 Subjects -> ARCHITECTURE (Total: 219 journals)
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- Revisiting Eladio Dieste’s Walls Through Digital Design and Simulation
Technologies: A Case on Atlántida Church
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Ceyda Eldemir Kara Semra Arslan Selçuk Aslı Er Akan and Ali I˙hsan Unay Digital design technologies and automation systems have ushered in a paradigm shift in the field of architecture, revolutionizing approaches to architectural elements. Designers, empowered by these technologies, have embraced novel methods and tectonics, transcending traditional design paradigms and prompting a reconsideration of conventional materials. Among these, brick, the oldest man-made material, stands out as a substance ripe for rediscovery through the lens of digital technologies. Numerous research efforts have explored integrating brick material with digital tools, delving into its potential through computational methods and unveiling new understandings of masonry. This paper seeks to contribute to this exploration by focusing on the material's role in complex surface formation. Specifically, the structure of Atlántida Church that Eladio Dieste built with the principle of "resistance through form" has been examined. By employing the hypothesis posited by Eladio Dieste, this research examines historical texts and contemporary practices, subjecting them to analysis through digital tools. The underlying objective is to highlight the discernible impact of manipulating geometric parameters on the qualities of brick material. Throughout this research, the progression unfolds through distinct phases, beginning with digital modeling and analysis. Subsequently, this process advances iteratively by generating a new digital model derived from the original. The culmination of each cycle is marked by a reevaluation, forming a continuous and detailed exploration of implications throughout the study. In light of the obtained results, it is clear that the robust tectonic impact of brick has strengthened the interrelation among form, structure, and material throughout the process of digitization. The qualities of brick resonate prominently in contemporary architectural practice, whose enduring significance is underscored by its integral role in the digital processes shaping the realm of contemporary architectural praxis.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- A Comparative Study of Real-World vs. Small-Scale Mat Foundations on
Expansive Clay Soils for Low-Cost Housing
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Dirk M. Bester Elizabeth Theron Philip R. Stott and Jacques Snyman The South African Government is committed to providing affordable and sustainable housing solutions for its underserved population. However, constructing low-cost housing (LCH) on active clay soils, particularly in regions dominated by expansive clay soils such as the Karoo Supergroup geological formation, has presented significant challenges. These LCH, known for their lightweight construction, have faced significant foundation failures due to clay soil heaving. It is, therefore, essential to employ raft foundation designs with enough stiffness. The design of raft foundations requires understanding the moisture-induced heave patterns underneath the foundation. Current methods of designing raft foundations in South Africa rely on assumptions about moisture-induced heave patterns underneath the foundation. These often prove inaccurate, especially with expansive clay soils. The problem comes from past research using ground sheets or foundations without a superstructure, failing to replicate accurate conditions and the cost associated with instrumenting large amounts of LCH foundations to monitor their behaviour. The study aims to bridge the division by evaluating and comparing a real-world scenario LCH instrumented and monitored with a small-scale raft foundation in a laboratory setting. Moisture monitoring instruments were used underneath the LCH in South Africa's Free State region while constructing a small-scale model on expansive clay soils inside a laboratory. The research intends to provide a cost-effective methodology for evaluating raft foundations within a laboratory environment. By doing so, these small-scale models serve as tools to advance the understanding of moisture variations underneath raft foundations in real-life conditions. The research hopes to facilitate more reliable raft foundation characteristics and patterns on expansive clay soils, contributing to the sustainability and durability of LCH projects in South Africa.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Innovative Engineering Solutions in Modern Kazakh Architecture: Adapting
to Seismic and Climatic Risks
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Yuliya Onichshenko and Gulnara Abdrassilova The incorporation of seismic and climatic considerations into the modern architecture of Kazakhstan is crucial and pertinent for achieving a harmonious and environmentally sustainable development of the region. The objective of this study is to validate the distinctive engineering strategies required for the construction of large-scale architectural structures while considering the natural and climatic hazards specific to Kazakhstan. During the scientific research, the following general scientific methods were used: system analysis and synthesis, historical method, and abstract-logical method. In particular, in the course of the conducted research, the history of the development of modern seismic technologies in Kazakhstan was analysed, which began in 1977, when the country's first high-rise building - the 26-story Kazakhstan hotel - was built in Almaty. The unique features of the structural and technical adjustments made to the architectural buildings in the major cities of Kazakhstan, namely Astana and Almaty, in response to the natural and climatic circumstances of the nation, were justified. The general concept of architectural solutions in the construction industry of Kazakhstan and the justification of individual changes in connection with the trends and possibilities of scientific and technical progress in the context of preservation of cultural heritage were characterized. The results of a survey of 300 respondents (mainly engineers and architects) were analysed in order to identify the role of engineering solutions in architecture, determined by the seismic and temperature conditions of Kazakhstan. The practical significance of this study is a detailed analysis of the innovativeness of engineering solutions, considering the example of the buildings of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hotel "Kazakhstan", shopping centre "Khan-Shatyr", "Palace of Peace and Harmony", multifunctional complex "Talan Towers"). These results can be used to substantiate decisions on overcoming complex climatic factors and forming unique images in terms of the new identity of the country's modern architecture.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- The Ecological Wisdom and Spatial Form of Rural Settlements in China: A
Systematic Review
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Tian Jie Nur Huzeima Mohd Hussain Noriah Othman and Helmi Hamzah Chinese ecological wisdom represents the knowledge accumulation of thousands of years of practical living experience in rural settlements. Contemporary Chinese villages are facing crises in their development during the rapid urbanization process. Thus, the value of ecological wisdom and spatial form is fading. This paper provides an overview of the ecological wisdom and the spatial form of rural settlements in China through a systematic analysis of the literature review. This review focuses on two key issues: first, there is a lack of a rural settlement spatial form framework in public literature on the relationship between ecological wisdom and the spatial form of rural settlements; second, effective spatial reference models are lacking in the development of rural settlement spatial form based on ecological wisdom. This study measures reviews from Web of Science, Scopus, and CNKI. The aim is to identify reference methods for sustainable spatial development of rural settlements based on ecological wisdom through Systematic literature review (COOC) screening. The study defines four main methods according to the research objectives: theoretical research, impact assessment method, observational interview method, and planning strategy. This study found that an integrated approach to spatial development was identified as the best way to promote sustainable development and that spatial patterns, systematic co-governance, and some other spatial research methods were conducive in promoting the sustainable development of rural settlements. Therefore, this review will promote increased dialogue, enhance interdisciplinary collaboration, and advance research in this exciting new field.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Urban Topophilia and Social-spatial Interaction: A Comparative Study
Highlighting Urban Space in High-rise Residential Buildings in Iraq
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Mustafa M. Anas Al-Mendilawi and Haider Jasim Essa Al-Saaidy Human societies are witnessing several transformations due to their growth and urban development; this has led to the shrinkage of urban spaces and the loss of the values and meanings they carry. It has also resulted in a lack of interaction between humans and their urban environment. Although Iraq is witnessing remarkable development in its vertical residential complexes, it lacks a clear vision of the importance of open urban places and their role in achieving the goals and desires of individuals. Therefore, this research studies the positive dimensions of humans' attitudes towards place, including the underlying concepts and vocabulary, such as place attachment. Place attachment manifests a human desire to settle into a place. The study sought to evaluate the effect of the physical, social, and moral dimensions of place on topophilia and place attachment within vertical residential complexes in an urban environment. The research adopted a dual approach by first discussing the existing literature on the topic to build a knowledge base and extract the main concepts of the research problem, and secondly developing a conceptual framework. To test the validity of the hypothesis and measure the extent to which the variables of the theoretical framework were achieved (including their impact values), the framework's concepts were applied to samples of vertical residential complexes within governorates of Iraq: Baghdad, Kut, and Basra. The research adopted a field survey method by distributing a questionnaire form and interviewing residents to collect information. The results were analysed using the statistical program (IBM SPSS Statistics-24), and Cronbach's alpha coefficient test was conducted to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The arithmetic mean was calculated to compare the results in the selected residential complexes. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between the characteristics of place, and the study concluded that the following were the most influential variables in such contexts: accessibility from the physical characteristics, social activities and interactions from the social characteristics, and safety and protection from the moral characteristics. Thus, the research verified the validity of the hypothesis and identified the most influential variables in enhancing place attachment.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- A Framework for Planning Climate Change Resilience for Water and Drainage
Networks (A Case Study of Alexandria)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Ehab Okba Aya Zareef and Niveen Sabry The climate change (CC) is a global environmental problem; it has crossed all the borders to pose threats to the entire world. The main problem of the research is that infrastructure, especially water and drainage networks, will be affected by the physical outcomes of CC, and they will play an essential role in our ability to adapt to those effects. The research aims to reach, The Climate Change Resilient Infrastructure Planning Framework which enables designers and researchers to identify critical infrastructure, predict risks associated with CC, develop, plan, implement, and assess resilience solutions. The framework helps users understand interconnected infrastructure systems -especially water and drainage systems- and it can be integrated into many types of plans, such as economic development, risk mitigation, and emergency response or recovery. Through an inductive approach, urban resilience has been studied, including the steps to achieve it, its relationship with water and drainage networks, the steps and stages of resilience infrastructure planning, the concept of climate change infrastructure and the impact of CC on water and drainage networks. Then, by applying the analytical approach, a framework consisting of goals, mechanisms and the responsible personals was produced. Hence, the proposed framework was applied to Alexandria city.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Comparison of the Test Results of Conventional Concrete with
Sulphur-coated Aggregate Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Aaron Anil Chadee Shree Ram Malani Ashutosh Pandey Shashikant Verma Anurag Sharma Darshan Mehta and Tarun Kumar Rajak Utilizing sulphur in concrete mixes stands out as an exemplary approach to mitigating environmental impacts. This method capitalizes on sulphur as a waste product from industrial operations, addressing waste disposal concerns and promoting environmental preservation. Sulphur concrete exhibits notable qualities, possessing heightened compressive strength, low hydraulic conductivity, and outstanding resistance to water permeation. It proves highly resilient to corrosion, particularly in acidic and saline conditions. Moreover, sulphur concrete boasts enhanced resistance to corrosion, augmenting its durability. When repeatedly loaded, its waterproofing properties prevent it from wearing out, accelerating the hardening process and enhancing its strength. This makes manufacturing more efficient and ensures durability in harsh environments. The objective of the study is to examine the effect of sulphur-coated aggregate concrete on compressive strength, sulphate resistance, and nitrate resistance. The study also aimed to compare the test results of conventional concrete with sulphur-coated aggregate concrete and to investigate the hardened properties of both normal concrete and sulphur-coated aggregate concrete across various cement percentages, including 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Examining the compressive strength of concrete using different proportions of sulphur-coated aggregate consistently shows a decline in strength as the sulphur content rises to 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. However, the compressive strength fails to reach the target mean strength, unlike normal concrete. As the sulphur percentage increases, the concrete demonstrates improved performance against these ions. Following exposure to sulphate and nitrate attacks, concrete experiences a substantial reduction in strength, while sulphur-coated aggregate concrete maintains higher strength levels. Notably, the strength of concrete with a 10% sulphur content increases by up to 11.30%. Therefore, the findings indicate that sulphur concrete is suitable for applications in environments with high moisture levels and increased acid exposure. In terms of strength, sulphur concrete shows comparable performance to conventional concrete.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Effect of Glass Powder as a Partial Replacement of Cement on the Flexural
