehicle, while congestion cost for Gadjah Mada Street is IDR 11.692/vehicle. It means that users experienced higher potential loss due to congestion in Hayam Wuruk Street than Gadjah Mada Street. The result can be served as the basis for developing the implementation model of congestion cost in Jakarta.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Validation of the Guidelines for Sustainable Construction of
Industrialized Building System (IBS)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Riduan Yunus Bambang Trigunarsyah Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid Syamsul Herman Mohammad Afandi and Salman Riazi Mehdi Riazi Validation of developed guidelines is vital to ensure their applicability and accuracy in responding to real scenarios within the local context. A case study was adopted in this research to assess the application of developed guidelines in a real scenario that improves sustainability for Industrialized Building System (IBS) projects. This process ensures the significance of the guidelines as a decision tool in promoting sustainability. Every process and procedure was validated to ensure the guidelines could be used in the actual projects. It is important to demonstrate on advantages and benefits of the guidelines to explicitly assist the design team in making the best decision. There are five criteria in selecting the appropriate case projects, namely 1) location, 2) information accessibility, 3) method of construction, 4) high-impact projects for the community and 5) IBS Score. Only non-residential buildings were selected in this study. This study's two data collection methods are semi-structured interviews and documents review. Eleven (11) respondents from the management team were selected to participate in the interviews. The results show that the respondents confirmed that the guidelines appropriately apply in the construction industry. Similar results were achieved, and sustainability was improved in the selected projects. All participants' comments and recommendations were synthesised to improve the project outputs. Accordingly, improved guidelines were developed that significantly improved the sustainable deliverables of IBS applications.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Effectiveness of the Traffic Space on the Trans Papua Road Section in
Central Papua, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Agustinus Matius Tahoba Muhammad Yamin Jinca and Windra Priatna Humang The Moanamani-Waghete road section serves a vital function as a link and supports regional development and socio-economic activities among districts in Central Papua Province. The level of traffic growth is still relatively low in relation to the economic growth of the community, so it is suspected that the effectiveness of the road is still low. This study aims to analyze the level of saturation and effectiveness of the Moanamani-Waghete road section. The analysis method employed for calculating capacity and traffic volume to determine road performance adheres to the Indonesian road capacity guidelines. The analysis results show that the degree of saturation of the Moanamani-Waghete road section is still very low around 0.06. Utilization of road traffic space is still very limited and classified as ineffective. Effective conditions of road use with V/C Ratio = 0.6-0.8 for traffic growth between 6%-10% will be achieved in 2045 -2060. This paper has implications for efforts to make effective use of road space by accelerating regional economic growth and developing new economic centers so that the movement of vehicles between regions in Central Papua Province can increase. In addition, it is necessary to improve the geometry of the road at several points of damage because it affects the speed and capacity of the road.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Corrosion Resistance of High Calcium Fly Ash Based Reinforced Geopolymer
Concrete in Marine Environment
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Kukuh Kurniawan Dwi Sungkono Iman Satyarno Henricus Priyosulistyo and Indra Perdana The performance of reinforced concrete elements is affected by its corrosion resistance. Chloride attacks on reinforced concrete elements in a marine environment is caused by chloride seeping into the concrete thereby damaging the passive layer and causing corrosion of the steel reinforcement. This study evaluated the mechanical properties, permeability, and corrosion resistance of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) in a marine environment which was compared with Ordinary Cement Concrete (OCC). In this instance, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were used to determine the strength of the OCC and GPC. Meanwhile, the concrete's permeability coefficient was assessed in accordance with DIN 104. In addition, measurements were made of the density, absorbance, and volume of permeable voids. The corrosion performance of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete was assessed using an accelerated corrosion test where the specimens were submerged in a 3% NaCl solution and coupled to a continuous DC voltage of 6V. The test results revealed that the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of GPC could be greater than the values suggested by Gomaa et al. and Ryu et al (2018) and were nearly as high as the projected value recommended by ACI. The permeability coefficient of GPC is less than that of OCC while the corrosion resistance properties of GPC showed better results than OCC. Microstructural analysis showed that the structure of GPC is more stable when corrosion occurs, compared to OCC.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Fiber-reinforced Rammed Earth: State of the Art and Perspectives
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Abdelhakim El bourki Ahmed Koutous and Elmokhtar Hilali The world's willingness to reduce the ecological footprint of construction materials is the main engine of the development and reuse of earth-based materials. With its availability, low cost, and simplicity of implementation, the rammed earth material presents a good alternative for ecological construction. However, this material remains less resistant than conventional construction materials, especially cement-based ones. To enhance the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth, several stabilization and reinforcement techniques were adopted. Among these techniques, the use of natural fibers shows an increasing trend. This review is based on studies carried out on the reinforcement of rammed earth with natural fibers. The types of fibers used, their treatment methods, and their physical and mechanical properties are presented. The impact of natural fiber reinforcement on the physical and mechanical properties of rammed earth is also reviewed and discussed. The results of the studies carried out, prove the effectiveness of the fiber reinforcement technique. Indeed, an increase in the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of the rammed earth was reported. This improvement depends on the type of fibers used, their contents, and their dimensions. At the end of the study, perspectives for future research are given, especially regarding the durability of the reinforced rammed earth and the impact of the fiber reinforcement on its hygrothermal properties. To improve the adhesion strength between the fibers and the earth matrix, the use of chemically treated fibers for reinforcement is suggested.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Effect of Mixing Time on Some Hardened Concrete Properties
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Mohammed Salman Al-lami Diala Atiyat and Mutaz Qutob The mixing time of ready-mixed concrete may be prolonged for many reasons, which may affect the resulting properties in its fresh and hardened states. The effects of prolonged mixing time on the slump, compressive strength, porosity, and permeability of concrete were investigated in this paper. All mixtures were prepared with the proportion 1:1.5:2 by weight for cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate, respectively. The investigated variable was the effect of water-to-cement ratios, which were 0.40, 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65. The materials were continuously mixed up for 15, 60, 120, and 240 minutes without any additional mixing water. To reduce the evaporation of the mixing water, the drum opening was tightly covered with a polyethylene perforated film. The results showed an increasing trend in the coefficient of permeability values with mixing time for all mixtures except for the mixture with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.65 which showed a reduction in value. A different trend of results for the coefficient of permeability in comparison with that for porosity was observed. The prolonged mixing time (longer than 90 minutes discharged limit specified by ASTM) does not cause a negative effect on compressive strength as long as it has workability that facilitates the casting process, as the mixtures with higher water-to-cement ratios showed an increasing trend in compressive strength.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Performance of Artificial Coarse Aggregates from a Mixture of Hampangen
Clay and Palm Shell Charcoal by Geopolymerization Method
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Liliana Triwulan and Januarti Jaya Ekaputri Artificial coarse aggregates are created using geopolymerization methods to reduce high energy consumption. Raw materials rich in silica and alumina are mixed with an activator solution. Different sources of raw materials, although the materials are the same, cause the mineral content and chemical composition also to be different. There needs to be studies being done to obtain an artificial coarse aggregate mixture, including the effects of variations in the ratio of molar SiO2 to Na2O, the molar ratio of H2O to Na2O, and variations in the molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O3, as well as the effect of adding palm shell charcoal to the raw materials of Hampangen clay. Then the manufacture of coarse aggregate granules was carried out, and continued with the manufacture of a concrete mixture with a cylinder size of 100 mm and a height of 200 mm. The study showed that the addition of SiO2 concentrations in the activator solution has a certain value limit so that the paste can harden. Molar ratio H2O to Na2O and the molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O, have a noticeable effect on the compressive strength of the resulting paste. And there is a very strong relationship between the addition of palm shell charcoal to the compressive strength of the paste. The more charcoal the palm shell, the higher the compressive strength value of the paste. The properties of artificial coarse aggregates are light and are used as a material for the formation of lightweight concrete mixtures. The performance of artificial coarse aggregates is categorized as structural lightweight concrete.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Influence of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag (BOFS) as Partial Coarse Aggregate
on the Pullout Strength of Cast-In-Place Anchor Bolt in Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Kenneth L. Edra and Gilford B. Estores This study investigated the influence of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as partial coarse aggregate in the pullout strength of anchor bolts installed in concrete. To design the different concrete samples, natural coarse aggregates were replaced by mass with 19-mm size BOFS from 0% to 50%, with 10% intervals. Fifty-four 150mm x 300mm cylindrical concrete specimens were tested for compressive test in accordance with ASTM C39-09, while ninety 350mm x 350mm x 150mm concrete samples with cast-in-place 12-mm diameter Grade 36 hexagonal headed anchor bolts were subjected for pullout test in conformity to the ASTM C900-06 test procedures. With increasing BOFS percentage, it was observed that there was a gradual decrease in a slump of the concrete mixture, an increase in compressive strength, and an increase in pullout strength based on the test results. Concrete samples with 50% BOFS from the experiment exhibited the highest compressive strength and pullout strength of the anchor bolts throughout the 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. Through correlation and regression analyses, it was found that there was a significantly strong positive linear relationship between the pullout performance of anchor bolts and the percentage of BOFS as partial coarse aggregates in concrete at all ages. The pullout capacity of the concrete with BOFS exceeded the breakout strength predicted by NSCP 2015.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Additional Lateral Soil Pressure Due to Vehicle (at Constant Speed): The
Distribution and Comparison to Its Static Load
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Iman Handiman I. Wayan Redana Anissa Maria Hidayati and I. Ketut Sudarsana On roads that cross slopes, the stability of the retaining wall is very important to keep the road conditions being passed safely. The dimensions of the retaining wall are directly related to the magnitude of the horizontal pressure of the soil that occurs and must be held. Practically, the effect of ground pressure due to traffic load is simulated as a uniform load along the width of the road. The amount of horizontal pressure and distribution that occurs due to static and moving loads is not the same. Therefore, this study aims to provide information on the relationship between the weight of the vehicle with the horizontal pressure that occurs when passing. The vehicle is simulated moving at a constant speed along the track. The amount of lateral pressure due to the vehicle is measured by a pressure sensor with a horizontal distance of 0.5 m up to 1.5 m and a depth of 0.5 m up to 1.5 m. The magnitude of the maximum horizontal pressure was measured compared to the analysis due to static load. The results showed low speeds which are less than 10 km/h have the same horizontal pressure distribution pattern due to their static-simulated position. The maximum horizontal pressure difference between the Boussinesq approach and the instrumentation results in no more than 1.5 kPa.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Production of Downtown Cairo Passageways: Exploring the Socio-Spatial
Narratives
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Shaimaa Ashour and Eman Shamekh The spatial environment of our cities is the result of a continuous negotiation among the built environment, bodily experience, and urban policy processes. Thus, many urban spaces are challenging these constraints and become in continuous transformation such as city streets, squares, and passageways. This research explores critically Downtown Cairo passageways through the lens of production of space theory. Aiming to understand the multiple aspects that may help to read the un-noticed everyday spaces inside the city center, Henry Lefebvre's theory was interpreted into a theoretical framework to be contributed to empirical work in order to present an alternative dialogue including socio-spatial aspects for passageways. While several researchers studied Downtown Cairo different urban spaces, the passageways have only been briefly addressed through physical investigation. Accordingly, two pedestrian passageway zones in Downtown Cairo were selected as study areas. Methodologically, the qualitative approach was adopted and the data collection was based on observations with behavioral mappings, photographs, and field notes. The findings were steered to conceptualize the production of Downtown Cairo passageways through the practices of everyday life by understanding the connections between the three aspects of space production; physical space, everyday life, and the role of the authority. The research revealed three conceptions that were incorporated into Downtown passageways narratives. First, the spatial qualities and official planning approaches were addressed. Secondly, the life on the passageways was analyzed in order to understand the everyday practices and their connection to the physical space in each study area. The third part addressed the flexibility of the passageways environment through individual and collective appropriation practices. In conclusion, the study highlights that there is a constant tension between the everyday space and the power of authority in Downtown passageways which affirms the state of 'in-between' of such urban spaces inside our city centers.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Rheological Characteristics of Asphalt with a Crumb Rubber and Solid
Natural Rubber Combination
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Hendrik Jimmyanto Joni Arliansyah and Edi Kadarsa Approximately 95% of the world's roadways are made of flexible pavements traditionally bound with bitumen. Modern roads must use the least amount of energy and raw materials for sustainable environmental development. Asphalt polymer technology can solve this issue using bio-binders and rubber waste, such as old tires, to enhance road infrastructure. Because crumb rubber can improve the mechanical and functional performance of mixtures, its use in asphalt paving has gained popularity. In addition, other renewable rubbers, such as liquid natural rubber (called latex) and solid natural rubber, can be used. Natural rubber is an elastomer used to repair concrete and asphalt. The mechanical characteristics of rubber asphalt, created by blending solid natural rubber, asphalt, and crumb rubber in a specific ratio, were examined in this study. Rheological testing with a dynamic shear rheometer was used to study the mechanistic behavior of rubber asphalt. The rubber combination utilized had an asphalt composition of 7% and 10% by weight and a crumb rubber to solid natural rubber weight ratio of 65:35. The results indicated that the asphalt stiffness modulus increased from 157.08% to 189.55% when combining crumb and solid natural rubber. Moreover, Superpave specifications state that using a mixture of solid natural and crumb rubber can increase rutting resistance and fatigue resistance at high temperatures.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Toward Sustainable Land Use of Urban Spaces in the Dense Areas: The Role
of Organizing Activities in Enhancing the Flexible Environment in
Palestine
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Mohammed Allam Fauzi Itma This paper explores the potential of traditional urban spaces in historic centers for the sustainable development of dense urban areas. Such spaces are supposed to be flexible with successive generations because they can facilitate different social, commercial, and religious activities throughout time. Thus, the main square of a Palestinian city - Nablus old city- was chosen for the study as the most important public space in the historic center. The paper summarizes the main manifestation of flexibility in the square that successfully assists in building a flexible place to satisfy users' needs: rectangular shape, well enclosure, a ring of circulation, and extendible boundaries. A survey of users of the square was also conducted to explore people's opinions about the activities of the square for different age groups. The paper concludes that traditional concepts of designing public spaces can be suitable for all age groups because of their flexibility that supports daily and occasional activities. Moreover, the survey revealed that the young people group is the highest age group that has been satisfied with the daily activities of the square. Finally, three characteristics of activities are proposed to design a flexible public space: diversity, fair distribution, and compatibility.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Preservation of Zoological Gardens: Natural vs. Built Features
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Rua AlShaheen and Sarah Malek This article showcases zoological garden preservation as a concept caught in a continuing clash of ideals. Zoos are human-made interpretations of one's expectations and experiences with the natural environment. The dual roles that zoological gardens play, serving as preserves for both nature and culture, creates conflict regarding how to perceive them. It is unclear where the zoo falls in terms of preservation. The decision could be driven by architecture preservation, garden preservation, or animal conservation. The conflict is deepened by differences in values and attitudes regarding zoological gardens. The debate pertaining to the relocation of the only zoo in Kuwait in the Al-Omariya area exemplifies this, with discussions about whether we should regard it as a natural monument or a historic one. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire and an image survey at Al-Omariya residential community using an aesthetic theory approach to measure the residents' levels of attachment to several features of the zoo; to support the argument for or against its removal. We considered the respondents' opinions regarding changes at the zoo, the frequency of their visits there, and their residence proximity. Our findings indicate that there is a stronger level of attachment to the natural features in the zoo than that of the built environment.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Literacy and Adaptation on the Spatial Orientation System in Nusa Penida
Settlements, Bali – Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A I Kadek Merta Wijaya Syamsul Alam Paturusi Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra and I Made Adhika Orientation systems with high and low values have a cosmological impact on the geographical organization of Balinese ethnic community settlements. High-value orientation is indicated by a mountain, a high place, or a sunrise direction, and a low place or a sunset direction indicates a low-value orientation. In both flatland and highland Balinese villages, this orientation is now used as a general guide to determine the direction of kaja-kelod and kangin-kauh or the direction of luan and teben. The concept of the spatial orientation of settlements in Nusa Penida, which is in the southeast of the island of Bali and divided by the sea, is different. It combines local orientation with that of southern Bali, which is influenced by geographical circumstances, hilly topography, South Balinese cultural influence, and Desa Pakraman (traditional village) layout. Once Nusa Penida joined the Klungkung region, southern Bali's influence grew, which led to the acculturation of towns' spatial orientation. The people of Nusa Penida respond to southern Balinese culture through literacy and acceptance of the concept of southern Bali while maintaining local wisdom values, for the concept of orientation to the settlement of Nusa Penida is a culture that existed before receiving influence from southern Bali. Adapting settlement components using regional and southern Balinese notions is a sort of exercise in spatial literacy. As a method of acclimation to the local culture and southern Bali, this study tries to understand and discover the meaning of the spatial orientation of communities in Nusa Penida. Domain, taxonomy, componential, theme, and meaning analysis are used in the research approach, which is interpretive qualitative. According to the study's findings, the spatial orientation of the region in Nusa Penida represents a syncretism and assimilation of the indigenous culture with that of southern Bali.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Performance of Rebars with Different Percentages of the Olive Oil Mill and
Brine Wastewater in Terms of Bonding Stress and Strength
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Husein A. Alzgool Hamadallah Al-Baijat and Nesreen M. Al-Olaimat In the previous research, the authors conducted comprehensive research on ϕ 14 and ϕ 16 mm with various amounts of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater (OOW) and Brine Wastewater (BW). However, the author extends their research to include the effect of strength, and bond stress on the small size of steel bars such as ϕ 6, ϕ 8, ϕ 10, and ϕ 12 mm. The pull-out test determines the bond stress, with the same percentages of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, and 15 BW and OOW. Although there was a previous study of this feature, it would not address the evaluation of the performance of thin reinforcing bars including 12, 10, 8, and 6 mm, which were normally used in reinforced concrete elements, and to make things clearer. Pull-out tests were conducted on the specimens with an added percentage, as mentioned above, based on the weight of water for each, the size of the cylinders 150 x 300 mm, and the anchorage zone of 200 mm used. The results of the test carried out using the pull-out test showed that the bonding strength for thin diameters is higher than that for large diameters. When adding OOW, the bonding strength is good, but it is less than that of the reference samples, as it reached diameters of 6 mm (3.01 MPa), 8 mm (2.63 MPa), 10 mm (6.17 MPa), and for 12 mm (6.33 MPa), which is less than the reference samples by about 35% for diameters 6 and 8, and 8% for diameters 10 and 12 mm. When adding BW, the bonding strength reached for diameter 6 (3.66 MPa), diameter 8 (2.66 MPa), diameter 10 (6.41 MPa), and diameter 12 (6.58 MPa), which is less than the reference samples by about 10.5% for diameters 6 and 8, and 4% for diameters 10 and 12 mm. These results are for the best-added ratios, which gave us the best compressive and bending strengths, which are 7.5% and 10% for OOW and BW, respectively. Note that the diameters 6 and 8 are smooth steel bars, and 10 and 12 are deformed steel bars.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Slope Stability Analysis Considering Heavy Rainfall: A Case Study
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Ahmed Bouajaj Lahcen Bahi Latifa Ouadif and Jada El Kasri Rainfall infiltration is one of the important factors affecting the stability of a slope. Rainfall infiltration will change the groundwater level, which will cause a reduction in the mechanical characteristics of the soil. During the infiltration process, the progress of the wetting front in soil depth results in an increase in water content. An increase in hydraulic gradient associated with an increase in infiltration velocity could significantly reduce the safety factors of a slope. Indeed, between December 25th, 2013 and March 7th, 2014, the piezometric level of the studied slope located in northern Morocco increased by more than 1.7m, and after the rains of January 17th and the 18th, 2014, it exceeded 31 mm in 15 hours, and the horizontal soil displacement was accelerated significantly. This paper presents a methodology for slope stability analysis considering rainfall infiltration. Initially, the Green-Ampt infiltration model was used in this study to estimate the wetting front depth. Subsequently, the three-dimensional safety factors were calculated for each rainfall intensity using the Hovland method. Results show the relationship among the safety factors, the rainfall duration, and the depth of the wetting under rainfall and they also reveal that the rate of stability variation during infiltration is not significant.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Axial Stress-strain Behavior of Recycled Polypropylene Fiber
Ropes-reinforced Polymer-confined Low Strength Circular Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Tavio Aoron Honestyo and Hosta Ardhyananta This research investigates the behavior of circular concretes externally confined by recycled polypropylene fiber ropes-reinforced polymer composite. This study mainly aims to explore the axial stress-strain relationships of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes-reinforced polymer composite-confined circular concrete. A total of 15 circular concrete specimens with a dimension of 150 × 300 mm were cast, strengthened with one to four layers of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP composites, and tested under compression. The strength and the deformability of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP-confined specimens were observed to be increased along with the addition of FRP layers up to 70%. The axial stress-strain relationship behavior shows a trilinear curve response with the ductile behavior of the axial stress-strain response. The recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP has been found to be able to alternate the conventional FRP materials to confine circular concrete. The accuracy of stress at ultimate limit and strain at ultimate limit models developed for recycled polypropylene fiber ropes-reinforced polymer composite-confined circular concrete was assessed using the test results of this study, showing the need for the development of improved predictive models for recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP composite-confined circular concrete column, newly developed unified models were found to be accurate in predicting the stress at ultimate limit and strain at the ultimate limit of recycled polypropylene fiber ropes FRP composite-confined circular concrete.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- A Study on the Application of Green Retrofitting in the Ready-Mix Concrete
(RMC) Industry in Indonesia to Improve Cost Retrofitting Performance
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Albert Eddy Husin Mohammad Kholis Ardiansyah Bernadette Detty Kussumardianadewi and Iwan Kurniawan Currently, the green concept is a trend for sustainable development in all sectors. The concrete industry plays an important part but also harms the environment. Green concept planning and construction are 10-20% more expensive than conventional buildings. The researcher applied the concept of the green concrete industry to statistical analysis and case study with cost savings by combining value engineering (VE) and lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA) approaches. This research had an update on the concept of green retrofitting for concrete industry objects and examined influencing factors in implementing the green concept using Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis and modeling of green retrofitting concepts based on VE and LCCA to improve green retrofitting cost performance. The results showed that there are "10 influencing factors on the green cost performance in the concrete industry", namely commitment management, energy and climate, water efficiency, secondary material, air quality, economic and financial availability, legal compliance and regulation, supporting rules, functional analysis, and environmental management. Implementing VE and LCCA methods was able to increase the cost performance of green retrofitting by 8.66% with a return of 3 years and 8 months with the benefits of being an eco-friendly and sustainable concrete industry.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- An Assessment of the Nigerian Construction Industry's Role in Combating
the Climate Change Crisis
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Ashiru Adegbenga Raphael Anifowose Kamaldeen Jide Mohammed Ismail Oladunni and Yusau Audu Abayomi The construction industry's top priority now is addressing the impacts of climate change. The consequence of climate changes linked to human activities has become disturbing since our environment is not naturally adjusting rapidly to this occurrence, influenced by both human and natural causes. Moreover, the studies have ascertained that domestic houses enormously contribute to global warming, and the effects of climate change can be mitigated with the help of sustainable practises in designing the built environment and permitting mitigation of global warming's results through the prudent use of available resources. It is against the above statement that the study is carried out to evaluate the impact of the Nigerian construction industry on climate change. The study adopted a survey design allowing a representative sample to generalise. However, a well-structured close-ended questionnaire was used to collect pertinent data about the variables under investigation. The data collected were analysed using the ordinal regression model and the Spearman ranking to establish the relationship and degree of association between the variables. However, evidences from the analysis revealed a moderately but positively significant relationship between climate change and the construction industry, as well as integrated passive design at a 5% significance level. Hence, the study concluded that the Nigerian construction industry needs fast action to address climate change, which continues to raise concerns. In the Nigerian built environment through a sustainable design approach, it is further recommended that effective collaborations between construction professionals, climate scientists, meteorologists, and policymakers derive an effective method for combating climate change in Nigeria.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Subgrade Improvement with Recycled Polymer (PET) in Clay Soils for Rural
Roads
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Jhoel Javier Taipe Sanchez Denys Xohaid Robles Flores Jherson Cristian Crispin Gutierrez Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya The project provides information on the physical and mechanical properties of clay soils stabilized with recycled polymers (PET) as subgrade improvement in rural roads in the district of Sicaya, because this area does not have paved roads nearby which cause inaccessibility to the population; also by using PET for soil improvement, an added value was given to this material generating a lower environmental impact. In order to fulfill the objective of the research, the physical properties of two soil specimens from Jr. La Libertad in the district of Sicaya were determined; sieving tests of granulometry, consistency limits, modified proctor and soil classification by SUCS and AASHTO were performed. Once the soil properties were evaluated, the optimum size of the PET particles for its application was determined by CBR tests using 1% of PET as a proof. It was found that the optimum size was from 5 mm to 10 mm, and to find the optimum percentage of polymers to be applied, four percentages of recycled polymers were used: 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%; these percentages were proposed for the two specimens analyzed. It was obtained that the percentage of 1.5% was the one that provided the highest CBR index, having 7.15% and 4. 87% of CBR at 95% compaction for the first and second specimen respectively; the latter turned out to be lower than the 6% CBR required as a minimum by the Highway Manual, and this was because the second specimen presented more fine material than the first specimen having a high value of 77.77%, which is not recommended for using recycled polymers according to this research.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Utilization of Cast Plastic Waste for Paving Block with Sand Mixture
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Abdul Rochman Nurul Hidayati Muhamad Nur Sahid and Muhamad Ujianto Paving blocks are widely used in making parking lots, footpaths, and parks because they are easy to install, durable, and can be arranged in certain interesting patterns. This research needs to be carried out to examine how much influence the addition of sand to cast plastic waste has on the compressive strength and specific gravity of paving blocks. The waste used is leftover household consumption such as plastic bag wrapping in solid form and then burned to melt. The liquid is then mixed with sand to increase the hardness and plasticity and then poured into paving molds. The process of making the specimen is done manually with variations of the sand used by 0%, 7.5%, 15%, 22.5% and 30%. Each variation of the sample was made in the amount of 5 pieces. The results of the analysis show that the addition of sand to the plastic liquid can significantly increase the compressive strength of paving blocks. The highest value increase was obtained in the 22.5% mixture variation, which reached 11.27 MPa. Based on SNI 03-0691-1996, these paving blocks are classified in the D-quality and can be used for parks, or other uses.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Seismic Fragility of High Voltage Transmission Tower Due to Earthquake by
Using Adaptive Pushover Method
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Hanif Nanda Syahputra Senot Sangadji and Halwan Alfisa Saifullah In 1999, economic losses that were initially predicted to be only 600 million USD turned into 10 to 12 billion USD due to damage to high-voltage line transmission towers caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. Damage of electricity transmission towers were observed due to earthquake in Lushan, 2013. As this infrastructure is essential for productivity and economic growth of modern society, therefore it is important to study the seismic risk of transmission tower so that later mitigation can be carried out and losses can be minimized. This paper aims to evaluate transmission tower seismic risk by developing its fragility curves. An existing transmission tower was 3D modelled using finite element software. An adaptive pushover analysis was employed to determine the nonlinear global behaviour of the tower structure and obtain its capacity curve. Damage states were then identified and determined namely slight, moderate, and extensive damage. Fragility curve was then developed describing the exceedance probability of different damage states as a function of earthquake intensity. This quantitative value provides rational basis for evaluating seismic risk of transmission tower.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Design and Construction of Anchor Block Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge
on Celebes Island
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Andri Irfan Rifai Muhammad Rizal and Susanty Handayani The accessibility of Indonesian rural communities in remote areas is still minimal. The disparity of land and territory in Indonesia is so great that it has unique characteristics. Rivers, slopes, hills, and other obstacles separate each region. Until now, the Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge has been a practical solution for connecting infrastructure in remote areas. However, availability and budget become constraints in its implementation. One of the steps that can be done is to optimize the size of the Anchor block. Optimization is needed in design and construction to make construction implementation easier at a cheaper cost. This paper aims to explain optimization in designing and constructing the Anchor Block Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge with a case study in Celebes Island. Data collection methods include river typology, river currents, flood water levels, topography, community social and cultural data, people traffic, land data, and environmental data. Data processing uses Indonesian bridge planning standards to obtain the span length and height of the bridge, type of structure, material selection, and implementation method. Calculation and 3-dimensional modeling using SAP2000 software. The level of structural modeling is done to review the structure's behavior and control the structure's deformation value and the internal forces that occur in the structure. The research results show that weather and earthquake conditions that differ from other areas cause the potential for structural failure in Celebes Island to be higher. Optimization of the anchor block is done by reducing its dimensions, but it must still meet the technical rules. A reduction in size and volume of up to 10% can still withstand the required load. Earthquake loads, sliding, and overturning are essential parameters in designing and constructing Pedestrian Cable-Stayed Bridge on Celebes Island.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Effect of Addition of Groundnut Shell Powder (GSP) on Compressive Strength
of Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Samsunan Inseun Yuri Salena Dewi Purnama Sari and Faris Munandar Tanjung This study aimed to determine the effect of Groundnut Shell Powder (GSP) on the concrete compressive strength as a partial substitute for cement with a variation of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. The composition of the concrete mix consists of coarse aggregate with a maximum aggregate diameter of 19.1 mm and Portland cement Type I. The additional material uses groundnut shell powder which is processed through drying and grinding then sieved to pass sieve no.200, then mixed in concrete as a partial replacement of cement. The concrete test object is a cylinder 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height. The compressive strength of concrete is tested at 14 and 28 days. The results of the average compressive strength at the age of 14 days were with variations of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%, respectively (MPa) 18.495, 23.590, 22.930, 17.174, and 13.777, while at the age of 28 days respectively (MPa) 26.610, 24.157, 19.816, 18.684, 16.608. Optimum compressive strength values of 14- and 28-days age were in the 5% percentage, namely 23.590 and 24.157 MPa. The lowest decrease also occurred at the percentage of 12.5%, namely 13.777 and 18.684 MPa. Based on the results shown, there is upsurge in compressive strength, however increasing the percentage of GSP makes the compressive strength of concrete decrease.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Reuse of Construction Waste for Sustainable Development
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Dadang Iskandar R. Jachrizal Sumabrata Eri Prawati Yusuf Amran and M. Nurkholid The use of natural aggregates in the manufacture of concrete, if carried out continuously, can result in a crisis in the availability of natural materials. This should be of concern to all of us because natural resources must be maintained in a sustainable manner. This study aims to utilize construction waste from the demolition of rigid pavement roads on the Trans-Sumatra toll road. One of the main parameters in the design of concrete structures is compressive strength. The compressive strength value in this study is the result of a combination test of a mixture of RCA and natural aggregate (NA) with 3 compositions of RCA coarse aggregate mixture, namely: 30%, 50%, and 70%, and the rest is filled using NA material and 4 compositions of water-cement ratio, namely 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6. The mix design used is based on SNI 7656: 2012 by modifying the need for coarse aggregate to be replaced with RCA. The test results show that at the age of 7 days, the concrete produces a compressive strength of 25.32 MPa; this achievement is obtained for the RCA composition of 50% and the water-cement ratio is 0.3, while at the age of 14 days, the concrete produces a compressive strength of 25.921 MPa obtained from the mixture. RCA 70% and water cement ratio 0.3. The phenomenon of increased strength at 70% RCA is indicated because the high quality of RCA produces relatively high new concrete, but the bonding process between aggregates is hampered because the cement paste still sticks to the RCA.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Mapping Architecture by Nature: Investigating Rewilding Architecture
Design Methods
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Aulia Rahman Kristanti Dewi Paramita and Paramita Atmodiwirjo This paper aims to explore the idea and methods of rewilding architecture. The notion of rewilding was based on pastoralism movement, which aims to reconnect humans with nature through reintroduction of wildlife. This study explores the architectural design methods of rewilding, through investigating looseness and animate as mechanisms that shift how humans may see and treat nature. This paper investigates ten case studies of rewilding architecture and annotates the mechanisms of looseness and animate which occur in different categorizations of human and natural activities. Based on the reading on these case studies, the study concludes on design methods that define rewilding architecture based on looseness and animating characteristics. Rewilding methods aim for the development of connections that allow cycles of natures, extensions that drive growth of natures, and variations that produce multiple layers of possibilities of natural lives in the internal and external existence of architectural space. Such methods demonstrate the potential of architecture that no longer wishes to control nature, but letting it animate and develop loosely in driving its spatiality.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Multifunctional Open Space Facilities Planning in A Rural Area
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Fadhilla Tri Nugrahaini Ronim Azizah Muhtadi and Iffat Rifdah Rosyid Independent village development seeks to improve rural communities' quality of life and welfare. Multifunctional open space is one of the steps to synergize sociocultural, economic, and ecological aspects. These three aspects are also used in measuring the village development index to achieve an independent village. Creating independent villages is one of the development policy strategies to increase equity, development through cross-policy direction sectoral, especially in rural areas. This has opened opportunities for village governments to manage independently. This study aims to apply the multifunctionality concept in open space planning in Karangmalang Village, Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia. One of the development strategy measures for increasing equity is the establishment of independent villages. Cross-development policy sector, particularly in rural areas, empowers village governments to manage independently. The research was carried out through observation and interviews with stakeholders. Physical and nonphysical data are collected through observations. The interview was conducted to explore the possibilities for open space development. This research suggested that multifunctionality open space planning can be achieved through grouping activities, sustainable design, and environmental management policies. Multifunctional open space planning can be utilized to determine village government policy direction in creating potential and community.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- MAPAN House: From Prototype to Urban Settlements Implementation
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Qomarun Hasyim Asy'ari and Aan Sofyan MAPAN House is a house that is able to produce food and energy continuously. This research is motivated by environmental issues in Indonesia, such as the crisis of agricultural fields, food imports, global warming, climate change and urban heat island. This phenomenon has hit urban areas and is suspected to get worse in the future, so that solutions and its implementation in real world are needed. The MAPAN House has been developed in 5 houses located in Surakarta, Indonesia. This action research found that each house produces a daily harvest of over 8400kcal of food (staple food, side dishes, vegetables and fruits) and generates an average of 450W of renewable energy for 8 hours/day. The research also finds that the annual results of each MAPAN House are able to save 103 trees, to reduce 748kg emission of CO2 and to avoid the use of 749kg of coal. This effort is created to multiply green architecture results in the real urban life. The results show that MAPAN House has proven a good direct impact on urban sustainable, such as food and energy security, urban heat solution collaboration, communal climate change mitigation and public adaptation to global warming.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Study of Bioclimatic Architecture Methods in the Traditional House of
Banjar Gajah Baliku
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5A Farah Hafizha and Sarifah Nur Isra Jairina Bioclimatic architecture considers the relationship of local climate with architectural design. Architectural design in vernacular architecture pays attention to the local climate, local construction techniques and materials, social, cultural and economic aspects of the local community. The ancient architecture of the Gajah Baliku traditional house in South Borneo has been around since the 1800s and is part of the vernacular architecture. This study discusses what bioclimatic architectural methods are found in the Gajah Baliku traditional house of Banjar. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research supplemented with quantitative related to the comfort of the main room temperature, aiming to find out the application of any climate responsive architectural methods that have been applied to the Gajah Baliku traditional house in the past. Methods of data collection were obtained from primary sources, namely literature to find a theoretical basis and become a reference in studying empirical data, field observations consisting of measurements, sketches, room temperature measurements, re-drawing of research objects as visual indicators, and interviews. From this study, it was concluded that the traditional house of Gajah Baliku has met 9 (nine) criteria for the bioclimatic architectural method according to the theory and method of Kenneth Yeang, namely (1) core, (2) building orientation, (3) window placement, (4) verandah, (5) transitional room, (6) walls, (7) landscape, (8) passive shielding, and (9) floor insulator, as well as measurements of thermal comfort at room temperature, mainly included in the optimal comfort category, with an average of 25.45℃.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Role of Urban Development Strategy in Achieving a Strategic Urban
Planning in New Cities - Case: The New City ''Ali Mendjeli'' (Algeria)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Berkani Fatima Zohra and Benghadbane Foued New cities are considered one of the most important solutions that many countries in the world have adopted to solve the problems plaguing their urban networks. They also relieve pressure on their large cities, especially those that cannot be extended due to natural or human reasons. In this context, the new city of ''Ali Mendjeli'', presented itself as a suitable option to solve the problem of the growth of the mother city ''Constantine'', which suffered from many urban problems. However, after nearly 25 years of its realization, this new city, which was previously a suitable solution, suffers from many functional and spatial imbalances due to the adoption of the principles of functional urbanism and linear planning during the development of its initial projects. This has resulted in many negatives that prompted specialists to turn to strategic urban planning, which is based on the reflection and intervention strategy as a new tool that activates in parallel with the traditional tools within the direction of the urban development strategy. This can improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of the new city of ''Ali Mendjeli''.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Identifying Commuter's Preferences of Feeder Modes for First and Last-Mile
Connectivity: A Case Study of Kochi
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Vignesh Dhurai Arun Chandran and Shaheem S. Commuters' travel pattern to their desired destination mainly depends on the availability of public transport facilities. Especially in developing countries, various infrastructure planning projects are being implemented to meet public transport commuters' needs. Public transportation facility is witnessing transformational changes globally and locally. This study aims to identify the commuter's preferences of feeder modes for their first-mile and last-mile connectivity. The study was carried out in Kochi city focusing on the metro corridor. The data were collected using a stated cum revealed preference questionnaire survey from various locations, including various metro stations and public transport station points in Kochi city. Collected data were initially cleaned by removing the non-logical data and missing information data from the data set. The results obtained from this research work are case specific. The findings from the study show that the majority of commuters prefer autos and e-bikes as their feeder mode option for first-mile and last-mile connectivity. The least preference is given for the bicycle mode of feeder service. The findings from this research will aid transportation planners in providing appropriate and efficient feeder services to improve the public transportation system's first and last-mile connectivity.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Egyptian Residence Architecture Identity Between Contemporary and
Originality
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Aya Mohamed Gaber Mohamed Atef Abou Ashour Yasmine Sabry Hegazi and Mohamed ALsayed Al-Ebrashy Some of the Egyptian contemporary residences are designed without considering the traditional architectural elements, resulting in a loss of the country's cultural identity. This not only undermines the preservation of Egyptian culture but also poses a challenge of retaining the cultural identity for future generations. To explore this conflict, this research aims to review the architectural design of selected cases of stand-alone residential units in Egypt, which reflects the contemporary architectural thoughts in Egypt. A research gap can be inferred from the lack of research on the architectural design of contemporary residences in Egypt that takes into account the country's cultural identity. Contemporary architects in Egypt often do not consider the importance of preserving traditional architectural elements in their designs. This research aims to fill this gap by reviewing selected case studies of residential standalone units, which offer customization and an association with affluent lifestyles, facilitating greater expression of the identity of their inhabitants. The case studies will be evaluated based on the criteria provided by Nikos Salingaros' Unified Architectural Theory. This theory's criteria evaluate the case studies based on their Elements of Regional Adaptation Measurement and Elements of Measuring the form Language of Architectural Design and its regional adaptation, and this data is collected through a questionnaire given to a group of architects as a purpose sample. The research concludes that the most successful designs blend traditional architectural values with contemporary styles, resulting in a harmonious balance between the past and present, by preserving traditional elements while incorporating modern functionality creating the visually appealing and practical space.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Mechanical and Economic Analysis of Soil-Cement Blocks Applied in Rural
Housing
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Jheny Zenaida Romero Jimenez Heydi Susan Zamudio Asto Yeferson Antony Serrano Mendoza Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya This research work performs a mechanical and economic analysis of soil-cement blocks as an alternative construction element for application in rural housing in the district of Pilcomayo located in Peru, since this area shows a high percentage of housing deficit and a high level of poverty among the inhabitants. To determine the mechanical analysis, compression tests were carried out on soil-cement blocks and prisms, as well as diagonal compression tests on walls; all these tests were carried out with dosages of 10%, 15% and 20% of cement. The optimum dosage to be applied as a soil-cement block turned out to be 15% cement, since it met all the minimum strength requirements of Standard E.070. Regarding the Economic Analysis of the soil-cement blocks, the technique of Unit Price Analysis was used to evaluate the cost of manufacturing and laying soil-cement blocks for 1 m2, then these results were compared with the cost of a conventional brick of the same study area. In the end, it was concluded that the soil-cement blocks turned out to be 11% cheaper than a conventional one, besides being more environmentally friendly, since for its production, it does not require firing as a traditional clay brick dose.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Analysis of the Structural Performance of Flexible Pavement Constructed
with Timber Raft as a Subbase Layer
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Dina Pasa Lolo Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani and Bagus Hario Setiadji The use of geosynthetics as a reinforcement material in road pavement layers has been widely carried out. This study used bus timber which is made as the timber raft construction as a subbase on the flexible pavement. The study was conducted on a full scale, where the flexible pavement model consisted of pavement with and without timber raft construction with similar dimension of 700 cm in length and 350 cm in width. The field measurement was carried out to get the settlement by applying static loads of 8,4 tons and 19,4 tons which represents heavy vehicle with single axle dual tire and tandem axle dual tire respectively. The measurements were conducted on test points located at distances 50, 100 and 175 cm from the edge of the pavement. The research resulted that the use of timber raft in flexible pavement as subbase layer could reduce the displacement of the results of field measurement up to 2.5% and 1.83 % for 8.4-ton and 19.4-ton respectively. The validation using the program produces a difference in displacement magnitude of 15.96 % and 19.30 % for 8.4-ton and 19.4-ton respectively. While the result of the analysis with Kenpave showed that the numbers of repetitions to prevent fatigue cracking and rutting are 3.7E5 ESAL and 2.83E2ESAL, respectively.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Compressive Strength Analysis of Mortars with Partial Replacement of
Aggregate by Crushed Porcine Bone (CPB)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Hernando Cabrera Daniel Abudinen Michel Murillo Tania Martínez Valeria Goenaga Carolina Rodríguez and Mayra Del Río The field of construction is directly associated with environmental pollution due to the processes and materials used, including cement, which is the main component of mortar. Therefore, it is particularly important to find new construction materials that in addition to meeting the current regulatory requirements, contribute to sustainable development and circular economy. Based on this, the present research aims to analyze the compressive strength of mortars with partial replacement of the fine aggregate by crushed porcine bone (CPB) to assess the feasibility of their application in the construction sector. For this purpose, 162 mortar cubes were manufactured, with different substitution levels (2-10%) tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. According to the results obtained, the highest compressive strength was found for the cubes with 2% CPB substitution and a lower strength for the cubes with 10% substitution, demonstrating an inversely proportional relationship between the percentage of fine aggregate substitution by CPB (replacement of 0 gr, 44 gr, 88 gr, 132 gr, 176 gr, and 220 gr for the 9 mortar cubes) and the compressive strength of the mortar. Likewise, it was possible to show that to prepare these mixtures, these required greater quantities of water compared to a conventional mortar, due to the greater absorption of the proposed replacement material. The objective of analyzing the behavior of porcine bone in cementitious mixtures is mainly due to the fact that this subject is scarce in the literature to date, which is why this type of research is important for the development of this new topic.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Effect of Horizontal Drain for Slope Stability During Rainfall Using
Transient Seepage Analysis
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Putu Tantri K. Sari and Indrasurya B. Mochtar This research aims to use transient seepage analysis to determine the effect of using horizontal drains in reducing groundwater levels and increasing slope stability during the rainy season. The drain used was a perforated pipe drilled and inclined horizontally into the slope to release the pore water pressure in areas prone to landslides, thereby lowering the groundwater level. Numerical modeling research was conducted to determine the effect of rainwater seepage and slope stability on soil using a coupled program based on the Finite element method (FEM) and Limit equilibrium method (LEM) with SEEP/W and SLOPE/W, respectively. Five scenarios were carried out by varying the rain conditions and soil seepage parameters without and with horizontal drain. The results showed that horizontal drain can increase the safety factor by up to 1.7 and 1.1 times during uniform rain modelling for 4 days in good and poor drainage soil conditions, respectively. Furthermore, it raised the safety factor with a ratio of 1.03 times in the real time rainfall intensity of 90 days. The rise in safety factor occurred after 56 days of rain with an average duration of 6 hours/day. These results indicate that the effectiveness of horizontal drain is very sensitive to various parameters (rainfall parameters and soil parameters), hence it must be conducted carefully to mitigate landslides.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Regression Modeling of Elasticity Modulus of Concrete with Coal Bottom Ash
as Partial Replacement of Sand
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Mirasol P. Villa and Gilford B. Estores Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) is one of the by-products of coal power plants during combustion. It has limited use and is usually dumped into ponds and ash yards. Aside from occupying space, permanent storage or disposal impacts human health and the environment. The study aimed to utilize and mix CBA in the construction industry to produce concrete. The researcher used coal bottom ash to partially substitute it for fine aggregates and modeled the result of the modulus of elasticity, Ec, in regression. The serviceability of concrete was evaluated by obtaining the static modulus of elasticity using a destructive cyclic loading test and a non-destructive impact resonant frequency test. The predictors used to model the modulus of elasticity arise from the specimen's age, compressive strength, vertical deformation, unit weight, stress, strain, concrete frequencies, % content of CBA, and mass as the independent variables. The result shows that the modulus of elasticity of concrete was significantly affected by compressive strength and unit weight for samples with or without CBA. Static E is related to the compressive strength, stress, and strain of concrete. Moreover, the concrete frequency and mass of the sample impact the dynamic E. The study observed that the incorporation of coal bottom ash makes the concrete lighter, thus affecting the mass and unit weight of concrete which relates to reducing the dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete. In addition, the reduced compressive strength and immense strain caused by the incorporation of coal bottom ash affect the static modulus of elasticity.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Application of Gene Expression Programming in Computation of Flow
Resistance in Compound Channel with Converging Floodplains
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Rahul Kumar Vijay Kaushik and Munendra Kumar It is essential to the resolution of a large number of pressing engineering issues to have an accurate estimate of the flow resistance in an open channel flow. When there is an overbank flow on both sides of the river, it breaks through the main channel and pours out into the floodplain. The flow structure in such compound channels may become rather convoluted because of the transfer of momentum that occurs between the principal channel and the floodplains. This has a significant bearing on the flow resistance in the different subsections of the floodplain and the main channel. In addition, activities such as agriculture and construction have been carried out in the floodplain areas of a river system. Because of this, the geometry of the floodplain changes over the length of the flow, which ultimately results in the formation of a converging, diverging or skewed compound channel. Conventional formulae, which are too reliant on empirical methods, are not successful in predicting flow resistance with a high degree of accuracy. As a direct consequence of this, there is a continued high need for methods that are both original and exact. The purpose of this study is to use Gene Expression Programming to make a prediction about the manning's roughness coefficient in a compound channel with converging floodplains. The prediction will be made in terms of the geometric factors as well as the flow variables. Statistical indices are utilized to verify the created models for the experimental study so that the performance and effectiveness of these models can be evaluated. The results show that the GEP-derived manning's roughness coefficient has a strong connection both with the data from experiments and with the results of previous investigations. The GEP model that was developed for the purpose of analyzing compound channel flow has been shown to be credible by the findings of statistically sound research, and as a consequence, it is applicable to this field of study.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Impact of Bracing Type on Seismic Response of the Structure on Soft
Soil
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Yassine Razzouk Mohamed Ahatri Khadija Baba and Ahlam El Majid Building in civil engineering usually involves a lot of expertise and knowledge, especially when working with soft soil, which is infamous for being cohesive due to its low shear strength and consequently unstable under its geotechnical conditions. This is why extra care must be taken while researching how a building constructed on soft ground will behave during an earthquake. In these situations, the bracing system, which is well-known for its beneficial effects for resistance against seismic loads, must be thoroughly investigated and its selection must be reasonable and wise. In this perspective, we studied several models by changing the two most used types of bracing (columns and shear walls) while modifying the height of the buildings (3-6-9 and 12-story) using Etabs software. We then optimized the buildings in order to choose the optimal option for each case. Global displacements, inter-story displacements and structural mass were checked and compared. Following model validation and outcome analysis, we came to the conclusion that shear wall bracing would be advantageous for buildings taller than eight stories; otherwise, column bracing would be the better option. The outcomes of this study can be used to strengthen regulations, and as a guide for designers.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Influence of Local Knowledge on the Continuity of Vernacular Dwellings
in Hamparan Perak Sub-District
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 M. F. H. Nasution B. O. Y. Marpaung Nurlisa Ginting and H. T. Fachrudin This qualitative study aims to obtain information related to local knowledge of the Malay community and its influence on the continuity of vernacular architecture. This study used five Deli Malay vernacular dwellings as study objects, and they were selected based on several criteria. Collecting data was conducted by means of observation, semi-structured interviews, and visual documentation. Some householders were chosen as respondents to find out the depth of knowledge related to Malay vernacular architecture. The continuity identification uses spatial variables and the physical form of vernacular dwellings. The identification results aimed to analyze the extent, to which local knowledge influences the sustainability of Malay vernacular dwellings. This study found that the householders quality of local knowledge was decreasing by generation hereditary. Currently, the continuity of Malay vernacular housing occurs due to the desire of homeowners to maintain their identity as an ethnicity, and the memories left by their parents who built the dwellings. Following up on this study's findings, it is necessary to preserve Deli Malay vernacular architecture, bearing in mind that its existence would be increasingly displaced by the times.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Experimental Study of Steel Box Beams Strengthened by Steel Truss Under
Torsion
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Khamail Abdul-Mahdi Mosheer and Jenan N. Almusawi Due to its excellent torsional properties, box beams are frequently used for structural elements that are both curved and straight. One of the most important problems in the steel thin section is warping, so the strengthening technique was used in the current research to reduce warping and increase the torsion capacity. The paper presented an experimental investigation of the torsional behavior of seven steel box beams under pure torsion. One of the beams without strengthening was used as a reference, while the other specimens were strengthened using an internal steel truss with different lengths and sizes. The internal steel truss consists of (38×38×3)mm or (50×50×2)mm smooth steel angles as upper and lower chords and steel plates with a thickness of 3.8mm at 365mm center to center were used as struts in all steel trusses. The results of tests indicated that strengthening influenced the torsional failure loads and angle of twist, and the torsional behavior of the strengthening steel box beams was improved. The maximum torsional moment capacity of strengthening beams by steel truss with steel angle size of (38×38×3)mm or (50×50×2)mm was nearly more significant than reference beam and reached to 49.54% and 42.2% respectively. On the other hand, the torsional strength of strengthening steel box beams was increased as the width/ thickness ratio (b/t) of the steel angle leg decreased. However, the torsional capacity was raised by about (37.1-41.7)% as the length of the strengthening increased from 20% to 100% of the full length of the box beam. Furthermore, the strengthening of box beams could advance their torsional rigidity and stiffness through reducing the angle of twist.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- A Conceptual Framework for Restorative Streetscape towards Better Health
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Ahmed Ouf Tamer Mohamed Abdelaziz and Salma Tarek City streets are an important component of public realm since people have to use them every day, all the time. The presented research study addresses the problem of the multiple negative feelings of stress, tension, fatigue, pain, sadness, depression and anxiety that affects different users during their daily life and are increased by their presence in the cities' streets. The incorporation of nature into urban landscapes is now seen as having restorative benefits for city residents. It all began with Kaplan and Kaplan's attention restoration theory in 1989. Well-designed restorative streetscape's planning might improve city users' health: physiologically and sociologically. This research aims to formulate a conceptual framework for restorative streetscapes in cities. It follows a descriptive analytical approach to answering two main research questions: (Q1) what are the main restorative principles for healthy street design and public realm in cities' (Q2) what are the main streetscape design elements that apply the restorative principles' The research introduces relevant concepts from a historic perspective then it reviews the Attention Restoration Theory (ART) and identifies the principles and the main elements of restorative streetscapes in their four main categories: urban, environmental, social, and economic principles. The research paper ends by identifying a methodology to define applications for achieving restorative streetscapes in our cities. The limitations of the study are that there is few published research on restorative streetscape. Moreover, there were some significant gaps in the literature. Furthermore, there aren't many guidelines or frameworks addressing the integration of restorative landscape into street design.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Renewable Energy Guide for Renovation of Existing Residential Buildings:
Feasible Architectural Integration of Active Solar Energy Systems
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 A. Umur Göksu and Gülay Zorer Gedik Insufficiency of a climate-based prescription for the selection of renewable energy and its application with active systems in the renovation of existing residential buildings increases the importance of the need for guidance. In order to increase energy efficient buildings by evaluating the renewable energy potential in buildings, a systematic approach in the form of a guideline, which is given in general terms in the article, has been created for this need. The scope of the article is that of the comprehensive guide renewable energy (r.e.) and determining application area options, renewable energy feasibility, integration, application scenarios planning sections. It is important for designers and users to present application scenarios by considering building features, energy needs, renewable energy products, resource potential, design, and planning of relations between energy systems, in order to obtain efficient results. An approach to creating a detailed renewable energy integration scenario is given and its evaluation is demonstrated with three case studies. Implementation works in existing residential buildings cover active solar energy systems. As a result of the study, application scenarios can be designed by determining the renewable energy system with its components such as source-technology types, system size etc. and by designing the building-hardware integration at feasible locations. It has been shown that approach features such as working by coding the location and equipment, grouping the locations, and comprehensive planning of the renewable energy system in the context of the systems it is associated with can provide efficient use of time.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Pedestrian Path Infrastructure in Urban Public Green Open Space (Case
Study: Green Open Space Religious Monument Kendari City, Indonesia)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Nahdatunnisa SI Wahyudi HP Adi and M. Arzal Tahir Pedestrian paths in city parks are public spaces that always attract city residents to visit. The presence of this city park must heed efforts to arrange pedestrian paths that support the walkability of visitors, considering that generally, city parks are located in the city center and with an unlimited age range of visitors. The current paper highlights the evaluation of the performance and satisfaction of pedestrian path users in public green spaces using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) analysis tool and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) analysis tool, followed by conducting a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to obtain optimal models and strategies for pedestrian paths. The results help identifying the performance of pedestrian paths and indicate the CSI of pedestrian path users. The comfort of pedestrians on public open space roads needs to be improved. In terms of security, the height of the pedestrian path must be distinguished from the vehicle lane. This study reveals that the performance of existing pedestrian paths classified as good category are facilities for pedestrians with special needs (guiding block), road markings, crossing lanes, security systems (CCTV, security posts), speed control, and cleanliness. Those classified as adequate category are pedestrian path dimensions, lighting, the difference in the height of the pedestrian path with the road body, pedestrian markings and signs/signals, the surface texture of materials, seating, climate (shade), shelter, vegetation/shade plants, the number and quality of rubbish bins. Those with poor category are the availability of ramps, pedestrian paths connected to urban transportation elements, continuity of pedestrian paths, barriers on pedestrian paths, crossings, and noise reduction facilities. In addition, the user satisfaction index is fairly satisfying (65.57%).
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Cultural Sustainability and Evoking Architectural Identity in
Buleleng-Bali, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra and Ida Bagus Gde Wirawibawa Historical construction practices are used to investigate the role of contemporary architecture in promoting cultural sustainability. The discussions centered on the importance of cultural survival and renewal for a more sustainable future highlight the importance of intergenerational dialogue and cultural revitalization. This study aims to understand better the Balinese efforts to modify the indigenous architectural style and ornaments to meet the demands of urbanization and cultural consciousness. Balinese consciousness builds a lineage of the ornament qualities displayed in Buleleng's traditional architectural style to foster cultural sustainability. Since the people of Buleleng have preserved the temples out of reverence for God and their ancestors, these architectural ornaments will be obtained by carefully investigating the heritage temples' original design. This research will be carried out to achieve these beautiful traits. Many heritage temples have been documented and observed to understand the special feature of the ornament's style. The pedigree includes the cultural dynamics that have influenced the style's evolution. It is concluded that traditional design principles were used to achieve a high level of sustainability and exceptional artistic quality in many of heritage buildings especially temples over a long time.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Assessments of Seismic Hazards for the Potential ML 7.0 Changhua
Earthquake in Taiwan and the Strategy of School Seismic Disaster Risk
Mitigations and Management
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Huang Hu This research investigates the seismic hazards due to the potential earthquake (ML 7.0) caused by the Changhua fault movement and offers a disaster risk prevention strategy for the elementary school. Some vital ground motion parameters, including spectral intensities SIa, SIv, and SId, characteristic intensity (Ic), standardized version of cumulative absolute velocity (CAVstd), and maximum incremental velocity (MIV), are employed to assess the seismic hazards in the Changhua County, Taiwan. Five valuable results are as follows. At first, the estimated parameters Ic, CAVstd, MIV, and SIa distributed in Changhua County are higher than the damage thresholds with (Ic, CAVstd, MIV, SIa)=(316cm1.5/s2.5, 418cm/s, 30cm/s, 400gal), indicating that the buildings with 1-7 floors in Changhua county may be destroyed seriously, especially for the buildings in the populated areas which contain with 12 townships from the central part to southern portions in the Chunghua County. The second is Shengeng, Lukang, Tianwei, and Yongjing townships, and Changhua and Yuanlin cities have higher SIv values greater than 30cm/s, meaning the buildings with 7-21 floors in these districts may be damaged. The third is the Lukang township, which is famous for the number of historical monuments and has higher values of all the parameters. Therefore, the historical monuments at Lukang township may be destructive. The fourth is that 90% of the elementary schools in Changhua County locate in potentially dangerous places. Finally, the importance of the school's seismic risk mitigation and management strategies is discussed based on the transformational leadership of the principal in the elementary school.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Footings on Weak Soils Stabilized with Encapsulated Gravel Trenches and
Columns
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Alaa Ata Ahmed Abd El All and Marwa Nabil Shallow isolated footings are usually used to support multitude of light and medium weighted structures like low rise buildings, warehouses, fences, advertising panels and parking sheds, where the surface soil formation is strong enough to carry the structural loads safely and keep the settlement values within the allowable ranges. A very common challenge is the construction of these footings on soft and very soft clay deposits, due to their low shear strength and induced large settlement. Maybe the most common method in dealing with such soil formations is to fully or partially replace the weak soil with more competent granular fills. In this research, a series of numerical analyses are performed to study the enhancement in the load-settlement response of a square footing rested on a soft clay deposit, when stabilized with ordinary granular trenches and encapsulated granular trenches and a group of ordinary stone columns and encapsulated stone columns. The effect of combining both granular trenches and columns under the footing as an improvement technique is also studied. The impact of different factors affecting the improved soil load-carrying capacity are studied, as: trench width ratio, trench depth ratio, gravel column diameter, length, encapsulation length ratio and encapsulation stiffness. Finite element method FEM based software (ABAQUS 6.20) is utilized to model the footing-soil ensemble and study the effect of the various parameters. Results had it that introducing gravel trench and gravel column under the footing improved the soft soil settlement-response and even more improvements are gained by introducing geotextile encapsulation. The gravel trench and gravel column combination has proved to be efficient in providing a noticeable improvement in the footing load-settlement response.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Photovoltaic Ventilated Roof for Reaching Net Zero and Plus Energy Housing
in the Tropical Equatorial Context
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Daniela E. Montalvo-Parrales Esteban F. Zalamea-León Jhonatan P. Calle-Loza and Edgar A. Barragán-Escandón The energy requirements for dwellings in tropical equatorial climates are significant and ongoing throughout the year. Fortunately, significant and stable irradiation exists. We propose the redesign of a local-style, single-family home with a layout for a typical family of four. The methodology consists of real data on the electricity consumption of an existing case of a typical family, which is considered the source of the energy requirements to determine improvements. Once the house is characterized, it is redesigned. Its energetic behaviour is simulated with virtual tools such as ArchiCAD from Graphisoft and DesignBuilder to introduce passive strategies. Photovoltaic (PV) electrical self-supply of the building is integrated, and the inclusion of electric vehicles is considered. The house is virtually built as a dwelling with similar functions, but solar passive and active strategies are integrated to achieve high energy performance. The roof envelope configuration is the main energy source, and interior overheating is the cause. An initial reduction of 36.97% in energy requirements with only passive strategies and a double-ventilated roof is estimated. When simulating PV capability with the System Advisor Model software, nine standard PV 380 Wp panels are sized for the roof to meet the estimated power requirements, and nine additional units are needed to supply electric transportation sufficient for a single family. A model that can scalably integrate PV in accordance with demand is proposed.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Development of Structural Equation Model for Travel Mode Choice Behaviour
of Working Population in Thiruvananthapuram City
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Shaheem S Nisha Radhakrishnan and Samson Mathew During recent years, the rate of commuters using public transportation has drastically reduced, which has led to a rise in private vehicles with higher levels of traffic congestion, accidents, pollution, etc. Primarily, the factors that attract and deter passengers from using public transport must be identified. The present study attempted to develop a structural equation model for exploring the effect of latent attributes on the travel mode choice decisions of the working population in Thiruvananthapuram City. The existing socio-economic and travel patterns of the working population were studied by conducting a revealed preference survey. The unobservable attributes influencing the mode choice decisions were analysed by using the semantic differential technique with a five-point bipolar adjective scale. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify major latent parameters influencing commuters' attitudes towards public transport, and confirmatory factor analysis was done to statistically estimate the relationship between observed variables and latent variables. The major latent attributes identified were reliability, convenience, comfort, and safety. The structural equation model developed using Smart-PLS software indicated that major latent constructs such as reliability and convenience have the most profound influence on travel mode choice decision of commuters. Evaluation of public transport improvement policies identified from an expert opinion survey shows that about a 10% increase in latent variables such as convenience and reliability lead to 3.1% and 5.5% increase, respectively, in the mode share of the public transport system in Thiruvananthapuram City.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- A Methodology to Measure Urban Quality of Life in New Cities in Egypt (New
Damietta Case Study)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Monira abdallah Ragab Asmaa Nasr Eldin El-Badrawy and Nanees Abd elhamid Elsayyad In recent years, the notion of quality of urban life (QUL) has gained prominence in response to the various challenges faced by new cities globally, including Egypt. This study aims to introduce this notion, defined as the urban planning features that can improve individual quality of life. To achieve this, the study examines existing definitions of quality of life, urban planning, and Regenerative growth. While sustainability assessment methods have been developed to evaluate the environmental impact of buildings or groups of buildings. Insufficient research exists regarding the impact of urban planning on the well-being of individuals. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a methodology for measuring the QUL following established principles of urban quality of life, for the purpose of enhancing residential neighborhoods such as Modern and Intelligent Urbanism, Smart Growth, Urban Village. These principles should be useful for designers in developing new areas and locating potential weaknesses in designed areas. The approach utilized entails examining modern theories and practices in urban planning, followed by the comparison and integration of methods like BREEAM Communities and LEED for neighborhoods with new indicators. The research identifies a fundamental group of indicators of urban quality of life that are relevant to the proposed evaluation framework. The indicators consist of seven primary dimensions of urban quality of life, each with 25 component sub-categories. This research presents a valuable contribution to the literature on the QUL and offers practical tools for urban planners and designers to enhance individual quality of life in new urban areas.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Modern Classification of Mixed-use Residential Complexes
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Meruyert Baidrakhmanova Seimur Mamedov and Gani Karabayev The relevance of the research topic is that the placement of mixed-use residential complexes in large cities plays a vital role in spatial planning from a combination of a large number of functions, which are the basis for the improvement of the settlement, taking into account the needs of the population. The purpose of this study is to form a classification of mixed-use residential complexes and their architectural and planning structure on the basis of Astana, the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors used a set of general scientific research methods, in particular: factual analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, abstraction. The article analyses the role of mixed-use residential complexes in modern conditions of active urbanization. The necessity of modernization of complex plans of existing residential areas is grounded. A number of problems in the field of normative regulation of urban planning norms and standards is characterized. Modern trends affecting the formation and classification of mixed-use residential complexes of cities in the Republic of Kazakhstan were substantiated. A number of factors justifying the essence of the concept of "mixed-useity" were determined. A group of basic urban planning principles, which are taken into account the formation of residential complexes, was analysed. The modern classification of mixed-use residential complexes was defined by the example of the city of Astana. The general classification of mixed-use residential complexes takes into account all the external and internal factors of a large city, not only the norms of architectural and planning structure. This research provides a valuable foundation for future research in urban planning and architecture, with the potential to inform policy and practice in cities both in Kazakhstan and globally.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Modulus of Elasticity of Flyash-Slag Based Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete
Flexural Elements
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Mahantesh N B Alkali activated fly ash-slag based geopolymer concrete (GPC) are being well received by industry, but its applications as reinforced concrete members still need a better understanding of its performance. The Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete (RGPC) elements indicates the suitability of GPC in mass applications and their long-term performance. In the first phase, better GPC mix proportion is developed by varying percentages of ingredients and studying their influence on strengths and MoE. The MoE of the developed GPC mix is compared with existing models to arrive at the most realistic value. In the second phase, developed GPC mix is used to cast different under reinforced flexural specimen (slabs) and are load tested for their strength - deformation behaviour under monotonically increasing central point loads and uniformly distributed loads using two type of support condition i.e. two opposite sides simply supported, and all 4 sides simply supported. From the load deflection behaviour and using elastic analysis, the MoE of RGPC sections are determined and are compared with MoE based on rule of mixture, using MoE of GPC from the codal provisions of OPC based concrete. The two results of MoEs of RGPC are best comparable.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Enhancing Concrete Durability with Crystalline Admixtures: An Experimental
Study
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Riza Suwondo Vincentcius Ozzie and Traad Alzhrani Concrete durability has drawn wide attention in recent years. The application of different technologies in concrete has a substantial impact on concrete durability. Crystalline technology is commonly adopted as admixture in concrete particularly under extreme conditions. This paper presents an experimental study of the application of specific crystalline additives to improve the durability of concrete. The aim of the experimental program is to investigate the influence of crystalline admixtures on the durability performances of concrete. Compressive strength, water penetration and chemical resistance tests are conducted. The performance of concrete with crystalline admixtures is compared to that of normal concrete as a benchmark. The results show that crystalline admixtures have a considerable influence on the performance of concrete in terms of compressive strength and permeability mainly due to the filling effect. The addition of 0.6% and 1.2% crystalline considerably increase the compressive strength of concrete up to 10% and 15% at 28 days, respectively. A significant reduction of water penetration can also be found in concrete with crystalline admixture up to 27% and 52% for 0.6% and 1.2% crystalline addition, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of crystalline admixtures to concrete results in a significant reduction in both mass loss and compressive strength loss after submerging the concrete in sulphuric acid. This study provides valuable insights into the use of crystalline admixtures in improving the durability of concrete.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Investigation of the Generation and Deployment of Architectural Concepts
in the Design Studio: The Case of Al-Balqa Applied University
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Arch. Huda Aldabbas Omar Al-Omari Majdi Bisharah and Hamza Al-Bdour The objective of this research is to find out more about where and how architects get their ideas, as well as what role those ideas play in the design process. In this study, 32 students in their fourth year of architectural engineering at Al-Balqa Applied University were surveyed using a quantitative (questionnaire survey) analytical method. Students were divided into two groups based on their responses to a questionnaire (those who were well oriented in architecture and design principles and those who were not), and their work was collected and evaluated over one semester. The findings support the study's main conclusion that students' experiences, creative talent, and lifetime exposure to various architectural concepts and designs are all important factors in defining the sources of architectural thoughts. Furthermore, it was hypothesized in this study that the students under scrutiny relied solely on the architectural concept for the first two stages of the design process, ignoring concepts available in the subsequent phases, which are also thought to be essential for overcoming any difficulties that may arise in the design formulation. The statistical findings of the study, which used (SPSS) software, support the idea that educating novice architects in Jordan's local context about architectural principles through the design process is critical for improving their understanding of where and how architectural concepts are conceived.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) Strength Prediction via Optimized
Duple-Deep-Learning Model and Distance Ranked Fire-Hawk Optimizer (DRFO)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Mu'tasime Abdel-jaber Rob Beale and Nisrine Makhoul Despite the years of widespread usage of self-compacting concrete in construction, there is still no reliable quantitative approach that can accurately forecast its strength. This restriction results from the very nonlinear relationship between the "compressive strength (CS) of the SCC (Self-Compacting Concrete)" and the mixed materials. In this research work, a novel SCC prediction model is developed using the new Optimised Duple--Deep Learning Model. Data gathering, pre-processing, feature extraction, feature fusion, and strength prediction are the five primary steps of the suggested model. The min-max normalization method is initially used to normalize the obtained data. Higher-order statistical features (Variance & skewness), Statistical features (Min-Max, Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation), and Pearson's correlation coefficient-based features are then derived from the normalized data. The features that were extracted are concatenated. A new duple-deep-learning model is developed using the fused features. Bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) and an improved Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) will both be included in the dual deep learning model. The novel Distance Ranked Fire-Hawk Optimizer (DRFO) is employed to fine-tune the activation function of the dual-deep learning model to increase prediction accuracy. This DRFO model conceptually enhances the baseline Fire Hawk Optimizer (FHO). The dual-deep learning model provides the ultimate decision on the CS of SCC. The suggested model outperforms existing models based on the MATLAB results in terms of performance analysis % values such as Mean Square Error (MSE -0.282), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE -1.325), Mean Absolute Error (MAE -0.334), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE -0.112), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE -0.00), and correlation coefficient (0.999).