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Elevated Temperature
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Hamza Khalid Alshoha and Mohammed Salman AL-lami The effects of using glass powder as a partial replacement of cement on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams exposed to elevated temperatures were summarized in this experimental study. The replacements of cement by glass powder used were 0% (control specimens), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement. Ten reinforced concrete beams with 150 mm x 180 mm x 1550 mm dimensions were cast and tested under a four-point loading, in addition to thirty cubes tested for the compression strength of the concrete representing the five replacement percentages. The beams and the cubes were divided into two identical groups, where the specimens of one of them were tested after being exposed to an elevated temperature of 600℃ for one hour. The results showed that the beams tested at laboratory temperature with glass powder replacement cement by 5% and 10% exhibited higher bending moment capacity values and lower ones with 15% and 20% replacement compared to the control specimens. The beams with 10%, 15%, and 20% glass exposed to elevated temperature showed increasing bending moment capacity and decreasing values for the beam with 5% compared to the control specimens. The results also showed that the initial cracking moment of beams with 5%, 10%, and 20% replacement decreased, and increased with 15% replacement by 50% compared to the control specimen for beams tested at laboratory temperature. However, the elevated temperature (E.T) had a varying impact on the initial cracking moment. The replacement of cement by 10%, 15%, and 20% W.G.P. increased the strength of the mortar by 9.2%, 15%, and 19%, respectively, at laboratory temperatures.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Advancing Lightweight Concrete Using Volcanic Waste and Industrial
Byproducts for Sustainable Development
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 A. B. M. Saiful Islam Current boom in infrastructure development necessitates a substantial quantity of construction material, predominantly concrete. To satisfy the demand for concrete production, huge consumption of natural resources consumed causes environmental problems and depletion of their reserves. Therefore, the substitution of traditional construction materials is of utmost importance to save natural resources. Conventional waste management practices raise numerous environmental, economic, and social concerns, necessitating the development of viable alternatives. Besides, to reduce structural weight, enhanced properties of low-density concrete are required. As a result, the concept of lightweight concrete (LWC) has acquired attraction. In practice, there is an immense potential for utilizing waste residues from various industries in LWC and as a sustainable solution for waste management. The readily accessible volcanic byproduct, scoria possesses the capacity to address the rising demand for lightweight concrete-producing construction materials. Such LWC might replace conventional normal-weight concrete (NWC). Furthermore, the industrial waste silica fume (SF) has the capability to increase concrete strength. Hence, the target of this study is to introduce structural LWC using Scoria aggregate and silica fume pozzolanic material while assessing its impact. Two types of lightweight concrete have been developed where one is scoria lightweight concrete (SLWC). Another concrete incorporates the silica fume by partial replacement of cement together with the scoria, namely silica fume scoria lightweight concrete (SSLWC). Fresh and durability properties of volcanic waste-based concrete are investigated, and the results are assessed. Both the SLWC and SSLWC yielded significant properties showing the potential as structural concrete. The study indicates that Scoria has the potential to serve as a viable substitute to produce structural LWC and silica fume enhances the quality further. The availability of aggregate sources will safeguard natural resources and ensure that future generations inherit an ecological equilibrium. Such sustainable construction material might eliminate cost constraints across all regions and enhance the desirability of utilizing this LWC based on scoria on a global scale.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- The Application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis Method for Green Retrofitting
of Mosque Building to Improve Investment Performance
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Agnes Purba Yusuf Latief Bernadette Detty Kussumardianadewi and Bambang Trigunarsyah This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of green retrofitting in mosque building to assess the financial feasibility and performance. The analysis included risk assessment of three crucial stages, namely pre-construction, construction, and post-construction. A Likert scale was used for the validation process based on responses from 51 experts included in green building retrofitting projects. The results showed that the highest risk occurred during the construction phase, impacting investment performance. Sensitivity analysis showed the potential longevity of investment, with pre-construction risk affecting the Net Present Value (NPV) in the 18th year, and post-construction risk proving feasible by the 17th year. Furthermore, several benchmarks were introduced such as NPV, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), and Break Even Point (BEP) for investment evaluation. The financial feasibility of green retrofitting items, including solar panels and energy-efficient utilities, was confirmed with an NPV of IDR 140,797,698, IRR of 10.26%, and BCR of 2.21, with feasibility realized in the 17th year. Risk visualization through a Tornado Chart emphasized the significance of each risk stage on NPV values. In conclusion, this study provided valuable insights for informed investment decisions in mosque building green items, emphasizing the importance of risk management for long-term sustainability. Moreover, the recommendation was made for broader case studies, including multiple certified green mosque for more accurate risk identification
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Evaluating the Performance of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in AC-BC Mixture
Using Marshall Immersion and Cantabro Loss Tests
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Ika Sulianti Joni Arliansyah and Edi Kadarsa Solid waste is increasing throughout the world due to rapid population growth and the need for infrastructures. Reports have shown that Indonesia contributes 3% to this solid waste due to the demolition of highways constructed using concrete pavement and others. However, the waste can be processed into recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) which has the potential to be reused as an alternative for new pavement materials to reduce the use of natural aggregate (NA) and achieve environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the application of RCA with concrete grade Fs 4.5 on Asphalt Concrete Binder Course (AC-BC) mixture. RCA with 12.5 mm and 9.5 mm thickness was applied as a 45%, 50%, and 55% substitute for NA in AC-BC mixture. Marshall Immersion and Cantabro Loss tests were later conducted to analyze the residual strength and grain release resistance. The results showed that the application of RCA had a positive effect on AC-BC mixture with the sample containing 55% observed to have a stability of 1909.79 kg. The Marshall Immersion test also showed that the sample with 50% RCA had the largest residual strength of 94.41%. Furthermore, the use of RCA as a substitute for NA in AC-BC mixture led to an increase in Marshall stability in the range of 0.41% to 29.24% compared to the application of 100% NA. Cantabro Loss test results for mixture with RCA replacement were observed to have increased by 6.46% to 7.26% when compared to a mixture with 100% NA. The highest Cantabro Loss value was recorded for 45% RCA at 7.26% while the lowest was for 55% RCA at 6.46%. However, the required Cantabro Loss value was less than or equal to 20% which pointed the ability of the proposed asphalt mixture to resist degradation against wear usually caused by vehicle tire friction. In conclusion, Marshall and Cantabro Loss test results showed that the proposed mix was resistant to wear and could withstand traffic loads effectively by distributing the loads to the underlying layers to support the pavement as a whole.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- An Experimental Evaluation of Compressive Performance of Cement Based
Materials with Graphene Oxide Nanosheets (GO) and Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag (GGBS)
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Shruthi B. K. Shrikant Charhate and Sushree Sangita Mishra Nanomaterials have proved to be an effective solution to enhance properties of cement composites. The present study exhibits the analysis of an experimental work of the influence of graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) and the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on variation of compressive strength at different age of curing and to find optimum concentration of GO-GGBS modified cement mortar samples. Three varying contents of GGBS, 20%, 30% and 40% and four different contents of GO, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06% and 0.08% by the mass of cement were prepared separately. The impact of incorporation of GO, GGBS and the combined effect of GO-GGBS (0.08% and 30%) on compressive strength gain was studied. Results from the present experimental investigation exhibit remarkable enhancement in the development of compressive strength with GO addition in cement mortars. The early strength gain was also found to be significantly improved by 47.22% with 0.08% of GO. An increment of 32.22% in 28 days compressive strength was observed with GO addition at 0.08% concentration in cement mortars. Also, the combined effect of GO-GGBS exhibited enhanced compressive strength compared to reference samples by 30.76%, 22.7% and 33.94% at 3, 7 and 28 days of curing age respectively. The outcome of this study exhibits that GO nanosheets can serve as a promising reinforcing material in cement concrete for improved hydration, and strength development. In addition, the combined effect of GO-GGBS will serve as a sustainable option for reducing the carbon footprints with enhanced mechanical property in cement-based materials.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Implementation of Laser Scanning and HBIM Technology for the Structural
Evaluation of Built Heritage in Ecuador
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Luis Alejandro Velastegui-Cáceres Byron Guevara-Bonifaz Julia Velastegui-Cáceres and Theofilos Toulkeridis Currently, tangible heritage has been affected by lack of maintenance, human interventions and deterioration due to natural causes, which is why research aimed at the conservation of heritage assets that preserve the history, tradition and identity of a place is required. The current study is performed in order to apply modern methodologies in a heritage asset, starting from a Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) model of architectural documentation to conduct its structural evaluation in a non-linear finite element analysis software. The proposed workflow begins with collecting information with a 3D laser scanner. The processing, debugging and management of data is realized in the Trimble Real Works software, then the model is exported to the HBIM ArchiCAD 24 software, where the building can be seen in 3D. This is how the detail plans in plan and elevation are generated, of which the model is exported to allow the structural evaluation to a software for finite element analysis DIANA FEA (acronym for Displacement Analyzer). Using a three-dimensional geometric model, a pushover analysis is performed, which allows data to be obtained on the most critical or vulnerable elements that would be affected in the event of a seismic movement. The results of this evaluation are of relevant importance in the case of the Balbanera church, since they constitute a basis, from which an intervention project can be proposed considering the current requirements of the structure. In addition, the HBIM model offers the facility of multipurpose, that is, one is able to work on several topics included in the same 3D model. The proposed methodology could become a standard model for studies in other heritage buildings.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Performance Analysis of 3-Story Confined Masonry Structure on Top of RC
Frame Structure