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Improving the Passive Building Energy Efficiency: A Case Study of a
Moroccan Modern House
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Nada Yamoul Latifa Dlimi Khalid El Harrouni and Baraka Achraf Chakir The building sector is considered one of the most energy-intensive sectors in Morocco. This energy consumption is expected to increase considering the population growth, the development of new cities and the major projects planned by the government in key sectors of the Moroccan economy. Various efforts have been made in recent years to improve the energy performance of buildings through the publication in 2014 of the thermal regulation for new buildings, the adoption of different programs and projects such as the energy efficiency demonstration projects, and also the deployment of an energy performance label for the housing sector by the Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency (AMEE). The aim of this work is to propose solutions to improve the thermal inertia of the envelope of a Moroccan modern house in order to reduce its energy consumption. In this sense, we have adopted an approach based on passive solutions through the simulation of the energy needs of a prototype residential building in two different climatic zones in Morocco using TRNSYS software. The results of this work have underlined the importance of strengthening the thermal inertia. Thanks to the insulation and the use of terracotta brick, which has allowed a significant reduction in energy needs similar to the application of the insulation solution.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Conceptual Design Themes of Artwork in the Public Spaces of Children's
Hospital
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Rawa Ali Abulawi This study focused on exploring the appropriate types of artwork for the public spaces of children's hospitals in Palestine. The study was carried out in two phases, with the first phase involving the evaluation and analysis of 45 photographs of artwork in two paediatric departments in Nablus City/Palestine. In the second stage, there were nine interactive workshops that incorporated artistic activities and semi-structured interviews with a varied group of individuals, including children, parents, healthcare practitioners, and designers. The study's findings suggest that incorporating nature-themed artwork would be the most appropriate way to regenerate the space for all stakeholders. Water features, culture, sport, music, abstract art, and semi-permanent art were also identified as potential themes, but it seems that nature was the most strongly preferred option. Based on the research conducted, it has been found that utilizing practical design methods can be incredibly advantageous in fostering creativity and gathering ideas and preferences from different stakeholders, including young children. The implementation of such methods can help determine the most suitable types of artwork for the interior architectural design of public spaces in children's hospitals. This study is significant as it helps to bridge the gap in the literature regarding thematic design artwork for public spaces in children's hospitals in Palestine. Moreover, this study provides valuable insights into the preferences of various stakeholders, particularly children. These insights can assist in creating healing environments in healthcare settings that cater to the needs and desires of patients and visitors alike. Overall, this research is essential in the field of healthcare architecture as it helps to create spaces that promote healing and well-being, especially in pediatric settings.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Performance of Asphalt Wearing Course against the Immersion Effect of
Tidal Flood (Rob) with Added Materials Polyethylene and Fine Aggregate
Slag
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Juny Andry Pratikso and Rachmat Mudiyono Rob or tide water is a flood of seawater or rising sea level caused by high tide inundating land. Heavy traffic and tidal immersion on main roads result in permanent deformation and require quality asphalt that is resistant to tidal immersion and traffic loads. The use of a combination of LDPE and aggregate slag is an unprecedented update. Polyethylene (PE) plastic waste provides water resistance, therefore the combination can be a new Job Mix Formula that is able to withstand tidal immersion (rob) allowing it to be used in the construction of road structures (Flexible Pavement). The duration of immersion is 7 days, 14 days and 21 days and the soaking method consists of immersing with a continuous pattern and soaking with a periodic/ cyclic pattern (intermittent). Job Mix Formula that can be used on asphalt concrete wearing course modification is a combination of 50% Slag aggregate and 6% LDPE, while asphalt concrete wearing course modification of 0% and 100% Slag Aggregate grades with LDPE 0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 10% and 18% cannot be used as road pavement because it does not meet the requirements of Bina Marga technical specifications.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- The Review on the Roller Compacted Concrete Performance: The Effect of
Compaction Number on the Compressive Strength
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Marjono and Taufiq Rochman Due to the fact that the overall performance of concrete pavement was typically equivalent during the full-service life, the use of the chosen addition made it possible to recycle a substantial proportion of reclaimed asphalt pavement at mid-service and high-service temperatures. One of the advances in building materials is RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete), which is a combination of cement, water, and coarse and fine particles that are compacted by rolling. This surplus is required for road paving construction, particularly on routes that will be quickly utilized or constructed during the rainy season. Recent paper focused on determining the ideal level of compaction for the RCC pavement model. The most important part of this paper is to do a compressive strength study under different levels of compaction for field application. The outcomes of experiment will be explored upon acquiring data on the RCC surface as a result of repeated load cycles. The form of study employed is actual experimental research on the RCC pavement model, which has a width of 70-cm, a length of 240 cm, and various thicknesses. The results indicated that the RCC thickness was compacted 12 times, 16 times, 20 times, 24 times, 32 times, and 40 times with varying compaction numbers as the level of compaction. The degree of compaction represented by compaction number, CN has a substantial influence on the roller compacted concrete performance especially affecting the compressive strength. The optimum compaction number, CN for the 5cm, 6cm and 7cm thickness were determined to be 43, 48, and 58 times respectively.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Prediction of Energy Dissipation over Stepped Spillway with Baffles Using
Machine Learning Techniques
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Saurabh Pujari Vijay Kaushik and S. Anbu Kumar In river engineering, the stepped spillway of a dam is an important component that may be used in various ways. It is necessary to conduct research dealing with flood control in order to investigate the method, in which energy is lost along the tiered spillways. In the past, several research projects on stepped spillways without baffles have been carried out utilizing a range of research approaches. In the present study, machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Regression Tree (RT) are used to analyze the energy dissipation on rectangular stepped spillways that make use of baffles in a variety of configurations and at a range of channel slopes. The results of many experiments indicate that the amount of energy that is lost increases with the number of baffles that are present in flat channels with slopes and rises. In order to evaluate the efficiency and usefulness of the suggested model, the statistical indices that were developed for the experimental research are used to validate the models that were created for the study. The findings indicate that the suggested SVM model properly predicted the amount of energy that was dissipated when contrasted with RT and the method that had been developed in the past. This study verifies the use of machine learning techniques in this industry, and it is unique in that it anticipates energy dissipation along stepped spillways utilizing baffle designs. In addition, this work validates the use of machine learning methods in this field.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- H Control via State Feedback Applied to a Three-Story Building Subjected
to Excessive Vibrations
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Michael Dowglas de Gois Silva and Fábio Roberto Chavarette The dynamic loads from earthquakes and winds can destroy lives, cause collapse in civil structures, and interrupt basic services provided to the population. In this scenario, structural projects must be developed to diminish the damage induced by these actions. The objective of this paper is to design a controller based on H optimization via state feedback to mitigate excessive vibrations in a three-story building caused by the joint action of wind and earthquake. The building is considered a rigid structure, shear building model. All research is based on computational simulation; research and experimental results will not be addressed. A qualitative and quantitative analysis is performed. The system presents large displacements and velocities through the numerical simulations of external actions, demonstrating a chaotic behavior, thus characterizing the total collapse or in parts of the structure. With the application of the H control technique via state feedback, displacements and velocities have been reduced considerably, with a reduction of more than 75% in their maximum displacement. From the results presented, it is concluded that through state feedback and H controller design, the system was stabilized and its H norm was minimized, thus achieving the goal of the controller by avoiding catastrophes and financial losses.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Investigating Human Energy Levels in the Interior and Exterior of a Dome:
A Comparative Analysis
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Smruti Raghani Tejwant Singh Brar Rupesh Surwade and Mohammad Arif Kamal It has become crucial to live in serene and soothing environments to be healthy and tranquil. Contemplative areas can guide the architecture to a higher spiritual plane which generates a feeling of calmness. It is possible to characterize the present era as turbulent, uncertain, and changeable. Technical breakthroughs and a desire for peaceful settings has to go hand in hand along with rapid urbanization and excessive intensification. Traditional architecture frequently had a specific function in mind when it was designed, and future users, uses, or environmental changes were rarely considered. However, it is now asserted that climate change, shifting demographics, resource depletion, and cost difficulties necessitate building flexibility immediately. It is thought that architecture of the 21st century needs to be similarly flexible and adaptable for a number of reasons, the most crucial of which being the user's experiences and mental health. Instead of demolishing buildings to create landfills, architecture should be designed to be dismantled, rebuilt, and repurposed to create spaces for reflection which produces peaceful and serene spaces. There are several ways that architecture can create these places. The experiment used in the current study was based on comprehensive literature surveys and experiments in the disciplines of form and architecture along with its impact on human mental status. This study focuses on the investigation of effects of the physical environment and dome on the energy levels of humans. By offering a place where people are free to ponder or meditate and feel the present moment, different environments can be built that help experience more connecting to themselves. Such quiet areas can be helpful for those who are stressed or depressed.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Quality Evaluation of Public Pedestrian Spaces: The Case of Abdali
Development in Amman City, Jordan
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Firas M Sharaf Hande Sanem Çinar and Ghaida Adel Irmeili Public spaces are places where people gather and practice their daily activities. Squares and streets give the city identity and urban character, whether historical or modern. Since ancient times, public squares have occupied an important place in city planning; they are used for political, social, religious, and recreational activities. Recently, open public spaces and squares have taken on the character of recreation and comfort spaces and are used for social activities. The quality and evaluation of the features of public spaces in the city and the criteria for success and value of public spaces are addressed in this paper. The impact of physical and social elements is quantified to measure the success of the public place. The new Abdali development project in Amman city in Jordan is selected as an example of newly constructed public spaces to become a new city center. The analysis of physical and social dimensions and SWOT analysis are performed to evaluate the quality of public spaces. These elements are considered according to the respondents' replies to the questionnaire and measured according to an assessment equation of public place quality. A chart of the public space's quality is created to demonstrate the results in numeric values, and conclusions are drawn accordingly. This paper concludes that the quality and success of public spaces is the result of taking into account physical and social factors in the design and planning stages to create successful public spaces.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Primary Methods of Forming the Adaptation of Architectural Multifunctional
Public Objects
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Olga Bantserova and Margarita Ivanova In light of the rapid growth of cities, there emerges the need for new solutions to adapt objects to the urban environment. Changes in the functional purpose and modernization of public buildings necessitate the transformation of space. The goal of the research was to determine the key principles of the formation of adaptive multifunctional public buildings. The study implemented historical, bioanalytical, and comparative analysis of mixed-use public complexes, as well as a survey of experts. As a result, the authors identified the factors contributing to the emergence of a classification range of adaptation features, as well as the categories and types of adaptation of objects. Proceeding from the conducted research, the authors propose methods for the adaptation of multifunctional public complexes. The paper concludes that these methods allow for a prompt and efficient response to changing socio-economic conditions and promote the formation of a comfortable urban environment. The application of adaptation methods in design and construction will simplify the task of adapting obsolete facilities to the new transformed demands of society. Therefore, it appears important to study trends in the development of architectural objects in terms of their functional aspects in response to the impact of external factors, similar to processes in the natural environment.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Effective Utilization of Control Parameters in Binary Cement Mortar Using
Grey Taguchi's Method for Optimal Mechanical Properties
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Bharat Narayan Deshmukh and Janaki Ballav Swain In the study, copper slag (CS) and cellulose fibre (CF) were employed as industrial and agricultural waste products, respectively, in an experimental investigation of the characteristic value by partially substituting cement and fine aggregate (CS). The characteristic value of the cement is assessed using Taguchi's approach OAL9 Matrix for 7, 28, and 56 days of the curing period. In this method, fine aggregate was substituted with CS 10%, 20%, and 40%, the ratio of W/C was always 0.41, and the supplementary cement had CF percentages of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. In a study that mixes industrial waste and agricultural waste, the best value of agricultural trash and other resources is arranged in the form of factor ABCD. The use of by-products in mortar generates ecologically sustainable materials by keeping optimal value in the form of CS and STS. The impact of cellulose on hydration products was investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). SEM analysis demonstrated that adding 0.1% cellulose to concrete increased the concentration of C3S and C2S in the mix compared to control concrete, indicating that internal bond modifications are occurring.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Numerical Simulation of Pile Design Method that Considers Negative
Friction
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Hoa Cao Van and Tuan Anh Nguyen Previous studies have shown that the Pile Design Method with Consideration of Down Drag (PDWDD) method can be applied in practice. In this method, the potential settlement of the subsoil is determined using the consolidation theory. This method makes assumptions for the load that causes potential subsoil settlement; there is no basic constraint and then the method is not widely accepted. To solve this problem, the following study uses elastic theory to calculate the settlement of the subsoil, which is caused by the interaction loads between the foundation structures (raft and pile) and the subsoil. Many researchers have successfully applied hybrid model using the theory of elasticity using the first solution of Mindlin to simulate closely the behavior of rafts, piles and soil in the pile raft foundation. In this study, the authors used the first solution of Mindlin to calculate the settlement of the foundation soil due to structure – soil interaction loads. This study has proposed a hybrid model for future computer programming. The assumptions in the model have been validated partially with three real projects. The results show that the calculation of the settlement of the subsoil under the pile foundation and the PDWDD method based on the hybrid model proposed in this study are valid.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Literature Review on Problem of Defect Assessment Inspection for Building
Maintenance Management Planning
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Nurul Izza Abdul Ghani Mohamad Haszirul Mohd Hashim and Wan Samsul Zamani Maintenance is a combination of several management methods without changing the basic features and functions of building structures and service systems. Effective maintenance planning ensures optimal use of the structure and reduces operating costs. Building inspection is one of the methods in maintenance management for assessment of building physical condition. Moreover, this method is a preliminary analysis to gather information, assess and identify damages to building structures. This paper discussed a variety of structural inspection methods including inspections for pitched roof and façade. Literature was collected from journals, conference proceedings, standards and books. These methods were compared and classified according to defect. The results demonstrated that there are weaknesses in the method of building structure inspection. For example, there are varieties of information in the verification of damage causing inconsistencies in the inspection. Hence, causing inconsistent final report on maintenance performed. Besides, the assessments also depend on the discretion and experience of the inspector, resulting in subjective evaluations. For instance, the final reports were interpreted differently from individual perspectives. In conclusion, building structure inspection requires a guide to standardize the inspection process. In addition, specific strategies are required to ensure the documents provided can be deduced consistently by various inspectors.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Losses in Precast Concrete: A Case Study in Ecuador
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 5 Tito Castillo Marcel Paredes Alexis Andrade José Gaibor and Karen Merino The studied company offers its clients a first quality and fast assembly house. Its dispatch and delivery depend on the production phase of the prefabricated elements and the final assembly phase of the product. The goal of the research is to find the existing waste in both phases mentioned, through the application of lean tools. For this purpose, a visual analysis of the current operation managed by the prefabricated company was conducted. The data obtained allowed the calculation of productive and unproductive time and the classification of activities that add value (AV) and do not add value (NAV); for a clearer vision of what happens within the processes, a value stream mapping was developed. Current VSM where the existing waste is distinguished gave way to the search for tools that help reduce or eliminate said waste, which were chosen with the help of lean experts considering the type of waste and the setback that generates it. From this analysis, in which the errors in the processes were found, strategies were set up to improve them and the future VSM was proposed.
PubDate: Sep 2023
- Natural Cellulosic Alfa Fiber (Stipa Tenacissima L.) Improved with
Environment-Friendly Treatment Cementitious Composites with a Stable
Flexural Strength
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sofiene Helaili Achref Guizani Mohamed Amine Khadimallah and Moez Chafra Using natural fibers in structural applications is the subject of much research in the scientific world. Natural fibers are bio-sourced, biodegradable, have a low carbon footprint, and have interesting mechanical properties. The lightness, tensile strength, and elongation before break make natural fibers suitable candidates to replace synthetic fibers. Sometimes, natural fibers must undergo heavy chemical treatment for the extraction of microfiber. This is not the case in this paper, which presents a first attempt to use esparto fiber in its raw state without heavy treatment without soda and bleach. In this paper, the raw esparto stem cut into short fibers is treated, then prepared and used as reinforcement in mortar. The mechanical properties of the esparto stems were identified, analyzed, and improved. The mechanical tests showed a weak adhesion between the mortar and Alfa. Also, excessive absorption of water by the stem induced a delay in the mortar's setting. Even with unsaturated stems, this phenomenon is observable. An improvement was applied to the natural Alfa stem to improve its adhesion and reduce the absorption of spillage water. For the first time, as a major innovation in natural fibers used for cementitious composites, a method is presented in this paper allowing the use of Alfa (esparto) fiber in a mortar while keeping the mechanical strength properties of the mortar. Test specimens 4x4x16 cm were made and reinforced with short fibers of 2 and 3 cm with different volume concentrations: 1%, 2%, and 5%. The flexural strength and compressive strength were determined experimentally. The results show that for the 1% concentration of short fibers of 3cm, the compressive strength is 26 MPa, which is almost identical to the strength of the control specimen equal to 26.03 MPa. Flexural strength of the improved fibers concentrated at 1%, 2%, and 5% reach nearly 4.75 MPa very close to the flexural strength of the control specimen, which is 5.57 MPa. The flexural strength doesn't decrease with treated Alfa fiber concentration increase: this is a unique case in which flexural strength doesn't decrease compared to other natural fibers results in the literature. In conclusion, Alfa-treated short fibers can be used in secondary structural applications subject to compressive and light bending forces, for example, paving applications.
PubDate: May 2023
- Inclusive Schools Design: A Phenomenological Investigation into Visually
Impaired Lived Experiences
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sarah Oteifa Khaled Dewidar and Yasser Mansour Inclusive design is an approach that aims to include special children with the general student population by developing the whole system, including the built environment, to accommodate their needs. Although efforts have been made to include children with visual impairments in the educational mainstream, available design guidelines often miss their "real lived experience". Available inclusive school design criteria are considered limited and the necessary design qualities of space to cope with their impairments are often missing the phenomenological, holistic approach. This study is conducted using a mixed method. The necessary spatial qualities are extracted from visually impaired children's real experiences through a phenomenological approach. An in-depth interview is done with visually impaired participants; transcriptions are extracted and analysed through thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is done by the NVIVO qualitative research analysis program. The themes are later validated through a personal experience at the blind museum "Dialogue in the Dark" in Cairo, Egypt. Research findings show and explain the main four themes that affect the visually impaired experience, which are: senses stimulation, accessibility, sense of place and perception of safety and they can be translated into design considerations.
PubDate: May 2023
- Review on Supertall Building Forms
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Hüseyin Emre Ilgın To date, few studies have provided an understanding of the interrelations between forms and key design parameters in supertall towers (equal to or higher than 300 m). This vital topic was examined through data collected from 140 supertall cases, considering height, location, function, load-bearing system, and material as the main parameters. Key findings of the paper highlighted the following: (i) in 300-399 m high towers, mostly prismatic, setback, tapered, and free forms were used; (ii) tapered forms were generally preferred in Asia, while the prevalence of prismatic and free forms was noted in the Middle East; (iii) while tapered form was preferred most in mixed-use function, office towers were generally built in free form; (iv) prismatic and tapered forms were generally utilized in supertall cases with tube system, whereas tapered and free forms were utilized more in towers with outriggered frame system; (v) while reinforced concrete was commonly used in prismatic and setback towers, tapered and free tower forms were mostly built in composite. This paper is considered to be an initial guideline for key project and construction stakeholders.
PubDate: May 2023
- Analysis of Diaphragms Stiffness in Precast Construction supported on
Reinforced Concrete Walls
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 William Gomez Zabaleta Roque Armenta Polo Daniel Abudinen Adriana Mattos-Rodríguez Wilmer Ruiz Tobias and Sergio Perez This research presents results of the structural analytical behavior of diaphragms built with precast slabs supported on reinforced concrete walls. The current analysis approach that some designers propose for this type of construction, supposes the implementation of a rigid diaphragm model provided by the slab connections, stipulated in the construction regulations. However, given the loss of continuity between the slab panels in these prefabricated systems and the adoption of spaced connections, some differential displacements are released inside these diaphragms, which leads to a loss of their rigidity and changes in the behavior of the structural seismic resistance system. Two buildings were analyzed in this research, whose geometric characteristics were: length/width ratio of 1.5 and 2; with 5 stories high. The modeled structural system was reinforced concrete walls and the diaphragm consisted of precast slab panels hoisted in situ, joined by spaced connections. A chronological-spatial analysis was performed with acceleration records of scaled earthquakes; with the purpose of evaluating the behavior of the structure and checking the floor displacements throughout the building. With calculated displacement at various points of the diaphragm, flexibility indices and floor accelerations were determined. From these results, it was possible to establish whether the behavior of these diaphragms is rigid or flexible.
PubDate: May 2023
- Experimental Investigation on Durability Study of Portland Slag Concrete
with Influence of High-Volume Recycled Aggregate
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 T. Sujatha and D.S.R. Murty The importance of environmental protection and conservation, as well as the utilization of sustainable materials, in modern construction, has more concern on the scarcity of natural aggregates. Because of this increasing interest in using recycled aggregates in construction, the use of recycled aggregates in concrete needs more concern about durability aspects rather than strength. Normally Recycled Aggregate concrete (RAC) contains more porosity and water absorption. More studies reveal that recycled aggregate concrete has less durability than conventional concrete. In this regard, current experimental investigation was carried out to determine the durability of RAC with the use of sustainable materials i.e., Portland slag cement was used instead of OPC. M-sand as an alternative for river sand, Natural coarse aggregate (NCA) was replaced with recycled aggregate by various percentages (30, 45 and 60 percent) and Nano silica. The cube strength of concrete was optimum at 45% replacement of recycled aggregates with natural coarse aggregates at all grades, the percentage of strength difference between 28 and 180 days compressive strength about 27%. Concrete durability properties (RCPT, Permeability, water absorption and Acid resistance) were tested at various replacement percentages for M20, M25, M30 and M35 grades. Chloride ion permeability was reduced about 56% at higher concrete grades (M30 & M35) due to Nano silica at 180 days. At 90 days, the acid effect on RAC strength loss was reduced by roughly 5%. Nano silica is added to higher grades to decrease the water demand and enhances the durability and strength properties.
PubDate: May 2023
- The Viscoelastic Comportment of Composite Plates Reinforced with Synthetic
and Natural Alfa (Stipa tenacissima L.) Fibers for Structural Applications
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sofiene Helaili Nour Belbachir and Mohamed Amine Khadimallah Composite materials are widely used in applications subjected to low, medium, and high loading frequencies. The viscoelastic behavior of these materials can significantly impact their performance and behavior under different loading conditions. As a result, it is important to carefully study the viscoelastic behavior of composite materials to design structures that can effectively withstand vibration or time-varying loads. This study investigated the static elastic, vibratory, and viscoelastic behavior of composite materials made from Carbon/Epoxy and PMMA/Natural Alfa fibers using both analytical and numerical approaches. The laminates studied included an asymmetrical laminate and an antisymmetrical laminate, both with a thickness of 2mm and composed of 9 plies. Stresses and strains were calculated for each ply and the overall composite plate. The study showed that the numerical finite element models produced results that agreed with the analytical models. The modal analysis revealed that the first frequency of the symmetrical composite [0/+45/-45/60/0/60/-45/+45/0] was 4.16Hz, which was higher than the first frequency of the antisymmetrical composite (2.61Hz) made from Carbon/Epoxy60% fibers. In terms of the viscoelastic behavior, the relaxation test of a 2mm plate showed that the stresses in the Carbon/Epoxy60% composite were stabilized quickly, while it took 20 minutes for the stresses of Alfa/PMMA45% composite plates. Alfa/PMMA45% can be a candidate for civil applications.
PubDate: May 2023
- Optimizing the Distribution of Public Transportation Stops Using GIS: A
Case of Amman City in Jordan
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Maram Alharbi and Mohammad Hassan In the context of developing multi-modal transit systems in major cities, transit station distribution is a crucial indication for implementing public transportation services. This paper presents an optimization method for bus stop locations to improve the accessibility level and reduce the transportation cost and distance. This paper assesses the existing geographic distribution of bus stop locations in Amman city the capital of Jordan, to evaluate transport accessibility, and to determine the optimal locations of bus stops from a set of candidate locations. The minimized impedance location-allocation model for transportation problems is used as a network analysis method to design a new distribution of bus stops; the current accessibility ratio of 34 stopping points covering 135 out of 300 facilities increased from 45% to 69% of the total facilities within the study area, covering 208 services of available facilities. Optimizing bus stop locations will lead to an increase in the use of public transportation systems versus private vehicles, which will improve the levels of service, reduce traffic congestion and lower air pollution.
PubDate: May 2023
- Linking Cities to Rivers in Theory and Practice: The Case of Egyptian
River Cities
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Mohamed H. Abo-hashem Aboulfetouh S. Shalaby and Sameh Abd A. El Alaily The linkage of cities and rivers is a historic phenomenon that persists to this day. Urbanization historically began to appear on river sides and evolved along with the development of cities. The connection is represented in the linkage of the fabric of urbanism, and people, to rivers. There exists a global interest in the linkage of cities with rivers. In an interest to achieve ecological goals and communal, cultural, and economical conservation, processes have risen that value the connection of cities to rivers. The most notable of these global interests are greenways that have been implemented in multiple nations. They have become a global movement as a planning and designing tool that attains an established organizational, well-funded, and legalized structure that also strives for global inclusion in sustainable development, under which falls the linkage of cities with rivers. The Egyptian case, unfortunately, neglects river cities, despite the origination of the phenomenon in the country thousands of years ago, despite what the nation attains in cultural and natural heritage, and the fact that Egyptian river cities comprise 70% of Egyptian cities. We find that local studies that have covered river cities did not go beyond theoretical analysis, which presents a difficulty in execution due to shortcomings in planning processes, thus, this study takes steps to ensure ease of practical implementation. The study focuses on the city of Cairo as an exemplar of Egyptian riverside cities as a whole. This was done due to the extensive history the city attains of the relationship between urbanization, people, and the river. The current situation was monitored, and institutional and urban problems that contributed to the separation of Egyptian cities from the river were identified. Analysis of a group of global experiments in greenways based on: (i) The planning process. (ii) The basis and criteria of design. (iii) Organizational structures. The study aims to learn from previous successes to reform the processes responsible for the development of Egyptian river cities. Results have been reached that shape a complete and effective integrated framework has been developed to link the city with the river at the local level that can be applied to the Egyptian case, and in turn, emphasizes the role of landscape planning and design in reconnecting the city with the river.
PubDate: May 2023
- Tuned Mass Damper Parameters Design by Means of Meta-Heuristic
Optimization Algorithms
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Abdelmajeed Alkasassbeh Bilal Yasin and Hatem Almasaeid Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) as vibration-mitigating devices are widely used in structures to reduce their displacement response under dynamic forces. Through a novel dolphin echolocation (DE) algorithm, this paper provides optimum tuning of TMD parameters. Developing some features of this algorithm results in a faster convergence to the optimum solution. Besides, grey wolf and whale optimization algorithms (GWO and WOA), as two other nature-based meta-heuristic algorithms, are employed in this problem. The modified DE illustrates a more optimum design of TMD's parameters rather than GWO and WOA. The code has been verified by a sample structure from the literature and then applied to a high-rise forty-story structure under strong ground motions. The numerical results reveal that the optimum TMD is viable in attenuating the structural responses, including relative displacements and absolute accelerations under different earthquake excitations. For instance, in the high-rise structure, the modified DE, GWO, and WOA reduce the maximum displacements up to 45%, 43%, and 38%, respectively. Moreover, the algorithms, specifically the modified DE, propose more cost-effective designs in comparison with previous studies in the literature by introducing smaller TMD parameters.
PubDate: May 2023
- Pavement Management in Highway Engineering
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Zaydoun Abu Salem and Nawal Louzi Since its construction, periodic maintenance has been necessary to keep the original pavement serviceable. Because both works and findings had to be estimated and scheduled, this was the first sort of pavement management. Later, the introduction of engine vehicles resulted in a significant increase in travel speed, necessitating the creation of safer and more sturdy pavements. In this research, we will investigate the notion of preventative maintenance, selecting utmost cost-effective maintenance treatment, maintenance materials, and maintenance treatments for both asphalt and concrete pavements. Pavement management encompasses the many components and duties necessary to maintain a high-quality pavement inventory while also ensuring that the overall condition of the road network is kept at a high level. A pavement management system (PMS) is a decision-making system for pavement management. PMS software solutions predict future pavement damage caused by road traffic and weather and prescribe road pavement maintenance depending on the kind and age of the pavement as well as many metrics of present pavement condition. According to studies, it is significantly less expensive to maintain a road than it is to restore it once it has been damaged. As a result, pavement management systems prioritize preventive maintenance of excellent roads over road reconstruction of inferior roads. As a result, system performance will increase in terms of lifetime cost and long-term pavement conditions. The author used the approach to construct PMSs at the project level, which was helped by pavement condition evaluations.
PubDate: May 2023
- Analysis Factors Influencing Motorcycle and Car Ownership in Medium-Sized
Region in Developing Countries (A Case Study of Badung Regency,
Bali-Indonesia)
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 P A Suthanaya and P P Winaya The economic growth of cities in developing countries is followed by the rapid growth of private vehicle ownership. The predicted exponential growth of vehicles will be followed by rapid growth in oil demand and a significant increase in environmental impact such as air pollution, traffic noise, and road traffic accidents. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors affecting car ownership. Studies on private vehicle ownership were mainly focused on the metropolitan area level. Using Badung regency as a case study, this study was focused on model car and motorcycle ownership in a medium-sized region by using Poisson regression. Data were collected from 180 households. The results indicated the characteristics of households with the highest percentage, namely car ownership per household of one unit (45.56%), and motorcycle ownership per household of three units (36.11%). For the motorcycle ownership model, there were three independent variables identified as significant predictors, i.e. monthly family income, monthly transport cost, and the number of family members. For the car ownership model, there were seven significant predictors, i.e. monthly family income ((MFI8, MFI7, MFI6), number of students in household, and other variables (safety, accommodating more family members, and social status).
PubDate: May 2023
- Model Willingness to Use Public Transport in the USA Based on
Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Ahmed Elkafoury Maged Zagow Khaled Saeed and Ahmed Mahmoud Darwish Promoting public transport can increase the role of transport in sustainable development. Thus, studying the determinants of choosing public transport by travelers is crucial for transportation planning purposes, where developing an accurate model can help in examining any proposed scenarios. This paper aims to develop a multivariable regression model to describe the willingness to use public transport (W) represented as the percentage of people who use public transport in United States cities. First, census data of socio-economic and demographic characteristics are analyzed to identify significant factors for W to develop the model. Then, the regression technique is utilized to develop the model. The model is statistically assessed, in which the significance of all independent variables is examined and represented by a p-value. Moreover, the correlation between variables is examined. Then, the most statistically appropriate model for W is identified based on a set of performance measures such as coefficient of determination, average error, geometrical mean, Theil's inequality coefficient, and frictional bias. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the elasticity of the model to changes in the significant variables by considering a 10% change (increase or decrease) in the average of each variable.
PubDate: May 2023
- User Experience and Expectations of Streetscape: A Planning Framework for
Urban Streets in India
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Rajeev Garg Pankaj Akhilesh Kumar Tahsinur Rahman Warsi and Mohammad Arif Kamal Streets are an integral part of the urban fabric which weave various functions like social space, commercial space, cultural space, as well as a channel of transportation for various categories of vehicles. In Indian scenario, rapid and uncontrolled growth of commercial activities on urban streets has led to traffic congestion, unorganized parking, lack of convenient space for pedestrians and lack of visual and spatial comfort for all users. This research focuses on the study of streetscape scenario in India, the expectations of users, identifying general issues related to urban streets and accordingly suggesting strategies for enhanced user experience. The aim of this research is to study the user experience, determine the expectations of citizens and formulate strategies for establishing the sustainable street system which enhances the user experience and keeps the city livable. The present scenario of urban streets is studied through a research survey in order to understand the user experience and their expectations of urban streets. The questionnaire comprising of twelve questions was prepared to collect responses from various age groups. User experience and expectations are compiled and analyzed on the basis of information provided by 454 respondents, and recommendations are made accordingly on the basis of best judgement. A new framework for urban street planning and design of streetscape elements is to be formulated at the city level while considering user experience and expectations.
PubDate: May 2023
- Public Preference of Biowall Area Configuration by Virtual Reality
Assessment
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Tri Susetyo Andadari Prasasto Satwiko and A. Rudyanto Soesilo A biowall has the potential to provide human health and well-being benefits. However, some users consider a biowall as a hobby for their happiness. For this study, the general public's preference for a biowall was explored. The assessment was based on five criteria, perceptual, thermal, visual, respiratory, and audial comfort. The method assessed public preferences regarding the biowall in virtual reality for living and family rooms in urban dwellings. Six biowall configurations were virtualized in both rooms. These configurations included control conditions without biowall, single potting biowall, hidden single potting biowall, multiple potting biowall, linear potting biowall, and fully potting biowall. One-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD analyzed the data with the main result that the variants of the public's preferences for the biowall configuration were significantly different. The final result showed that the fully potting biowall was the highest rating configuration, with a preference value of 4.64 (N = 25) for the family room and 4.81 (N = 25) for the living room. The variables with the highest preferences for perceptual, thermal, visual, respiratory, and audial comfort were interest, chillness, color, freshness, and spaciousness-magnificence, respectively. The most dominant variable influencing preference was the ability of biowall to provide freshness and magnificence in the room. Generally, the public preferred the addition of biowall in the room.
PubDate: May 2023
- Statistical Testing of the Bedoya Cone for Concrete Slump Tests: An
Ecological Contribution from the Economy of Materials
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Carlos Mauricio Bedoya Cristian Santa and Carlos Alberto Mejía-Barrera This study shows the modification of the cone of Abrams. A new device size was obtained, with 68% savings in terms of the material. Similarly, we explored the contribution to the aspect of occupational health since, from an ergonomic perspective, the test can be developed at a more comfortable and safe height for the person. Furthermore, we found equivalence between the ranges of the Abrams cone and the Bedoya cone. According to the tests performed, it is possible to significantly reduce the consumption of materials for the slump test without affecting the quality of the result. It improves the ergonomics condition of laboratory workers, especially for women who are not allowed to lift heavy loads due to occupational health regulations. More than 60 tests were carried out in universities, construction sites, precast industries and nationally and internationally accredited laboratories. The methodology used consisted of carrying out the test using the same mixture and finding the slump with the Abrams cone and the Bedoya cone simultaneously under the same conditions of temperature, time and humidity. One important aspect is the possibility of using in mixtures with coarse aggregates of sizes 9.5 mm (3/8''), 13 mm (1/2''), 19 mm (3/4''), and 25.4 mm (1''), being these the most commercially made worldwide. The results and the statistical analysis allow us to conclude that it is possible to use the Bedoya cone to determine the concrete slump in the fresh state, since its ranges are directly applicable with respect to the Abrams cone. As it is a test that continues to be carried out daily in all countries of the world, this research is also a social and environmental contribution. The cone of Bedoya is registered in Colombia under the patent of invention number NC2016/0001514, and is being applied in Undergraduate, Master's and Doctorate research in this country and in México.
PubDate: May 2023
- Assessment of Anticipatory Approach Using the Integration of GIS, and
Remote Sensing Techniques for Flood Management in Alexandria City, Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Mai Afifi Rifaat Abdel Wahaab Abdelkawi Khalifa Ibrahim Moukhtar and Ezzat Elalfy Alexandria city is the second largest city in Egypt; located on Mediterranean Sea. It experienced yearly extreme rainfall events. In 2015, it was hit by an extreme rainfall, causing a heavy impact flooding on the most urban areas of the city. This causes a huge negative impact on the social and economic activities. The responsible authorities did not prepare enough for this extreme event. This study aims to assist decision makers to prepare priority plans by developing flood susceptibility mapping for Alexandria city, using Geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing applications (RS), and integration with multi-criteria decision-making method. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques, and the list of significant urban flood factors are developed following a review of the related literature and a technical discussion with experts from the water sector. The required data for each factor were derived by remote sensing techniques. A quantitative analysis using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to derive the final weights for each factor. A spatial data analysis was performed to identify different factors of the susceptibility map using the GIS system. Finally, the study has shown that the rainfall amount factor has the highest probability of flooding with a priority weight of 38%; this is because of its importance in the flood trigging, trailed by distance to stream with weight 26.3%, and the slope with weight 13.4%. Land cover-land use and elevation were the least important factors with priority weightings of 11.5%, 10.8% respectively. The developed susceptibility map classified the Alexandria city into zones regarding its likelihood risk of urban flooding to three grades, as high, moderate, and low. The purpose of this classification is to help decision-makers in preparedness for flood mitigation.
PubDate: May 2023
- Evaluating the Impact of Natural Ventilation on Indoor Thermal Conditions
in Hot and Arid Climate School Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Ali Almunyifi and Abdulbasit Almhafdy Although natural ventilation can greatly affect indoor heat and energy use, little is known about how opening windows for natural ventilation affects indoor thermal conditions, especially in hot dry climates. During the pre-design phase of a school building, it is critical to consider the environmental response to the design of the interior space. This paper examines the impact of utilizing natural ventilation through windows on the temperature regulation of classrooms within a school located in a hot and arid climate. Temperature data loggers were installed in four classrooms that were oriented in the main directions. After that, a calibration was made between the real data and simulation data. All four classes took part in the simulation process throughout the year and the windows were opened and closed. Due to the hot climate in the Qassim region, the windows are only opened during study periods when the indoor temperature is higher than the outdoor temperature. Field data results show that creating a friendly environment inside a building is influenced by factors including wall exposure, window size and orientation. Regarding the simulation, the temperature effect can be significantly affected by natural ventilation in the four classes. Results indicate that from late November until early April, the indoor temperature was still below the upper limit of acceptable indoor temperatures recommended by ASHRAE, 27℃, and thus, achieved 20% occupancy dissatisfaction. In contrast, from April until late November, the indoor temperature increased.
PubDate: May 2023
- Evaluation of a Braced Excavation by Numerical Method: A Case Study
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Vahid Rostami Zainuddin Md Yusoff Zahraalsadat Eliaslankaran Haslinda Nahazanan and Ehsan Mousavi Approximately 18 by 22 by 100 meters in size, a braced excavation operation at the Mahallati station on Tehran's Metro Line 7 took over eleven consecutive phases. Due to the significant depth-to-width ratio, a PLAXIS plane-strain finite element analysis was carried out. The lateral wall of the braced cut excavation was supported with three types of struts in four different rows. Due to the excavation of the soil, the tension condition was changed and caused some displacements and instabilities; therefore, the horizontal and vertical displacement of the excavation was studied. The maximum horizontal displacements of 35.32 mm occurred in the lateral wall at the excavation surface, whereas the maximum vertical displacements of 35.00 mm occurred at the excavation's base. In all stages, the highest lateral wall deflection values were between 0.00018 and 0.0016 of the depth. The maximum ground surface settlement near the excavation was 22.41mm, approximately 0.67 times the maximum subsequent wall deflection. In each phase, the maximum ground surface settlement distance from the wall was almost equivalent to 0.4 times the excavation depth. The numerical modeling shows that Plaxis2D is an effective software for analyzing the excavation of a braced cut.
PubDate: May 2023
- Decoding the Geometrical Construct of Rama Temple, Sirpur
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Saumya Shrivastava Abir Bandyopadhyay and Vandana Agrawa Construction of Hindu temples in India started from about 1st C BCE, but today there are very few examples of those temples. In the state of Chhattisgarh (erstwhile known as Dakshin Kosala), which is in central India, there is evidence of the construction of brick and stone temples from 5th C CE. These temples are categorized either as 'Rectilinear Type' or 'Stellate and Semi- Stellate Type'. Though these temples have survived the ravages of time, the techniques of their construction and the principles of their layout on the ground are lost in ambiguity. Some research has been performed on the plan forms of the temples, the elevational levels, the philosophy embedded in them etc. but very less work has been done on the geometric construct of the plan form of the stellate temple of Chhattisgarh. This paper aims to decode the hidden geometric construct of one of the earliest brick stellate temples of India, which is Rama Temple in Sirpur, Chhattisgarh. For this, a primary survey was conducted and detailed measurement at the base level of the temple was done. The measured drawing was then drafted, and the layout was verified statistically and otherwise from various published research works based on canonical texts to arrive at some principles of geometric layout. Prima facie studies show that some ancient geometrical principles are followed in the layout of the planform of this temple. Similar studies on other temples will prove the principle of laying out such temples in India and thus will help in filling up a gap in the lost legacy of temple architecture in India.
PubDate: May 2023
- Smart Eco-cities Conceptual Framework to Achieve UN-SDGs: A Case Study
Application in Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sara Tarek Smart-eco cities are not a new concept, they appear while planning for a healthy and sustainable urban future. Notions like smart cities, sustainable cities, augmented cities, and ecological cities represent new norms and standards for applying the latest new smart technologies in addition to green environmental solutions in the planning of contemporary cities. The present study addresses the problem of the lack of guidelines that help in linking different principles of urban design and indicators of smart and ecological interventions in both the early planning and upgrading stage to support cities' sustainable future. Therefore, the research aims to identify smart-eco cities dimensions and indicators to use in developing a conceptual framework for developing smart-eco cities strategies, to be applied in cities nowadays. The study merges between smart and ecological urban dimensions as novel urban approaches in addition to focusing on the characteristics, guidelines, and indicators for smart and eco-cities to attain UN 2030 sustainable development goals. The present work follows a methodology that encompasses four parts. The First part is an integrative literature review for the main concepts, definitions, and dimensions for both smart cities and eco-cities in addition to SDGs. Moreover, it reviews and analyses different initiatives for cities that followed smart and ecological approaches. The Second part is an analytical approach proposing a matrix that combines both smart and eco-cities dimensions and indicators to achieve a healthier and sustainable urban future by mapping it to UN-SDGs. Moreover, a survey was administered to highlight the most effective indicators in developing smart eco-cities strategies. The Third part proposes a conceptual framework to be used for planning smart-eco cities for better urban futures. Finally, the study applies the proposed framework on a new Egyptian city as a case study to identify the potential of applying smart-eco cities concept in developing countries and limited resources settings. Research results indicate the capabilities derived by smart-eco cities that can assist in the adaptation and achieving SDGs for developing countries.