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Ida Ayu Made Budiwati Made Sukrawa Made Hendra Prayoga and I Nengah Adiana This research was conducted on residential buildings with discontinuous walls from the ground floor to the upper floors due to the ground floor being used as parking areas or lobbies, commonly referred to as piloti buildings. Piloti buildings are susceptible to experiencing soft stories because the ground floor is more flexible than the floors above. The presence of the wall on the upper floor designed as confined masonry could detect a soft story. Many studies have been conducted on confined masonry models, but they still need to provide conclusive results and are still quite challenging to apply to complex buildings. This study used a layered shell SAP2000 model to model confined masonry and validated it with experimental test results. The research findings indicate that considering the presence of walls can detect soft story irregularities. Soft story evaluations suggest that the columns and beams on the ground floor should be enlarged to prevent structural collapse. Pushover analysis indicates that confined masonry construction has better stiffness and strength than open frame construction but has lower ductility. Additionally, confined masonry structures are considered more affordable regarding their reinforcement and concrete requirements. These findings can be a foundation for further development in designing confined masonry constructions in Indonesia.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Prediction of the Compressive and Tensile Strengths of Geopolymer Concrete
Using Artificial Neural Networks
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Ali A. Mahameid Amjad A. Yasin and Ahmad B. Malkawi Geopolymer concrete is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. This research investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict the compressive and tensile strengths of such concrete. A strict materials selection was applied by assessing the use of fly ash class-F and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as geopolymer source materials. The ANN model performed exceptionally well with 75 different concrete mix combinations, generating an extremely low Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 2.9x10-5, suggesting a scant 2% variation between predictions and targets. The study demonstrates a strong agreement between the ANN predictions and the experimental values across a wide range of concrete strengths (10 to 80 MPa), guaranteeing a complete dataset. Regression analysis demonstrates the model's dependability, with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.993, 0.819, and 0.956 for the training, testing, and validation datasets, respectively. A constant R-value of 0.932 across all datasets adds to the ANN model's accuracy. The model's dependability in predicting geopolymer concrete strengths was confirmed by predicting a new dataset extracted from the literature, which yielded high agreement with a maximum error of 3%.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- A Case Study of Concrete Incorporating High Volume Fly Ash and Bottom Ash
for Sustainable Housing
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Wahyuniarsih Sutrisno Triwulan Pujo Aji Faimun Yuyun Tajunnisa and Kiki Dwi Wulandari Fly ash (FA) and Bottom Ash (BA) are commonly used to substitute cement and fine aggregate in concrete production. This study was performed to evaluate the use of high-volume fly ash and bottom ash on a sustainable housing project. High-volume fly ash (HVFA) is used as supplementary cementitious materials, while high-volume bottom ash (HVBA) is used to partially replace the fine aggregate. The FA used in this research was 40% and 50%, and the BA used in this research was 50% and 75%. The fresh and hardened quality of concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA was evaluated using slump, compressive, flexure, and tensile test. The fresh properties show that adding FA to the concrete mixture can increase the slump value. However, the BA tends to reduce the slump value in concrete due to its particle characteristics. Furthermore, it was found that concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA has lower compressive, flexure, and tensile strength, especially at an early age. As the curing age of concrete increases, the differences between concrete incorporating HVFA and HVBA with concrete mixture decrease. In this research, the concrete incorporating 40% FA and 50% BA has the optimum quality. Furthermore, the mixture is later used in the field application as structural elements for the village-owned Enterprise building built in the Sumberejo Village East Java Indonesia. The use of HVFA and HVBA in this pilot project is expected to minimize the cost and experimental problems due to the coal ash waste.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Environmentally Friendly Particle Board from Sawdust with the Addition of
PP and PET Plastic Waste without Using UF Adhesive
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Iin Arianti Muhammad Rafani Nurul Fitriani Ely Nurhidayati Wetri Febrina and Andiyan Andiyan Particle board is generally made from sawdust and urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. UF is actually a material that is dangerous to health and the environment, and the price is relatively expensive. Likewise, PP and PET waste is very dangerous for health and the environment. It is interesting to know whether polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste can be used as a substitute for UF. In this research, PP plastic waste and PET plastic waste were used as adhesive substitutes for urea formaldehyde in the manufacture of particle board. Particleboard will be made into four combinations, namely sawdust + UF + PP measuring 1 cm x 5 cm; sawdust + UF size + PP pass No.4 sieve; sawdust + PP size passing No.4 sieve; and sawdust + PET in size that passes filter number 4. The mixture proportion for each combination is 70% sawdust: 30% plastic waste; 60% sawdust: 40% plastic waste; and 50% sawdust: 50% plastic waste, each heated for 20 minutes with a temperature set at 180℃ for PP waste and 200℃ for PET waste, with a pressure amount of 25 kg/cm2. It is interesting that PP that passes filter No. 4 sieve can be used in making particle board, but further research is needed to determine the optimal mixture proportions and temperature, as well as meeting all standards required by SNI and JIS. This research is useful for particle board manufacturing companies to determine alternative materials to replace UF, so that production costs can be cheaper.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Exploring the Underutilization of Pedestrian Sidewalks in South Africa's
Urban Residential Areas: A Conjoint Analysis Approach
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 James Honiball Everardt Andre Burger and Heinrich Pretorius Despite approximately 60% of South Africa's population relying on walking as a primary mode of transport, pedestrian safety remains a critical concern, with one-third of all road fatalities being pedestrians. This alarming statistic underscores the urgent need for governmental interventions to establish safer non-motorised transport systems. However, such developments are often deprioritised in residential areas, leading to pedestrians frequently resorting to using roadways instead of sidewalks. This study investigates the key attributes contributing to the walkability of residential areas, offering insights to inform urban planning design solutions for enhancing pedestrian infrastructure in these regions. Bloemfontein city in South Africa was used as a case study. A Conjoint Analysis technique, a multivariate method for understanding individual preferences, was employed to identify the significance of various sidewalk attributes. The results indicate that the walkable width of a sidewalk, the obstacles number present, the type of surface material, and changes in elevation significantly influence pedestrians' choice to use sidewalks over roadways. By optimising these elements, we can promote sidewalk usage, encouraging a safer transition for pedestrians away from roadways and towards sidewalks.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Banana Pseudostem
Fiber for Cost Optimization of Rigid Pavements
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 5 Axel Anyelo Luque Saico Marcelo Miguel De La Cruz Calderon Cesar Elmer Taboada Perez and Marko Antonio Lengua Fernandez The remains of the banana pseudostem, which are left over when the fruit is removed, are typically left on the farms in the central jungle as fertilizer. However, this often produces fungus due to humidity, as it is a material that is not marketed. Some researchers have found commercial uses for these remains in the manufacture of shoes and handbags. In addition, research shows that the use of natural fibre improves the properties of concrete and reduces the impact of the carbon footprint, making it a sustainable material in construction. This research work focuses on analysing the mechanical properties of concrete with banana pseudostem fibre, seeking to optimise costs in rigid pavements at the Plutón Chanchamayo construction site. For this purpose, a 210 kg/cm2 concrete was designed according to the guidelines of the Practical Standard for the Selection of Proportions for Normal, Heavy and Mass Concrete (ACI 211.1-91). Different proportions of pseudostem fibre were incorporated and their effects on the concrete were evaluated. The overall results indicate that the addition of banana pseudostem fibre significantly improves the mechanical properties of the concrete. Specifically, a 3% fibre ratio optimises the compressive strength and other critical parameters, while a noticeable reduction in the production cost per cubic metre of concrete is also observed. These improvements not only increase the efficiency of the material, but also contribute to sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint and utilising agricultural waste. In conclusion, the use of banana pseudostem fibre in concrete not only offers economic benefits by reducing production costs, but also improves the mechanical properties of the material, making it stronger and more sustainable. This represents an innovative and ecological solution for the construction industry, promoting the use of natural materials and reducing environmental impact.
PubDate: Sep 2024
- A Survey on Building Well-being of Malaysian Adolescent Occupants in
Juvenile Institutions
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Wong Lai Kee Muhammad Firzan and Lamidi-Sarumoh Alaba Ajibola Good health and well-being have been established as one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) criterion by the United Nations. Since this designation, the well-being of building occupants has garnered increased attention within the discourse of the built environment. While User-Centered Design (UCD) contributes to the well-being of building occupants, the application of this approach across varying types of facilities remains an area for further investigation. Recognising that juvenile institutions are home to a vulnerable population of adolescents, this study attempts to gauge their satisfaction as building occupants using Building Well-Being Scale (BWBS). A cross-sectional survey was carried out at the entire juvenile institutions in peninsular Malaysia, comprising seven Probation Hostels (Asrama Akhlak - AA) and six Approved Schools (Sekolah Tunas Bakti - STB). It was discovered that a quarter of the respondents reported experiencing negative well-being while residing in Malaysian juvenile institutions. This equates to 26% of the responses suggesting dissatisfaction with the current built environment settings in the affected institutions. This discovery implies that certain aspects of the building design or environment are not conducive to the well-being of Malaysian adolescent occupants residing in the juvenile institutions.
PubDate: May 2024
- Reconsidering Occupant's Lifestyle: Investigation on the Sustainability of
Modernized Javanese Vernacular Architecture
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A G. E. Xian A. E. Sumanti R. T. Hidayat S. Sudo and D. Novianto Indonesian vernacular architecture is a unique cultural heritage that has been passed down from one generation to another without written science. The Joglo house is one of these vernacular architectural designs, which has been preserved for over 200 years. In this research, we took a case study of Joglo house located in Juwana, Pati, Central Java, Indonesia which has experienced an age adjustment both in terms of the physical environment and its users. This research aims to investigate the physical changes that have occurred in the Joglo house since the time it was built until now. The method of this study employs a contextual approach, examining the Joglo house in terms of its climate, geography, and social environment. Comparisons are made between the past and the present, analysing the modifications made to the house to meet the needs and thermal comfort of modern families while retaining the vernacular architectural concept. The modifications made to the house include the addition of space and modern appliances, such as electricity, plumbing, and furniture, while preserving the original design elements. The research emphasizes the importance of preserving vernacular architecture as cultural heritage while allowing it to adapt to modern user needs. This paper serves as a valuable resource for future research in the field of architectural heritage and vernacular architecture.
PubDate: May 2024
- An Assessment of the Implementation of Green Design Strategies in Selected
Museums in Abuja, Nigeria
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Bukola Adejoke Adewale and Vincent Onyedikachi Ene This study evaluates the implementation of green design strategies in selected museums in Abuja, Nigeria to inform sustainable approaches tailored to the local context. The qualitative study utilizes observational assessments of 3 major museums – Discovery Museum, Nike Art Gallery, and Retro Africa Gallery. A comparative analysis investigates the adoption of passive design, alternative energy, and water efficiency strategies based on a structured criterion aligned with global sustainability standards. The findings reveal a moderate integration of fundamental techniques like proper orientation, thermal mass walls, solar PV panels, and native drought-resistant plants across the museums. However, substantial gaps exist in implementing more comprehensive solutions like building insulation, greywater recycling, rain gardens, eco-fixtures, and real-time metering. While initial steps have been taken, holistic opportunities remain to transform the museums into genuinely sustainable, net-zero facilities through extensive daylighting, diverse renewable systems, and total water recycling. The Retro Africa Gallery emerges as a leader, exemplifying an integrated green design approach. Recommendations are provided focused on state-of-the-art passive design, diversified alternative energy generation, and closed-loop water conservation strategies tailored to the contextual needs of Nigerian museums. The study concludes these institutions can become inspiring models of ecological design, leading broad climate action through pioneering sustainable architecture.
PubDate: May 2024
- Improving Mixed-mode Ventilation Systems by Controlling Building Envelope
Design for Office Spaces in Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Yousra Rashad and Mai Karram Mixed-mode ventilation system (MMVS) is considered one of the building design strategies to reduce the cooling energy consumption of office buildings. In Egypt, as it represents the higher energy consumption rates in comparison to the consumed energy consumption for heating. The main objective of MMVS is to meet the indoor air quality and thermal comfort requirements of building occupants. This study aims to apply MMVS in Egyptian office buildings by merging natural ventilation (NV) with mechanical ventilation (MV) to take advantage of the two systems' features to achieve thermal comfort within the space. The air movement and energy performance simulation were used to study MMVS to achieve thermal comfort and energy savings. Firstly, an office building in Cairo, Egypt was selected as a case study to investigate the energy performance potential of MMVS. Secondly, measurements of air movement, air temperature, and relative humidity within the space were conducted at a specific year period to use the measurement data in the validation process. The validation revealed that the air velocity, air temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH) measurements were agreed satisfactorily with the building simulation results. Thirdly, a simulation for air movement and energy consumption was used to examine the air movement, energy performance, and thermal performance of the scenarios with different alternatives in the ventilation opening ratio (VOR%) and glazing types. The results indicated the possibility of increasing the thermal comfort hours by merging natural ventilation and applying MMVS in office buildings in Egypt. Changing the ventilation opening ratio (VOR%) has an effective impact on reducing cooling energy consumption by 6.47%, increasing NV hours up to 422 h, and decreasing HVAC hours by 893 h by ventilation opening ratio (VOR%) of 30%. Various glazing types were investigated and the findings indicated that the cooling energy savings can be increased to 12.21% by using clear double glass 6mm with a 6mm air gap in VOR% of 30%. Additionally, a noticeable difference in savings occurred by using tinted double glass 6mm with a 6mm air gap which achieved 28.05% in VOR% of 30%.
PubDate: May 2024
- Traffic Flow Forecasting for Road Projects Design in Burkina Faso
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Yassia Gansonré Aparupa Pani and Pierre Breul Road traffic flow forecasting has always been of interest for researchers and engineers in fact that it plays a key role in transportation planning and engineering. Even if many traditional as well as advanced methods are in force nowadays in traffic volume forecasting, in many tropical and income countries in Africa, America and Asia, statistical approaches are used for road network and low volume road traffic forecasting. These simple and low cost methods in force now and since many years ago, are mainly focused on the annual average daily traffic (AADT) and the annual traffic growth-rate (AGR) to estimate the volume of heavy traffic that new road projects are intended to support over their lifetime. So their accuracy depends on the AADT collection, the AGR determination and models used for traffic forecasting. This paper addresses a critical need for accurate and reliable traffic forecasting in the context of road project design in Burkina Faso after nearly 40 years of the application of statistical models for road traffic forecasting and in a crisis situation as in the current case of the country where some road sections become inaccessible. The research reviews traffic forecasting methods, the context of road traffic conditions in Burkina Faso and analyses road network traffic data from 1999 to 2013 in order to fix the part of heavy traffic AADT, the trend of traffic growth and the accuracy of traffic forecasting models. In conclusion, the paper provides 34% as part of heavy traffic AADT, 5.05% and 6.20% respectively overall traffic and heavy traffic growth-rates and recommends the geometric growth model as more accurate and the integration of advanced traffic forecasting techniques in road project design.
PubDate: May 2024
- Experimental and Theoretical Study of Water Amount on the Rheological
Features of Marble Sludge Grout
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Omrane Benjeddou and M. A. Abdelzaher The best practical sustainable development solutions for protecting the local environment include reducing the use of raw materials and ensuring proper reuse of key solids. Worldwide, huge quantities of waste marble sludge are produced as a byproduct in the marble industry when marble is cut, shaped, and polished. These wastes pose a significant environmental issue because it is not feasible to stockpile them. The aim of this study is to enhance the value of marble sludge through its reuse as a construction material. The current experimental and theoretical research aims to study the rheological properties of marble sludge grout in relation to the quantity of water applied. For this, eight proposed grout pastes were tested and evaluated using varied ratios of water to sludge (0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, and 2.0%). Grout paste chemical and physical features are carried out in order to indicate the rheology and stability properties. Density, grain dispersion, viscosity, volume concentration of the solid, and particle size distribution are the main measured parameters of the proposed marble grout composites. Eventually, the test results for the prepared grout composites show that the best practice water/sludge (W/S) ratio to make an average dispersion of marble grains is about 1.2%. In addition, this ratio makes it possible to acquire grouts with a sufficient viscosity to improve the grout's penetration into the granular matrix. The enhanced workability and flowability characteristics of marble grout with a suitable W/S% demonstrate their advantages in terms of economy and ecology, potentially lowering construction costs and extending the life of the mix's raw materials.
PubDate: May 2024
- The Impact of Spatial Configuration on Perceived Accessibility of Urban
Parks Based on Space Syntax and Users' Responses
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Mohammed M. Gomaa Ubaid Ullah Mehr Afroz and Zobia The role of parks at the community and city level is vital to improve the inhabitants' social, physical, and psychological health. These spaces serve the purpose of recreation and leisure for the residents and are used for organizing various public functions. Public spaces are either shrinking or less accessible at an alarming rate in today's era of rapid urbanization. The lack of such spaces is destructive to urban life. It has been observed that in Peshawar, various large and small-scaled parks are dispersed within the city fabric. These spaces are not used to the fullest, due to many reasons, including location and accessibility. The physical location and spatial configuration majorly measure the frequency of use. Therefore, in different phases of urban planning and design, 'presence of' and 'accessibility to' urban parks are highly recommended. This paper aims to study accessibility measures to public parks, analyze them with space syntax, and cross-validate the results through users' responses. "Space Syntax Analysis" helps provide information about the suitable routes or streets in the city to approach the urban parks in terms of accessibility.
PubDate: May 2024
- Structural Response Enhancement by Optimized Outrigger Location
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A B. G. Kavyashree Shantharam Patil and Vidya S. Rao The human being shelters themselves in the man-made construction, which is temporary for all the natural hazards, as they damage the construction completely. Tall buildings are one such type, which has to be designed to overcome all the threats of nature. In tall buildings, outrigger structures belong to interior structural forms, which are designed to resist the lateral loads. The deep, stiff beam known as an outrigger connects the structure's inner core to its outermost column. The main advantage of the outrigger is that they reduce the horizontal structural moment, in turn; the core overturning moment is mitigated that reduces the uplift of the core. The conventional outrigger is surpassed by the damped outrigger, which is connected to the core rigidly and damper connections are provided in between the column and outrigger. The outrigger structure's performance also depends on the outrigger positioning in reducing the vibration of the structure. An analysis of the damped outrigger structure presented in this paper against the wind load is carried out. Therefore, the goal of this study is to use MATLAB to simulate and determine the best outrigger positioning to minimize the structure's displacement.
PubDate: May 2024
- Dong Khoi Street in Ho Chi Minh City: Exploring Corridor Roles in Urban
Development
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Beny OY Marpaung Futry Amanda Pane and Richardo Sitompul This research examines the historical and contemporary significance of Dong Khoi Street in the development of Ho Chi Minh City. The background to this research begins with Dong Khoi Street, which, in its historical development, has functioned as the commercial and cultural heart of Ho Chi Minh City. However, the role of road corridors in influencing the socio-economic development of cities over time remains unexplored. This research aims to analyze the critical role of the Dong Khoi Road corridor through historical, economic, tourism, and land use perspectives to provide insight into effective management towards sustainable development of Ho Chi Minh City. The implementation of this research used qualitative and quantitative methods. Researchers utilized historical documents and maps for analysis to understand the evolution of the growth and development process of the Dong Khoi Street corridor. Field observations and surveys of 150 residents and visitors were carried out to understand community use and perceptions of land in the corridor. Researchers also use secondary data regarding population, infrastructure, and economic activities in the analysis process. Through this research, researchers found that Dong Khoi Street has shaped the identity and prosperity of Ho Chi Minh City since the French colonial era. The Dong Khoi Street corridor remains a commercial heart and tourism attraction due to the preservation of historical buildings. Land use is currently dominated by offices, retail, and food and beverage (F&B). However, traffic jams are a challenge because of the various modes of transportation. In conclusion, the Dong Khoi Street corridor has had a significant influence on the socio-economic development and cultural identity of Ho Chi Minh City for two centuries. This is supported by the strategic location and function of the corridor, thereby strengthening its vital role, which requires sustainable management. This study provides insight into more effective planning and regulations to optimize land use and transportation to support sustainable urban growth and preserve cultural heritage.
PubDate: May 2024
- Evaluation of Public Transportation Implementation as Part of Supporting
Sustainable Transportation
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Nurul Hidayati Sri Sunarjono Alfia Magfirona Probo Hardini Gotot Slamet Mulyono Taufiq Muhammad Agung Erwanda Helmi Dhia Al Ghalib Mochammad Maulana Rosyidi Risqy and Dimas Bayu Endrayana Dharmowijoyo Implementing public transportation is one of the five pillars of transportation policy. However, the existence of public transit was met with a poor preference among passengers who declined to use it. This study will evaluate the status of public transportation facilities in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, including terminals, bus stops, and buses. The assessment begins by comparing actual conditions to the Ministry of Transportation's Minimum Service Standards, and it also takes into account user perceptions. The study was conducted by collecting data using a questionnaire to obtain passenger perception data. The data was then processed using Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Method. The analysis results indicate that public transit systems require improvement. The sorts of features in terminals that require upgrading are related to safety, ability, and equality, whereas on buses all types except safety. Similarly, bus stops, particularly the main ones, must have facilities. According to facility users, there is still a lack of safety and equality at the terminal, which needs to be addressed. In contrast to the foregoing, practically all facilities at stations and aboard buses require improvement or provision. According to the findings, the IPA technique identifies an average LCP value (Level of Conformity Performance) of 80.78% for terminal facilities, 87.98% for bus stations, and 84.26% for buses. There is a correlation between respondents' satisfaction with the facility's performance and their expectations. On the other hand, the CSI technique indicates that respondents were satisfied with the facilities at bus stations and buses, but only somewhat satisfied with the terminal. Therefore, to raise the degree of satisfaction, it is important to improve service to the six groups whose values vary from 62.451% to 63.968%.