PubDate: May 2023
- Correlations between Ground Motion Parameters Measures and Structural
Damages of the Mw6.4, 2016 Meinong Taiwan Earthquake Using Hybrid
Simulation Method
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Boi Yee Liao Sen Xie and Tsung-Shun Hsieh The purposes of this research are to invest the correlations of ground motion parameters, including characteristic intensity (Ic), standardized version of cumulative absolute velocity (CAVstd), maximum incremental velocity (MIV), and the relationships with the damages of the buildings caused by the Mw6.4, 2016 Meinong Taiwan earthquake. To detect the validations of the hybrid simulation method, the waveforms of three stations near the epicenter are simulated and compared with the observations by employing the inverted source model of the Meinong earthquake. The comparisons between the observations and simulations demonstrate that the PGAs of the observations and simulations are well consistent and underestimations of the high-period contents are improved. Based on the excellent results of the method, the three parameters around Tainan city are calculated and displayed in this research. Apparently, most of the higher values of the three parameters distribute around the north-western regions of the epicenter of the Meinong earthquake, which coincides with the rupture direction of the earthquake toward the northwest. Almost all of the damaged buildings are located well within the values of MIV with 30cm/s, Ic with 316cm1.5/s2.5, and CAVstd with 418cm/s, indicating both of the results are agreeable to the previous studies and offering critical values of the three parameters to predict the potential earthquake-induced damages of buildings. Finally, we discover that two in pairs of the three parameters have high correlation coefficients and exceptional linear relationships between them. The correlation coefficient between MIV and Ic is 0.88, between MIV and CAVstd is 0.89, and between CAVstd and Ic is 0.99. The linear regression models of a couple of parameters are established to model linear predictor functions.
PubDate: May 2023
- A Study on the Relationship between Majapahit Temple and Joglo -nDalem
Architecture as Preservation of Ancestral and Cultural Values
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Rahadhian P. Herwindo The so-called Joglo is a type of traditional house (nDalem) architecture since Islamic era on the island of Java that is still used today in Indonesia. Joglo architecture is currently not only used for residential buildings but has developed into a multifunctional feature, and so the Joglo roof models have been used for office buildings, airports, hotels, and the like. The originally Joglo construction made of wood is thought to have been unknown in the past, namely during the Majapahit era or the end of the Hindu-Buddhist era. Through an approach to analyzing the type of architectural form, traces of this temple building can then be identified in the Joglo building, although in the form of abstraction of its elements. Javanese society basically has a tradition to uphold the culture of its ancestors, regardless of the beliefs held by the Javanese. Joglo architecture can be seen as a representation of the preservation of the temple architecture. The relationship between the temple and the joglo is indicated by the shape of the roof, intercropping elements, ornamentation and linearity of the building layout. This preservation is making modifications while still displaying important elements with different materials. As a result, preservation is not orientated to the physical-material but rather to the values of its meaning. The spirit of respecting the past through preservation has unconsciously imbued the architectural ideas involved, so that permanence in architectural preservation can be dynamic through the adaptation process
PubDate: May 2023
- Empirical Models Investigation of Pavement Management for Advancing the
Road's Planning Using Predictive Maintenance
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Laith Jamal Aldabbas The current study is based on the empirical models of pavement management for advancing the road's planning using predictive maintenance. Pavement management is defined as the planning process to maintain and repair the roadway network and other road facilities for optimization of the conditions of pavement. Predictive maintenance on the other hand is referred to as the technique used to determine the conditions of the equipment to estimate the requirement involved in maintenance. The following study also discusses the challenges and strategies concerning pavement management using predictive maintenance. Challenges are connected to execution process, security and safety, over-maintenance and transmission costs while the strategies utilize the analysis of the historical data, identifying the critical assets, and installing the internet of things sensors. In addition, the relationship between pavement management and predictive maintenance is such that the road's planning and administration require the types of machinery and equipment to accurately manage the road that is highly necessary to maintain the equipment for efficient work. The study thus covers the objectives such as the concept and different types of pavement management, use of predictive maintenance, models of pavement management, challenges regarding developing the road's planning, and strategies for overcoming the challenges. Notably, interpretivism research philosophy and inductive research approach were applied in this study. Interestingly, only the qualitative type of data was used and was collected through secondary data collection; while conducting the thematic analysis as well. The discussion section of the study has found out the results and outcomes which prompt its importance in studying the models so that the proper framework can be used while conducting pavement management using predictive maintenance. Three types of pavement management were discovered which include pavement condition analysis, priority assessment models, and network optimization models. Their advantages are numerous which cannot be limited to detecting any type of anomalies in the operations, identification of every possible defect in the equipment, and maintaining downtime tracking software. More so, three models of pavement management namely; deterministic pavement deterioration model, probabilistic pavement deterioration model, and formulation of the distress indices were focused on in this study.
PubDate: May 2023
- Seashell as Aggregate in Cemented Materials: A Review
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Mohamed Lemine Mohamed Essalem and Toufik Cherradi The tendencies in the field of cemented materials are currently oriented towards the use of alternative products in cemented materials to reduce the strong dependence on natural resources. The materials most used for this purpose, are recycled ones coming from the waste discarded by the factories. One of these new methods consists of the use of mollusc shells as aggregate in ordinary concrete, cement mortar, pervious concrete, and mineral addition to cement. Experimental analysis has been conducted on the employment of molluscan seashells as a substitute for aggregates in cement materials. This document is a review of shell elaboration in cemented materials. The article first presents a summary of the preparation ways and overall properties of seashells. Then it discusses the existing applications within the construction sector. Mollusc shells generally have very variable geometries and shapes, also the granular distribution depends on the shell type and crushing process. Molluscan shells contain characteristic traces of chloride and sulfate salts. Although the addition of the shell aggregate reduces the physico-mechanical properties of the cemented material, the current understanding of the elaboration of those seashells requires additional analysis of numerous aspects of their behavior.
PubDate: May 2023
- Ameliorating Climate Change Impacts on the Built Environment
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Oluwagbemiga Paul Agboola Henry Ojobo and Anar Aliyev Climate change has been a serious hindrance to developing the built environment for decades, endangering the innovative ambition to achieve the Agenda 2030 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As a result, adaptation and mitigation strategies are attracting increasing interest on the world stage, and organizations are working together to provide a better built environment for human habitation. Through empirical research technique, this study provides adequate information that is lacking in past studies on how to attenuate the consequences of climate change on the built environment as an urban landscape and subsequent needs for human adaptability. This study's goals are as follows: (i) to explore the predictors of climate change indicators, and (ii) to suggest climate change mitigations and adaptation strategies. Logistic regression analyses of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software package Version 22 (version 22), were used to explore the quantitative survey via descriptive analysis to obtain frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations. Similarly, the consequences of climate change in the built environment, as determined by Principal Component Analysis, were explored. The study's outcome includes [i] important predictors of climate change, and [ii] Approaches for minimizing the effects of climate change. The study's findings revealed that reducing the consequences of climate change on the built environment will improve and safeguard the urban landscape for several decades to come. Parts of the study's recommendations include urgent actions toward integrating climate change interventions into government decisions, initiatives, and management in Nigeria.
PubDate: May 2023
- The Modification of Chi-Square Tests for the Identification of Rainfall
and River Flow Data Distribution
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Heri Sulistiyono I Wayan Yasa Ery Setiawan Hendra Ahyadi Supardi and Husnulhuda Bajsair The growing population in the community has led to an increase in the need for community infrastructure. Civil engineers have to maintain the safety of the community in the design of urban areas' service infrastructure. The infrastructure must resist the load caused by extreme events, such as rainstorms and floods. Therefore, civil engineers must design the infrastructure based on the precise data parameters. Engineers obtain the precise parameters of a return period through frequency analysis. The precise parameters will produce an acceptable data distribution. Civil engineers can use the Chi-Square method to test the fitness of the data distribution type. However, the original way to get the Expected Frequency is complicated because it uses the integral solving method. This weakness causes the engineers to linger to test the distribution suitability. This article proposes a modification to ease obtaining the expected frequency in the Chi-Square test. This article demonstrates the proposal using rainfall and river flow data around the globe. The demonstration results show that the proposal is easy to implement. The method accurately identifies the type of rainfall and river flow data distribution. Among the seven stations, five groups of data follow a lognormal distribution; one group of data follows a normal distribution. One other group of data follows an exponential distribution.
PubDate: May 2023
- Effects of Pre-treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of
Recycled Concrete Aggregates
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Shalaka Nirantar and Premanand Naktode Deficiency of natural resources in construction industry is one of the major issues in today's construction era. Another major problem, which not only construction industry, but the entire world is facing, is the management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Therefore, it becomes inevitable to recycle the C&D waste and to replace it partially with natural aggregate so as to reduce the strain on natural resources. Recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) cannot be directly reused as it possesses poor quality in terms of physical and mechanical properties. The objective of this experimental work is to improve the properties of RCAs by using pretreatments such as mechanical abrasion, water soaking, acid soaking, and heating. It is found that using mechanical abrasion, weak acid soaking and moderate heating, the micro structure of the RCA is improved. Water absorption and porosity are improved by 20% and 17.75% respectively. Using pre-treated RCAs, with partial and complete replacement for natural aggregates, concrete cubes were cast and tested for evaluation of compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths. Compressive strength for 40% replacement is improved by 17.41% as compared with the M25 grade concrete made using natural aggregates. Also, replacement by 100% is possible and compressive strengths are comparable. Thus, using the pre-treatments, C&D waste utilization, reduction in consumption of natural aggregates (NA) is possible in medium grade applications leading to sustainable construction.
PubDate: May 2023
- Potential Use of Wastes of Thermostone Blocks and Ceramic Tiles as
Recycled Aggregates in Production of Foam Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Zinah A. Shareef Sofyan Y. Ahmed and Omar M. Abdulkareem In the past two decades, the usage of aggregate recovered from construction and demolition wastes in the production of foam concrete has drawn a lot of attention as a sustainable alternative for present and future construction. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the possibility of including these wastes as recycled materials in foam concrete. Nevertheless, the knowledge available to identify the utilisation of wastes of thermostone (autoclaved aerated concrete) blocks and ceramic tiles along with their effect on foam concrete is still limited. Hence, this study investigates the possibility of using thermostone blocks and ceramic tiles, as a partial substitution of fine aggregate in foam concrete. Three volume-replacement rates of sand with each waste type were explored (25, 50, and 75%). Results showed that with an increase in thermostone aggregate amount, the hardened density and mechanical strengths of foam concrete were improved. Thanks to the physical action of the fine thermostone aggregate, in addition to its porous nature, making it an internal curing medium, this assists in improving the pore structure and intensifying the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The siliceous property of thermostone powder speeds up the reaction of hydration, thus augmenting the amount of C–S–H which generates a dense matrix and boosts the strength. Similar trend to foam concretes with ceramic aggregate in terms of enhanced mechanical strengths based on their physical (filling role) and chemical (pozzolanic role) effects. As for the thermal conductivity coefficients, they were improved at 50 and 75% of thermostone powder due to the pore-clogging effect, which led to a decrease in pore contact, size, and distribution. Hence, the microstructure was refined, and the thermal conductivity was increased. Because of the basic compounds of SiO2 and Al2O3 in ceramic aggregate, they have greater thermal compatibility in addition to their pozzolanic activity, which produces a compact matrix and enhances the thermal conductivity.
PubDate: May 2023
- Impact of Indoor Temperature and Humidity in IAQ of Health Care Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Vijaykrishna G. and G. Balaji Indoor air quality (IAQ) is important, especially in settings with a high number of users, such as healthcare facilities, where the vulnerable patients count is more. Both developed and developing nations are currently paying attention to the issue of indoor air quality (IAQ). IAQ values are influenced by several parameters, with temperature and humidity being the most significant contributors. Very few studies have examined the impact of hospital temperature and humidity on indoor air quality, because they are directly related to thermal comfort. As defined by indoor environmental quality (IEQ), these parameters were selected. This article provides an overview of the significance of temperature and humidity in hospital environments, the criteria provided by the authors based on guidelines and standards, and the relationship between the two along with a few other parameters. In addition, the article attempted to determine the nosocomial infections caused by indoor air temperature and humidity. The study assumes that even though the parameters have been specified in various standards, they can vary according to space usage, occupancy, HVAC design, climate zones, etc. This research may result in a paradigm shift regarding the significance of temperature and humidity in hospitals.
PubDate: May 2023
- The Use of KOBEL Brick for Repairing Soil that Subsides Due to Water Flow
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Susilawati Cicilia Laurentia and Indah Wahyuning Tyas The flow of water in the sub-soil tends to transport fine soil particles to other places. This happens, especially during heavy rains, where rainwater that seeps into the ground, flows carrying fine particles into the pond, and causes the soil surface to subside in certain parts. This encourages a study to be carried out to apply KOBEL bricks to overcome this. KOBEL bricks have 2 holes with a diameter of 5 cm, when arranged, they will form a pipe that can regulate the flow of water, so it does not carry fine grains that flow or are eroded. The simple concept of providing available water flow can prevent soil erosion and minimize the negative impact on soil subsidence due to water flow in the soil. KOBEL bricks are made from soil base material that is pressed up to 62.5%, applied as soil improvement, so that the soil surface becomes stable and does not sink anymore. From the results of the application of the KOBEL brick for the subsided soil surface, it turns out that the surface is no longer sinking. It can be concluded that the use of KOBEL bricks which is very easy to do and requires very low cost can be used to overcome soil subsidence due to water flow in the soil.
PubDate: May 2023
- Sustainable Design in Architecture (The Case Study of the Educational
Process at Universities in Poland and Ukraine)
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Vadym Abyzov Iryna Bulakh Iryna Ustinova Olena Safronova Valeriy Safronov and Nina Semyroz A large part of the capital, both financial and natural, is being invested in modern construction. The role of construction and architecture in creating conditions for sustainable development as industries involved in shaping this space is extremely important. Harmonization of architecture with the environment was and remains an important component of urban planning and architectural design. The purpose of this study is to highlight the theoretical and methodological foundations as well as practical solutions (based on the examples of students' works at architectural universities in Ukraine and Poland) regarding the formation of a sustainable architectural environment. The research is based on a systemic approach, which allows considering the architectural environment as a hierarchically arranged functional and spatial integrity. The methods of modeling, historical, comparative, and typological analysis and field surveys were widely used. Due to the lack of complex theoretical and methodological workings in this field, the scientific novelty of the article consists of a systematic approach to the formation of a theoretical and methodological basis for designing a sustainable architectural environment. This research was conducted at different levels of spatial integrity. The article considers the concept of the formation of a balanced architectural and urban environment. Theoretical and methodological foundations of designing at different hierarchical levels of its spatial integrity (city, building, interior) are outlined. Attention is paid to the problem and methods for assessing the balance and environmental efficiency of architecture. Standards in balanced design and modern interior design trends using innovative ecological building materials are also considered.
PubDate: May 2023
- Local Wisdom as a Medium for the Existence of the Ancient Town of the
City- Case Study: Kampong Lawas Maspati Surabaya
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 D Lesmana Antariksa L D Wulandari and H Santosa Surabaya is essentially a collection of villages, some of which have survived to the present day and some of which have not. This achievement was achieved through a variety of activities and also by giving themes based on the historical background of the village and village activities, such as Kampong Lawas Maspati, which had a heritage theme due to the presence of numerous ancient buildings. The objective of this study is to determine whether local knowledge enables the ancient village of Maspati to survive and thrive despite the development and pressure of urban advancement. This local knowledge is also an endeavor to conserve local knowledge, which can become a village's identity. The findings can serve as suggestions for the establishment of urban communities with a comparable history. In this study, a qualitative research method employing a case study methodology was utilized. As a sampling technique, snowball sampling is utilized. The purpose of the qualitative descriptive analysis was to provide an overview of the local wisdom of Kampong Lawas Maspati throughout its existence. Since time immemorial, the residents of Kampong Lawas Maspati have been driven by a passion for indigenous knowledge. The findings of this study are the utilization of ancient buildings (heritage) as places of business, such as terraces that are used as cafes, living rooms where souvenir crafts are displayed, and public open spaces, corridors, alleys, and front yards of houses for social, cultural, and economic activities by placing storefront or selling carts (rombong). This demonstrates the existence of citizens in preserving local knowledge.
PubDate: May 2023
- Features of the Social Infrastructure Formation of Astana City
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sarsembayeva Dinara Yerzhanovna Kornilova Alla Aleksandrovna Zhaksylykova Lailya Adilhanovna and Kiseleva Tatyana Aleksandrovna Social infrastructure can influence the creation of comfortable conditions for society and a sustainable living environment in the planning of an urban area. This article examines the current state of the social infrastructure of the city of Astana using extensive research and the results of sociological research in administrative districts. The article touches upon the process of the formation of social infrastructure in the process of historical development. Currently, the social infrastructure has the power to develop the urban area, improving the living conditions of the population. The data from the social survey shows that the social infrastructure at the district and local levels affects the living conditions of residents. Social infrastructure planning is a process that includes consideration of the existing transport links, buildings and structures, infrastructure investments, and social problems in a complementary way. This article emphasizes the importance of regional features. Considering these features can play a big role in improving the quality of public services and maintaining the well-being and economic prosperity of the population. The development of the city, the economy, and its social infrastructure contribute to the influx of human resources, which determines a socially-oriented approach to planning. The study of the urban area allows us to see the importance of taking regional features into consideration. Based on scientific research, directions for the development of the social infrastructure of Astana are presented.
PubDate: May 2023
- Development of the Architecture of Residential Buildings from the
Beginning of XX to XXI Century (By the Example of Astana)
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Toishiyeva Almagul Almaganbetovna Toishiyeva Altyn Daniyarovna Mamedov Seimur Etibar Ogly Harutyunyan Emma Papin Khvan Yelena Nikolayevna and Amanbay Alua This work provides a historical overview of the formation of the architecture of residential buildings in Astana, where the stages of the period from the second half of the 1930s of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century are identified, the definition of features of which is characterized by the activity of housing construction and the importance of the role of the city in the socio-economic life of the country. As a result of the study, during the period under consideration, three stages were identified within which there was an active formation of residential development in Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Astana. The first stage from the 30s to the middle of the 50s of the XX century is characterized by the development of industry and the importance of the city as a railway junction in Central Kazakhstan. This stage of housing development implies three periods: pre-war (1936–1940), military period (1941–1945), and post-war period (1946–1953). The second stage from the mid-50s to the early 90s of the XX century is the development of Tselinograd and is associated with the development of virgin lands as well as with the current stage in the development of Soviet architecture. At the third stage (the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries), the city that has acquired the status of the capital of a sovereign state becomes its political, cultural, and spiritual center. The article is based on archival materials collected by one of the authors, Toyshiyeva A.A., in the state archives of Astana, as well as on the materials of a field survey of residential buildings in the city of Astana. As a result, the features of the construction of residential buildings within the established periods are shown, along with their formation in the wake of the search for new architectural and planning, space-spatial, and urban planning solutions in the context of socio-economic transformations in the development of society.
PubDate: May 2023
- A Biblio-Systematic Analysis of Development Planning for Better
Environment: A Case Study of 4 Countries
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Muhammad Ade Kurnia Harahap Ira Modifa Tarigan Sunandar P. B. Sipayung Abdullah Akhyar Nasution and M. Syaifuddin Regional planning is a method of development planning that leverages present resources to better a public community, government, and environment in a specific area. It is essential to gather and assess regional planning research from across the globe in order to provide informed suggestions for domestic regional planning and the implementation of suitable laws. Studies on regional planning are particularly significant when given as bibliometric analyses. The purpose of this research is to discover distinct research trends in bibliometrics relevant to the topic of regional planning. Using statistics, we examine the number of articles on regional planning that have been published in the recent five years in this study. Alois Humer, who works at the University of Vienna in Austria, has a high level of scientific production as well as recognition in this subject. Researchers studying regional planning utilize the total number of papers published in each publication to classify journals into separate regions. According to Bradford's rule of document transmission, the IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science is the most significant journal on this subject. Looking at the numbers, it is also clear that China has published a total of 145 articles throughout the past five years. The word "regional planning" appears 126 times in the title, which is rather remarkable. This phrase is related to the article's keywords' theme. This image incorporates the terms "China," "Indonesia," "Germany," and "Nigeria," implying that the bulk of research on "regional planning" themes is conducted in these four nations.
PubDate: May 2023
- A Framework for Developing Sustainable Practices in Historical Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Doaa Abdelfatah Ebrahim Sherif Khashaba and Hussein Elshanawany There is an international interest in utilizing sustainability principles and practices in the adaptive reuse of historical buildings. Egypt is one of the countries with a large number of historically significant buildings. Many historical houses and palaces have been reused due to the availability of a large number of them as well as their unique historical and architectural values. However, adaptive reuse processes face numerous challenges due to a lack of innovative methodologies for utilizing sustainability principles and practices. The research problem discussed in this article is that historical houses and palaces in Egypt lack innovative methods that contribute to employing sustainability principles and improving sustainability practices through adaptive reuse. This study aims to create a framework that helps to utilize sustainability principles in reusing historical buildings in Egypt. Qualitative methods were used to collect data through the study of literature, data analysis using the descriptive analysis method, field surveys, observation, and interviews with specialists. The results revealed the problems that prevent the effective use of sustainability principles in the local case studies and the methodologies used in the international case studies for utilizing sustainability principles in historical buildings. Based on the results, we reached some conclusions and proposed some recommendations. A framework has been created to provide an innovative methodology to utilize sustainability principles in reusing historical buildings in Egypt.
PubDate: May 2023
- Fluvial Dynamics of the Amazon River between Nazareth and Leticia:
Potential Loss of Colombia's Sovereignty Over the Amazon River
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Leydis Villadiego-Rojas Ricardo Daza-González Guillermo Acuña Robles and Diego Borrero Restrepo The southern border of Colombia is delimited by the Amazon River, which defines the frontier between Colombia and Peru. Since the 1920s the border limit between these two countries has been defined by the river's thalweg, however the river dynamics has caused changes within its geomorphology making this border line be constantly shifting due to changes in the river's thalweg. This study analyzes the hydrodynamic behavior of the Amazon River and its geomorphological changes within a reach of 3.5 km between the towns of Nazareth (Colombia) and Leticia (Colombia). Through numerical modelling of the river reach, severe sedimentation processes in the left channel were identified, indicating major bed level changes within a 2-year simulation. These bed level changes indicate the appearance of sand bars in the Colombian portion of the river bed. The geomorphological changes shown in the model were validated through the analysis of satellite imagery, which indicates the erosion of the river's right bank, and the sedimentation and contraction of the left bank. These geomorphological changes are causing the loss of river area within Colombian territory, hence meaning that Peru is gaining more river area. If the sedimentation processes continue within the left channel of the Amazon River between Nazareth and Leticia, island formations will increase and it will eventually close, therefore meaning a potential loss of Colombia's sovereignty over the Amazon River.
PubDate: May 2023
- Acculturation to the Ideals: Architectural Schools' Magazines as Sites of
Discourse
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Hadwa Mohamed Shaimaa Ashour and Ahmed El Antably This paper investigates the discursive construction of the image of the ideal architect within architectural school-based magazines. These magazines are entirely faculty-led, mainly documenting the school's news, events, and achievements in addition to the faculty members' scholarships and students' work. The authors focus on one magazine from four different geographical regions, crossing perspectives from different discourses about architectural education. Informed by Foucault's notions of discourse, knowledge, and power, the paper argues that these magazines are sites of discourse that consciously and consistently promote their affiliated schools' discursive formations. The authors employ semiotic discourse analysis to analyze the magazines' linguistic and visual content to identify how the schools' hierarchy and systems of power operate. The paper interprets the proximities and divergences between each magazine's theoretical, graphical, and ideological dimensions, reflecting on their socio-cultural systems. With the students' controlled representation and recognition, the magazines depict the varying institutionalized discourses of acculturating the students to the ideal future architect, showing how the context's inherent social, cultural, and political structures inform architectural education.
PubDate: May 2023
- Hydrological Modeling for Daily Step Flood Forecasts with a Semi
Distributed Approach Using the GR4J Model - Camaná River Basin –
Arequipa
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Alvarado Mendoza Carlos Pérez Campomanes Giovene and Pérez Campomanes María The purpose of this research is to implement a precipitation-runoff model (GR4J) at a daily rate in the Camaná River Basin, from a semidistributed perspective (RS-MINERVE platform), adequately representing the average daily flows in periods of flooding [1]. According to the author, in this way an alternative is sought for the forecast of flows of maximum floods that will allow the issuance of early warnings in the event of the probable occurrence of extreme events, taking into account the thresholds or alert levels that are currently used in the river basin Camana [1]. For the implementation of the Simulation, the RS-Minerve platform was used, with the data between 1964 and 2014. It began in two stages: Calibration (1964-1983) and Validation (2008-2014) for the Hydrometric Stations of Pte., Pendant Sibayo, Pallca Huaruro and Huatiapa [1]. The modeling of the Precipitation - runoff process in the Camaná River Basin was modified, as well as being able to forecast the flows of maxima avenues in the presence of climate change and at a daily rate, using the GR4J Model and the historical information for the Calibration and Validation stages.
PubDate: May 2023
- Futurism Concept in the Design and Architectural Solutions of the 20th and
Early 21st Centuries
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Tatiana V. Portnova The article studies the Futurism concept in the stylistic ontogenesis of design and architectural solutions of XX - early XXI. The author refers to the origins of futuristic architecture to fix the primary ideology of this style and then evaluates its congruence with the conceptual views and the worldview position of the artists who created their architectural works at each stage of Futurism development. The hypothesis is put forward that architectural styles formulated as a result of visual art evolution, really accepted by the public and recognized by the professional community, and which occupied steady positions in the world arena of architecture, are the result of performance in which the artist, keeping the ideology of the style, integrates the extra perspective art elements, corresponding to trends of the particular epoch of architecture. The verification of this hypothesis, undertaken through the "sketching" of the contemporary Futurism image, was carried out by researching the actual trends in architecture of the 21st century, identifying their main features, and formulating the parameters of the order on their basis, which will define the nature of the new steady state of the architectural system, expressed in a futuristic performance. The futuristic performance was defined as a processual kind of architectural art that extends and spreads to all the new stylistic solutions, thus becoming an interdisciplinary phenomenon, characterizing the synthesis of architectural, visual (painting, graphics, sculpture) and digital (visual effects, created through digital technology) arts, which allows us to see the eclectic vectors of its development. The study of the Futurism directions mentioned above allowed us to conclude that each architect, each artist or designer sought to reflect in their work not only the extrospective (material message) but also the introspective image of the environment (artistic and spiritual message), in which this work is embedded.
PubDate: May 2023
- Analysis of Stability Safety Factors of Gabion Weir Models against the
Wall and Water Level Variation
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Abdul Khamid Slamet Imam Wahyudi and Soedarsono The phenomenon of climate change that is happening in the world causes global warming, which has an impact on rising sea levels causing floods and tidal floods. Research on the Gabion weirs as an alternative to appropriate technology is the first step to address either the problem of tidal flooding mitigation or as a raw water filter. This prototype test research was carried out at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang. It employed a quantitative method by conducting prototype testing to justify field conditions by handling close results. The research analysis technique began by collecting primary data and secondary data. The design of the Gabion weir models as a filter included three types of weir testing models, namely type 1 trapezoidal model, type 2 beam model, and type 3 combination model. The material, geometry and dimensions of the experimental prototype are a reduction of the real problem conditions in the field. The results of the observation analysis of the Gabion weirs have obtained the average elevation of the water, MAR = 10 cm, MAB 60 cm, MAN = 45 cm, the elevation of the MAB upstream of the weir =65 cm, the elevation of the center of the weir = 44.5 cm, the downstream weir MAB = 41 cm, the measured flow velocity upstream of the weir 0.75 l/s, center 0.75 l/s, downstream 0.6 l/s and upstream temperature 31℃, center 30.3℃, 30℃, clean downstream water conditions. The results of the study represent a function of the elevation of the flood water level both upstream and downstream which are through the Gabion Weirs with several thicknesses as raw water filters.