PubDate: May 2024
- Limit Equilibrium Method and Finite Element Method for Modified
Pseudo-static Analysis Comparison
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Churniawan Sulistyo Yulvi Zaika and As’ad Munawir The most used slope stability method for design is the limit equilibrium method. This approach, however, is unable to detect changes in ground behavior or the history of stress. The slope formation process and other ground features can be taken into account in a slope stability study using the finite element approach, although it takes more time to complete the analysis. The advantages of combining slope stability analysis utilizing the finite element approach and the limit equilibrium method have been the subject of extensive investigation. Recently, the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for earthquake load calculation of embankment dams does not recommend the pseudo-static method. However, it is still accepted with modified pseudo-static analysis. Implementation of the modified pseudo-static analysis method for earthquake loads will be a little difficult if using the finite element method with the strength reduction factor approach. Calculating the modified Pseudo-static earthquake load using the finite element method can be approached with a stress analysis method. This method computes the safety factor for multiple assumed virtual sliding surfaces using the stress results of finite element analysis, and the minimum safety factor and corresponding critical section is computed. This paper discusses the comparison of stability analysis for static loading conditions and loading by modified pseudo-static earthquake conditions utilizing both the finite element method and the limit equilibrium method. The comparing outcomes between these two approaches provide different safety factors that were not significant.
PubDate: May 2024
- Framework for Digital Application in Sustainable Heritage Management
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Mohamed Ibrahim El-belkasy and Ahmed M Shehata Heritage management compromises several processes: authentication, preservation, conservation, and promotion. Researchers have argued that emerging digital technologies would help heritage sustainability by supporting virtual tourism. Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Digital Twin (DT), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Deep Learning (DL), and Metaverse are samples of digital technologies tools of the Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) management and decision-making systems in several industries including construction. A literature review on Heritage Management Processes (HPM) revealed a gap in relating digital technologies to heritage management processes and identifying implementation challenges and prospects. This was the motive for this study, which investigated the potential and challenges of applications adopting these emerging technologies in maintaining sustainable heritage management activities. Digital application technologies, tools, and benefits were investigated to achieve its objective. The possible utilization of these tools and technologies in dealing with heritage was reviewed. The benefits of utilizing these technologies on heritage sustainability were analyzed and discussed. The research concluded with a framework defining the utilization of digital tools in sustainably managing tangible and intangible heritage assets.
PubDate: May 2024
- Prediction of Cracking Probability in Mass Concrete Due to High
Temperature Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Julius Rodni F. Ahorro and Gilford B. Estores In mass concrete, heat generated from cement hydration process produces high temperatures and due to its large volume and poor thermal conductivity, the heat evolved may not dissipate properly which can lead to cracking. Despite careful design, numerous failures have been recently reported in the construction industry which affects the structural integrity and design of concrete structures. To study the effect of high temperature in mass concrete, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was utilized to predict the temperature distribution which will quantify the thermal stress in concrete. To validate the results obtained in the FEA Model, two different concrete mixes were produced, and each design mix was used to create three concrete cubes and cast with dimensions of 0.5m x 0.5m x 0.5m (0.125m3). K-type thermocouples measured the temperature distribution in the concrete cubes and based on the results, the FEA simulation and experimental results matched well and showed good agreement in terms of temperature prediction. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was also used to determine the cracking probability by the stress-strength ratio. Utilization of FEA and MCS helps this engineering approach solve a wide range of complex problems, which can help engineers take special measures in design and construction.
PubDate: May 2024
- Jakarta Light Rail Transit Station: Elevating Pedestrian Experience
Through Innovative Integration Facilities
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Jumardi Shirly Wunas M. Yamin Jinca and Venny Veronica Natalia The development of sustainable transportation systems has emerged as a major concern for urban communities today. Various challenges that encourage the acceleration of the implementation of sustainable transportation in cities include traffic congestion, high travel costs, energy limitations, air pollution, and ineffective environmental management. The solution is the development of sustainable transportation nodes through infrastructure integration and increasing accessibility for pedestrians. It is also believed that this strategy can contribute to increasing mass public transport passengers. The objective of this article is to explain the concept of sustainable mass transportation node planning by enhancing inclusive pedestrian facility improvement programs. The research approach utilizes the Walkability Index measurement method to assess the quality and level of environmental friendliness for pedestrians, the Customer Service Index to determine public perceptions of the availability and performance of pedestrian facilities, and Importance Performance Analysis to identify and evaluate pedestrian facilities located in mass transportation node areas. The result is that the distinct service attributes exhibit gaps both positive and negative between the importance level and current service facility performance value. Furthermore, the development strategy of pedestrian facilities in LRT stations needs to consider (1) the strategy for enhancing connectivity involves integrating LRT stations, bus stops, and nearby economic centers within the TOD, (2) the planning of pedestrian pathways should give top priority to ensuring safety, security, and efficiency, enabling smooth and safe travels to planned destinations and (3) the involvement of stakeholders to deliver cost-effective pedestrian facilities.
PubDate: May 2024
- Enhancing Geotechnical Performance: A Comparative Study of Pile Raft and
Pile Bent Solutions for Soil Improvement
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A I Gede Mahardika Susila Riza Suwondo and Tri Cahyo Adi Saputra To address the challenges posed by weak subsoil conditions in infrastructure development, this study systematically compared the efficacy of two prominent soil improvement methodologies, Pile Raft and Pile Bent, within the context of a highway project. With settlements, stability, and structural integrity at the forefront, this study pursues insights into the short-term and long-term performance, construction timelines, and environmental considerations associated with each method. Employing a robust methodology, soil characterization based on borehole results informs finite element modelling using the Plaxis 2D software. Pile Raft, utilizing a 12-meter mini pile length, demonstrates commendable short-term and long-term safety factors of 1.94 and 1.91, respectively, with associated settlements. Pile Bent, featuring a longer 30-meter pile length, boasts a notably shorter construction time of 60 days, presenting a time-saving advantage. Despite a lower short-term safety factor of 1.32, the pile bent exhibits controlled settlements in both the short and long terms. Environmental constraints such as landslides and tool stability underscore the unique challenges associated with each method. These findings provide crucial insights for geotechnical engineers, enabling informed decision making based on project-specific priorities and constraints. This research contributes to the continuous refinement of soil improvement practices in highway projects, advocating further exploration and field validation.
PubDate: May 2024
- Failure Predictability Model Based on Reliability Assessment of
Prestressed Concrete Bridge Beams Using Artificial Neural Networks
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Hicham Lamouri Mouna El Mkhalet and Nouzha Lamdouar This paper presents an approach utilizing neural networks for structural engineering and reliability assessment, with a focus on demonstrating their efficacy in predicting stresses and failure probabilities of prestressed concrete bridge beams within the concept of limit state design. Previous studies have highlighted the robust capabilities of neural networks in solving complex problems and their wide utilization across a range of applications in civil engineering. The study aims to assess the applicability of neural networks to predict flexural stress for a prestressed bridge beam. Subsequently, evaluate their reliability for the bending failure criterion, specified in the French code of prestressed concrete design, BPEL 91 revised 99. Furthermore, the paper outlines a methodology that combines neural networks for prediction and the First Order Reliability Method for reliability evaluation. To illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach, the predicted stress is compared with the resulting values through finite element analysis and the response surface method. The neural network learning process is based on a collected design dataset of multiple prestressed bridges sourced from technical studies offices, construction companies, and the Ministry of Equipment and Water in Morocco.
PubDate: May 2024
- Seismic Vulnerability of Mansory Dwellings and Its Recording in Risk
Scenarios in the City of Moquegua
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Fabrizio del Carpio Delgado Bertha Silvana Vera Barrios Elizabeth Catheline Mejía Narro and Rafael Romero-Carazas The research was carried out in the city of Moquegua, intending to determine the type of seismic vulnerability for masonry houses and its registration in risk scenarios of the area. The starting point was the physical and structural information, the type and characteristics of the construction material, as well as the number of floors of each building. The methodology was based on a non-experimental observational design. The population and the sample consisted of 23,025 dwellings in the city. In addition, the format of seismic vulnerability in buildings provided by Lazares (1994), and its adaptation based on the guidelines of Del Carpio (2016) was applied as an instrument. The results indicate that according to the type of predominant material in the dwellings, on average 85.40% of these have a medium vulnerability and a high level of seismic hazard. This is associated with the proximity of active seismic faults, such as P40: Pampa Trapiche, P41: Chololo, and P44: Purgatorio, located in the region. This information is understood as a great contribution for the authorities of the region in charge of risk management since it allows taking preventive actions in a perilous seismic scenario.
PubDate: May 2024
- Methodology in Assessing Value of Traditional Houses in the Northwest of
Vietnam for Sustainable Development and Conservation
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Bao Tran Quoc Thi Nguyen Dinh and Khai Mai Quang Traditional housing is a place to preserve the culture, identity, and unique characteristics of each nation. Given the rapid economic growth and social transformation occurring in the Northwest, it is imperative that traditional homes belonging to ethnic minorities be preserved and developed. Retaining the architectural, cultural, social, technical, aesthetic, building material, landscape, and ecological qualities of traditional houses is the aim of conservation. To preserve and promote house values during the process of sustainable local development, it is essential that thorough research and evaluation be conducted. This article proposes a method to evaluate the values of traditional houses of the Thai ethnic group, one of the ethnic groups which have a large population in the Northwestern mountainous region of Vietnam. This method is based on a classification system using criteria to evaluate the basic values of traditional housing. Determining the values of each house leads to classifying houses into four different groups according to levels A, B, C, and D. Grouping is very useful for making decisions about managing, preserving, and promoting house values. Vang Pheo village in Muong So commune, Phong Tho district, Lai Chau province was chosen as a test location to apply this method. The method can be applied to Thai villages in Northwest Vietnam.
PubDate: May 2024
- Effect of Nano ZnO - Glass Fiber and AC on Mortar Hydration Temperature
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A İsmail Hocaoğlu This study aimed to lower the hydration temperatures of the cement-based mortars by replacing the cement with glass fiber (FG) at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% ratios. The effects of nano zinc oxide (ZnO-0.25%) and FG (1%) were also investigated when used together. The temperatures of the mortar samples were monitored at one-minute intervals using temperature sensors positioned at the midpoint of each sample. It was concluded that both ZnO and FG delayed the setting time by reducing the mortar's internal temperature. It was evaluated that FG was more effective than ZnO in reducing the hydration temperature. In the specific test series, an alternating current (AC) was applied to the fresh mortars for one day, utilizing an AC power source to accelerate the hydration reactions. The co-addition of FG-ZnO to the mortars and application of AC resulted in 12 ℃ increases in internal temperatures. Increasing the FG ratio in the mortar resulted in a higher mechanical strength. Another result obtained from the research was that applying AC to mortar (containing FG-ZnO) resulted in an approximate 60.95% increase in compressive strength.