PubDate: May 2023
- Properties of Cement Mortar Containing Recycled High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE)
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Merna Amir Esraa Torky and Amany Micheal Millions of tons of plastic waste are generated globally, and only about 10 percent of it is recycled. It is crucial to segregate and circulate plastic waste and repurpose it for countless other uses. There are many ways to repurpose and reuse these discarded plastics. One use that can be examined is the use of plastic as a partial sand replacement in cement mortar. To contribute to this important and valid discourse, this research studies the mechanical and thermal properties of cement mortar that incorporates recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) particles. Different percentages (0%, 4%, 6%, and 10%) of sand replacement by volume with recycled HDPE particles are tested. Two different cement-sand ratios are investigated: 1:3 and 1:6. The experiments include compressive and indirect tensile strengths, unit weight, and thermal conductivity. Experimental results show that the increase in plastic content in mortar mixtures results in a decrease in the compressive and tensile strengths as found in the literature. On the other hand, a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the cement mortar that incorporates HDPE particles is also observed. For HDPE/sand replacement of 10% and cement to sand at a ratio of 1:3, the reduction in the thermal conductivity coefficient k is 50%. For HDPE/sand replacement of 10% and cement to sand at a ratio of 1:6, the reduction is 32%. This reduction is of significance as the cement mortar is usually used for stucco. When used for southern façades in arid climate countries like Egypt, producing stucco with such low thermal conductivity will result in a reduction in energy consumption for the AC. Moreover, the aesthetic value of the colored stucco may lead to the elimination of the painting process, not to mention the positive impact on the environment.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- The Improvement of Asphalt Mixture Durability Using Portland Cement Filler
and Rice Husk Ash
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Sri Sunarjono Nurul Hidayati Muhammad Wahyu Setyo Aji Wildan Faza Cindikia and Alfia Magfirona The use of fillers in asphalt mixtures can potentially increase durability and their ability to resist water. This research was conducted to analyze how fillers improve the durability of the mixture. This research uses rice husk ash (RHA) and Portland cement (PC) as fillers in the mixture of asphalt concrete wearing course. The mixing process was carried out by the hot mix method, with the optimum asphalt content being 5.5% and the optimum filler content being 4%. The parameters analyzed were: sieve size, porosity, texture, penetration, aggregate blending, and mixing order. Based on the smaller filler sieve size (#400), it has the potential for a higher level of durability, while for strength, #200 has a higher potency. RHA porosity value #400 is 1.6 times greater than #200, and 5.53 times greater on PC. Asphalt with a smaller filler size has a better level of homogeneity, as seen from the smaller standard deviation of penetration. The results of aggregate blending show that the addition of filler causes aggregate gradations that do not meet the specifications required by Bina Marga. The filler should preferably be used as a substitute for the aggregate in the sieve analysis. Based on the IRMS (Index of Retained Marshall Stability) value, it can be concluded that the dry mixing process gives less value than wet mixing. This shows that wet blends last longer than dry blends.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Nonlinear Dynamic Study of Soil and Structural Interference Issues
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Larah R. Abdulwahed and Aymen R. Mohammed The connection of the soil with the building was already extensively studied on the supposition of the soil's basic and structural uniformity. Nonetheless, during intermediate or powerful earthquakes, the maximum shearing stress can readily exceed the elastic modulus of the properties of the soil. When considering soil-structure connection, nonlinear processes may modify soil rigidity at the building's foundation and hence power dispersion into the soil. As a result, disregarding the nonlinear properties of the dynamic soil-structure interface (DSSI) may result in incorrect dynamic loading estimates. The purpose of this research is to incorporate a completely nonlinear parametric framework for soils into a mathematical notation and examine the impact of soil nonlinearity on dynamic soil building interactions. Furthermore, several problems are defined, for instance the impact of restricting strain on the shear strength of the soil, the preliminary static configuration, and interface components at the soil-structure interface, and so on. Throughout this study, a basic absorbing layer approach that relies on a Rayleigh/Caughey dampening concept, which is frequently accessible in current code, was used. Computational Component software is shown as well. The stability criteria of wave dispersion difficulties are investigated, and it is demonstrated that the linear and nonlinear performance vary dramatically when coping with numerical propagation. This research is separated into two sections. In the first section, a soil column is simulated. There is a development of computational and semi-analytical approaches for describing the one-dimensional linear and nonlinear dynamic soil reactions to a predefined movement. Because the linear formula is simpler to comprehend and explain, it is achieved initially. In addition, it is utilized to determine the amount to which nonlinearity affects soil characteristics. In nonlinear assessment, the strain-dependent shear strength and dampening proportion are employed. Such input variables are crucial for completing a ground response assessment. For the formulations of strain-dependent mechanical properties and dampening in this work, hyperbolic soil model-constructed curves are utilized.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Methodology and Acoustic Measurement Campaign of Road Noise: Case of the
Agdal District – Rabat City
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Adil Ammar Mohammed Garoum and Abdelmajid Bybi In this work, sound pressure levels of road traffic on about twenty selected locations in the Agdal District in Rabat City were carried out. The traffic consists mainly of light vehicles with similar characteristics. All measurements were performed in 1/3 octave with an integration step of 20 ms during the period of 15 days from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. This large amount of data allowed the reconstruction of the spectrograms using a script written in Mathematica language. An interesting result obtained concerns the basic interval required to have a sufficiently representative equivalent level. Indeed, the calculations have shown that about 20 min of measurements are sufficient. This confirms the result already mentioned in our previous work. This result will therefore make it possible to optimize the measurement period during the campaign, in particular for locations where the number of locations is high or the quantity of recordings is large. Frequency analysis revealed spectrum similarities between two locations of different traffic intensities, but of similar composition. This observation is also observed over the different periods of the day (morning, afternoon, evening). In addition, an estimate of the inconvenience felt by local residents was made on the basis of the Lden estimated from the measured L50. It emerges that, for the majority of the locations subject to the measurements, the percentages of very inconvenienced and inconvenienced people are above 20% and 30% respectively. This result corroborates the results of our previous survey.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- The Effect of Reinforcement Diameter on Accelerated Corrosion Level in
Concretes
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 İsmail Hocaoğlu To increase the tensile strength of reinforced concrete structures, strengthening steels of different diameters are placed in the concrete. The diameter of the reinforcing steel to which placed in the concrete may decrease due to electrochemical reactions. Therefore, the determination of corrosion rates in structures is vital for solving this problem. As the corrosion rate increases, flexibility and ultimate load carrying capacity decrease. In this study, reinforcing steel of  12, 14, and 16 diameters was placed in the middle of the concretes and subjected to an accelerated corrosion test by applying a 30 V direct current (DC). When DC was applied to concrete, weight loss values, crack widths, compressive strengths, tensile strengths, and micro examination results were compared. As a result, it has been seen that the corrosion rate decreased as the diameter of the reinforcement steel increased. Another result obtained from this study is that the corrosion level could be predicted by measuring the current flow over the reinforcing steels. It has been observed that microcracks occur much less than when 14 reinforcement was placed compared to 12 and 16 reinforcements were placed in concretes.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Smart City System - Based on Internet of Things Technology
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Mohamed El Afi Alaa Eddine El Aattaoui Chadia Haidar and Abdelhamid Noufid The population of many cities in the world is increasing over time, which leads to urban sprawl and an increase in energy consumption and polluting gases, especially in urban areas. Indeed, energy consumption and pollutant gases threaten human life. On the other hand, technology has affected every aspect of our life. To prevent such threats, cities must be smart so that they can be managed in a smart way. In this sense, the main objective of this paper is to realize a prototype of an Internet of Things (IoT) system to save human life while preserving the environment. This system is called I-CITY and incorporates Smart Parking, Intelligent fire detection system with automatic fire extinguisher and quality monitoring system around the city environment. This invented device is made up of web access that gathers, sends, and processes data from their environment using embedded systems including processors, sensors, and communication gear. Finally, I-CITY solves parking problems in cities with high populations. It also contains a flame detection system that can identify local fires by processing signals receives from flames. However, this system contains a fire extinguisher to automatically extinguish the fire. Finally, an air quality monitoring system collects information from their surroundings. The information from this work could be used by decision market for better city planning.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Virtual Reality as a Design Tool to Achieve Abstract Concepts of Spatial
Experience: A Case Study of Design Studio Teaching
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Magdy Ibrahim and Ahmed El shakhs VR technology is one of the tools used to achieve accurate physical space dimensions and placement of furnishings. The architectural space must evoke subjective emotions that would inevitably lead the users to perceive it as a location and, consequently, become a potentially significant space. However, a particular space experience has yet to be attained. Quantifying abstract conceptual ideas is more difficult in design education. This paper aims to prove the usability of VR as an effective design tool and an educational method to achieve a better understanding of a proposed design and successfully reach the desired outcome, especially regarding the abstract properties of the space. The paper describes a workflow of how the students would use the technology to revise and enhance their design proposal based on the experienced VR environment. A project was offered to the students; they were expected to tackle and solve problems about symbolism in their designs. Spatial experience is a crucial study element of the project. Students were asked to design an entire structure that could evoke certain feelings. The exercise left it to the students to choose an abstract value, meaning, or feeling to explore as architecture. A pre-compiled list included: Anti-gravity, Time travel, and Tranquility; through iteration between drawing boards, 3D modeling, and VR experience, they fine-tune their designs to achieve a pre-set quality. In conclusion, the VR technology was proved helpful and led to a tangible change in the proposed design based on the feedback from the workflow.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Freeform Supertall Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Hüseyin Emre Ilgın and Markku Karjalainen To date, no research has been carried out in the literature that gives insight into the relationships between freeform and key design parameters in supertall towers (≥ 300 meters). This critical subject is investigated in this paper with data collected from 39 building cases, taking into account building function, load-bearing system, and structural material as design parameters. The key findings of the paper highlighted the following: (1) the only core typology was central core type; (2) mixed-use and office were the most favored functions; (3) the most favored system in freeform supertall tower projects was outriggered frame system; (4) composite construction was common among supertall towers and its closest follower was reinforced concrete; (5) building functions other than hotel exceeded 500 m in free form; (6) in the sample group, freeform buildings with outriggered frame and tubular systems exceeded half a kilometer as well; (7) both composite and reinforced concrete freeform towers pushed the limits of height considerably; and (8) as the number of some supertall tower buildings (such as hotel buildings) was not adequate, it did not seem possible to derive a scientific interrelation between the height of the building and the corresponding planning parameter. It is thought that revealing the current state of the free forms, which are among the most preferred skyscraper forms today, will shed light on the supertall building designs to be made in the future.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Using Simulation to Maximize the Solar Energy Utilization in Buildings in
Amman, Jordan
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Abeer Alsoub Khaled Al Omari Diala Atiyat and Sahar Issa Yousef This paper discusses the potential for reducing the energy consumption of residential apartments built on slopes in Amman, Jordan, by proposing new regulations to ensure adequate access to solar radiation. The energy-conscious concept has appeared around the world with rising oil prices and a rise of high residential buildings. It is necessary to consider the possibilities of maximizing the use of solar energy in a building through an architectural design strategy. This leads to mandatory regulations at the urban planning and building design level. This paper provides an overview of the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) regulations in force regarding the availability of sunlight and achieving a healthy building environment. Analytical scientific methods were used in the work. Computer simulations were performed using a parametric design approach to make new decisions to establish new height and setbacks dimensions for apartment buildings in Amman. The present study provides workable guidance based on determining the optimal distance between condominiums on sloping ground, through which both the architects and the urban designers will be able to define the number of floors that will receive sufficient natural lighting.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Constructing an Analytical-based Model for User Satisfaction towards Under
Bridge Spaces within the Egyptian Urban Fabric
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Y. Sarhan and H. Elfouly A successful Public space has been addressed mainly by functional performance, accessibility, comfort, safety, pleasure, and meaning; the five physical attributes constructing the public space index, which was associated with vitality and user satisfaction. Under-bridge public spaces, although they are a booming essential topic in the shadow of the massive bridge construction inserted in the Egyptian urban fabric, they are not well investigated concerning user satisfaction nor the new developed physical setting. Only limited literature highlighted that the "Accessibility" attribute should be considered. Considering under-bridge spaces as a case-specific public space with potential, yet not reflecting the general norms of public space, this paper aims to study user satisfaction towards such spaces. Firstly, a theory-based model has been developed for user satisfaction towards public spaces, exploring the significance of the above mentioned physical attributes. Secondly, adopting a case-study approach, the physical attributes of the theory-based model have been assessed in Heliopolis, a district that recently received a massive under-bridge construction in Egypt, where those attributes have been measured quantitatively (using GIS) and qualitatively (using the developed Public space index and adopting a structural equation model using SPSS & Smart SPLS); to ultimately construct an analytical-based model for assessing the significance of the physical attributes responsible for the user satisfaction of such specific spaces. Results show the misfit between the theory-based model and the induced "analytical-based model of under-bridge spaces", where "Accessibility" and "Functionality" attributes were relatively insignificant, while the most related attribute to under-bridge user satisfaction was "Safety," followed by "Comfort"; then "Pleasure" and "Meaning," a key factor to be considered while developing under-bridges public spaces.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Bionic Approach to the Organization of Architectural Objects in the
Sustainable Development Paradigm
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Olga L. Bantserova and Adema R. Kasimova Global environmental, social, and economic problems have led to the need to search for new architectural ideas according to the concept of sustainable development. The bionic approach makes it possible to identify optimal solutions developed by nature over the centuries of its existence for the organization of architectural objects. The purpose of the paper is to establish the prospects of applying the bionic approach to the organization of sustainable architectural objects. The paper presents a comparative analysis of scientific papers considering methods of biomimetic design, a case study, and a survey of experts. The characteristic directions of architectural bionics have been identified and described. Based on the analysis of the conditions for creating a comfortable living environment, solutions to sustainability problems using a bionic approach in the organization of architectural objects have been proposed. The authors pay special attention to the life cycle stages using natural forms in architectural shaping, borrowing natural structures to form the structures of architectural objects, interpreting natural materials and matter of living organisms in construction, and reproducing natural processes to solve architectural and urban problems. The authors identify the main approaches of bioanalog design based on the existing morphological characteristics of wildlife (branching, spiral formation, adaptation, polymerization) and propose solutions to the problems of creating sustainable habitats in the context of architectural space. It is concluded that the use of this approach will contribute to the formation of an ecological balance between nature and architecture.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Energy Saving through Automation of the Lightweight Floor Heating System
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Oleksandr Nedbailo Boris Basok Ihor Bozhko and Maryna Novitska The overview of the literature sources showed that over the last decade, the attention to the study of heat transfer processes with the automation and periodic use of underfloor heating systems has increased significantly. The aim of this study was to investigate the heat flux density from the surface of the lightweight floor heating system dependence on different parameters. These parameters are material of the finishing coating, average temperature difference between indoor air and heat carrier, heat carrier temperature and its flow rate, thickness of the thermal insulation layout under the lightweight floor heating system. The article shows results of both experimental and computational modelling studies of the lightweight floor heating system which was operated in different regimes and with different (ceramic tile and laminate) finishing coatings. A new experimental stand has been created in the thermophysical laboratory of the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the purposes of experimental studies. For the purposes of comparison of different operational regimes as well as the determination of the energy saving through automation of the operation regimes of the lightweight floor heating system, the CFD modelling was conducted. The results showed that such systems have significant potential for automation and heat supply purposes of different premises since they have low thermal inertia due to the absence of the concrete screed monolith. On the other hand, the research showed that use of quantitative regulation of the lightweight floor heating system, by reducing the flow of the heat carrier is more effective in this case than qualitative with change of heat carrier temperature.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Smart Stressing of Concrete Beams with Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy Cables
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Elsayed Mohamed Anter Amr Mohamed Hilal and Ahmed Gomaa Asran In this study, a novel method is presented to smartly prestress concrete beams using Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) cables. Concrete beams having different compressive strengths and steel fiber contents prestressed with SMA cables are studied in comparison with concrete beams prestressed with steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables. SMA cables with Nickel: Titanium ratio of 0.558:0.442 are embedded in concrete beams and prestrained at temperatures below their martensite start temperature,  =20℃±1℃. Smart prestressing is accomplished by heating the Nitinol SMA cables to temperatures above their austenite finish temperatures,  =28℃±1℃, and thus subjecting the concrete to compressive forces as the SMA cables attempt to regain their parent form. The study shows that SMA prestressed concrete beams have improved cracking behavior with fewer cracks, larger crack spacing, partial crack closure upon load removal, and an increase in cracking loads. The 35MPa beams prestressed with SMA had 24.2% and 6% higher cracking loads than beams prestressed with steel and CFRP cables, respectively. Meanwhile, SMA prestressed concrete beams had reduced failure loads varying from 4% to 34% in comparison with beams prestressed with steel and CFRP cables. The addition of steel fiber increased the magnitudes of the failure loads in SMA loaded beams. Further, SMA loaded beams possessed large load deflections accompanied with a unique shape retaining capability. This study adverts that SMA cables are attractive alternatives to steel and CFRP cables in post-tensioned beams and slabs, where the use of a complicated jacking system could be substituted by a self-prestressing cable.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Stabilization of Pavement Sub Grade with Stone Dust, Fly Ash and Tire
Rubber to Withstand the Fatigue and Rutting
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Mudigonda Harish Kumar C. Freeda Christy and Manvendra Singh Chauhan The existing practice of subgrade has been modified with the unique type of subgrade that can withstand running traffic>20msa with 90% reliability. This can be achieved by adding fly ash, stone dust and tire rubber to pavement subgrade. This modified subgrade Mix was prepared to improve the strength of subgrade. Conventional and modified subgrade pavement mixes were tested with CBR values and the resilient modulus of conventional and modified subgrade has been found as per IRC 37-2008. Plate load test has been carried out in the laboratory with the continuous loads on the subgrade and the moduli of subgrade reaction obtained finally were compared analytically using IIT Pave software. The optimal mix proportion of Modified subgrade denotes (subgrade soil with 22% Stone Dust, 4% Fly Ash and 2% Tire Rubber). The modified subgrade in flexible pavement showed an increase in bearing capacity, resilient modulus (Mr) and modulus of subgrade reaction (k) which gave fruitful results with the optimum mix proportion with stone dust, fly ash and tire rubber. The usage of these materials in the construction of pavements decreases the industrial waste, minimizes the environmental pollution, decreases the pavement thickness as well as increases the pavement life.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Effect of Debris Flow Event on the Affected Areas in Putih River,
Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Jazaul Ikhsan Ali Nursamsi Dahlan and Ani Hairani Debris flow is a natural phenomenon that can cause some damage and fatalities. Debris flow from Mount Merapi frequently happens through the Putih River, so it is necessary to do research. Anticipating the occurrence of debris flows can be done with predictions to reduce the number of casualties and material losses. This research used a simulation method based on Ashida, Takashi, and Mizuyama equation that applied the Nakayasu synthetic unit hydrograph through modeling on SIMLAR V2.1 application by modifying the hyetograph pattern and the rain intensity value. The test result contained flood area, velocity, volume, flow height, and the value of degradation and aggradation that happened in each simulated pattern. The velocity value in simulation with rain intensity of 56.8 mm and one peak hyetograph is 1.36 m/s, and in simulation with rain intensity of 56.8 mm and two peak hyetograph is 1.42 m/s. It means the parameter increases by 4.4%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the hyetograph pattern is very influential on the impact of lava floods. The increase in the hydrograph value is also directly proportional to the increase in flow velocity. The value of rain intensity and rain pattern also affects the number of areas affected by the lava flood. The increasing value of the intensity and pattern of rain is also directly proportional to the increase in the area affected by flooding.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Applying Two-parameter Weibull Distribution to Model Stochastic Capacity
of Arterial Roads During Peak Hours due to Changing Proportion of Heavy
Vehicles
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 D. M. Priyantha Wedagama and I Wayan Suweda Despite the increasing number of heavy vehicles (HVs) on the road, little attention is paid to the impact of HVs on traffic flow. Due to their different physical characteristics (length and size) and operational characteristics (acceleration and deceleration) compared to other vehicles, HVs have a physical and psychological impact on the traffic around them. On the other hand, many studies done on changes in road capacity yield a single value of road capacity. In this study, however, the road capacity is analyzed with probability distributions. This study found that the road capacity increases since HV reduction has a constant value with 85% and 50% cumulative probabilities. On major roads, reducing HV by 10%, 20%, 30% increases road capacity by 3-4%, 8% and 11-12% respectively. Lower HVs ratios are less likely to reduce road capacity. However, the speed of HV and other modes does not directly affect the cumulative probabilities. In addition, as the ratio of HV increases, the speed difference between vehicle types decreases. This study is limited to rush hour traffic flows so that a further study can consider the total duration of mixed traffic conditions.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Potential Users of River Transport Integrated with the South Sumatera
Light Rail Transit (LRT) after Improvements to the Facilities in
Accordance with Public Perception
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Edi Kadarsa Reini Silvia Ilmiaty and Apriansyah Putra The Palembang City, one of the cities in Indonesia with a high population density, is crossed by the Musi River and its networks that flow through 10 sub districts and 30 villages. The shipping lanes of the Musi River within Palembang City and its suburbs can be navigated by huge ships all year round and are means of transportation that is free from congestion, environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Since 2018, river transport in Palembang is connected with the South Sumatra light rail transit (LRT), namely in the Ampera area. The LRT is a convenient and strategic transportation, because it passes through office, business center, entertainment and sports facilities. In addition, this rail-based transportation is connected with Trans Musi and air transportation. Both of these transportations have affordable and competitive fares comparable to other transportation. However, until now these two transportations are still equally struggling to attract customers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine public perception of transportation connected to the LRT and what they want for the integration between these two modes. Then, the public perceptions were visualized into images or computer simulation. The images or simulation was then re-run by the community to see whether it is what they want or whether it still needs revision or addition. The survey also investigated whether there is an increase in users if the perception is realized. It shows that the most desired supporting facility for the integration between the river transport and the LRT is pedestrian lanes or sidewalks. Furthermore, a more realistic explanation tool will help people to imagine the activities that will be carried out in the future; thus, they are more convinced to choose to use it or not.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Curvature Ductility Factor of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Confinement
under Different Strain Rates of Loading
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Omar K. Alghazawi The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of confinement on the curvature ductility factor of reinforced concrete beams at low and high strain rates of loading. The curvature ductility of beams is affected by the tension reinforcement ratio, the compression-reinforced ratio, the compression strength of concrete  , and the yield strength of steel  . The degree of transverse reinforcement is another component that determines beam flexural behavior. A model of steel and restricted concrete under varying strain rates of loading was utilized to compute the curvature ductility factor. The reinforced concrete section is studied in this research to determine the confinement of the beam and the different strain rates of loading. The ratio of the volume of rectangular steel hoops to the volume of the concrete core,  , represents the confinement. Six values of are investigated to ensure an acceptable degree of ductility capacity. It is concluded that the ACI-Code balanced reinforcement ratio is impacted by confinement, and that it is lower than the ratio achieved when confinement is present. In this work, specific values of the curvature ductility factor for beam sections constructed with the ACI code were reported for =60 ksi (414 MPa), =4 ksi (27.6 MPa). Furthermore, the maximum quantity of tension reinforcement max influences the curvature ductility factor.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Evaluation on the Effect of Zinc Oxide Addition to Aging Rate of Asphalt
and Performance of Resilience Modulus in Asphalt Concrete–Wearing Course
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Ayu Kamila Khanza Joni Arliansyah and Edi Kadarsa This study discussed the effect of the addition of the antioxidant Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on the aging rate of AC-WC coated asphalt and found out the effect of the addition of ZnO antioxidant on the stiffness of the asphalt layer. The aging of asphalt can be caused by two main factors, namely evaporation of light oil fractions contained in asphalt and oxidation. In this study, it showed that, compared to the addition of 5% and 15% ZnO to asphalt, the addition of 10% ZnO provided the most effective results on the asphalt base affecting the rheological properties of asphalt, namely reducing the penetration value by 1 dmm, increasing the softening point of asphalt by 0.5℃ but reducing the ductility by 10 cm. In the resilience modulus test which was carried out after aging at 135℃ for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours, the modulus value containing ZnO was always smaller than that of asphalt without ZnO content. The addition of antioxidant Zinc Oxide (ZnO) antioxidant to asphalt had a positive effect on the aging rate of asphalt and the performance of the open-graded AC-WC resilience modulus of asphalt mixture was effective at an additional 10% level.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- A Sensitivity Analysis of Geometric Parameters of 4D-Printed Bidirectional
Shape-Memory Composite in Architectural Façade Design
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Hwang Yi The 4D-printable two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) is not well known to building engineering and architecture. To better understand the thermo-mechanical complexity of TWSME in building skin design, this paper investigates the parametric uncertainty in basic deformation of a rectangular façade surface module. To this end, a 4D-printed TWSME composite was prototyped by 3D-printing shape memory polymer (SMP, digital elastomers DM9850 and 9885) design with shape memory alloy (SMA) wires (Ni 55.5%-Ti 44.5%wt.) inserted. A simulation-based global sensitivity analysis was conducted on the maximum displacement and force of the composite through the homogenized 1D approximation of bending and material property change in four different phases. It was identified that the simplified simulation well predicted the actual maximum reversible displacement of ~3.5 mm with a sectional area ratio of SMP to SMA of ~105 between 30℃ and 65℃. Our findings indicate that sectional geometry of the bending part (width and height in the rectangle) and the intensity of the SMA pre-strain determined by a degree of fiber bending are the most critical factors to predict the maximum displacement and recovery force of TWSME. The potential building application of thermo-responsive phenomena contributes to extending smart material use in architecture and knowledge in making design decisions in self-shaping climate-adaptive building.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Architectural Insights and City Profile of Phuentsholing Bhutan
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Chimi Khameis Mohamed Al Abdouli Jigme Thinley Tshering Cheki Anju Chettri and Nimesh Chettri Phuentsholing, the second largest city known as the economic gateway of the country, is located at the southwestern foothills of Bhutan. It is proximal to the Indian town Jaigaon of West Bengal. With the rapid pace of urbanisation, the series of spatial planning and infrastructure development have been carried out since 1968 and could not serve its citizens as envisaged in the noble vision of Gross National Happiness (GNH). However, the developing trend of the urban landscape reflects the city's commitment and challenges to maintain the identity of the place through preservation of traditional Bhutanese architectural features in buildings and other structures. This paper outlines the profile of historical development of the city with vagaries of spatial planning activities, city governance, economic and infrastructure development, housing provision, other critical issues and its mitigation strategies in conjunction with urban planning and development. In line to this, exclusive discussions are presented to highlight urban and economic development as well as critical issues with an appropriate sustainable strategy for future development. The discussions and questionnaires were deliberated with city heads, policy makers, engineers and planners to extract the ideas and futuristic view of the city. This paper also discusses the three main urban development plans, its implementation challenges due to extensive rural – urban migration and future developmental strategies of today's Phuentsholing city. Therefore, it deliberates exclusive framework and accentuates essential elements of transformation for future researchers to tackle the city management and resources distribution for any urban planning stage.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Effect of Median Application on Section Road Performance Based on Degree
of Saturation and Speed at Road of Small Town in Lombok, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Hasyim I Dewa Made Alit Karyawan and Rohani Road traffic safety is a global concern for people and governments. This is because unsafe roads are among the major causes of traffic accidents, which can result in severe injury and even death. One of the significant ways to minimize traffic movement problems, especially those related to road safety and comfort, is to build a median. Therefore, this research was carried out to determine the performance of roads with and without the median application using the TGH Ibrahim Kholidi road segment, West Lombok Regency, Indonesia. The road section is located in a small town with characteristics such as pedestrians, light and heavy vehicles, as well as traders who use the available inadequate parking spaces, thereby causing high side friction. A quantitative research with data collected by surveying the road section was subsequently employed to determine the traffic volume, speed, side friction, road geometric, and population from the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI-1997) guidelines. The collected data were analyzed using the Separation Planning Procedure. The results showed that using the median increased performance by 45.7% compared to no median. This is in addition to a decrease in the Degree of saturation (DS) from 0.7 to 0.38 or from LOS C to B. Furthermore, the average speed increased from 32.4 km/h (without median) to 33.92 km/h (with median).
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Determining Water Footprint of Buildings During Construction Phase: An
Activity-based Approach
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Rajeev Garg Akhilesh Kumar Pankaj and Mohammad Arif Kamal Construction activity uses water to a significant extent for many operations, materials, and on-site activities, and the availability of potable water for building construction is a matter of concern. This research work aims to determine water consumption during construction activities on-site during the construction phase of the building in the Indian context. Conventional low-rise load-bearing and Reinforcement Cement Concrete (RCC) framed buildings are considered for the calculations of materials and activities. The application of building materials and water requirements for various construction activities and methods is determined to achieve the goal. Theoretical water use for various activities on site is considered, as per water requirements for application, mixing, and curing. Based on this research, recommendations are made for potential strategies for water saving in construction activity. Water consumption in building construction is expected to increase globally, particularly in developing countries like India, because of the demand for urban development and housing for all. Hence, water efficiency in building construction is a matter of concern. This research will contribute to the addition of new knowledge to the existing database about this topic to set a benchmark. Research paves the way for energy-efficient construction techniques and the use of building materials in a sustainable manner to reduce water use in building construction.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Study of the Use of Dredged Sand as An Alternative to Beach Sand and
Coastal Dunes for Coastal Preservation
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Abdelhamid Noufid Nadia Hidar M'barek Feddaoui and Mohamed Elafi The need for construction sand needs to increase due to the increase in population. The use of dunes and coastal sand disfigures shorelines and the consequences are alarming. It is therefore necessary to consider replacing these resources with other more ecological ones. Hence, it is the purpose of this article. In this paper, we study the correct formulation of concrete using dredged sand, respecting the standards, and analyze the impact of this new material on the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. This article aims to evaluate the effects of 9 formulations, used as substitutes for ordinary sand, on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties. The experimental results have shown that the dredged sand affects the properties of the concrete, but respecting the standards in force. This mode of incorporation also has an environmental advantage over the substitution of concrete for dredged sand, as it reduces the disfigurement of the coasts. The paper studies dredge sands from two regions namely Azemour and Mehdia. The dredging sand partially or totally replaces the dredging sand. Subsequently, it was necessary to test several formulations with different cement dosages before arriving at the formulations which are exposed in this study. The results in the fresh state (consistency test) and in the hardened state (mechanical resistance) have shown that this substitution is possible, and consequently we can use the dredged sands in concretes and in mortars. It is true that the study shows a reduction in resistance compared to a control concrete, but these reductions still remain in accordance with the Moroccan regulatory specifications.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Influence of Polypropylene Derivatives on Soil Mechanical Properties
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 César Fresneda Saldarriaga Daniela L. Vega A. Jose Eduardo Salcedo Fontalvo and Sergio Pérez Jimeno The implementation of natural and artificial fibers as a stabilization technique for construction materials has developed new trends in the last decade and has generated functionality. This research evaluates the implementation of fibers derived from polypropylene as element of soil reinforcement. These fibers have the advantage that they do not have biodegradation or oxidation processes, which makes it a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option. The fibers are used to reinforce samples of silty soil derived from a slope deposit. Specifically, the behavior of the soil under unconfined compressive stresses and penetration stresses in the CBR test is evaluated. Polypropylene fibers derived from industrial processes were used, bringing them to the same size and using the same proportion of these in the soil samples, different percentages of fiber with respect to soil weight were evaluated to identify which was optimal in the experiment. Additionally, the process of formation of the samples was controlled to maintain close values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. A comparison and analysis that quantifies the contribution of these fibers is proposed. The results obtained are supported by the laboratory tests performed. These results show that the reinforced material has higher unconfined compressive strength, higher ductility, and higher resistance to penetration. It is proposed to evaluate the effect of the fiber arrangement in future research.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Organization of an Architectural Environment Based on Spatial and
Constructive Modules in a Severely Continental Climate
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Alla Aleksandrovna Kornilova Seimur Etibar ogly Mamedov Gani Aitbayevich Karabayev Yevgeniya Mikhaylovna Khorovetskaya and Yelena Vladimirovna Shlyakhtich The development of modern cities is impossible without planning the architectural environment in the urban structure in the context of the climatic conditions of a region and the factors influencing this process. The greatest planning efficiency is achieved through the efficient use of capital investments in the urban structure and well-founded decisions on the formation of a comfortable architectural environment with due regard to the historical development of settlements, national traditions, local characteristics, and landscape. The main problem for architects designing objects located in a sharply continental climate is the search for architectural solutions and development models that would create a comfortable environment in conditions of a large amount of precipitation, aggressive sun, complex wind patterns, and a large temperature range (low in winter and high in summer). This study is aimed at understanding the relationship "man – space – habitat" and identifying more advanced directions and principles in the formation of the architectural environment. The principles of constructing a conceptual and theoretical framework allowed the authors to propose a model and optimize the decisions made in a specific urban planning situation. The spatial and constructive module proposed in the work demonstrates wide architectural possibilities in the formation of a comfortable socially-oriented architectural environment in a sharply continental climate. The introduction of the proposed modularity will ensure the transition to the sustainable development of society and improve the comfortable environment for finding and living people and the ecological situation in the study area.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- The Usage of Crystalline Additive on Concrete Performance
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Adelia Dwidarma Nataadmadja and Made Suangga Indonesia as a maritime country has a number of structures in coastal areas that are made from concrete. Sulfate attack is one of the common deteriorations that could occur due to the exposure of saltwater to the concrete. Unfortunately, the Type II and Type V cements, which are the special cements that are resistant to sulfate, are rarely used due to their high prices. The objectives of this research are to compare the performance of concrete mixture that was prepared by using the standard cement mixed with crystalline material and the concrete mixture that was prepared by using two different brands of Type V cement. There were five concrete mixture variations tested for their compressive strength and permeability. To assess the permeability of the concrete, the specimens were placed under pressured water for 72 hours and the water penetration depth was measured. From the research results, it was found that the usage of crystalline additive (CA) made the compressive strength increased at a faster rate and the concrete mixture that contained Type I cement and 0.7% of crystalline material had the highest compressive strength value. In terms of the permeability of the concrete, it can be seen that the specimens that were mixed with CA were more effective in stopping the water to penetrate the specimens than the specimens prepared with either of Type V cement.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- A Review on Sustainable Disposal of Plastic Waste by Integration in
Construction Materials
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Yara S. El-Metwally Khaled M. Dewidar Mostafa R. Ismail and Iman S. El-Mahallawi Over the last decades, plastic waste (PW) has increased exponentially and has become a serious threat to our planet, aquatic system and human health. Recycling or reusing PW in producing ecofriendly materials is an efficient solution to reduce plastic pollution and to minimize the depletion of raw materials as well. Previous studies have shown promising potentials of using PW in the construction sector, such as binder, aggregate, or substitute of cement and sand in concrete, brick or mortar. Laboratory results indicate that implementing plastic waste as aggregates in cement composites obtains higher thermal resistance and acoustical performance. However, a reduction in the compressive strength has been noticed with the increase of the PW content. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the optimum acceptable plastic waste content to be involved in the construction material in order to enhance its thermal resistance without jeopardizing the compressive strength. The aim of this study is achieved through a systematic review identified by keywords. Papers that did not include plastic waste reuse in construction material were eliminated. The inclusion criteria were based on the latest studies from 2012 that investigated the impact of plastic waste on thermal conductivity and compressive strength. A comparative analysis is then conducted on the eligible papers focusing on the used type, particle size and percentages of the applied PW and the impact on the thermal conductivity and the compressive strength. This review presents possibilities of reusing plastic waste to develop lightweight composites with better thermal capabilities and acoustical performance which enhance the building energy performance and create a more ecofriendly and sustainable environment. However, only a limited amount of plastic is allowable to be used to avoid the deterioration of the compressive strength.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- The 20 Minutes Neighborhood between Planning and Reality: Analytical Study
of Al-Jumhuriya District (District 838 and Part of District 840)
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Zahraa I. H. Al-Hussaini Adel H. Jassim and Amer S. Alkinani Urban areas have undergone many transformations such as urban population composition, the nature of the built environment (specially housing and transportation network), and urban land use, due to many factors, such as population growth, economic aspects, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. They changed people's perceptions about land uses, urban space and cities. This led to many urban problems. Based on the foregoing, the research led to vital discussions in urban planning through proximity, public places and accessibility to the basic urban function. Each person in the community deserves livable neighborhood, accessible for this daily base trip easily. Goals: Studying and evaluating a residential area within Baghdad by adopting the concept of a 20-minute neighborhood. The planning indicators for 20-minute neighborhoods (density, diversity, proximity) were tested based on a map of the status of the study area and a field survey and given the research objective of the importance of residents in assessing their neighborhoods, asking a sample of the community about the patterns of daily urban activity and how they use the neighborhood to show the extent, to which planning indicators (proximity, diversity, density) match the use of residents within the concept of a 20-minute neighborhood. Results: The results showed that the concept of a 20-minute neighborhood was achieved in the residential area when measuring the planning indicators (density, proximity, diversity). However, it did not reach the concept according to the opinion of the residents, as most of the daily activities were using cars and heading for services outside the neighborhood. When the sample was identified, the results showed that the gaps lie in the failure of services (transportation, education, social infrastructure, health, work) to meet the needs and requirements of the residents within the concept of a neighborhood for 20 minutes. Conclusions: The success of 20-minute neighborhood planning is not required by planning indicators and criteria. Its success depends on the actual use of neighborhood residents, and they are the only ones who recognize the success of the neighborhood or not.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Courtyard Existence between the Past and the Present, Case Study: Central
Region, Saudi Arabia
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Asmaa Ramadan Elantary and Ayah Salem Eldeeb The courtyard is one of the architectural features used in ancient times for many purposes, such as climate modifiers, as a place for family gatherings, and as a playground for children. Over time, the courtyard gradually disappeared, and it no longer has a special presence in residential buildings. The study deals with exploring courtyards in the old and modern buildings in the central region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which was characterized by its strong presence in ancient times. Therefore, the paper holds seven case studies to compare the most important features in commons, middle, and contemporary houses. The research reaches the truth of the extinction of the courtyard and its replacement by other elements that negatively affected the social, ecological, and economic aspects of Saudi residents, and assures the dependence on mechanical treatments that harmfully distressed the building energy likewise affected the social aspects at the level of family and society alike. Courtyards with environmental design basics provided high energy efficiency to building through daylight and ventilation which helps in decreasing electricity and HVAC loads. This paper invites researchers and builders to reuse the courtyard or the Patio concept again as a design tool in contemporary buildings to save future resources and maintain sustainability principles.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Estimate of Responses of Multistoried Building under Earthquake Ground
Motion to Prevent Failure
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Debi Prasad Das Diptesh Das PijushTopdar and Bibhuti Bhusan Ghosh Seismic microzonation is defined as the process of subdividing a potential seismic or earthquake-prone area into zones with respect to some geological and geophysical characteristics of the sites such as ground shaking, liquefaction susceptibility, landslide, and rock fall hazard, earthquake-related flooding, etc. Very often, the seismic data are used from existing ground motion data that are related to other geographical regions and thus leads to unrealistic predictions. In this analysis, normalization of the available earthquake data is carried out for a better realistic prediction of building response. An extensive study is carried out in this work that involves two major types of buildings, microzones, and soil conditions. Fixed base, hard, medium, and soft soil have been considered for this analysis. The effect of actual and normalized ground motion for specific microzones having plan asymmetric and symmetric structures is not yet studied in prior research. The analysis has been done by finite element-based software. The present study makes an effort to determine the fundamental responses of plan asymmetric building in different kinds of soil in certain microzones. Maximum shear forces and bending moment have been seen in hard soil base conditions among all other supports. Responses of microzone II and actual ground motion are almost the same in dynamic analysis.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Exploring the Potentials of Physical Appropriations in Leftover Spaces in
Downtown Cairo
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Sarah Abou Aly Yasser Mansour and Sherif El-Fiki Cairo comprises many lost spaces between buildings. These spaces have significant potential to accommodate various activities. The potential of these spaces in a commercial district is the domain of the present study as the users provide these spaces with their special meanings through physical appropriations. It is believed that they might be developed to realize better functional values. The research aims to investigate the relation between the users' appropriations and the potential of the leftover spaces, as well as the degree to which this may enhance the role of these spaces in congested cities. The study begins with a review of the classifications of leftover spaces and a theoretical background focused on users' appropriations to achieve this goal. The outcome is then empirically examined in one leftover space in Downtown Cairo. The research adopts a qualitative approach. It utilizes direct observation and semi-structured open-ended interviews to investigate people's appropriations in such areas, together with the meanings of such appropriations to people's everyday life, to set an understanding of this relationship in light of the prior literature. The study concludes with a model for investigating the relationship between space's physical qualities and users' appropriations. It showed that leftover spaces could be appropriated by people's everyday practices creating new functions and meanings in dynamic and creative ways. This experience can improve the built environment and the quality of life for residents in other underutilized spaces in the city/ other cities.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Role of Clay Mineralogy in the Estimation of Permeability Coefficient in
Compacted Fine-grained Soils
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 H. S. Prasanna and Unnam Anil The foundations constructed upon the soils are depending upon the three major criteria i.e., strength, stiffness, and stability. In all three cases, the subsoil is expected to be in a compacted state. In coarse-grained soils, the result of compaction is a problem of substantiality, whereas physicochemical sort of response for fine soils. There is comparatively limited research known about the effects of clay mineralogy on the permeability properties of fine-grained soils, as well as different placement conditions and energy levels. In this study, consolidation behavior will be estimated for the six field soils and one artificial soil having different liquid limits, the Mineralogical composition of clay, and its plasticity properties under placement conditions like 95% of the γd max on dry and wet sides, and at OMC. The permeability behavior of these soils under study is computed by calculating the IS Light and Heavy Compaction energy levels' corresponding consolidation properties (Cv and Mv) using five practical approaches that have been described in the literature. The coefficient of permeability (K) of soils is calculated accurately with a fair degree of accuracy by 1-D consolidation test data like Cv and Mv. The estimated values of K were compared with the K values obtained from experimental studies under various stages of loading, and it was observed that there was good agreement between the two. These results were validated using Abaqus software through Finite Element Modelling analysis.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Influence of Different Lengths and Volumes of Basalt Fibre on Mechanical
Properties of Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Kacharla Sunil Kumar R. and Kishore Ravande In this research work, the influence of basalt fiber lengths and volumes on mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are studied. 12 and 24 mm lengths of basalt fiber having the same diameter (13 µm) were used in the experimental work. The influence of 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35%, 0.4% and 0.5% volume of basalt fiber on mechanical properties of concrete have been studied. The results of conventional concrete and basalt fiber reinforced concrete were compared. Normal strength concrete M30 grade was considered in the work and the mechanical properties were measured at 3, 7 and 28 days of hydration period. The experimental investigation shows that high dosage of fibers creates workability problems such as mixing, clumping and balling effects. Experimental results show that there is no improvement in the compressive strength of concrete when basalt fibers were added in plain concrete mix at all ages of concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength values become unstable when basalt fibers are added to concrete. Maximum value of split tensile strength and flexure strength was obtained for 0.35% (9.275 kg/m3) basalt fiber content for both 12mm and 24mm length of basalt fiber at all ages of concrete. Comparing both 12mm and 24mm basalt fiber lengths, the 24 mm length of fiber has shown superior performance in relation to flexure strength and split tensile strength. Overall, the optimum length of basalt fiber is 24 mm and the optimum volume fraction of basalt fiber is 0.35%.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Transportation Accessibility Mapping with Educational Facilities Analysis
of Nashik City
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Darshankumar Patel and Bikram Prasad Accessibility is usually mentioned as the essential principle in new urban planning and land use growth theories. Researchers have proposed a change in the usage of auto mobility planning toward the planning of accessibility. Cities are primarily governed by various purposes, such as work, education and shopping. The main aim of this research is to find out the accessibility of Educational Trips related to different modes of transportation. With the useful resource of case studies included in the literature, we have learned terms and concepts of accessibility in order to achieve this objective. For doing accessibility analysis, firstly Nashik City's secondary information is gathered and evaluated. After doing the secondary analysis, gaps are identified and a primary survey questionnaire is designed so that accessibility can be measured and evaluated in a better way for the city. With the help of a design questionnaire, a primary survey is conducted in Nashik to learn about the city's current travel patterns as well as issues encountered during the trip. Data collected from the primary analysis are used to calculate an accessibility index with graphical method for different modes of transportation and mapped for each zone. Gravity method and Accessibility Ratio for Public transportation method which was used in this study can be used for finding the accessibility to different services like workplaces, recreational places, commercial places and many more. Policymakers can also use accessibility ratio method to improve public transportation infrastructure within the city.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- A Proposed Integrated Development Plan Using Modified Planning Standards
for a Small Urban Town: A Case Study of Mohol Town, Dist. Solapur, India
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Bhadane Pratibha Jain Rakesh Menon Radhika and Patil Shivaji In India, development plans in different states are prepared, using planning standards as they are adopted by respective states. Planning standards are essence of a development plan and preparation of development plan is carried out stagewise within the technical framework of planning standards. However, development plans are always criticized for various reasons, like they are rigid and difficult to implement, taking exorbitant time to implement and mostly they are practically not fully implemented, etc. One of the most discussed points is that there is a broad scope to amend the existing planning standards for proper and efficient implementation of development plan in timely manner. In this changing age of technology and science, it is necessary to accommodate the changes sought by the stakeholders in the development plan. This study is aimed to formulate the modified planning standards with optimisation of reservations for a small urban town to accomplish effective implementation of development plan. An attempt is made using a case study of small urban town Mohol in Solapur district, India for preparation of integrated development plan with modified planning standards. SWOT analysis for Mohol town is also carried out for exploring the changing needs and demands of the people. The existing planning standards are modified for optimisation of reservations of residential, garden, hospital, primary and secondary school using standard deviation curve to achieve the aspirations of the people to match up the line of such changes, may be social, financial, physical, cultural, etc. In present study, integrated development plan with optimised reservations for small urban town Mohol has been prepared by applying modified planning standards, which shows good agreement with the optimisation of reservations carried out by land use distribution. From the comparison of reservations provided for Mohol, it is concluded that the integrated development plan for Mohol town, prepared using modified planning standards, takes considerably less area under reservations taken for study, which may work effectively and efficiently while implementing the development plan and prove to be great achievement for all the stakeholders.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Compressive Test and Microstructure Analysis of the Coconut Fiber
Ash-based Geopolymer Binder
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 I Nyoman Suta Widnyana I Made Alit Karyawan Salain I Nyoman Sutarja and Ida Bagus Rai Widiarsa This watchfulness goal is to define the compressive test value and microstructure of a geopolymer binder made from coconut fiber ash (CFA). CFA comes from the combustion of coconut fibers in the tile-making industry in Tabanan, Bali. This waste is processed into CFA, which consists of 8.24% silicon dioxide, 70.6% potassium oxide, 14.1% chlorine, 2.3% diphosphate pentoxide, and 2.25% iron dioxide. CFA is then used as a crude material for the manufacture of geopolymer binders. The mixture's proportion consisted of three groups of variations: the ratio of precursors and activators, P/A: 70%:30%; 75%:25%; and 80%:20%. In the experiment, Na2SiO3 and a 14 M molar concentration of NaOH were combined in weight ratios of 1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1. These are both alkaline activators. The sample was shaped into 50-mm cubes, dried in an 80℃ heater for 24 hours, and then tested at 7 and 28 days. The ASTM-C39 standard was used for the compression test, while the microstructural analysis used X-RD and SEM-EDX. The results showed that coconut fiber ash precursors could be used to generate a geopolymer binder with a compressive value of 4.67 MPa and 6.24 MPa on the 7th and 28th days of testing, respectively. The microstructure of the solid sample, which was associated with the rise in compressive value, was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Using 80% CFA gave the best results.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Portland Cement Treated Soil: Evaluation and Conflict Results
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Ibtehaj Taha Jawad and Mohd Raihan Taha In spite of soil treatment using Portland cement being well documented, it is hard to find all of the contents related to this topic in one document. This paper aims to provide information inventory about chemical and mechanical changes that take place in soil properties, and the alteration in engineering characteristics which occur in soil - cement mixtures. The mechanism of treatment over time is documented as well. Some conflicted results were detected in literature such as moisture – dry density relationship and dynamic properties of soil treated by cement. The suitability of cement as an additive for different soil types is discussed based on the results which were obtained by different authors. Based on the methodologies followed by laboratory and field studies, the mixture process involves deep and shallow mixing using cement as powder or slurry (grout). Finally, the paper discusses the sustainability of Portland cement as a manufacturing product. Generally, using cement as soil stabilizer induces a significant increase in soil strength, workability, and durability. Permeability and swelling potential are significantly decreased. In addition, a considerable improvement in soil compressibility is achieved for the soil – cement mixture. Negative environment impact is one of the major inherent disadvantages in cement production, where the cement production process is responsible for 5 – 8% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emission. Furthermore, high energy consumption, depletion of resources and weakness against sulfate attack, carbonation and organic materials effects are significant inherent disadvantages in cement-treated soil. So, partial or full replacement of cement by more sustainable materials is recommended.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Characterization Study of A Putty for Restoration and Sculptural Modeling
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Carlos E. Berumen Rodríguez Lorena G. Valle Chavarria David A. Leija Roman Gildardo Herrera Sánchez and Xochitl Marissa Dávila Ordoñez In Mexico, there are important elements within the built and sculptural heritage, characterized by a rich variety of cultures that left important vestiges. Due to the age of the various elements, it is necessary to carry out restoration processes that include the partial replacement of the components by others physically compatible. This same putty can be used to make sculptural models and the elaboration of pieces that allow making them known or preserving them. Recognizing the non-existence in the market of a product type dough or putty of drying in the open air that serves to model sculptural and architectural pieces, whose characteristics already provide dry appearance, color and texture type stone or mud, in this article, a putty was proposed, joining and mixing several organic and inorganic components, whose quality is that, when drying and hardening, you can manipulate and model the parts in less than twelve hours. This article presents the mixture and mechanical properties of the material obtained, such as compressive strength as well as permissible deformation.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Local Wisdom and Sustainable Features of Tidore Vernacular Architecture
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Mustamin Rahim Arham Munir Firdawaty Marasabessy and Darmawijaya The energy consumption in the building sector is very high and is expected to increase continuously with the world's population growth. It is believed that vernacular architecture has the essential knowledge to be learned and adopted as sustainable development strategies according to the context and region. Therefore, this study aims to explore the vernacular architecture of the archipelago region of Tidore in Indonesia through literature studies and field observations to understand the principles of design and building construction systems in response to extreme environments. It also focuses on analyzing the features of local wisdom and sustainability applied to vernacular architecture in the past using the sustainable assessment method. The results showed that the Tidore vernacular architecture has adapted to extreme weather and natural disasters for centuries with the traditional construction technique of the button and bond systems using lightweight materials from the surrounding environment. It also aligns with the local context, including the culture, tradition, and religion or spirituality of the people. Moreover, the approach respects the environmental and climatic factors and is in harmony with the topography. The strongest point of this approach is the ability to realize the "spiritual-human-environment" harmony for the human environment's comfort. These findings are expected to inspire sustainable architectural designs in the future.