PubDate: May 2024
- Effect of Incorporation of Recycled Polypropylene Plastic on Mechanical
Properties of Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Camilo Verbel Almario Otto Mora Adriana Mattos-Rodríguez Miguel Figueroa Loaiza Diego Borrero Restrepo Randy Suarez Maldonado Cesar Alejandro Fresneda Saldarriaga Slyder Gaitán Millán Selene Vargas Urueta and Tulio Naranjo The use of recyclable materials in construction has become a key factor for cost reduction, the improvement of some mechanical conditions in materials, and, at the same time, has represented a major contribution to the solution of environmental problems related to pollution generated by solid waste. Polypropylene plastic has undoubtedly been one of the most studied materials to be used as a substitute for the aggregates of concrete mixtures. The main objective of this study is to analyze in a general way the impact of the addition of this material on the compression and flexion resistance of manufactured concrete samples, and in turn, to be able to verify the feasibility of adding this residue and to be used in the construction of non-structural concrete elements. To verify the hypothesis raised, mixtures with partial PP substitution were formulated in coarse and fine aggregates in a range between 20% and 70%, and these samples were subjected to compressive and flexural strength tests to assess the behavior of concrete according to the degree of substitution of the aggregate. After finishing the study, it was found that the addition of PP significantly affects the compressive strength of concrete, reducing it up to 70% in some cases, which generates a great limitation for the use of this material as a substitute in concrete mixtures used to perform structural functions. However, the flexion strength of these specimens with PP replacement shows a rather favorable behavior where it is appreciated that the resistance remains at the same level as a normal concrete sample, which would favor the application of PP replacement in the construction of non-structural elements subjected to bending stress such as pedestrian trails, urban furniture and flooring.
PubDate: May 2024
- Prototype Development of Bridge Approach Model with Precast Concrete-cell
Box Structure to Overcome Differential Settlement
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A A Didik Setyo Purwantoro Pratikso and R Mudiyono Bridge approach linking the road trajectory and bridge construction usually utilizes embankment material. At the post-construction stage, there are many cases of embankment settlement, especially at the position under the approach slab behind the abutment, posing a potential risk of differential decline. To address this issue, evaluation study and planning analysis were conducted to improve stability and overcome differential settlement. Therefore, a model of Precast Concrete-cell Box (PCcB) structure was developed as a substitute for the mass of earth embankment, considering the maximum repetition load and staged plan load. This study employed the prototype model method, conducted by loading and settlement experiments on the bridge approach, especially on the approach slab. Model validation was analyzed using the Plaxis method based on the Finite Element Method. Furthermore, analysis and simulation were undertaken under maximum reaction force and loading conditions. The results of the analysis of the prototype model, obtained from the loading tests of 26.6447 kN, 27.0762 kN, and 29.1650 kN, indicated the displacement at LVDT (no.1-2-3), with a recorded value of 0.00 mm. However, during the loading tests of 38.7951 kN and 38.1185 kN, there was a displacement observed at LVDT (no.1 and no.3) of 0.00 mm, while LVDT (no.2) exhibited a displacement of -0.01 mm. This displacement suggests deformation or deflection in the approach slab structure. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the structure remains within acceptable safety margins despite this deformation, and no structural failure has been observed.
PubDate: May 2024
- Analysis of Condensation Risk in A Wall Section in the Context of Climate
Change Scenarios
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Pelin Saricioglu İdil Aycam and Gulsu Ulukavak Harputlugil The effects of climate change can be seen in many areas. Although there are many causes of climate change (changes in solar radiation, differences in the Earth's orbit, continental shifts and changes in the atmosphere), one of the most noticeable causes in the 21st century is anthropogenic effects. One area where these impacts can be seen is the construction sector in buildings and building façades. Climate change will change assumptions about façade design in the coming decades. For this reason, it is important to develop climate change projections for existing and new buildings. For this purpose, the literature has three basic climate models. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare the condensation risk for a wall section in a city with a humid-temperate climate (Zonguldak, Turkey) using HadGEM, MPI and GFDL climate models according to RCP8.5 scenario data for the historical period 2015 and the future year 2081. Within the scope of the study, the average temperatures and relative humidity values were obtained from GDM (General Directorate of Meteorology) by choosing 2081 and 2015, which are frequently used in climate change studies based on the literature. In the method, the projection results for the historical and future periods were compared and became the basis for the next stage. In the next step, based on the literature, the condensation control in the wall section was compared for the past and future using the Glaser method, which is frequently used in condensation control in wall sections and included in the TS 825 standard created for Turkey, which corresponds to EN ISO 13788 and DIN 4108 standards. According to the results, the humidity and temperature fluctuations in the future period and increase in averages are important problems that need to be addressed in detail in façade design and the impact of condensation risk. Therefore, according to the condensation control calculations made in the wall section detail, condensation risk occurs in the future period. Consequently, assumptions in façade design will need to change for existing and future buildings to accommodate condensation risk.
PubDate: May 2024
- Value Adding Design Functions for Smart Homes: A Value Engineering
Approach
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Gunawan Roselina Petty Mustika Sari and Mohammed Ali Berawi Automation technology has significantly impacted several industries in the modern period, driven by improvements in information technology that provide numerous benefits to enhance human activities. The smart home is a key design concept that utilizes technological advancements to incorporate connected devices that can communicate seamlessly within the home and with its residents, creating an environment of enhanced interaction and connectivity. The adoption of the smart home concept, particularly in developing Indonesia, is still limited despite its potential benefits. There is a widespread perception that homes with smart technology are generally more costly than conventional ones. Therefore, this study aims to close the gap by proposing transforming conventional homes into smart homes using the Value Engineering (VE) approach. The objective is to go beyond just integrating technology and instead enhance the domestic area with added value in comfort, convenience, security, efficiency, and innovation while carefully considering the added value. This study seeks to clarify the multiple benefits of smart home technology by conducting a comprehensive literature study and detailed VE analysis. The findings highlight the capability of smart technology to improve energy efficiency, safety, and user convenience, as well as transform residential spaces with flexible and multipurpose designs.
PubDate: May 2024
- Experimental Substantiation of Improvement of Compressibility
Characteristic of Expansive Clay with Nano SiO2 and Polyamide Fiber
Inclusion
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A N. T. Hirwo Pratikso and R. Karlinasari The presence of expansive clay often causes damage to infrastructure built on it. Expansive clay with great compressibility and swelling potential requires improvement or stabilization of the soil. It can be successfully done by mechanical and chemical compressibility effect of adding Polyamide (PA) fibre as the material for mechanical stabilization and nano SiO2 as the material for chemical stabilization. Nano SiO2 can be produced from waste from geothermal power plants. In the future, this material is very suitable for use in order to reduce waste that pollutes the natural environment. The expansive clay used in this study deployed a sample of clay containing mineral montmorillonite with the USCS classification in the high plasticity (CH) category. The mixed materials used include PA fibre with variations of 0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% by dry soil weight and nano SiO2 with variations of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% by dry soil weight. To prove the effectiveness of using nano SiO2, this study compares the treatment with the use of micro SiO2 materials under the same comparison variations. With inclusion of the polyamide fiber at the above ratio, the compression index decreased slightly of around 11%. But this is still better in comparison with inclusion of nano SiO2 at the above ratio with the result of compression index of around 3%. With inclusion of the polyamide fiber at the best above ratio, the potential swelling decreased quite good of around 31%. Nano SiO2 inclusions have achieved even better results at the best above ratio with the result of potential swelling of around 64%. The combination of these two materials results in a reduction in swelling potential of around 79%. The results of this test show that expansive clay which has been stabilized using PA fibers and nano SiO2 is able to prevent potential swelling and reduce its compressibility.
PubDate: May 2024
- Mechanism Reaction of Candlenut Oil Modifier in LGA
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Lila Khamelda Ludfi Djakfar and Wisnumurti The use of Lawele Granular Asphalt (LGA) in Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton (CPHMA) as an alternative to oil asphalt has been attracting the interest of researchers and practitioners. However, it still has some weaknesses, one of which is finding a suitable modifier for LGA. LGA requires other materials as modifiers that release bitumen from the LGA minerals. The function of the modifier is not only to dissolve the bitumen of LGA but also to modify the LGA compounds to produce better pavement. Several studies have examined alternative modifiers, one of which uses candlenut oil. Research on the performance of candlenut oil applied to CPHMA has been conducted. The testing is still limited to mechanical tests, where the results depend on many factors, one of which is the process of extracting LGA bitumen. The results obtained prove that candlenut oil has the potential to be a modifier for CPHMA, not only capable of dissolving LGA bitumen but also increasing the quantity of dissolved bitumen with the increase in the storage duration of the mixture, up to 137.8% based on the Marshall test results.
PubDate: May 2024
- The Effectiveness of Applying Vacuum Preloading on the Physical Properties
of Soft Soil
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Ratna Dewi Anis Saggaff Wiwik Rahayu and Hanafiah Vacuum preloading is observed to have been widely applied as a soil improvement technique in marine clay piles for coastal reclamation purposes. This is required because most of the problematic soil types in Indonesia are soft clay and peat. Meanwhile, soft soils, especially peat, are different from marine clay piles and this necessitates further research on the effectiveness of vacuum preloading methods for peat compared to soft clay. This research was conducted to present a laboratory-scale model of vacuum preloading application to both clay and peat with a focus on their physical properties. The results showed a significant change in water content for peat while the soft clay experienced only a slight change. Furthermore, the migration of fine particles toward the Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) led to localized densification and this restricted the effectiveness of water drainage. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images also showed that both clay and peat near the PVD appeared denser compared to farther samples. In the case of peat, SEM images showed clearly visible pores and high permeability even after the vacuum process, suggesting a tendency for water to fill the pores once the vacuum pressure was released. Moreover, the application of vacuum preloading led to anisotropic conditions in both clay and peat with an increase in the horizontal-to-vertical permeability ratio (kh/kv).
PubDate: May 2024
- The Effect of 3D Interference of Shallow Foundation on Settlement and Its
Impacts on Building Structures
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Mohamed Elsharawy Large differential settlement beneath buildings results in severe damages that can compromise building integrity. Many factors affect building settlement including soil characteristics, ground water table, seismic activities, exitance of sinkholes, poorly compacted soil and out-engineered adjacent excavation activities. This paper examines the effect of building height, soil characteristics, tie beams and interference among the shallow foundation on total and differential settlements. Furthermore, it examines the effect of excessive differential settlement on building structure. Three buildings with 3-, 6- and 9-stories having the same square plan with a side of 24 m are initially designed under gravitational loads without considering any settlement. Four different soil profiles are considered under each building, namely strong soil, strong over weak soil, weak soil and weak over strong soil. Two different types of shallow foundations were designed for each building; the first as isolated footings connected with tie beams and the other case without tie beams. The buildings have been modeled using ETABS for conducting the structural design of different buildings' components. Then soil settlements were determined using Plaxis 3D finite element analyses. The analysis reveals that the interference among building footings has a significant impact on total and differential settlements.
PubDate: May 2024
- Ductility Performance of Lightweight Concrete Beam Made from Oil Palm
Shell and Clinker
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A A. B. M. Saiful Islam and Md. Nazmul Huda During the recent decades, the deployment of agricultural wastes obtained from palm oil industry, including oil palm shell (OPS) and palm oil clinker (POC), has been observed progressively to develop lightweight concrete (LWC). Concrete comprising exclusively POC demonstrates reduced ductility and increased compressive strength, in contrast to concrete comprising solely OPS, which displays enhanced ductility. It appears that the combination of OPS and POC can increase the ductility and compressive strength of concrete. The feasibility of substituting conventional aggregate with OPS and POC aggregates is examined in this study. Based on such aggregate mixture, experiments are performed to determine the ideal mix ratio. Additionally, the ductility and strain characteristics of palm shell and clinker concrete (PSCC) as well as the PSCC beams are investigated. Seven formulations of PSCC are assessed. The range of OPS to POC ratios observed in the concrete mixtures is 30% to 70%. The PSCC beams are fabricated utilizing the ideal concrete mixture design. Eight PSCC beams measuring 150 mm x 250 mm are manufactured, each with a unique reinforcement ratio ranging from 0.50 to 2.11 percent. The specimens are subjected to four-point bending until failure. The findings of this research ascertain that the ideal concrete mixture possesses an approximate ductility index of 3.56 and a compressive strength of 46 MPa. By offering sufficient forewarning prior to failure, the PSCC beams demonstrate ductile failure and expose typical flexural behavior. At its maximum force, the PSCC demonstrates strain values ranging from 0.0028 to 0.0040, which indicates a high degree of satisfaction. The PSCC samples exhibited a remarkable level of ductility. The ductility index exhibits a negative correlation with the percentage of porous POC aggregate incorporated into the concrete formulations. The steel and concrete of the PSCC beam experience maximal strains of 4268 x 10-6 and 4299 x 10-6, respectively, at the site of failure. These results support the claim that a PSCC beam is capable of achieving complete strain when subjected to flexural force. The PSCC beams comprising reinforcement levels of up to 1.09% exhibit a ductility index ranging from 3.16 to 4.67, which signifies reasonable accomplishment.
PubDate: May 2024
- Assessment and Analysis of the Fragile Existing Buildings Due to the
Seismic Hazard at Jabal Al-Taj-Yarmouk District, Amman, Jordan
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Amjad A. Yasin The primary objective of this research is to thoroughly assess and analyze the susceptibility of fragile existing buildings in the residential region of Jabal Al-Taj, Amman, Jordan, to seismic hazards. To achieve this task, it was required to identify and classify the typologies of vulnerable buildings prevalent in the study area, evaluate the structural vulnerabilities of these buildings to seismic forces, and implement a risk assessment methodology to estimate potential damage and losses associated with seismic events. This was accomplished by conducting field surveys, data collection, structural analysis of selected representative buildings, and evaluating the performance under seismic loads. Design response spectra curves were created for soil profiles rock (SB), soft rock and stiff soil (SC) for different return durations of 2475, 975, and 475 years. The results obtained from these curves show that both the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and the Jordan National Building Code (JBC) underestimate the seismic hazard in this region. The structural investigations of an existing four-storey building revealed its columns and frames are insufficiently resistant to earthquake loads, with a drift-to-height ratio of 0.024 surpassing the limiting value of 0.02 as specified by the UBC and (JBC) codes. The results confirm the need to take the necessary action to protect these old buildings by performing suitable strengthening, retrofitting, or rehabilitating techniques to increase their earthquake resistance.
PubDate: May 2024
- An Ensemble Model of Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, and Adaboost for
Assessing the Landslide Spatial Probability - Study Case: Phuoc Son, Quang
Nam, Vietnam and Umyeon, Seoul, Korea
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Ba-Quang-Vinh Nguyen Le-Huy-Phuc Ho and Yun-Tae Kim This research employed a combination of commonly used machine learning (ML) models to improve the accuracy of predicting landslide spatial probability. The study areas were Phuoc Son, Quang Nam, Vietnam, and Mt. Umyeon, Seoul, Korea. Four ML models, namely logistic regression (LR), Bernoulli Naïve Bayes (BNB), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB), and Adaboost (AD), were initially utilized to assess the spatial probability of landslides. Subsequently, an ensemble learning model was employed, using the results from the four ML models as input data, to produce the final landslide spatial probability. Evaluation metrics, including the areas under curve (AUC), were employed to evaluate the success of all ML models in predicting the spatial probability of landslides. The classified landslide susceptibility maps were generated based on the landslide spatial probability maps, employing different classifiers. The statistical significance of these maps was confirmed through the application of appropriate statistical tests, such as the Chi-square test. Comparative analysis between the individual ML models and the combination model revealed that the proposed combination model exhibited greater accuracy in predicting landslide spatial probability than the individual ML models.
PubDate: May 2024
- Study of Factors Affecting Low-Energy and Carbon Emission Performance in
Vertical Housing Design
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Anjar Primasetra Dewi Larasati and Surjamanto Wonorahardjo Studies on the quality of building design involving the embodied and operational energies, and carbon emissions, are in high demand from stakeholders in the construction industry. This article discusses the vertical housing design-profile as viewed through passive design factors to reveal the relationship it holds with building energy-use and performance aspects in Indonesia. Building energy consumption was assessed with respect to two aspects: 1) the embodied energy and carbon emissions were calculated using the input-output method; 2) the building operational energy value was obtained through simulations using OpenStudio and Energy-plus. Anova and correlation analysis showed that embodied and operational energies held a quadratic relationship with the lowest optimum value at 0.06 GJ/m2 for embodied energy, and 0.44 GJ/m2 for operational energy. The most significant factors affecting operational energy and carbon emissions were orientation, window-to-wall ratio and specifications of the façade shapes and shading devices. Material type was the main factor affecting building embodied energy and carbon emissions. Based on the findings reported herein, vertical housing designs were categorized into the following three types: low-embodied-high operational design, optimum energy design, and high-embodied-high operational design. Building design optimization can ensure accountable carbon emissions and low operational energy expenditure.
PubDate: May 2024
- HBIM for Sustainable Documentaion of Historic Buildings: Case Study of
Al-Faddain Umayyad Mosque
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Ansam Qsymah Isra Al Shdaifat Mo'men Ayasrah Dana Qi'dan and Abdel-Qader Al-Housan Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) is one of the most powerful multidisciplinary process that has been increasingly employed worldwide for managing and documenting heritage buildings. The aim of this study is to put forth a methodology for adoption of HBIM process to propose a hypothetical digital model for a damaged monument by using the available historical archives and the existed remains of the monument. Also, comparison with other archeological structures that were built in the same era and located in the vicinity of the monument was made to hypothesize its architectural details and the structural system. To achieve this aim, the Al-Faddain Umayyad Mosque located in the Jordanian city of Mafraq has been selected as a case study. Using the collected data, the 3D model of the mosque was implemented in Revit software following parametric modelling procedures. The improvements added by this paper are the inclusion of empirical evidence that sheds light on both advantages and challenges associated with the use of HBIM for damaged historical buildings. The results show that the capability of the proposed methodology in establishing a collaborative space for supporting revitalization and documentation of damaged cultural heritage buildings by creating a comprehended and sustained database for them.
PubDate: May 2024
- A Plan to Revitalise the Historic Railway Urban Environment, the Case of
the Hejaz Railway in Amman City in Jordan
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Firas M. Sharaf This study explores the characteristics of the urban corridor of the historical Hejaz Railway route HHRR in Amman city. It suggests a plan to investigate the urban environment of the Hejaz Railway, how it affects the localities it passes through and what development options it can offer to local communities and the railway urban environment. The methodology uses descriptive and analytical approaches to survey and analyze data to identify and evaluate urban conditions. A visual survey and maps are prepared to study the urban corridor of the railway line. The maps include land use, solid and void, road drainage, and railroad crossing maps, in addition to a survey of social and economic conditions. The results reveal negative effects coming from the neighborhood, such as violations and transgressions on the railway line, lack of oversight, and weak awareness of the developmental role that the railway can play in improving the railway environment. This study seeks to direct the awareness of the problem before local and national government institutions responsible for HHRR. Locations in the rail corridor with positive visual and historical qualities and development opportunities are investigated using Space Syntax and UCL Depth Map Software. One of the challenges of studying the urban corridor of the Hejaz Railway in the city of Amman is the different administrative districts of the city through which the railway passes, as each district has its own land use plan and is not linked to neighboring land use plans. Therefore, it was necessary to prepare a land use map that combines maps of all districts along the urban railway line from Amman Station to Al Qasr Station. According to analysis using Space Syntax Software and UCL Depth Maps, there are significant sites along the study railway route for development and investment to be part of the tourism infrastructure and to create employment opportunities for local communities in order to help bring about sustainable and resilient changes to boost the local economy and improve the urban railway environment.
PubDate: May 2024
- A Review on Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of
Cement with Eggshell Powder and Fly Ash
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Naveen Kumar and Sandeep Nasier Carbon dioxide emission has become one of the most serious issues that cause environmental pollution and global warming. Cement is a crucial part of the production of concrete, which is used extensively in construction. In the manufacturing of 1000kg of cement, 900kg of carbon dioxide is produced. In this manufacturing process, the approx. 5% to 7% of total carbon dioxide released on earth is produced from this. Researchers face a significant challenge in reducing the amount of cement used in concrete mixing by substituting waste or environmentally friendly materials. The primary goals of this research are to minimize the cement content of concrete and explore the utilization of waste resources for high strength concrete. Our ecology has been favourably impacted by the production of concrete using green ingredients in place of cement. In this paper, FA (fly ash) and ES (eggshell) powder are used as waste components, and cement is used to partially substitute them in the concrete mix. Up to 40% fly ash and ESP substitution, the compressive and flexural strength of FA and ESP concrete showed higher strength compared to standard concrete. The mechanical characteristics of concrete containing FA and eggshell powder have been studied.