PubDate: Mar 2023
- Influence of Confinement on Nominal Capacity and Curvature Ductility of
Spun Piles
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Putu Ogi Suryadinata Tavio and I Gusti Putu Raka Axial force-bending moment (P-M) interaction diagrams are indispensable in the design of spun piles. From the interaction diagrams, the capacity of the section to resist axial force and bending moment can be obtained based on the results of a cross-sectional analysis of strain and stress distributions. The construction of an interaction diagram generally requires manual neutral axis trial and error calculations, which are time-consuming. Hence, a time-saving and more accurate auxiliary program was developed using MATLAB. Confinement can change the shape of concrete stress-strain curves, as seen from increasing compressive stress in the cross-section at certain ultimate strains. Accounting for the effect of confinement will increase the ultimate strains, leading to a more ductile structure. The confinement models used include Mander et al., El-Dash and Ahmad, and Kusuma and Tavio. The variations included the effect of prestressing force, spiral spacing, and the impact of confinement reinforcement area. The results of the confinement variables affect the cross-sectional curvature ductility. If the spiral spacing is closer or the area of reinforcing bars is increased, the curvature ductility increases.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Impact of Overburden on Hydraulic Conductivity and Numerical Analyses of
Seepage and Stability of Cement Stabilized Embankments
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Shahnawaz Zardari Riaz Bhanbhro Muhammad Auchar Zardari Bashir Ahmed Memon Aamir Khan Mastoi and Amjad Hussain Bhutto The study introduces new approaches for determining hydraulic conductivity of natural and cemented soils under varying overburden and consolidation loads, followed by numerical evaluations of seepage and canal stability when cemented soils are utilised. This was done mostly due to the fact that Pakistan has several canal breaches and embankment failures annually. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the stability of existing canals in terms of seepage and stability and to recommend ways for their reinforcement. This study attempts to examine constant seepage conditions and the stability of existing canals. Results reveal that overburden loads can impair hydraulic conductivity considerably. At higher stresses of 200 kPa of overburden stress, the hydraulic conductivity of natural soils was reduced by 189%, and by 306% and 133% for the mix of 5% cement and silty clay and 10% cement, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the canal embankments were only marginally safe due to the constant seepage. Varying ratios of 5% and 10% cement with silty clay having 1 m thick layers with different dimensions were used to analyse and reinforce the weak canal embankments. It was also discovered that 5% cemented soil layers provided greater stability. This research suggests techniques for fortifying both the present and future canal embankments.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Exploring the Potential of Model Making as a Tool for Designing
Sustainable Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Rupesh Surwade Kanwaljit Singh Khas Smruti Raghani and Mohammad Arif Kamal Model-making plays an important role in architectural design projects. Models can depict how a building fits into its surroundings without revealing every detail, or they might highlight a particular feature of the structure. Model making is important to better understand how the architectural design adopts the energy efficiency of a structure. Active learning through the Modelmaking method has been useful to learners in developing their conceptual design using three modes: a) Observations b) By doing c) Problem-solving. When the beginners start their project, it has been observed that they are unable to understand the three-dimensional form and find it difficult to study climate-responsive architecture / sustainable building design. Physical model making is an extremely versatile tool for the design process, conducting research, and introducing three-dimensional designs. It may assist the process used to explore different forms in Architectural design. It also refers to an educational strategy that uses engaging learning processes tailored to the learners' requirements and interests. Model making is a vast domain, and there are many aspects about how to be understood in relation to its use, presentation, experimentation, testing (prototype), etc. The research underlines how the assumptions and accessibility of a technology education design process may give learners many opportunities to learn about models and modeling.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- An Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity and Slope Stability of Residual
Slope Model with Pile Reinforcement
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Eko Indah Susanti As’ad Munawir Yulvi Zaika and Sri Murni Dewi Based on its geographical location, most of Indonesia's territory consists of residual soil. Residual soil on slopes has been a problem that often occurs and causes landslides. We can use various efforts to prevent landslides and overcome other issues on slopes, especially residual soil, by providing reinforcement. In this study, we can increase the strength of the slopes to be more stable by providing pile reinforcement to improve the safety of the slopes. First, we observed a scaled slope model with and without pile reinforcement. Residual slope modeling was carried out using a test box with a slope inclination of 37° and using a composite concrete pile as a model for pile reinforcement. Test models with different diameters (2.54 cm, 3.175 cm, and 3.81 cm) and the pile spacing were varied (7.5 cm, 10 cm, and 12.5 cm). This test was performed using an experimental model in the laboratory aimed at understanding the failure mechanism or failure of the slope. We identified the maximum failure load value for the slope to resist sliding. Problems in the laboratory were analyzed using the finite element method by changing the form of 3D slope modeling to 2D modeling. Then, we compared the experimental results in the laboratory with the finite element analysis method. Based on the FE Method test results, the SF of slopes reinforced with single-row experienced a safety factor improvement of 17.621 % in FEM (2D) compared to slopes modeled without reinforcement. The most significant bearing capacity and SF value were found in the diameter of 3.175 cm and a distance of 10 cm. The effect of diameter and spacing between piles on slope stability is when the pile diameter increases, the pile spacing becomes smaller, and the critical slip surface also becomes deeper until a specific diameter and distance are reached. This condition causes the slope to become stable. In addition, the study result showed that reinforced slopes are prone to failure of the rotational slope.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Improving the Thermal and Insulation Properties of Polypropylene Fiber
Reinforced Concrete Facade Panels Using Phase Change Material (PCM): An
Experimental Analysis
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Yalda Safaralipour and Mustafa Erkan Karagüler Phase change materials (PCMs) have a high capacity to store latent heat, which makes them useful as thermal stabilizers or insulating barriers in various applications. The facade of a building is particularly important for maintaining temperature stability and minimizing energy consumption, as it acts as an envelope that protects the building from harsh weather conditions. To ensure thermal comfort inside the building, it is crucial to minimize heat loss due to differences between indoor and outdoor temperatures. The aim of this study is to reduce heat transfer between indoor and outdoor spaces. To achieve this goal, the study incorporates phase change materials (PCM) into the mortar of facade panels based on PCM's ability on retarding heat transfer and its ability to store heat. A novel experimental system was used for the study, which was created using a comparative method. It's expected that the addition of PCM will reduce the thermal conductivity coefficient of the composite material, resulting in lower energy consumption. The reference mortar used in the study was a prefabricated mixture of polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete (PPFRC) with a constant water/cement ratio of 0.40. Samples were prepared by adding an organic microcapsule PCM with a melting temperature of 18 degrees Celsius and a diameter of 15 to 30 microns, to the reference mortar at varying rates. The experiments conducted showed that the expected efficiency in reducing the thermal conductivity coefficient of the PPFRC mortar due to the incorporation of PCM was directly proportional to the amount of PCM used in the reference mortar. As the proportion of PCM used increased, the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient value decreased. However, increasing the ratio of PCM used resulted in a decrease in the density and compressive strength of the composite. Therefore, in this study, the proportion of PCM was determined considering the physical properties and the expected thermal conductivity value of the composite material.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Environmental Perception of Urban Spaces: Physical Versus Virtual
Exploration
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Nada Tarek Asadia Yasser Mahmoud Moustafa and Mohamed Mohamed Fikry Elazzazy The study aims to investigate virtual street view imagery as a tool for auditing and comprehending urban environments. The objective is to compare the physical and virtual exploration of urban spaces in terms of environmental perception. Previous research has been criticized for limiting itself to cognitive aspects of environmental perception. Accordingly, this study adopts a more holistic conceptualization of environmental perception and considers all cognitive, affective, interpretive, and evaluative aspects. A quasi-experiment was carried out in which 38 postgraduate and undergraduate architectural students were divided into two groups to explore sections of two different streets in Cairo, Egypt. Participants of each group explored a street section physically and, on another day, the other street section virtually through Google Street View. Data collection methods included perceptual sketches, cognitive maps, semantic differential questions, and paragraph writing. In relation to cognitive aspects of perception, results suggest that physical exploration permits a more complete and accurate reading and understanding of the urban environment than virtual exploration. In particular, it was found that, through physical exploration, participants tended to acquire a greater amount of information about the environment and had a better ability to estimate distances and heights than through virtual exploration. However, in virtual exploration, probably because of reduced amount of stimuli, participants were better able to notice some specific details such as, litter, and graffiti. In relation to affective, interpretive, and evaluative aspects of environmental perception, it was found that experiencing the environment in person allows capture the ambience of the place and form clear and strong impressions about the setting much more effectively than experiencing it virtually. Results showed that, during and after physical exploration, participants had a much greater tendency to express feelings and emotions about the environment and to formulate evaluations about its different components than during and after virtual exploration. In conclusion, it is suggested that virtual street view imagery exploration of the urban environment cannot replace actual physical exploration for a comprehensive and holistic audit of an urban space. However, virtual exploration could be used as a preliminary audit of an environment to acquire an initial understanding or as a more focused follow-up exploration to check or complete information about physical characteristics captured during a physical exploration.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Morphology of Peri-Urban Area in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Irwan Wunarlan and Beby Sintia Dewi Banteng As two areas directly adjacent to Gorontalo City, the sub-districts of Telaga (Gorontalo Regency) and Kabila (Bone Bolango Regency) are the center of regional growth. The study aimed to examine the physical development of two sub-districts, Telaga and Kabila, since the sub-districts previously mentioned have different regional characteristics and different physical morphology developments influenced by Gorontalo city. That the two sub-districts can be viewed as a peri-urban area of Gorontalo city is a fascinating topic to comprehend the peri-urban area. The stages of this qualitative descriptive research consisted of preliminary survey and observation, distributing questionnaires, collecting data, processing data, data analysis, and data interpretation. Over the last ten years, urban land use has increased in both Telaga and Kabila sub-district by 5% (49.18 ha) and 3% (45.58 ha), respectively. Agropolis activities still dominated the two peri-urban areas. The pattern of land use in the Sub-District of Telaga was the pattern of octopus, while that of Kabila sub-district was a linear pattern (southern part) and frog jump (northern part). Generally, the street pattern in the peri-urban area has a linear path pattern. The development of this peri-urban area seemed unplanned. The situation is understandable since these two areas were initially agrarian villages and hinterland areas of Gorontalo city.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Mall Users' Perceived Relative Importance of the Different Wayfinding
Design Factors
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Haidy M. El-Hassawi Yasser M. Moustafa and Sherif M. El-Fiki The objective of the study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, mall users' perceived relative importance of the different wayfinding design factors emphasized in literature. The study relied on an online survey questionnaire which first asked respondents to rate, based on their experience of shopping malls in general, the importance of each of seven wayfinding factors. Then, respondents were asked to indicate among three shopping malls of different layout designs all located in the Greater Cairo Area the one they were most familiar with. The remaining of the questionnaire inquired more specifically about respondents' perceptions of the different wayfinding factors in the mall chosen. Results indicate that "landmarks" is perceived as the most important wayfinding design factor followed by "the subdivision of the mall in distinct zones" and "directional signs". However, results also show differences between genders and between users of different levels of familiarity with the mall in terms of the perceived relative importance of the seven wayfinding factors investigated. The complexity of the mall layout and circulation pattern was also found to affect the perceived relative importance of the different factors. Implications for better wayfinding design are discussed in the conclusion of the article.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Urban Marketing and Its Role in Transformations of Public Spaces
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Lamiaa G. Abd El-Fatah Lamis S. El-Gizawi and Nanees A. El-Sayyad Designing urban spaces has a profound effect on achieving social sustainability. Unfortunately, most public spaces underwent transformation because of different urban challenges that affected it. Therefore, those public spaces lost the ability to achieve their main role in cities. Urban marketing has various factors that may contribute to re-shaping public spaces in cities. This paper aims to improve the quality of public spaces by adopting integrated strategy of the urban marketing for spaces as a first step toward strengthening the performance of spaces at different social, economic, and environmental aspects, in addition to managing it well and thus enhancing the marketing return. The proposed strategy has been validated on one of the local spaces through the field survey and then the statistical analysis by using the SPSS program. The results of the study maximize the use of urban marketing in planning, management, revitalization of the spatial environment and facing its transformations, provide a synthesis of results to gain a better understanding of the planning process and to develop effective strategies to improve the quality of a competitive environment.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Effect of Using Dry Sludge (DS) of Water Purification in Combination with
Treated Wastewater (TWW) on Concrete Strength
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Saad AlAyyash Rania Shatnawi and Abdelmajeed Alkasassbeh The construction industries utilize large amount of fresh water. Water used in the construction industry is not for only mixing concrete; it is also used for equipment cleaning, washing aggregate, and curing concrete. The social and economic cost of the scarce source of water in many parts of the world makes it significant to look for lower quality water to be used in concrete production. The water must meet certain quality requirements to be suitable for concrete mixing and curing. It has been found that certain water that does not meet high quality can be used in making concrete of acceptable quality. The short and long effects of using low quality water on concrete mechanical properties have been investigated in different parts of the world. Combining the use of recycled materials and low quality water in concrete mix could increase the deterioration of mechanical properties of hardened concrete. In this paper, the effect on compressive strength of hardened concrete using treated wastewater (TWW) and dry sludge (DS) produced by water purification facilities in concrete mixes to substitute potable water (PW) and fine aggregate. The TWW is used to substitute PW in ratios between 30 and 100% while DS is used in ratios of 10 to 30% of fine aggregate. Different design mixes are prepared and standard concrete samples are cast and tested to report the changes in compressive strength due to alteration of the standard concrete mix. Results show that using TWW only reduced the compressive strength of concrete by about 11 % while using DS in combination with TWW reduced the compressive strength by a percentage reached 26%. The use of recycled materials will affect the concrete quality with acceptable values. Utilizing these recycled materials on concrete mix will save environment and release part of the pressure on scarce sources such as water in semi-arid regions.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- A Qualitative Therapeutic Design Approach for Sensory Garden Design for
People with Dementia
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Manar Elsayed Mohamed Elbasyoni and Sherin Ali Gammaz Many gardens have been established in daily-care institutions serving people with dementia however, individuals with dementia experience disabilities to be engaged in pleasant and useful activities in their physical outdoor environments which could unexpectedly have a negative impact on their behavior and cognitive functioning. People with dementia need to be involved in activities that stimulate the senses and environments that deal with their sensory disorder challenges and provide a multisensory experience through active and passive activities. Therefore, the research addresses the interrelationship between the therapeutic goals of dementia and the design qualities of outdoor sensory spaces used by them by analyzing the behavior of people with dementia due to sensory challenges facing them in their physical environment, followed by the analysis of selected international case studies of gardens designed specifically for dementia patients. To reach successful relationships between therapeutic goals and sensory garden qualities, dementia specialists and caregivers were engaged to link these goals and qualities through interview form and three phases of analytical studies, the research formulated a design model for appropriate landscape therapeutic sensory features and elements that can be applied in gardens serving dementia patients.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Analysis of Typhoon Wind-Resistant Tapered Low-Rise Structure Using
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Icon S. Quiambao Alyssa Gail F. Alzaga Alexander B. De Lara Gilford B. Estores and Ria Liza C. Canlas Evolving climate conditions continue to intensify typhoon winds, whose threats and damage to civil structures usually result in heavy economic losses and casualties. Despite this, most low-rise structures continue to receive less inadequate considerations on lateral forces; hence, failure still occurs on these buildings during typhoons, and most of the damages are attributed to the phenomenon named vortex shedding. As low-rise buildings comprise the largest class of vulnerable structures, they likewise need to be adequately designed to resist wind forces as induced by vortex shedding. Hence, this study aims to analyze and develop a typhoon-resistant low-rise structural model, which will be tapered to reduce across-wind responses, through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation. Po-Lite panels were considered in creating initial low-rise models, whose vortex shedding, and natural frequencies have then been identified through CFD using SimScale software and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using MSC Patran and Nastran, respectively. The CFD simulation results indicate that the Circular Tapered Model showed the lowest mean lift and drag coefficients and lowest vortex shedding frequencies for each meter height interval as compared with other models. Similarly, Modal Analysis in FEA yielded values on the models' natural frequencies and modal shapes, and only the Circular Tapered Model showed no coinciding vortex shedding and natural frequencies, indicating that no structural collapse occurs during the simulated typhoon winds. As a result, the study considers this geometry to be the governing low-rise Po-Lite model that can resist and adapt to the increasing intensities of typhoon wind loads. To better address other limitations, the study recommends that future studies employ wind tunnel tests, investigate medium- and high-rise structures, and apply different wind loading conditions, and consider the surrounding buildings in the analysis.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- The Seismic Vulnerability of Buildings in the Central Zone of Peru through
the Application of the Rapid Visual Detection Method
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Madyori Gabriela Felix Gutierrez Geraldy July Rivera Hormaza Katiuska Paulina Escobar Meza Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna and Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón In order to predict the occurrence of major earthquakes, the world scientific community carried out the World Seismicity Map, establishing the most seismic zone known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, where Peru is included, as a result of the earthquakes that have occurred and that have led to structural damage to buildings and loss of human lives throughout the history of disasters in the country. The city of Chupuro is located in the central zone of Peru, categorized as a level III seismic zone, which makes it susceptible to seismic events. That is why the purpose was to determine the seismic vulnerability in 226 buildings in the city of Chupuro that were analyzed using the rapid visual detection method (RVS), with the use of the data collection sheet stipulated by the FEMA P-154 methodology, which is quite conservative and is based mainly on the category, structural system, soil and topography, providing a quick evaluation in any type of building and place. The field investigation identified the buildings according to the number of floors, type of construction, year of construction, irregularities in floor plan and height; they showed that 61% of the buildings are immersed to suffer seismic damage and hazards. In addition, these buildings showed that they are prone to suffer grade 2 (moderate damage) and grade 3 (severe damage) damage, mostly comprised of masonry buildings of medium height. It is concluded that there is a clear probability that the damage state of the buildings is 53.1% Grade 2 and 27.0% Grade 3 leading to moderate and severe damage respectively. Finally, with this we want to initiate actions to follow in order to achieve a country less vulnerable to seismic events with adequate manageme
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Sustainable Blocks Reinforced with Agave americana L. Fiber and Its
Mechanical Properties
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Albert Jorddy Valenzuela Inga Juan Gabriel Benito Zuñiga Nabilt Jill Moggiano Aburto Raul Arnold Cipriano Solis Erick Oswaldo Gamboa Tolentino Abel Max Julcarima Espiritu and Giovene Perez Campomanes The study of sustainable construction materials is getting attention, since the materials must be ecological, recyclable and renewable to generate a positive impact on the environment as a substitute for the construction materials currently used in rural areas of Huancayo. The objective of this research is to determine a sustainable material with resistant mechanical properties, such as reinforced blocks with Agave americana L fiber. The block components were sand, clay and silt, in order to evaluate its behavior, 5 dosages of fiber were proposed: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, these were expressed with respect to the total weight of the sample, on the other hand, the fiber used was cut to obtain a length of 25mm. Strengths were evaluated using the simple compression method, the Brazilian diametral compression tensile method and the modulus of rupture method. The result for the most optimum compressive strength was given when using the dosage of 0.25% of agave fiber increasing by 13.39% (2.54MPa), while, the tensile strength increased by 39.13% (0.32MPa) using 1% of agave fiber, finally an increase of 14.29% (1.44MPa) was obtained in the flexural strength with 0.5% of Agave americana L. fiber. It concludes that the use of Agave americana L. fiber improved the mechanical strength of blocks, setting an optimum addition of 0.25% of fiber.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Adaptive Design Guidelines for Health-based Promenades in Jeddah City
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Mady Mohammed Zeina Beydoun and Ahmed Refaat Due to the increasing prevalence of diseases spread worldwide through sedentary lifestyles, open spaces and promenade designs are becoming more popular and receiving attention to increase people's physical activity and improve their health. This research aims to establish and examine new health-based design guidelines for promenades in Jeddah, to help people get rid of Sick Neighbourhood Syndromes and specific diseases such as obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, bone diseases, and blood pressure. Analytical literature research, precedent analysis, case study analysis, field survey, and simulation are the main methods used to achieve the research goal. The results showed that 10 factors should be considered to ensure and maintain a health-based oriented promenade in Jeddah that can positively affect people's health and performance and avoid the risk of pandemics such as COVID-19. Results also revealed the thriving need for the devised guidelines to be applied, in addition to the other ten recommended factors. The results are limited to Jeddah City as a representative of the Hot Arid Zone. It is recommended to take it for further study to validate the twenty factors.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Application of the Deformation Theory in Section Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Members with High-Strength Reinforcement
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Andrii Pavlikov and Olha Harkava The application of deformation theory in section analysis of reinforced concrete members is based on the use of ultimate values of concrete compressive strains at the time of failure. These strains may be determined analytically by examining the bearing capacity function at the extremum. In such a study, it is usually assumed that the tensile reinforcement reaches the yield point and the stress in it is constant. When using high-strength reinforcement with conditional yield strength, the stress in the reinforcement at the moment of failure is not a constant value. This is also characteristic of over-reinforced members, in which at the moment of destruction stress in tensile reinforcement is less than its yield stress. For such a case, an analytical criterion for determining the ultimate compressive strain of concrete of reinforced concrete members is proposed. This criterion, together with the extreme concrete strength criterion, which is used for common reinforced concrete members, may be used as the basis of the methodology for calculating the strength of reinforced concrete structures. The ultimate compressive strains of concrete are determined by using the derived criterion for a range of concrete classes that match coefficient  from 1 to 5. Simple analytical dependencies for section analysis of reinforced concrete members with high-strength reinforcement are obtained on the basis of ultimate compressive strains of concrete. The application of the developed method is considered using examples.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- The Role of Hybrid Machine Learning for Predicting Strength Behavior of
Sustainable Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Bader Aldeen Ayman Almahameed and Habibur Rahman Sobuz Researchers are actively seeking accurate models for predicting forecasting mechanical strength in response to the proliferation of novel mixtures of concrete and applications. Both linear and nonlinear regression, two types of empirical and statistical models, have seen extensive use. Sustainable concrete is made by introducing supplemental cement elements into concrete mixing, and it finds widespread use in sound attenuation, roofing, thermal insulation, varied tunneling, and geotechnical engineering. The effectiveness of this technology depends on its capacity to provide consistent products with predictable outcomes. In this article, we train and test our ML approaches and modeling using an experimental database comprised of relevant data obtained from numerous prior investigations. Through a new combination of the random forests (RF) model and the Bagging algorithm, this work introduces a hybrid ML model (RF-B) for forecasting the compressive strength of concrete. Bagging is an ensemble approach that aggregates the predictions of numerous models that were each fit to a separate subset of a training dataset. As a second example, Support Vector Regression (SVR) was created to help in finding the activities of parameters in connection to one another in order to forecast the robustness of machine learning models. Multivariate analysis is also another way of reading the data accumulated with a determination coefficient of roughly 0.6. The decision tree regression showed two iterations and R2 values are 0.7453 and 0.7737 respectively. The cement percentage, density for oven dry conditions, w/c ratio, and additive usage are all used as input factors in the predictive models. Machine learning has many potential benefits for the construction industry, including cost savings, time savings, and less labor intensity. The statistical and graphical representation of contributors and countries in this study can facilitate the development of collaborative projects and the trading of novel ideas and approaches among scholars.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Determination of Soil Infiltration Values with In Situ Tests and Direct
Moisture and Precipitation Measurements
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Natalia Escorcia González César Fresneda Saldarriaga Camilo Verbel Almario and Dunevar Porras Salcedo Rain events are the cause of many landslides that occur on slopes causing a loss of strength by decreasing the effective tension. In this article, it performs the geo-mechanical characterization of a soil slope located in Colombia which has been defined as a zone of instability, where there is instrumentation consisting of a volumetric soil moisture meter and a pluviometric station. With this information, we intend to determine the times of saturation and evacuation of rainwater in the mentioned soil considering too the frequency of events. In that sense, an experimental calibration of moisture meter installed on the site is done, and the Water Retention Characteristic Curve is constructed to determine the variation of the effective efforts as soil moisture and permeability of the material and the relationship is a determined index empty as soil structure to know its maximum saturation level. The main results showed an increase in the correlation of soil moisture as depth increases, on the other hand, the permeability coefficient obtained was low, which is typical of soils with low permeability, a situation that was also evidenced in the differences of the suction curves obtained; additionally it was found that at greater depths more accumulated precipitation is required to reach saturation moisture, which corresponds to the infiltration process in the soils, the void ratio found and the mentioned permeability coefficient.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Vertical Electrical Sounding Method to Detect Groundwater and Design of A
Tubular Well for the Pampas District – Peru
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 María del Pilar Chávez Pacheco Jhoel Anderson Caysahuana Flores Diego Jose Julian Salvador and Tito Mallma Capcha In recent years, the occurrence of unexpected meteorological events during the dry season and population growth has generated shortages in the supply of drinking water in the city of Pampas. This situation led us to look for new search strategies for natural water sources, even underground. Faced with this problem, the possibility of detecting and parameterizing these sources was raised, while the design of a tubular well was raised that allows the economic extraction of water from the aquifer studied through the use of geophysical techniques, generating profile images of geological maps of the strata and the location of the possible water table of the study area. The preferred locations for locating groundwater collections are alluvial fans and fractured valley bottoms. Using the Schlumberger array, eleven (11) VESs have been made, up to a depth of 150m. For the field tests, a resistivity meter that we have manufactured by hand was used, which will emit current to the subsoil obtaining layers and horizons through their resistivities. These values vary in the range of 6.32-125.23 Ω.m. The PQWTS-150-Water Detector equipment was also used to measure the depth of the semi-confined aquifer and to know its groundwater flow. The value is 33.33 l/s, which refers to the three celestial layers that can be seen in the image. The profile of the geological map is described, and in this profile, clayey, silty, sandy, gravelly soils and a combination of them were found. This point 11 was taken in the nursery of the Daniel Hernández district, and this area is flat, quite humid and its depth is 51m-115m. In addition, this aquifer has good hydrogeological possibilities making surface recharge possible. The water table was also determined, which is found at a depth of 4-8 m. With the data obtained previously, the tubular well was designed. In conclusion, the designed well has a depth of 115 m and a thickness of 64 m, with a drilling diameter of 18 inches and equipped with a submersible pump with a 25 HP motor, achieving a flow rate of 1000 l/min, which complies with the water requirement of the population. In order to verify the quality of the water from this well, a physical-chemical and bacteriological analysis was carried out.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Evaluating the Seismic Performance of Low-Rise Concrete Buildings Using
Nonlinear Static Analysis
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Riza Suwondo and Muhammad Bahy Umam Arief Linear force-based analysis is the conventional method for seismic design in building codes, but it has limitations in accurately predicting the seismic behaviour of buildings, especially during strong earthquakes. While nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) is theoretically more accurate, it is limited by high computational costs and the challenge of selecting appropriate ground motion records. Nonlinear static pushover analysis (NSPA) has become a popular and simpler alternative for evaluating building performance during earthquakes, but it lacks a rigorous theoretical foundation and does not account for dynamic effects. This study aims to investigate the accuracy of NSPA in predicting the seismic behaviour of low-rise concrete buildings with 3 and 5 storeys located in a high seismic hazard zone in Indonesia. The research focuses on addressing the limitations of current methods for seismic design and evaluation of low-rise concrete buildings and aims to compare the accuracy of NSPA and NTHA in predicting the global and local responses of the buildings. Commercial finite element software is used to perform pushover analysis considering both geometric and material nonlinearity. The study's findings demonstrate that pushover analysis is slightly less conservative than NTHA in predicting the seismic response of low-rise concrete buildings. The research provides insights into the use of pushover analysis as an effective and simplified method for seismic evaluation and design of low-rise concrete buildings, while also highlighting the importance of understanding the limitations and accuracy of the method. These findings can be used to improve the seismic design of low-rise concrete buildings and enhance their safety during seismic events.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Thinking of Automated Building as an Approach to Restore Creative Values
in New City of Rashid in Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Hager Ahmed Elsayed Elayote and Alaa Mohamed Shams Eldein Eleshy The application of automated thought in architecture appeared in 1960 to speed up the implementation of buildings and improve their quality. Most countries of the world are still seeking to apply automated thought in architecture because it has a more positive impact on economic, environmental, and creative levels than traditional building systems. However, this thought faced many objections, for technical reasons represented in the lack of advanced technological vision in construction and intellectual reasons represented in neglecting the human side at the creative and executive levels). The research problem is the absence of an objective vision that combines the advantages of automated thought in architecture without neglecting human creativity. The research focuses on activating automated thought in architecture, which includes many high technologies, the most important of which are (3D printing – prefabricated building - robot building-digital prefabrication - adaptive architecture – CAD design) and focus on how to link automated thought with creative thought in architecture, especially in the new city of Rashid. Therefore, the research aims to reach the vision that achieves the link between the advantages of automated thought in architecture and its use as a means to maintain the revival of fine values in Egyptian architecture. These values can increase the speed and efficiency of creative and environmental construction, unlike traditional construction as it aims to achieve creativity thought in building and applying this to an architectural example in the new city of Rashid in Egypt as a model for valuable Egyptian cities.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Circumscribing the Attributes of Cultural Heritage Mapping in the Colonial
Hill Towns of India
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Kanika Bansal and Pankaj Chhabra This study brings out the significance of cultural heritage mapping as a tool to identify, document, and conserve cultural heritage resources. Such identification holds significance because of a piecemeal approach adopted by the urban local bodies in India due to which there exists a gap in integrating heritage conservation within the urban planning and development frameworks. This research maps the cultural heritage resources in Shimla, a colonial hill town in India that is a testimony of the British power and rule in India. Based on an extant literature review, four attributes of cultural heritage mapping namely location, socio-cultural, physical, and community attributes were identified and mapped to identify the drivers for integration of the cultural heritage conservation with the local urban development processes. The present research is a narrative-driven study and includes interviews with various stakeholders and gathering data through a defined cultural inventory from oral and archival history. The findings of the study suggest that community attributes and physical attributes are significant attributes of cultural heritage mapping. This is because the community and physical attributes act as drivers for a heritage-inclusive and integrated urban development approach. Further, the sociocultural and locational attributes have high significance, yet are less considered in the urban development frameworks. The study will aid in creating awareness for promoting, conserving, and managing the cultural heritage of colonial hill towns in India so that their unique cultural identity is not endangered in the wake of contemporary development. Furthermore, the present research shall facilitate the urban local bodies to consider the identified and mapped cultural heritage resources while planning for sustainable urban development.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- A Framework for Assessing the Sustainability of Egyptian University
Campuses
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Usama Konbr Mai Elsayed and Bahaa Elboshy Egypt's 2030 development plan prioritizes sustainable development, including higher education. Egyptian universities have embraced sustainable campuses, necessitating using suitable tools to measure and monitor progress. While the Green Pyramid Rating System assesses sustainability in Egypt, it lacks specific emphasis on university campuses. This study proposes a framework for evaluating the sustainability of Egyptian university campuses. This study was based on two worldwide prevailing sustainability assessment systems for campuses; some selected reports and previous studies were addressed to formulate a proposed framework that was investigated as suitable for the Egyptian context. This study applied this proposed framework to the Tanta University campus to assess its status and define the requirements to increase its sustainability. This study concluded most percentages of criteria from moderate to good. The highest value was 66-92% for education & research while planning & administration recorded 51-57% as the lowest value. Most percentages of indicators range from low to good, where education & research recorded the highest rate at 66-92%, while water indicator got the lowest at 20-26%. Finally, the highest percentage was 69% for the Sibirbay campus, while the lowest was 57% for the university administrative buildings based on the proposed framework. This study's proposed framework for evaluating the sustainability of Egyptian university campuses, applied to the Tanta University campus, provides valuable insights that can inform and guide sustainability efforts in other Egyptian universities, allowing for the assessment's transferability and effectiveness in different institutional contexts.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Characterization of the Coffee Husk: A Potential Alternative for
Sustainable Construction
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Haidee Yulady Jaramillo Oscar Vasco-Echeverri and July Andrea Gómez Camperos Agro-industrial wastes are a potential alternative for sustainable construction because they provide a renewable source, reducing raw materials consumption, emissions, and waste production. In the Colombian coffee sector, a big waste amount of husk is developed in its production, which is obtained from the pulping of coffee, being this husk an excellent source of cellulose and lignin, in a natural way. This experimental research aims to characterize the coffee husk as a potential alternative for sustainable construction in dividing walls. The methodology was developed in three steps, concerns from the obtention of the coffee husk in Ocaña Norte de Santander in Colombia to the physical and chemical characterization properties of this material considering the NTC-2441 Colombian Technical Standard. The results showed that the coffee husk presents a humidity of 13.3% with an average particle size of 611.93 μm. Also, the particle size of the coffee husk is related to the threshing process, where the by-product base coffee waste is obtained. In addition, the visualization of internal micro-cracks, carbon, and oxygen composition was possible with the presence of natural fibers using the Scanning Electron Microscopy technique. Finally, the coffee husk exposes in its chemical composition the presence of carbon and lignin, showing a structure with cracks of excellent resistance without the evidence of the samples fracture, which allows concluding that the coffee husk can be a potential and new alternative for sustainable construction for diving walls and another kind of applications in non-structural masonry in civil engineering, taking into account that in Colombia this bio-material has been little used in the mixture for obtaining products with good physical and mechanical performance.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Earthquake-Resistant Wooden Connection System in Sasak Traditional
Buildings in Sade Village, Lombok, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Rini Srikus Saptaningtyas Syamsul Alam Paturusi Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra and Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra Traditional settlements on the island of Lombok still survive in several places, namely in Senaru, Karang Bajo, Segenter, Limbungan, Ende and Sade. Bale is another name for the house. Each has a different term. Bale Mangina for the name bale in Senaru, while in other places, it is better known as Bale Tani. Bale Tani is an ordinary dwelling house for the people of Dusun Sade which has an exciting characteristic when viewed from its construction system. Construction systems that are centuries old can adapt to disasters and changing times. This bale is one of several traditional bales that are earthquake resistant. There have been several earthquakes in the field in 2018. As a result, the building structure did not suffer any damage. This research aims to purpose of this research is to study earthquake-resistant wooden connection systems in traditional buildings that must be maintained. Besides that, tests were carried out using SAP (structural analysis program). The method used in this research is a qualitative approach—direct survey data collection techniques to the field. This study concludes that the Bale Tani building is an earthquake-resistant building. The connection system uses pegs and purus, which is a knockdown system. The foundation uses a clamp system, and a wooden connection system is a joint system. From the test results, it can be seen that the post and purus connection system can withstand earthquakes. All of this supports the building's responsiveness to earthquakes as an effort to mitigate natural disasters. So this system is excellent to be applied to areas with a moderate to high scale potential for earthquakes. Besides that, the knockdown model is also suitable for application and development for small-type residential buildings. Of course, there needs to be additional technological engineering in the future.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Analyzing the Impact of Ownership on the Patterns of Use in Residential
Rooftops Case Study: New Cairo, Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Mariam Hani Bishai and Amgad Fahmy Looking from up-high downwards, the rooftop is the image seen. Rooftops are the upper outdoor cover of any building, where their profiles differ due to some factors, one of which is climate. Cairo, with its hot arid climate, is one of the cities in which most residential buildings are covered with flat rooftops, enabling Cairenes to use and access their roofs. However, what comes first to mind concerning roofs in Cairo are services, including water tanks, satellite dishes, trash, and unused furniture, as well as small rented rooms. Overtime, rooftop uses changed, ending up with having the majority of rooftops perceived as neglected outdoor spaces. Taking roofs as the studied phenomena and the unit of analysis, the author aims to understand the impact of ownership on the patterns of use in residential rooftops. To reach this goal, the author used semi-structured interviews with residents and new development agencies in New Cairo, the chosen case study, as well as personal observation to understand the rooftops' current patterns of use. The results showed that rooftops are in need of more analysis concluding that roofs are used differently according to the roof's ownership (single or multiple), which is affected by the building's ownership and accommodation (apartment, villa, or penthouse), therefore affects the roofs' patterns of use and the resident's roof satisfaction and perception. The conclusion of this research pointed out that there are factors affecting rooftop usage, one of which is ownership as a main, in need for more consideration and reference in design.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Castles in Jordan: A Comparative Study of the Islamic and Crusader Castles
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Mwfeq Al Haddad Samer Abu Ghazaleh Diala Atiyat and Salma Egho Castles have always been considered the preoccupation of most civilizations in history, especially in Jordan, which is characterized by being a bridge linking civilizations. The architectural systems used in the formations and the design of the spaces that make up these castles formed the most important structural features of walls, ceilings, openings, and building materials, which are still standing until today. This makes it an experiment worth studying to deepen understanding and provide an additional benefit in Jordan's cultural heritage field. Castles in Jordan vary according to the era of their construction and expansion, so they can be divided into Islamic castles and Crusader castles, which differ in their characteristics, methods of construction, purpose, and architectural features. For more accurate details and thus the ability to compare these two categories depending on the determinants of the purpose of the castle building, the location, and the method of construction, this paper adopts the descriptive analytical method in addition to the comparative method. Ajloun Castle, Shobak Castle, Karak Castle, and Aqaba Castle were selected as case studies. The paper reviews a set of previous studies that contributed to documenting these castles, but none of them went into detail and provided a clear architectural comparison between these two types of castles, and here comes the importance of the paper. The study concludes with a set of differences between the castles in addition to a set of similarities. Despite the difference between these castles in some functional spaces, as the Islamic castles contain a chapel and the Crusader castles contain churches, many similarities were observed, which include the use of local building materials and the need for wells and fortified walls. These results contribute to increasing an understanding of the nature of castles in Jordan. This, therefore, helps decision-makers and designers to conserve and preserve the castles in Jordan by determining the main features and characteristics of the Islamic and the Crusader castles based on the function and the nature of their uses.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Large Diameter Holes Presplitting
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Ahmed Hemed and Latifa Ouadif Increasing the diameter of drill holes is an option to increase the tonnage in open-pit mines. This explains the appearance of unexpected disorders during drilling and blasting, the consequences of which classically take the form of both instability in the pit walls and collapses affecting the surface. Here, the phenomena observed are located between the slopes of the M'HAOUDATT pit. The disorders inherent in large-scale mining appear on the pit walls. The company operating the pit exploits the benches only with large diameter drills. The objective of this work is to find an optimal method to minimize the effects of the vibration of the blast on the pit of M'HAOUDATT in order to reward the absence of the Presplitting machines. Proposals to limit the effects of blasting were discussed in two aspects, such as reducing the tonnage of explosive in the holes or finding a way to reduce the diameter of the hole, which is considered inappropriate to create stable fronts. We conclude that it is preferable to play on the diameter of the hole and to concentrate on this direction in order to come up with a method to replace the absence of pre-splitting machines in the mine. The method of borehole diameter reduction is considered new for the pit operators. Therefore, it will not be effective in the test phases despite the relevant results after the front blasting. It is important to note the difficulties of replacing small drilling machines in open-pit mines. The implication is the efficiency of the method, the right way of execution and the training of the mine personnel.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Analysis of Durability in Self Compacting Concrete with Recycled Concrete
Aggregates
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Lekshmy Raghavan P and Nalanth N Self-consolidating concrete (SCC), which is also called self-compacting concrete, is a new technology that was made in Japan in the 1980s. Since then, the company's market share has grown fast due to the better quality of the concrete and the upgraded working environment. SCC is a type of concrete that flows easily, doesn't separate, and doesn't need mechanical consolidation to spread, fill the formwork, and cover the reinforcement. SCC can be compacted under its own weight because it flows easily. This lets it be used in difficult construction situations or sections with dense reinforcement. SCC can greatly reduce the amount of time it takes to place large sections of concrete by getting rid of the vibration process. This, in turn, helps reduce noise- and hearing-related injuries on the job site. SCC must be meticulously designed in order to achieve high flow ability and permeability while preserving sufficient stability to resist segregation. This article provides a thorough analysis of the benefits of compacting both fine and coarse recycled concrete. To reduce environmental consequences, the construction sector is requesting more modern methods. A Recycled Aggregate based Self Compacting Concrete (RASCC) is a new technology currently used in construction industries. In the concrete industry, recycled aggregates have global environmental advantages over natural materials and trash disposal. In recent years, the advantages of using RASCC have been increased which leads to research publications. Applying this method made the construction project highly creative and important for the environment and economic benefits of each material. The trials have demonstrated that this is possible in the development of both traditional and semi-modern structural elements as well as enormously complex and substantially reinforced parts that hinder the mechanisms of vibration and ultimately affect performance.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Renovation of Residential Buildings of the First Mass Series from A
Sustainable Development Point of View
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Aidana Amirbekova Sholpan Abdykarimova and Olena Oliynyk Problems related to the renovation of residential buildings in the first series of mass are considered. It was established that two-thirds of housing in Post-Soviet countries needed renovation and reconstruction. The use of modern technological solutions in renovation can guarantee an increase in energy efficiency in the construction industry. The houses of the first mass series were studied. It was established that this housing, which to this day makes up 30 to 50% of the existing housing stock, morally dilapidated and ultimately does not meet urban planning and sanitary-hygienic standards. Its volume planning solution requires reconstruction and renovation with complete replanning of internal premises. The study used a systematic and comparative analysis of a series of panel houses, in the context of sustainable development of cities, on the one hand, and the other - from the point of view of improving the social, economic, and ecological conditions of living. The optimal approach to renovation can be considered the option when the modernization of a typical building is put on a typical basis, considering specific conditions. This approach will enable the production of a series of building structures for specific typical reconstruction projects. A holistic renovation of several buildings or a block built in the 1950s-60s, including partial demolition, replacing main utility networks, developing additional infrastructure, and adding new modern residential buildings, is promising. Methods of reconstruction of housing may include changing the structural scheme or not, changing the volume of the building due to an extension, changing the size of the house, and changing the appearance. The authors recommend building reconstruction using prefabricated modular panels to ensure energy efficiency and comfort for existing multi-apartment buildings. In terms of economics, the proposed renovation methods effectively increase energy efficiency. Socially and architecturally, renovation principles make it possible to improve living conditions, increase the appeal of affordable housing, and rationally design its structure in line with UN goals.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- City Growth Challenges as a Dilemma between Urban Mobility and Livability:
A Case Study of Heliopolis
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Dalia AbouBakr and Tamer ElSerafi This paper aims at investigating the challenges of city growth and expansion. It focuses on interventions implemented to enhance urban mobility and their impact on urban livability in heritage areas. The current study uses a mixed method approach of qualitative and quantitative methods. The research uses a two-phased methodology. Phase one intends to understand the interlink between urban mobility and livability through the review of literature on mobility and livability concepts, and the approaches to measure livability. Phase two intends to investigate the effect of urban mobility interventions on urban livability. This is achieved through investigating the case study of Heliopolis district in two stages. Stage one involves site investigation and documentation and stage two involves a survey targeting users and visitors of Heliopolis, and urban experts. The case study results identify the positive and negative impacts of the recently implemented actions in Heliopolis. The positive impacts include eased traffic and getting rid of congestions, while the negative impacts include decrease of green spaces, pedestrian safety, and walkability, less connectivity and accessibility, deterioration in the city image, and less users comfort. Moreover, it was the reason for the increase of private cars use and its result in air and noise pollution and energy consumption. The analysis of such impacts helped in proposing recommendations for overcoming the challenges associated with city growth especially in urban heritage areas. There is a lack of studies concerned with overcoming challenges of city growth and expansions in North African cities. Such cities have a distinctive culture and heritage, and usually suffer from large population and the negative impacts of interventions aimed to solve problems that arise from increased urbanization and traffic. The current study tries to fill this gap through analyzing the case study of Heliopolis and proposing recommendations for overcoming the challenges associated with city growth in urban heritage areas with reference to the global approaches in this regard.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Energy Consumption of Composite Structure in Various Regions in India: A
BIM Approach
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Arun Kumar B Daniel C Amudhan V Sandya Devarajan Tahara R M K Arunraj E and Arun Solomon A Energy - efficient building design has become an important factor to be considered in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry to develop sustainable structures as a result of other environmental issues and the ongoing rise in global warming. The necessity of the hour is to predict the building's energy use and use an appropriate energy-saving solution and construction design. Commercial buildings are a significant energy consumer and a primary factor of CO2 emissions during the course of their existence. As a developing country, the practice on energy efficient building in India is not as much as in developed countries. In the present study, a commercial composite building located in five regions in India with different climatic conditions assist its energy consumption using Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools. Modelling of the structure is developed using Autodesk Revit Architecture. ETABS is used to analyze the structural stability of the proposed composite commercial building. Further for energy analysis, Autodesk Green Building Studio (GBS) and Autodesk Insight are used. From the GBS results, commercial building which is located in Dispur, Assam has less EUI 863.8 MJ/m2/year compared with other four regions of India. The building in the Assam region is further examined using Autodesk Insight to determine the various design strategies with regard to Energy Use Intensity (EUI). The EUI for the Assam region has been shown to vary by a significant amount due to small variations in design strategies. Through energy analysis, the cost of energy could be significantly decreased by using BIM, which helps implement better design alternatives prior to building construction by optimizing yearly energy budget when compared to conventional techniques.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Effect of Dome-Shape on the Reverberation Time of the Mosque - A Case
Study
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Hany Hossam Eldien Acoustic performance of worship places has been a focus of extensive research. Mosques are traditionally featured by domes, but there is a lack of adequate scientific studies on the effect of dome-shape on their acoustic performance. In order to address this issue, the present study has performed a case study on a typical mosque located at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University campus in Saudi Arabia. Simulations were performed with four different dome-shapes namely Saucer, Drum, Onion and Pointed [1], which represent typical forms and architectural features, by using ODEON Room Acoustics Program. The results were validated by in-situ measurements (with DIRAC room acoustic system) and statistical analysis (by Microsoft Excel tools). In each case, the acoustic characteristics were evaluated, by considering Imam (prayer leader) position as the sound source. The results establish that selecting the appropriate dome-shape is crucial, as it can have a direct positive or negative impact on the reverberation time of mosques. According to the dome-shape, both Saucer and Pointed domes have the optimum acoustic performance for both T30 and EDT. Both domes meet the theoretical standards to maintain the acoustical comfort. As the results would vary according to the size and architectural features of the building, a case-specific analysis is important at the early design stage.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Impacts of Developing Indoor Environmental Quality on Patients' Health and
Occupants' Productivity in Hospital Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Hossam Elsharkawi Alaa Mohamed Shams Eldin Eleishy and Ibrahim Rizk Hegazy Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in healthcare buildings indicates the quality level of an environment of hospital buildings concerning the building occupants' health and well-being and of those utilizing the hospital buildings' amenities. The quality of the indoor environment of a hospital buildings is determined by many aspects, comprising internal natural and artificial lighting, air quality, damp environments, thermal conditions, visuality, the comfort of acoustic level, the approach of emissions-based (low-emission materials), controlling source, and observing for occupant-determined contaminants (superior strategies of indoor air quality), and advanced metrics of natural lighting (daylight). Occupants and patients inside hospital buildings are often worried about the exposure to contaminants causing prospective symptoms and health conditions and dissatisfaction inside hospital buildings where they perform duties or pay visits. Most of these concerning symptoms get better when building occupants are not inside the hospital buildings. Although the previous studies related to the research context have addressed some respiratory symptoms and infections that are associated with damp spaces in hospital buildings, the concern is still unclear especially since indoor contaminants' measurements indicate that occupants and patients are at risk of disease. In most cases, wherever the occupants and physicians doubt that the hospital buildings' environment is affecting the occupants' health condition, the available information from medical investigations about the surrounding environment is unclear and insufficient for establishing which contaminants are accountable. Despite uncertainty concerning what to measure and how to explain what is measured, research shows that the symptoms related to hospitals are associated with characteristics of buildings including dampness, sanitation, and ventilation as well. Therefore, this demand focuses on increasing indoor quality contaminant and infection levels within hospital buildings spaces for patients, employees, visitors, and all occupants, including for differently-abled air and surface temperature, humidity, air movement, and quality view. The study highlighted providing better indoor environmental quality and promoting sustainability for healthy patient rooms within hospital buildings to face any prospective pandemic with a minimum negative impact on buildings' occupants and Energy Consumption. Developing internal spaces of hospital buildings with the proposed parametric design framework in the design stage will reduce the risk of air pollution exposure, and infection, and sustain public health.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Date Palm Pruning Residues as Key Elements in the Evolution of the
Vernacular Architecture in Dakhla Oases, Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 E. A. Darwish and Ayah Salem Eldeeb The community of Dakhla oases represents a unique experience in sustaining and developing its rich technical heritage to be implemented in contemporary architecture. They have inherited a rich technical heritage in utilizing date palm pruning residues in traditional handicrafts, and they have always employed this heritage in their architecture. This paper represents the first detailed investigation of the manifestations of the technical heritage of utilizing date palm pruning residues in shaping vernacular architecture and tracks its evolution to be implemented into contemporary architectural applications to predict the potential of further growth. It examines the basic heritage and analyses its consistency and influence on current applications, in order to identify the factors shaping this evolution to take its current form and nominate the techniques that can effectively fit into contemporary architecture. The grounded theory methodology is adopted to explain the evolution of this technical heritage, as shaped by the community and the market demands, from traditional, eco-tourism projects to contemporary architectural applications. Achieving versatility and sophistication were the main catalysts of this evolution. The prefabricated date palm midribs panels were found to be the most commonly used technique in contemporary applications which are direct decedents of traditional fences, roofs and furniture. Their dependence on inherent skills are still used nowadays, and their versatility and sophistication are the main factors that ensure their existence. Prefabricated midribs panels could sustainably substitute conventional construction materials in a variety of forms and functions, for their ability for mass-production, cost-efficiency and depending on available handicrafts techniques. Further exploitation of prefabricated midribs panels unlocks the potential of pruning residues for a wider spectrum of sustainable construction applications.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- The Mechanical Properties of High and Normal-Strength of Fly Ash Concrete
Strengthened by Polypropylene and Steel Fiber
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Mochamad Solikin Muhammad Nur Sahid Muhammad Ujianto Suhendro Trinugroho Dwi Indra Rustama and Fauzi Mubarak Concrete technology has developed rapidly due to the high demand for advanced infrastructure facilities in which concrete has become the most frequently used material. Due to high CO2 emission caused by cement utilization in concrete production, partial cement substitution by pozzolanic material such as fly ash will be beneficial for the environment. Despite the concrete high demand for infrastructure facilities, the concrete needs attention on its lower tensile strength, especially in high-strength concrete. Therefore, this paper presents a study on the effect of different types of fiber on the strength properties of fly ash concrete. The method applied in this study is an experimental program by manufacturing specimens with compression strength design variations of 25 MPa for normal-strength concrete and 45 MPa for high-strength concrete. In addition, 0.66% steel fibre BWG21 (SWF) by weight of concrete and 600 g/m3 polypropylene fibre Sika Fibre-12 (PPF) were used. Moreover, 20% fly ash as a partial substitution for cement was used to address the green concrete issue. The testing programs include the workability test for fresh concrete, compression strength test and splitting tensile strength test for cylinder concrete, and flexural strength test for the concrete beam. Besides the workability test of fresh concrete, the other testing programs were conducted after the concrete curing stage at 28 days. The test result shows that cement substitution of 20% by weight of fly ash and the addition of fibre can meet the design strength of concrete both for 25 MPa and 45 MPa. Even though this research confirms that steel fibre gives higher strength properties than polypropylene fibre, polypropylene fibre is easier to work with in the manufacturing stage. Moreover, this finding support reducing greenhouse gas release into the atmosphere coming from the construction industry through cement replacement up to 20%.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- The Effect of Grass Block Paving on Runoff Coefficient
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 I Wayan Yasa Agustono Setiawan Heri Sulistiyono I Dewa Gede Jaya Negara Atas Pracoyo Humairo Saidah and Lalu Gusari The growth of urban areas is overgrowing, which has an impact on changes in land use. Green land that functions as rainwater catchment is covered with an impermeable surface, so runoff will increase and infiltration capacity will decrease. The method that can be done to reduce runoff is by using an impermeable cover with green plants. The pavement model used is an environmentally friendly pavement that can function to reduce surface runoff. The surface runoff coefficient is an indicator of land conditions. Surface land with the pavement will produce a large runoff coefficient while on natural land the runoff coefficient will be small. The grass block paving experimental model allows it to be used more widely because it has pores that can reduce runoff and increase the volume of water that enters the soil. The test results show differences in the runoff coefficient resulting in the tested land cover variations. The average runoff coefficient on land with a sandy loam texture without pavement is 0.41. Meanwhile, the average runoff coefficient for grass block paving is 0.43. On land with impermeable pavement, the runoff coefficient ranges from 0.50 to 0.70.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- A Novel Wildfire Residue for Stabilization of Laterite Soil
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Vedula Venkata Naga Prabhakara Rao and Anuradha G The annualized economic burden to United States in 2016 from wildfire is estimated to be between $71.1 billion and $347.8 billion. The cost of wildfire to Indian economy is at least USD148 million (₹1,100 Crores). One of the plants with high associated risk to wildfire is Calotropis Procera (CP). Thus, there is a great opportunity to explore materials which upkeep the good health of forest eco system, stabilize soil slopes in forest areas and serve as an alternative material for construction. Current research focuses towards application of various industrial wastes. There is a lot of scope for exploring the potential of re-using the residue collected from wildfires in the areas surrounding forest. There is an adequate scope to raise an alternative material to cement to reduce carbon emissions and achieve sustainability of resources used in the manufacture of cement. India has 10.6% of the hill- slopes covered with laterite soils which are prone to frequent slope failures. In the present study, an innovative combination of materials "1) Ash of Calotropis Procera plant (Highly inflammable) – ACP (Derived from forest fires) and 2) Metakaolin – MET (An alternative cementitious material) were utilised to stabilize lateritic soil-LS. Proctor heavy compaction test was conducted to study the minimum water content required to achieve the highest value of unit weight of the resulting combinations. Various proportions of ACP used were "2%, 4%, 6%, 8% & 10%". Various proportions of MET used were "0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% & 1.0%". Out of five combinations of Laterite soil(LS), Ash produced by burning Calotropis Procera (ACP), and Metakaolin (MET), the combination-3 i.e., LS+ 6% ACP + 0.6% MET gave rise to the highest value of unit weight in heavy compaction. The optimum moisture content achieved is 12% and the highest value of unit weight achieved is 20.8 kN/m3.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Scrutinizing the Effect of Water Temperature on the Compressive Strength
of Recycled Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Dadang Iskandar Ida Hadijah Sigit P. Hadiwardoyo Novia Lumintu Wati and Septyanto Kurniawan After demolishing rigid roads and old buildings, concrete is often rendered worthless and thrashed as waste. Currently, sustainable concrete construction is very popular, and the goal of the industry is to protect the population's well-being by reducing CO2 emissions and encouraging the effective use of natural resources. One of the causes of decreased quality of recycled products is the adherence of cement paste to concrete demolition. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of water temperature on the compressive strength of recycled concrete. This is carried out with the hope that water temperature can impact the disintegration of the cement paste in the demolition concrete, thereby strengthening the bond between aggregates. The water temperature applied in this study was 25℃, 60℃, and 100℃, while the levels of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) used were 25%, 50%, and 80%. The results showed that the highest compressive strength was obtained with an average of 26.23 MPa at a water temperature of 25℃ and 25% RCA. However, this value is still below the composition of the natural aggregate, which is 28.6 MPa. Due to the rapid hydration caused by the high-water temperature, the process of forming concrete on the surface is accelerated while the interior remains weak. This situation affects the weakening of the compressive strength of concrete. Furthermore, this study shows that high water temperatures are beneficial for the cement paste decay process in recycled aggregates, but it is best to use a normal temperature of 25℃ when mixing the water.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Reality and Renewal in the Design of Jordanian Residential Apartments
Based on Virtual 3D Vision
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Omar Adnan Ali Alshkipi This study investigated the reality and renewal in the design of external and internal space for residential apartments in Jordan on the basis of 3D vision technology. It was motivated by the idea that the exterior and interior design of modern buildings should attract people in general and increase the national income of the country. This process entails urgent need to define technology-based (three-dimensional) design principles that allow for further changes in the interior or exterior architectural designs of residential apartments. This review paper is based on literature review and images collected from the Internet. Besides, data were collected through the related literature, images and designs used in the construction of residential apartments in Jordan based on the designs of "Samer Al-Shafi'i Company". The study is focused on the principles of external design, interior space and renewal in residential apartments in Jordan. The findings reflect that the overall appearance of apartments is improved. Moreover, the use of three-dimensional technology added movement and more spaces to projects. However, design principles such as emphasis, rhythm, contrast, etc. were not followed in the designs of most residential apartments, and few exterior designs were similar, inconvenient, and unsatisfactory for the interior space as a whole. The interior spaces had irregular size, and the apartments lack color diversity.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- The Impact of Living Wall for Thermal Environmental Comfort: Case Study of
Kampung Glintung, Malang, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 4 Agung Murti Nugroho Euis Elih Nurlaelih Surjono Bagyo Yanuwiadi and Andika Citraningrum Living wall (LW) is one solution to increase the comfort level of the thermal environment as urban green areas shrink. This paper aims to examine the effect of the living wall on thermal environmental comfort in the case of urban settlements. The research stages include visual observations, field measurements, and assessment of the quality of the thermal environment. The research data and analysis consisted of the type and distribution of LW, plant species, air temperature, humidity, suitability value, and the value of improving the thermal environment in the case study of Glintung Village, Malang. Visual observations revealed that 61.4% of the houses used the LW model of the modular tray type, with Chlorophytum comosum as the main plant species. LW reduces the air temperature by 1.7℃ and humidity by 32.6%, with an average air temperature of 25.9℃. The outside environment has the highest percentage of the suitability value of the thermal environment and the value of improvement for air temperature (63%), while the terrace has the highest suitability value of humidity (58%) and airflow (62%). Expectations for improvement are mostly found on the terrace, with a decrease in air temperature by 58%, humidity by 57%, and an increase in airflow by 59%. The proposed LW model development includes dark leafy plants on top (Amaranthus gangeticus), wide stomata (Aloe vera) on the bottom, and a fresh scent (Lavandula) in the middle.
PubDate: Jul 2023
- Performance of Bacillus Cohnii Added Microbial Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Kunwar Dipendraditya and B. K Singh In the era of rapid urbanization, concrete has been playing a very important role in construction industry but inherently, it is very much vulnerable to formation of cracks, due to which its durability gets decreased. If immediate action is not taken, cracks developed in the section may spread further and increase the cost of repair. In concrete structures, these cracks become an easy path of entry for water, oxygen and carbon dioxide resulting into the decrease in durability of concrete. Numerous researches around the world are on to heal this defect with the help of addition of various bacteria in the form of Bacterial Concrete. This study aims to find out the change in salient properties of concrete experimentally after adding the microbes. Concrete cubes were cast with different bacteria concentrations, tested for salient properties after 7 and 28 days. Test results reveal that addition of bacteria results into increase in compressive strength and decrease in water absorption and porosity of concrete. Findings also indicate that the concrete mix with higher bacteria concentration gives higher compressive strength and lower water absorption and porosity in concrete.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Application of the TRIZ Methodology in the Construction Industry
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Aiymzhan Makulova Abdizhapar Saparbayev Yeldar Zhuman Saken Abdibekov Kuralay Madiyarova and Rakhima Bekbulatova The relevance of the research is due to the definition of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) concept as well as the effectiveness of the theory principles during various types of construction work. The purpose of this research is to formulate the concept of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, as well as to evaluate the laws of development of technical systems concerning typical construction operations, which generally determines the main prospects to apply the theory to the construction industry. The methodology of this paper is based on a combination of the method of system analysis of the essence of the TRIZ concept as a separate concept that finds its reflection in various fields of science and technology, with an analytical study of the prospects to apply the principles of the theory in construction work. The results of this research indicate significant prospects for the application of the TRIZ in the construction industry and serve as a reflection of these prospects since they demonstrate the broad possibilities to apply the theory in search of new typical construction operations and to improve the quality standards of construction work in general. The results and conclusions of this scientific study are of significant importance from the point of view of prospects to apply the principles of the theory during different construction work, are important for designers of construction projects, and direct performers of construction operations interested in effective and innovative technologies in the construction sector.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Flow Velocity and Sediment Transport Analysis at Intake of Asahan I
Hydroelectric Power Plant
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Rahmah Dara Lufira Suwanto Marsudi Jadfan Sidqi Fidari and Arief Satria Marsudi Asahan I Hydroelectric Power Plant is located in the upper reaches of the Asahan River, Ambarhalim Village, Toba Samosir Regency, North Sumatra. The high rate of sedimentation is one of the problems that must be overcome so that the operational continuity of hydroelectric power plant can run well. Flow velocity needs to be known to control sedimentation around hydroelectric power plant intakes as a consideration for the safe limit of dredger placement. The method used to analyze flow velocity included conventional flow continuity methods and finite element mathematical models using the SRH-2D software. The results of the conventional method analysis of flood conditions Flood Water Level = +903.50 m obtained the flow velocity at the intake of 0.34 m/s, the transition channel 0.37 m/s and the condition of full capacity Q = 100.00 m3/s is 3.78 m/s and analysis using SRH-2D obtained speed flow
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Virtual Reality in Architecture
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Esra’a Ashgan Numayer Moubarki Malak Saif and Abdel-Moniem El-Shorbagy One of the ways to connect to a computer is through a virtual reality that is also changing and evolving. It is considered that the new medium of expression is also one of the new, fundamentally revisionist ways. Virtual reality (VR) is used to enhance imagination and as a resource to address the complex technological problems that actually occur in the field of architecture. Thus, this paper presents a discussion on the role of virtual reality in the field of architecture. The paper focuses on how virtual reality can help architecture evolve. The research method adopted in this study is to collect information from secondary data of research journals and published articles, and further analyze the role and evolution of virtual reality in the architectural perspective. Nowadays, it is seen that virtual reality is becoming more of an architect's and a client's attention. In addition, it was found that VR improves the accuracy and sincerity of architectural communication in architectural design. During the development of architectural technology, computer-aided design (CAD) and virtual reality have been introduced as the main media of architectural visualization. Hence, it is concluded that VR has an important role in the field of building architecture and design.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Characteristic of Polymeric Lightweight Aggregate with Coal Fly Ash and
Epoxy Resin for Manufacturing the Lightweight Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Ani Firda Anis Saggaff Hanafiah and Saloma Concrete is an essential element and is widely used in various industrial construction works. However, concrete is weak in its specific gravity range of 2200 – 2500 kg/m3. Using lightweight aggregates is one way to reduce the weight of concrete. In Indonesia, the availability of coal fly-ash (CFA) is easy to obtain and abundant, while the utilization rate is still low. To overcome this problem, CFA mixed with epoxy resin (ER) is used as a binder to manufacture polymer lightweight aggregates (PLA). The manufacturing process uses a simple mixing method using three different compositions. The ratio composition of coal fly-ash and epoxy resin proposed in this study are 90:10 (PLA_90:10), 80:20 (PLA_80:20), and 70:30 (PLA_70:30). From the results of testing the compressive strength and specific gravity of the three aggregate compositions, it was found that PLA_70:30 had a compressive strength of 74.60 MPa and a specific gravity of 1668 kg/m3 at an aggregate age of 28 days. The aggregate microstructure is shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo of each composition. The greater the composition of the epoxy resin on the lightweight polymer aggregate, the better the bond between the aggregate particles. The coal fly-ash is improperly bound and the aggregate becomes more fragile when there is less epoxy resin used. Furthermore, PLA_70:30 aggregate, which has become crushed aggregate, is inserted into a lightweight concrete mixture with a design quality of f'c = 17.5 MPa, following the requirements for lightweight concrete quality. The result is lightweight concrete with a compressive strength of 18.38 at 28 days, and specific gravity that varies between 1918.87 kg/m3 - 1928.93 kg/m3. According to the ASTM, the results of the compressive strength and specific gravity tests show that PLA_70:30 meets the standards specified as lightweight aggregates for lightweight structural concrete.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Regionalization of Forms in Architecture – A Use, An Adaptation,
A Change, A Repulsion
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Oksana Priemets Konstantin Samoilov Bolat Kuspangaliyev and Gaukhar Sadvokasova Architecture as a whole is a peculiar phenomenon. Territories with poly- or mono-ethnic populations have repeatedly been involved in major political conflicts and economic cataclysms over the centuries, alternating with periods of relatively uniform development. This naturally affected the pace of formation and transformation of the environment for life. The specificity of this process was determined by the factors of natural-climatic and engineering-geological conditions of a particular part of the territory having varying degrees of stability, the availability of local or delivered construction materials, the level of development of productive forces, the peculiarities of economic activity, the way of life and worldview of local residents who have different periods of residence in a given area, as well as administrative-territorial divisions of emerging and disintegrating state entities. The combination of these factors gave features of originality to the architecture of each region in different periods. It is the interaction of these factors that defines the concept of regionalism of architectural shaping. The value of accentuating or masking certain features of regionalism is perceived differently in different periods, depending on the dominant ideological orientations in this period. The comprehension and structuring of the process of regional shaping is of particular scientific interest. The adaptation of architectural order themes in the USA and Kazakhstan can serve as an illustration of the uniqueness of the process.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Methodology to Improve Energy Efficiency of Heritage Buildings Using
HBIM-Sabil Qaitbay: A Case Study from Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Alaa Mahgoub Alsaid Yasmine Sabry Hegazi Heidi Ahmed Shalaby and Mady Ahmed Ahmed Over the last few decades, reducing energy consumption in existing buildings became vital. Although architectural heritage values do not allow typical retrofit interventions, research and practice have demonstrated that heritage buildings can be energy efficient without compromising the building's heritage values. This article shows the results of energy analysis performed on heritage buildings with HBIM-based simulations such as Revit, Insight, and Green Building Studio. These tools were used to study the energy performance and thermal comfort of Sabil Qaitbay in Cairo, a heritage building built in the fifteenth century, and it is currently used as a library and school for cinema and television. The building history and the conservation values of the current project were studied. Then, the methodology to improve the energy efficiency of heritage buildings using HBIM was discussed. Moreover, two proposals were applied to the current base case, and the potential energy saving for each proposed intervention was investigated. The simulation confirmed a possible reduction of 18.7% in energy consumption with the lowest-cost interventions and 33% with the highest-cost interventions.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Morphology of Urban Agriculture of Marisa District, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Irwan Wunarlan Sugiono Soetomo and Iwan Rudiarto Activities of most of the population in Marisa district and Paguat district generally revolve around primary agricultural production in suburban and hinterland. This research was purposed (1) to examine the causes of the urban agglomeration of farmer settlements, thus resulting in a spatial form or urban morphology; (2) to analyze the development process of city morphology due to the economic strength of the agricultural commodity export sector, specifically in hinterland farming areas; (3) to analyze the economic growth due to the export base of the agricultural commodity with an emphasis on the population of Marisa. A quantitative-qualitative method based on the post-positivism philosophy was employed. This research employed several techniques in the data collection process, such as observation, document review, and interview. In the data analysis, several stages were also performed, such as analysis of Leading Commodities (Location Quotient (LQ) Analysis; LQshare & LQShift Analysis) and Spatial Analysis. The result showed that: (1) the urban agglomeration led to the settlement of farmer communities, which also formed a mutual relationship among the residents. (2) Marisa, according to the classification of urban morphology, resembled a star-shaped or octopus layout. This result indicated that the dynamics of Marisa as a region started from the establishment process of the region, and the study suggested further research related to this matter.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Difference of the Surrounding Environment's Function Complexity on the
Formation of Environmental Sound Character
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Nur Rahmawati Syamsiyah Rini Hidayati Dhani Mutiari and Wisnu Setiawan The development of Surakarta has shaped the urban spatial structure into two regions: the north and the south. Every region has royal mosques: the Grand Mosque in the north and the Al Wustho Mosque in the south. The Grand Mosque is located in the middle of the textile trade centre, while the Al Wustho mosque is in the middle of an educational area. This study used the two royal mosques to find the sound or acoustic character. The sound around the building will give the place identity and affect the building design. This study aims to reveal the differences in area character concerning mosques' environmental acoustic character using a soundscape approach. The research employed a sound pressure level measurement method, visitor's behaviour, interview, and descriptive analysis. The data reveal that high environmental function complexity is not always associated with a high noise impact, while low environmental function complexity is associated with a high noise impact. This study's findings highlight the importance of considering outdoor materials as a landscape component with a high noise absorption capacity. One of the research findings is that south beach sand has good acoustic performance in the environmental sound absorption process.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Development of Interisland Freshwater Supply System with Micro Hydropower
System
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Tri Suyono Agustinus Purna Irawan Wati Asriningsih Pranoto Kifli Umar Witono Hardi Said Hi Abbas and Ahmad Fudholi The supply of freshwater must be conducted with considerable technical considerations based on community socioeconomic conditions. Thus, the supply of freshwater does not make the community oppose the operation and maintenance. Limbo Island is one of the islands that do not have freshwater potential; hence, people have to fetch water from Taliabu Island, which is about 3 nautical miles away. For this reason, providing freshwater with environmentally friendly technology is necessary. Given technical and operational considerations, the drinking water supply in Limbo Island comprises a system of underwater pipelines with electrical technologies and energy sources that are environmentally friendly and have low operational costs. The system does not require an operator with expertise or special education, such that it can be operated by locals. The supply of freshwater for Limbo Island is constructed with an underwater piping system with a capacity of 30 L/s to serve some of the people of Taliabu and Limbo Islands. The pipe used for crossing the sea is high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe with a diameter of 110 mm and a nominal pressure specification of 20 bar; it has a thickness of 12 mm, with two pipes with a length of 5,800 m at the bottom of the sea. The flow system in the transmission and distribution pipe is run by gravity; thus, it does not require electrical energy. Electrical energy requirements are used for water treatment processes, such as for drive dozing pumps, mixers, compressors for pneumatic systems, lighting and other electrical needs. These requirements are met by the water energy that is processed through a micro hydropower of 12.5 kW. Micro hydropower strongly supports the operation of the water treatment plan, especially for those whose location is far from access to electrical energy by the electricity company, so that the water treatment plant operations can be carried out continuously and the operating costs are cheaper.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Sustainable Construction: Optimization of Road Potholes Repair with
Polymer Mix Aggregates
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Maranatha Wijayaningtyas Heri Sujatmiko and Nusa Sebayang The roads in Banyuwangi city have sustained considerable damage; the asphalt supply has not met the need because 45% of the roads are built using gravel and soil. Another problem is related to plastic, which is a type of waste that is difficult to recycle. Thereby, to solve these two problems, we conducted research in making polymer-modified asphalt by utilizing food packaging plastic waste. The process followed the standard specification of Highway Construction Division 6, revision 3: the polymer blending process was performed when the hot asphalt mixing temperature was 145℃-155℃. The research results found that the variation of asphalt content used in the mixture was 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6%. Moreover, the optimal asphalt content was 6%. The polymer was mixed with the optimal asphalt content of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. The test results showed that the optimal polymer content was 1% polymer. For optimizing and repairing road potholes, polymer asphalt with asphalt content of 6% mixed and 1% polymer can be chosen as a solution. Polymer-modified asphalt had a high stability value, which was 1181.9 kg. The discovery of this mixture of materials is very appropriate for sustainable road construction in Indonesia.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Quality of Life Metrics in Terms of Facilities and Urban Reputation: A
Case Study in the City of Ventanilla, Lima Peru
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Sashenka Tapia Gallarday and Arturo Valdivia Loro The availability and access to city facilities are key metrics in the assessment of the quality of life of its inhabitants. In our case study, it became evident that there is a gap between the supply of facilities (education, health, supply, security, culture, recreation, and sports) and the context of urban planning, which must structure a comprehensive and long-term vision through urban plans. This management tool must integrate facilities with housing, transportation, facilities, workplaces, etc. Likewise, it must cover various scales (neighborhoods, districts, municipalities, metropolitan areas, regions) and a multi-stakeholder vision (government authorities, private entrepreneurs, academics, and civil society). The existing gap generates an inequitable territorial distribution of facilities and services, which leads to progressive social segregation in the city and a progressive decrease in the quality of life of its inhabitants. On the other hand, the concept of a city's reputation has two main connotations. On the one hand, it is based on the functional value that a city has for its inhabitants; on the other hand, it echoes the emotional ties between them and the city, according to social roots. This research addresses, from an empirical perspective, the supply of facilities within the city of Ventanilla and its influence on the city's reputation. The analysis was based on metrics of the spatial distribution of facilities and the perception of its inhabitants. The results show that the supply of facilities, within a decontextualized diagnosis of needs and without a long-term vision, through a Master Plan, causes a progressive deterioration of the quality of life. At the same time, quantitative metrics related to the provision of facilities can be a misleading approach to assessing the quality of life in a city. Our research made it clear that it is necessary to include metrics, methodologies, and qualitative analyses so that underlying issues such as accessibility, placemaking, and social cohesion are also assessed. Post -COVID-19 scenario concepts such as "the 15-minute city" and others may provide useful insights in this regard.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Assessment of Safe Access to Pedestrian Infrastructure Facilities in the
City of Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Zhaina Tolegen Usama Konbr Sangul Karzhaubayeva Gaukhar Sadvokasova Ainash Nauryzbayeva and Dina Amandykova Currently, in all large and small cities in Kazakhstan, residential and public buildings are being actively built. It should be noted that the quantitative indicators of the construction of residential facilities prevail. The method applied to building residential facilities at the point and quarter increases the population density in urban areas. Increasing the number of residents requires assessing the levels of comfort for pedestrians at different speeds, the safety of sidewalks, and ensuring the accessibility of infrastructure facilities to people. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the quality of comfortable and safe conditions of pedestrian roads as a part of a district of Almaty. The assessment is based on the study of the presence and quality of elements and objects in the structures of transport roads and pedestrian sidewalks, and the determining level of pedestrian comfort is also applied (PCL). As a result of the study, the most problematic streets, the quality of pedestrian accessibility of extensive infrastructure facilities in each residential sector, and the main shortcomings and proposals for their elimination will be identified. The data obtained because of the study can be used in reconstruction, and urban area spatial planning concepts, allowing people to walk to most daily services and institutions, creating maximum opportunities to walk, reducing dependence on road transport, and contributing to the daily life of the community.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Challenge of Integrating Contingency Planning within the City Planning
Process in the Coastal Region
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Walaa Mohamed Mohamed Shehata and Tarek Abou El seoud Coastal regions are areas of high ecological and economic importance. These areas do not exceed 12% of the urban areas in the world, although 45% of the world’s population lives there. Countries build new cities in coastal areas, seeking the scenic value of these areas. However, the great ignorance of the natural and environmental fragility of such areas has led to the development of high-density cities, destroying the natural ecosystems and biodiversity of these areas. Nowadays, most coastal regions are not only suffering from poor unsustainable development among most of their cities but also the high threat of being lying exposed without any defensive means against the high threat of natural and environmental disasters. There is a massive need for a new approach that may mitigate the negative impact of the poor developments, restore the nature of eco defensive systems, and increase the resilience of such cities against natural and environmental threats. The study develops a new approach that can be efficiently integrated through the traditional planning process for coastal communities. The adapted methodology aims to conduct a correlative analytical study among the most effective emerging approaches for the sustainable planning of coastal communities. Such a study reveals the ability of contingency planning to increase the sustainability of such communities. Furthermore, the paper profoundly studied the contingency planning process for coastal communities correlated with the traditional planning process for Egyptian coastal communities and cities. This study innovated a new planning process that can fulfill the development requirements while mitigating their impacts, maintaining/restoring the ecosystems, and increasing the resilience of the Egyptian coastal communities and cities.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Using Sustainable Tectonics to Create a Long-lasting Architectural
Framework with Artistic Dimensions and Expressive Design
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Amira Fawzy Helmy Almaz and Mai Ahmed Fakhry Farahat Throughout history, architecture has changed to reflect the increasing expressive capacities of ideas, elements, and structural systems as a result of this development, explains the development of structural systems as a result of the accumulation of construction and architectural experiences, and thus how structural thought transforms from a purely functional perspective. Structural tectonic to generate closed or semi-closed architectural spaces fulfills functional requirements and achieves structural and aesthetic conditions without sacrificing the role of shaping architecture and structural cohesiveness. The goal of the research is to investigate new architectural design methodologies emerging from the combination of tectonic systems and sustainable architecture to better understand tectonic architecture patterns in both traditional and digital forms. Tectonics organizes the analytical criteria for analyzing the constituent layers of architecture's formal structure in both designs and practice. By analyzing the theoretical and practical aspects and developing a clear mechanism to achieve a distinctive expressive sustainable architecture by integrating traditional tectonic factors in traditional sustainable practices and digital tectonic factors in technical sustainability, the study provides a conceptual framework under the theme of Sustainable Tectonics to define the formal structure of sustainable designs, traits, and layers detectable in sustainable architectural design. The study looked at key analytical features that may be utilized to analyze the underlying assumptions systematically. The analytical technique is a research strategy.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Design and Planning of the Inner Peaceful Life Coaching Complex
Academy
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Aaya Saaty and Aida Nayer Individuals who have difficulty making decisions in life can benefit from the help and support of life coaches. Patients or addicts often find life mentors to be wise and smart because they can solve problems appropriately and effectively. Hence, this study aims to propose a design for the construction of a life coaching complex academy mainly for inner peace of individual. This study considered several case studies of rehabilitation center from Netherlands, Malaysia and Israel. The selected case studies are equipped with unique design and facilities. The proposed zones in the project consist of five main zones namely administration, rehabilitation, recreational, residential, and services. A comprehensive site assessment was accomplished to recognize the most suitable location for the project’s site. Several site assessment criteria are used and the preferred site for the project is positioned near to sea and Al Rahma Mosque, at Jeddah Saudi Arabia. The site zoning was designed and executed.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Dilemma between Reducing the Thermal Stress in the Industrial Spaces
and Ergonomics Arrangement in Low- and Middle-income Countries
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Kareem Eldaly Asmaa Nasr Eldin and Lamis Elgizawi Thermal heat stress is a leading cause of numerous occupational diseases that disturb worker performance and work quality and, in extreme circumstances, can result in death. When employees are exposed to severely hot or cold thermal settings, thermal discomfort is listed as one of the leading reasons for discontent in the job. Given the time individuals spend at work, studies assessing the comfort of the thermal environment are becoming increasingly relevant. However, most industrial spaces in low- and middle-income countries are designed without considering the workers' thermal comfort, which leads to an unmeasured decrease in productivity and many health considerations. This research aims to provide a methodology for developing the indoor thermal comfort of the workers in industrial spaces by optimizing the workers’ ergonomics, activity profiles, and building shell without implementing any mechanical cooling systems, which is not usual in low- and middle-income areas. The methodology is based on building a computer-based model on the Design Builder simulation tool based on current measures of temperature, humidity, wet-bulb temperature, air speed over each window, and indoor surface temperatures. Then, three different scenarios were built to optimize the indoor ergonomics of the factory in the first scenario, and the building shell in the second scenario, the activity profiles of the workers in the third scenario to become correspond with the NOISH criteria of maximum metabolic rate for each WBGT. After that, each scenario's results were associated with the workers' thermal sensation and air temperatures, which correlated the ergonomics of industrial spaces and the thermal comfort of workers there. The results of each scenario simulation were represented by horizontal and vertical sections of the air temperature and Percentage of People's Discomfort (PPD). Each scenario’s results referred to a decrease in the air temperature and PPD; however, all the scenarios combined decreased the PPD to around 50% for most of the measured working stations. The research concluded a methodology of optimizing any industrial space thermal performance without implementing any active ventilation techniques, which is considered the usual form of any industrial space in Egypt and most low and middle-income countries. Therefore, the presented methodology applies to most industrial spaces that face the dilemma of decreased productivity due to indoor thermal heat loads that affect the workers.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Bibliometric and Scientometric Review of Architectural Flood Resilience
for Housing
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Anthony Peter Roshida Binti Abdul Majid and Nor Izura Binti Tukiman The desire for sustainable architectural flood resilience for housing that will lower the number of defects caused by floods prompted an investigation into the stakeholders in the domain. In recent years, the threat of flooding has pulled the attention of both researchers and practitioners. The purpose of the study is: to determine the most important authors, collaboration connections, and countries in academic works in this field, to identify the present mainstream research, and to suggest future research directions. The research's scope reveals a tendency that goes from small to huge, or from the level of individuals and friends to businesses and organisations, then to the level of countries. A systematic literature review (SLR) was done. From Scopus, 155 related bibliographic records were retrieved. Through exclusion and inclusion criteria, bibliometric analysis has been performed, and scientometric analysis has also been applied to strengthen the SLR findings using science mapping visualisation tools. The study provides an easily accessible point of reference for practitioners, policymakers, and research and development (R&D) bodies in the realm of practices. The most important authors, collaboration connections, and countries around the world are known as a result of the study. The study increases public awareness of the present trend in the domain and creates room for future research in less explored areas. The data reported in this review are primarily drawn from developed countries because there is a dearth of research on the field in Africa and other developing countries.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Road Accident Black Spot Analysis Using Weighted Severity Index Method at
L B Nagar Zone Hyderabad
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 D. Maheswara Reddy and K. Naga Chaitanya An accident is an unforeseen incident that can have inconvenient or undesirable repercussions while also being insignificant. In order to discover the accident black spots, the severity of accidents requires to find out accident severity values. The Weighted Severity Index method (formula) was used. To know the accident locations, secondary data was collected from the Rachakonda Police Commissionerate, which included three years (2016 to 2018) of accident data, as well as primary data collected in the study area to determine traffic volume and speed values of vehicles. Secondary data collected were analyzed using MS Excel software in the form of Day, Month, Year, Time, and Location of accidents, as well as Fatal, Major Injuries, and Minor Injuries. Furthermore, the days that saw the most collisions, the months with the most accidents, the times that saw the most accidents, the years that saw the most accidents, the locations that saw the most accidents, and the types of injuries that were documented have all been identified, further determining the number of accidents that happened on each route section. The months with the most and least accidents were recorded, along with the days and times when the most and least accidents occurred. Using this analyzed data, accident locations were plotted on a map, and the kilometer-wise number of accidents found in the study region was calculated using the map. To assess the severity of the accidents, specific weightages were applied based on the categories of accidents. Using these severity ratings, black spot stretches are discovered and ranked from high to low; this information is particularly beneficial to road users when traveling in the black spot stretches to avoid accidents.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Acoustic Comfort in the House Made of Plastic Waste
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Dhani Mutiari Nur Rahmawati Syamsiyah Yayi Arsandrie Suharyani Muhammad Ali Rofik and Saidah Aliyatul Himmah This research is conducted to test the plastic waste house, a house prototype from a mixture of plastic waste materials and sawdust in terms of acoustics. In the previous studies, we used 20 different percentage compositions for the plastic waste, rice husks, and sawdust added with cement adhesive. The best results were found in 30% plastic waste composition and 70% sawdust with Portland cement adhesive. In this composition, the result obtained is a sound absorption value of 0.468 s [1]. This study continues previous research, which includes analyzing the comfort of a prototype house with the best mix in previous studies. The method used is a sound absorption chorus test using research instruments such as microphones, real-time analyzers, and the INSUL application. This study aimed to determine whether the bricks made with the same mixing ratio have the same value when used in the house model and to determine the absorption value. This study found that the absorption value of the plastic waste bricks used for house prototyping walls has good absorption with a reverberation time of T30=0.468 seconds; the temperature inside the room is 30.8 ℃ with a humidity of 54%, while at the same time the temperature outside is 37℃ with a humidity of 57%.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Importance of HVAC System Selection in Reducing the Energy Consumption of
Building Retrofits–Case Study: Office Building in London
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Baran Tanriverdi and Gulay Zorer Gedik The analysis of the holistic life cycle and energy has become more important due to the escalating energy demands in existing office stock. HVAC system retrofits to save energy are an outstanding way when compared to envelope improvements. The study proposes a parametric workflow to analyze and reduce energy, carbon and cost in HVAC retrofits. Based on the workflow, the energy demands of an existing office building were gathered using energy modelling software. The results then were calibrated with the building's energy data. Using the equation-based modelling workflow, HVAC plant side systems were simulated parametrically to calculate energy, carbon and cost. In total, 5184 iterations of 10 interventions were tested. It was found that heating plant type and heat recovery were the prominent savings inputs in the case study. The study presented a comprehensive approach to the HVAC system retrofit of existing buildings, which uses real energy data calibration, verifiable, and parametric methods.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- The Influence of the Thermal Conduction and Detail Development Process in
Architecture
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Kire Stavrov Strahinja Trpevski and Andrijana Tasheva During the architectural design process, it is particularly important to emphasize the aspect of the heat flow in buildings. Therefore, by raising the question of the heat flow in buildings, we perform an in-depth examination of the following parameters: climate conditions, material characteristics, and thermal conduction. For the most part, the research will focus on examining the thermal conductivity, and materiality applied in buildings throughout the design process. In other words, this study will demonstrate several key points: (a) analyze the proposed methodology, and challenges within the architectural design process based on the climate context; (b) associate each of the stages with diverse parameters; (c) represent three separate structures situated in different climate zones and, (d) finally, the driving factors affecting the architectural design development process. The research is primarily driven by the idea of bringing together two aspects: the sustainable treatment of the buildings and environmental awareness in architecture. Finally, this study merges two approaches within the design development process: technical and environmental. Therefore, the main focus of this study is placed on the technical and technological aspects of the detail in architecture. Based on these two approaches, three architectural design proposals are demonstrated.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Conceptual Framework for Urban Development Dynamics Dealing with
Geo-Environmental Coastal Hazards (On the Northern Coast of the Nile Delta
in Egypt)
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Anhar Awad Elnagar Randa Galal Ali Mustafa Monir Mahmoud and Heba Nabil Kabil The Geo-Environmental Coastal Hazards (GECH) causing serious damages in many areas around the world, are among the most important hazards due to its numerous effects. The coastal areas are important attractions for populations and activities. These areas are characterized with the phenomenon of sea-level rise that varies in its rate of change at large spatial and temporal scales, so it is difficult to be predicted locally [1]. As a result, the climate changes’ hazards affect the future of urban development processes in coastal areas. Based on the foregoing, the main question of the research is whether the potential effects of hazards have been taken into account while planning the coastal areas in Egypt and their integration into the development approaches or not. Hence, the research emphasizes the concept of dynamism and flexibility of coastal planning that may be compatible with these variables, and may be positively reflected on the urban plans of coastal cities. The research methodology tackles studying, analyzing, and evaluating coastal hazards and their implications on the Egyptian development. The analytical framework discusses the international case studies dealing with hazards from a developmental point of view, to formulate a proposed dynamic framework for developing the Egyptian coastal areas, which are exposed to coastal hazards, taking into account the temporal dimension and expected geo-environmental hazards, which vary according to the Sea Level Rise (SLR) scenarios. This framework is applied in the most dangerous low areas, such as the Egyptian Delta coast, reaching the gap of lacking dynamics and flexible procedures dealing with the changeable coastal geo-environmental hazards over different time periods.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Regression Analysis for the Bond Strength of Steel Fibre Self-compacting
Concrete Based on the Experimental Studies
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 S. Vijaya Kumar B. Dean Kumar and B. L. P. Swami This article describes experimental research of the interfacial adhesion of triple blended steel fibred self-compacting concrete (TBSFSCC) and it varies depending on the percentage of steel fiber. In self-compacting concrete, mineral admixtures such as condensed silica fume and fly ash are utilized as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Condensed silica fume can replace 10 percent of the cement and fly ash can replace 20 percent of the cement to fulfill ACI's SCC guidelines. The embedment length of a steel bar with a diameter of 12mm was chosen to be 100mm in all the standard specimens. Fe-415 steel rod is used in this research. The pull-out test in the universal testing machine is used to evaluate the bond strength of this triple blended Self-Compacting Concrete (TBSCC). Ordinary steel fibers are then added to the concrete volume at various percentages, such as 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. The bond strength, slip, and the method of failure of each rebar were all noted in the test results. The comparison of these results clearly shows that the percentage of steel fiber contributes to the TBSCC bond strength, and conclusions are generated.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Durability Properties of Rigid Pavement Quality Concrete Containing Ground
Granulated Slag
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Chandra Sekhar Malla and Mukunda Rao D. Based on the cost and durable characteristics, ground granulated slag was chosen. Pollution in the environment can also be reduced by limiting the entry of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere. The current work is mainly associated with evolution of changes in compressive strength and weight loss in 4 different mixes of M20 grade concretes namely conventional concrete (CC), concrete replaced by 1% polypropylene fiber by weight of cement (CC+1%PPF), total replacement of cement by slag along with (KOH and K2SiO3) solution (AASC) and total replacement of cement by slag along with (KOH and K2SiO3) solution with 1% polypropylene fiber (AASC+1%PPF). 14M KOH and K2SiO3 are considered to project AASC blends. Starter examination has investigated blends with various soluble base activator modulus at variable potassium oxide measurements. Higher qualities are obtained with a 5 percent oxide content and 1.25 MR. An expansion in potassium oxide measurements past 5% lessens strength boundaries. The effect of 0.3% and 1% of H2SO4 and MgSO4 on the above concrete mixes (cubes) were immersed in solutions for 14, 28, 56, and 91 days and their behaviours are examined. Based on the results obtained, alkali-activated slag concrete with 1% polypropylene fiber is found to achieve high strength and low weight loss.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Compendium of Dimensions for Evaluating Publicness of Public Spaces
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Simranpreet Kaur and Pankaj Chhabra A classic case of privatization of use and not of ownership, privatized public space is a newly defined dimension that falls in the range far from purely private or purely public. These newly found dimensions need a measuring tool to describe the publicity of that space before designating the usage. This research paper has been extracted from the larger study on privatized public spaces addressing the questions on defining characteristics of good public space, and some measurable parameters to evaluate these public spaces. The paper focuses on creating a compendium of parameters from the already defined literature on public spaces, publicness and publicity, which can be used to explore publicness of such spaces and their associated dynamics. These parameters are sought to thread the dimensions that will further help in determining a measurable set of variables to analyze the public spaces empirically and analytically. A discussion on various models developed by authors till date has been made a part to this paper. The scenarios have transformed in 21st century with the advent of digital socialization and urbanization of spaces. Urban public spaces in India represent a clear contradiction of consistency and change. The paper concludes with a set of parameters extracted from the study and appropriated for the changing public spaces in India.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Identification of Relationship between the Quality and Uses of Public
Parks in India
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Aniruddha Jogdande and Abir Bandyopadhyay The study aims to identify the relationship between the quality and the uses of public parks in India. It has been observed from the literature that the quality of the park is generally evaluated based on some 'factors' that, in turn, define the 'use' of the park. In this study, a mixed-method approach is adopted for evaluating the relationship between the quality of parks and their uses. Statistically, Pearson's Correlation Analysis determines such a relationship. The finding of the study identifies that some of the identified factors are "design factors" of the parks, and the rest are mostly contextual, like extraneous, characteristics of surrounding areas and management factors. The study concludes that the use of park is not only dependent on design factors and their quality but also depends on the quality of the extraneous factors, characteristics of surrounding areas and management policies of the parks. These four factors create an image of the park and generate legibility for its specific use. Park designers and planners must focus on the design factors which give legibility for its specific use, considering the characteristics of the surrounding areas and management policies of the park. They should also understand the users' needs while designing and planning the parks. The study would be helpful for park designers and planners to improve the utility of the park.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- French Planner Henri Prost's Istanbul Master Plans, His Housing Planning
Ideas and Methods as an Architect-urbanist
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Hülya Coskun The scope of the French architect-urbanist Henri Prost’s Istanbul planning and his doctrinal approach have been researched and discussed in each period, but the housing issue in his studies remained unknown. The presented research was expected to contribute to the literature as it is the first research to examine the housing issue in Prost plans and re-examine old planning methods recently comeback on the agenda like E. Howard. The research examined H. Prost’s Istanbul Master plans, in the first half of the 20th century, in the context of housing and his main identity as an architect. Also, French planning theories and his ideological l’école (school’s) thinking resource Le Musée-Sociale (Social Museum) a think-tank, legislator and executory institution and its predecessor-influencer is Frédérick Le Play. The social-based old ideologies were transformed via French architect-urbanist H. Prost in the Early Republican period in Türkiye, and they played an important role in the modernization and development of Istanbul. Although the housing problem was not included in the Governmental policies of that period, H. Prost planned some housing areas and housing models with his own initiative. Thus, the research methodology based on a paradigm change centered on the H. Prost's architect identity in lower-architectural scale instead of upper urban-scale research methods adopted by previous research. A taxonomy is prepared with the anachronic approach to reveal the housing models and typologies for various regions of Istanbul. It was found that H. Prost, empirical data, taxonomy and typologies, housing production supported the main assumption in the research.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Performance of Concrete Building Structure Exposed to Localized Fire
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Suryawan Murtiadi and Akmaluddin Akmaluddin Concrete structures have a favorable position in the building industry with regard to their performance of fire resistance. The understanding of their behavior is essential for reliable analysis and design. This paper is mainly concerned with concrete building performance subjected to localized fire arrangement. Special attention has been given to the finite element model of a seven-story concrete building representing a typical commercial office building designed to European Standard. Very large displacements happened on horizontal direction of the floor slabs due to thermal expansions. The large displacement induced lateral movement of the floor slabs and created additional moments to external columns. Design engineers should ensure that the external columns have ability to accommodate lateral displacements during fire. Although, the thin external columns of the model can withstand these movements due to beneficial effect of membrane action developed to the floor slabs. Present analysis indicates that the performance of the whole structure is substantially different from the single isolated structural member behavior during fire. Although the current design procedures are conservative, design engineers have to consider the detrimental and beneficial effects of lateral slabs' thermal expansion in complete structure.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- On the Review of Utilization of Sandblasting Waste in Concrete: Cracks
Propagation and Sem Results
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Qomariah and Taufiq Rochman These days, significant quantities of waste sand from sandblasting are being created, which in turn pollutes the environment. Utilizing sandblasting to remove accumulated biological matter and other dirt from concrete, steel, and wood components is an effective method. The purpose of the experimental laboratory is to investigate the exploitation of sandblasting waste in terms of mortar strength, concrete strength, absorption, and the mix's capacity to operate. Sand blasting produced by sand is widely available, hence the utilization of this waste as sand in concrete was investigated, using zero, 30%, and 40% substitution of normal sand and using aggregate grading in accordance with SNI-03-2834-2000. Using a 15x30 cm cylindrical test object with a treatment age of 7, 14, and 28 days ago, tests were conducted on the qualities of fresh concrete consisting of concrete viscosity values and hard concrete properties, namely specific gravity and compressive strength obtained by using waste sand. With 30% sandblasting sand replacement, specific gravity increases, corresponding to the prior test object's weight. From 7 to 14 days, specific gravity increased by 5.6%, and keep increased as 8.16% between 14 and 28 days. Specific gravity increases compared to concrete without waste sand (0% increasing) at 7 days, 4.43% at 14 days, and 10.87% at 28 days respectively, indicating that employing sandblasting waste increases cement binding. Therefore, it conforms to the compressive strength that increased by 10.09% from 14 days to 28 days. However, it decreased by 13.6% from 7 days to 14 days.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Differences of Rural Residential Quarters in North and South China
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Zhao Jian Ying and Gan Tong China is a large country with an extensive north-south span, resulting in huge differences in geography and climate, folks and customs, and regional economic developments. These differences have further brought forth some unique characteristic cultures and architectural styles in the north and the south of China. Nowadays, most rural residential quarters are innovative renovations based on the original old buildings, so rural residential quarters generally have a close regenerative relationship with the local traditional buildings, rural residential quarters represent and inherit the traditional architectural spirit and culture of the regions. Consequently, the architectural styles and spatial compositions of rural residential quarters in the north and the south of China show relevant differences in accordance with regional architectural traditions. Excellent rural residential quarters design can not only promote local culture, but also provide a strong guarantee for the local economy and employment. From the perspective of professional point of view, studying the differences between the North and the South of the rural residential quarters will enable relevant practitioners to have an in-depth understanding of both the advantages and disadvantages in the architectural designs of rural residential quarters in the north and the south of China. The paper hoped to provide possible enlightenments for the developmental designs of China’s rural residential quarters that are supposed to combine traditional culture with modern architectural designs for inheritance and innovation. In terms of policy significance, promoting the development and integration of rural residential quarters can not only attract tourists, but also enable the locals who work abroad to work in their hometowns. Although rural residential quarters are small, they are one of the driving forces for the development of China's rural revitalization strategy. Meanwhile, the study of the differences and integration of rural residential quarters of north and south rural residential quarters has long-term and comprehensive planning significance for the supply-side reform of the rural economy and the integration and exchange of architectural culture between the north and the south. Enter the 21st century, the fast pace of modern life makes people yearn more and more for the traditional rural life. In this background, China’s rural residential quarter industry has entered a rapid development stage, which, however, brought some industry problems, such as serious homogenization and lack of characteristic innovation. In order to help to solve the relevant problems and possibly provide some corresponding theoretical bases , this paper, by way of comparative analysis, tried to explore in depth into the major architectural differences of and their possible causes for rural residential quarters between the north and the south of China from the aspects of construction wall, external building component, building space and courtyard, site selection and facing orientation, internal decoration and furniture, theme orientation, and regional culture so that people who yearn for traditional rural life can have a deeper insight into the rural residential quarters in the north and the south of China. The development of rural residential quarters can not only promote the local culture, but also develop the local economy and increase the local employment.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Evaluation of Working Posture of Construction Workers: A Case Study on
Wall Construction Using Lightweight Bricks
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Henny Pratiwi Adi Floris C. Boogaard Edwin Schaap and Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko Workers are an important factor in the implementation of a construction project. Applying ergonomic postures for workers in the projects is necessary to minimize the risk of work accidents and the risk of experiencing musculoskeletal disorders (MsDs). The use of lightweight brick for wall construction is relatively new and is in great demand by construction industries in Indonesia. During wall construction, workers do repetitive activities such as bending, kneeling, holding tools, or tilting the body. These activities potentially increase the risk of injury and musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to assess the work posture of workers on the wall construction using lightweight brick and to analyze the high-risk activities. The wall construction work assessment included five stages of activities, (1) material transfer, (2) practical columns making and installation, (3) lightweight brick adhesive dough-making process, (4) lightweight bricks laying, and (5) lightweight brick plaster. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method was used to evaluate the working posture. This method was developed to investigate the risk of abnormalities that workers will potentially experience. Based on the RULA employee assessment worksheet, the research results showed that 69% of workers have a high-risk level of work posture and 31% have low-risk levels of work posture. There are three activities with a high-risk level, namely, material transfer, lightweight brick laying, and lightweight brick plaster. At the same time, practical column making and installation work and lightweight brick adhesive dough-making processes are at a low-risk level. According to the RULA risk level, action is required to investigate and immediately improve activities with a high-risk level. If workers continue to work with the same posture, they will be at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders related to the neck, trunk, and wrists in the near future. Correcting the worker’s posture can be done by improving work position, process, and workplace layout.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Digitize the Architectural Heritage in Egypt to Overcome the Repercussions
of COVID-19
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 R. Yossef M. R. Abdallah and W. A. Nour The world has faced a lot of unprecedented economic and social repercussions in its modern history. For instance, the spread of many diseases such as Covid-19, wars, and climate change. That led to stagnation in many sectors of development. As a result of these events, the governments tended to mitigate the impact of these repercussions by exploiting new technological tools and techniques, such as extended reality, digital marketing, and website development. In fact, the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the tourism sector around the world in the last 3 years. And whereas Egypt owns a third of the world's monuments, which represent the architectural legacies spread over large and multiple areas. From this point of view, this study discusses how to combine these monuments in an integrated project through digitizing architectural heritage on a website that works with modern technology techniques, especially extended reality technology to promote the tourism sector in Egypt, hence increasing the national income. On the other hand, this study also aimed to formulate a hypothetical vision of how to preserve, document, develop and invest in all archaeological buildings at the lowest possible cost, help to immerse yourself in it either completely or partially, query, and identify its elements and components textually, audibly, visually, and sensually. To achieve the study objectives, four steps were undertaken. First, the selection of a case study and virtual documentation of architectural heritage; second, a practical experiment was implemented using the extended reality technology; third, a questionnaire was conducted for the users of the experiment; and fourth, an evaluation by statistical analysis was implemented. From these four steps, a map of Egypt for architectural heritage was carried out. This map not only helps to revitalize the tourism sector but also enhances electronic documentation, and the restoration, and rehabilitation process of the monuments. Hence, preserving the cultural heritage of Egypt.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Operational Assessment of Speed Control Measures on Capacity of Urban
Roads in Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla, Colombia
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Otto Mora Miguel Figueroa Diego Borrero Javier Abello Adriana Mattos-Rodriguez Tulio Naranjo and Cristian Urrego With the aim to reduce accident rates and assist in pedestrian traffic, in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia), electronic devices for speed control (speed cameras) have been installed on roads of high vehicular flow with difficulty in pedestrian transit. Traffic Calming Measures are described in the literature as a set of measures to regulate traffic on roads, ensure mobility, and reduce accidents. This article focuses its study on the impact of Traffic Calming Measures through electronic devices on urban or inner cities roads (capacity and operating speed on them). This study centers in the evaluation of the operational impact of speed cameras and the data of vehicular speed and flow collected through them in four main roads of the city, with the purpose of estimating models that establish relationships of speed-flow, and analyzing the impact of these Traffic Calming Measures on the vehicular capacity of urban roads. In the estimation of road capacity, a Greenshields model was applied, with which via speed–density and flow-density relationships, we aim to determine how operational transit is affected by the use of speed cameras. Conclusions show that operational transit is affected by diminishing road capacity between 7 to 41 percent and these Traffic Calming measures are ineffective to ease pedestrian traffic as is expected.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Manufacture of Geopolymer Artificial Aggregates by Pelletization and
Crushing Processes
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Bimo Brata Adhitya Anis Saggaff Saloma and Hanafiah Aggregates are an important ingredient of concrete. They are of two types: coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. The supply of natural aggregates on Earth is declining with technological advancement, hence, alternatives to natural aggregates are needed. Artificial aggregates have been manufactured using a coal burning waste, i.e. fly ash. On mixing fly ash with an alkaline activator, the mixture reacts and hardens. Aggregates are manufactured either by mixing materials using a granulator pan or by crushing materials using a stone crusher. The optimal manufacturing method was determined by comparing physical properties, such as bulk specific gravity, water absorption, and aggregate hardness, of the aggregates manufactured using these two methods with those of natural coarse aggregates. The average bulk specific gravity was 1.776 and 1.857 for the aggregates produced by the pelletization and crushing processes, respectively, and 2.957 for the natural aggregates. The average water absorption values were 11.62% and 8.37% for the aggregates produced by the pelletization and crushing processes, respectively, and 4.17% for the natural aggregates. The average aggregate hardness values, determined using the Los Angeles abrasion test, were 27.33% and 25.98% for aggregates produced by the pelletization and crushing processes, respectively, and 24.05% for the natural aggregates.
PubDate: Jan 2023
- Redesigning the Post Covid-19 City: Management of Spaces and of Healthcare
System, Distribution of Necessary Services and of Entertainment Spaces
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Khaled Al Omari and Salma Egho During the epidemiological situation that the world is experiencing from time to time, it has become difficult for cities to adapt to the new epidemiological situation each time. The methodology used in the distribution of public facilities and services in cities has been proved insufficient to meet life needs during epidemic emergencies and changes in environmental and life conditions. This study aims to develop an improved plan in terms of sustainable urban planning applicable to all cities in the world including Jordan taking into account the current life model. The study will be able to be applied to deal with any future epidemics. This study addresses the southern Jordanian city of Aqaba, as a strategically important city, being the only port in the country, by re-planning Aqaba to adapt to any possible epidemic. This study refers to the concepts, ideas and suggestions of many urban architects and planners in the world. A suggested proposal has been concluded of a new urban model consisting of a series of design ideas that form an ideal city in the epidemic and beyond. This new urban model will ensure the well-being of the citizens and will also be able to adapt quickly to existing and pre-planned areas, to be equipped with facilities specifically designed to meet the needs of each region, ensuring a good standard of living even during emergency periods.
PubDate: Jan 2023
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