PubDate: May 2024
- Evaluation of Peruvian Geological Properties in the Dimensional Design of
Cantilever Walls
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3A Diego R. Cajachagua Guerreros Sario A. Chamorro Quijano Fredy Gutiérrez Martínez and Mohamed M. Hadi Mohamed The research proposal analyzed different types of soils using geotechnical tests to evaluate the influence of changes in the dimensions of retaining walls, to evaluate the differences in cantilever retaining walls with an analysis of the 25 departments of Peru. The evaluation was carried out through the design of 25 cantilever retaining walls with 25 geotechnical tests in each department of Peru, complying with the pre-dimensioning and the minimum safety factors, to avoid failures in the execution of the retaining walls. The proposed investigation provides a more detailed analysis of the geology associated with the infrastructure fulfilling the necessary analysis details, safety factors and an economic evaluation. The study found that all these factors were related to the structural dimensions, detailing that in the jungle departments the increase in the dimensions of the containment structure is due to the large presence of clayey and silty soils, and the departments of the coastal region. The reduction in size was due to the presence of more stable soils such as gravels. It is also detailed that the soils of the sierra region are of greater diversity, but with properties that are larger than those of the coastal region.
PubDate: May 2024
- Flexural Behavior of Bamboo-Reinforced Concrete Beam under Variation
Condition
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Devi Nuralinah Alwafi Pujiraharjo Roland Martin Simatupang and Maria Veronica Current research aims to examine the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with knitted bamboo. Bamboo can replace steel reinforcement because it has high tensile strength, as has already been examined by researchers. The behavior of bamboo-concrete composites has long been a major concern. Thus, surface treatments and mechanical interlocking can improve the interaction between bamboo and concrete. In this research, bamboo was treated with 1% NaOH and coated with a Structural epoxy bonding agent (Sikadur 32) and sand to increase the bonding slip with concrete. The bond strength between bamboo reinforcement and concrete has already been examined by a pull-out test to obtain the bamboo bar that had good bonding. Plain bamboo was used to control three patterns of knitted bamboo. The pull-out test result shows that the twisted bamboo bar-like hair (pattern 1) with outer skin had a maximum pull-out load and a tensile failure. Therefore, this type of reinforcement, with variations in bar ratio, end ties, and outer skin types, was used for testing the flexural beam. A concrete beam size of 180x250 with a length of 1600 mm was reinforced with knitted bamboo, subjected to a two-point load, and tested on the flexural testing frame. The flexural load capacity of a concrete beam reinforced by knitted bamboo-like hair (pattern 1) with outer skin increases significantly compared to bamboo without outer skin and does not change much concerning end tie variation. It has been noticed that great bonding between concrete and bamboo bars with the outer skin, a high reinforcement ratio, and surface treatment affect how much flexural load capacity and serviceability can increase. Based on research results, bamboo-reinforced concrete beams with a higher reinforcement ratio can replace steel-reinforced concrete beams with a slightly lower reinforcement ratio because they have advantages in terms of capacity and serviceability, including their ability to carry large bending loads, high ductility, high stiffness, low deflection, and worth depth cracking. This research contributes to the development of sustainable construction concerning the usage of bamboo bars as a local material in a structural concrete beam.
PubDate: May 2024
- Measurement and Projection of Public Green Spaces per Inhabitant in the
Central Metropolitan Area of the City of Huancayo
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Ana Sofia Huaylinos Molleda and Jorge Luis Poma Garcia The present research focuses on investigating the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) canal sections with back-to-back built-up members subjected to flexure, including the capacity, maximum load, load-deflection curve, and buckling failure. In the analytical studies outlined in Indonesian Standard SNI 7971:2013, which is referenced in AS/NZS 4600:2005, the final result will be evaluated compared to a single canal section through numerical analysis with ABAQUS. This member, made from double canal type C80x30x0.75, was tested on strong axes. A shell element with G550 characteristics formed the beam. It was characterized as utilizing the S4R shell element, which provides a node with six degrees of freedom. The CFS profile was measured at 80 mm height, 30 mm width, and 9 mm lip depth, with a three-point bending load applied to a 240 mm long beam and 150 mm space between bolt- connections. The analysis stated that the flexural capacity from both numerical and analytical studies had similar results. It reveals that the lip section experiences the highest stress. Applied double-canal back-to-back built-up section members increased the maximum load capacity by decreasing the number of deflections. The beam experiences local buckling failure in the middle span below the external load, possibly due to the profile's too thin thickness. Despite the inconsistencies in the ABAQUS analysis due to local buckling in the supports, stiffeners are necessary to increase load retention and minimize local buckling. We need more research to investigate how screw spacing affects beam structure capacity and how to apply stiffeners to cold-formed steel beam elements.
PubDate: May 2024
- Enhancing Workspaces: A Study on Visual Comfort and Artificial Lighting
Configuration in Malaysian Shop Offices
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Tan Hui Ping Roshida Abdul Majid and A. Madhumati This study addresses the crucial issue of visual comfort in Malaysian shop offices, particularly those characterized by windowless intermediate layouts. The significance of this research is underscored by the recognized impact of inadequate artificial lighting on consistent illumination and glare, ultimately influencing employee satisfaction within workplace environments. The objectives of this study encompass the identification of key factors influencing visual comfort, an assessment of satisfaction levels, preferences regarding lighting configurations, and the proposition of a model tailored to address these concerns. Conducting a case study involving three shop offices in Johor Bahru, the approach integrates Revit simulations and a comprehensive questionnaire distributed among 100 office occupants. The analysis reveals compelling correlations between factors such as glare, illuminance, and layout. Notably, the findings underscore widespread dissatisfaction among office occupants with the current lighting conditions, emphasizing the critical need for optimized artificial lighting configurations. Such optimizations are posited to significantly enhance visual comfort and overall well-being in Malaysian shop office settings. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the intricacies of visual comfort in specific workplace environments. Through a meticulous examination of influential factors and the proposal of a model attuned to the unique challenges faced by Malaysian shop offices, this research offers valuable insights for both academia and practitioners. The implications of the findings extend beyond mere academic interest, as they advocate for tangible improvements in lighting configurations to foster a more comfortable and satisfying work environment.
PubDate: May 2024
- Optimization of Lighting and Visual Comfort for Energy Efficiency in
Classroom
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Yunita Syafitri Rambe Aulia Muflih Nasution Muhathir M. Ragil Tri Wahyu and Sakina Selfira The rapid population growth and societal changes in Indonesia have led to an increased demand for energy. Consequently, it has become necessary to adopt building planning strategies that prioritize comfort in order to minimize the reliance on artificial energy and thereby alleviate the escalating impacts of global warming. Buildings are significant contributors to both greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of raw materials, which are factors in global warming. Educational facility buildings are characterized by notably high energy consumption due to the requirement that students possess adequate visual understanding to comprehend the material presented in the classroom. As an object of study, this research determines which variables influence the daylight factor and luminosity meters in order to establish the most comfortable conditions possible in the classroom. The research methodology employs quantitative data collecting, involving the processing of 60 plans using AutoCAD and Dialux software. In order to identify the most optimal results, this investigation is further supported by computer calculations employing linear regression equation methods and genetic algorithms. The objective of the study was to develop a benchmark space by establishing optimal variables and layout in order to maximize the quantity of natural light and artificial lighting, thereby promoting energy efficiency. By determining the optimal number of lux meters for artificial illumination and a standard room with variable magnitudes and quantities, this study determines the optimal location to generate the highest daylight factor. For the purpose of achieving a harmonious equilibrium between natural and artificial lighting, the application of linear regression equations and genetic algorithms can be of great assistance in determining the most highly effective combination of visual analysis. It is essential to conduct a visual optimization study since it has the potential to influence the amount of energy that is consumed by buildings.
PubDate: May 2024
- Investigations into Cracks Causes in Educational Building: A Case Study
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Jebli Taoufik Aalil Issam and Radouani Mohammed The objective of this study is to determine factors that contribute to the appearance of damage in school buildings, particularly those associated with soil nature. Based on a case study of a school with structural flaws, the analysis includes a preliminary investigation, a structural control, and a geotechnical examination. Concrete strength and quality were determined by Non-destructive testing (NDT) using uniparametric methods (Ultrasonic pulse velocity or Rebound hammer) and biparametric or combined methods. As results, the compressive strength of concrete in building elements (beams, columns) exceeds 25MPa which complies with standards. Because clay minerals are present in the soil, geotechnical laboratory experiments such as consolidation tests, Atterberg limits, and particle size distribution show potential for expansion and compressibility. Evaluation of general and differential settlements of the studied footings showed excessive values exceeding the limiting threshold. The soil composition in the chosen area is believed to cause differential settlement to the buildings' foundations, resulting in structural distress manifesting as cracks in the building. The phenomena are explained by variations in soil moisture brought on by a number of variables, such as seasonal variations in rainfall, inadequate drainage, the existence of gardens close to buildings, broken sewage and water lines, and an uneven distribution of stresses across supports. Regular and timely maintenance, along with increased owner awareness, can aid in the prevention of some of the flaws brought on by expansive soils.
PubDate: May 2024
- Techno- Enviro Benefits of Using Carbon Black and Steel Fibers from Waste
Rubber Tyres in Ultra High - Performance Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Rajiv Gandhi. R and Saritha. B Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a high-strength, new-age concrete shaped from a unique blend of constituent materials. The organization of HPC incorporates concrete (normal Portland concrete), fine sand, silica smolder, quartz powder, and steel strands. This sort of cement has upgraded mechanical and strength properties. Carbon black (CB) is a kind of essential carbon material that is gotten as colloid particles through controlled inadequate ignition or warm disintegration of fluid or vaporous hydrocarbons. Carbon black contains over 95% formless and obscure carbon and a modest quantity of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and others, which focus on the outer layer of the particles. By utilizing carbon dark as filler in concrete, we can diminish soil contamination and pollution generally. The presence of pores in concrete has shown to be a significant issue since it was found. Because of the minuscule size of CB, they can fill the pores, which help in expanding the thickness of the substantial, which works on its solidarity and protection from environmental assault and diminishes its penetrability. The expansion of carbon dark might work on the electrical conductivity, the durability of the total connection point in the substantial lattice, and lower the expense. CB likewise shows the fine filler impact, which can upgrade the thickness of the substantial network. A review is made to limit the pores present while utilizing carbon dark as filler and recommend the ideal level of CB to be included cement for its improved exhibition. Steel strands recuperated from the reusing of tire squander can possibly be utilized as a material to get ready fiber-built up concrete. Carbon black and steel filaments extricated from elastic tires are utilized in this review to work on the exhibition of HPC. The physico-mechanical, toughness of HPC in mix with both carbon dark and reused steel fiber are analyzed in this review.
PubDate: May 2024
- The Application of Empirical Methods and Kinematical Analysis to Assess
the Stability of a Rock Formation – A Case Study
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Rhita Bennouna Latifa Ouadif Ahmed Akhssas Youssef Zerradi and Anas Bahi Ensuring the safety of a high frequented mountain road is one of the priorities to be achieved, especially since it is exposed to many external conditions. For this, it is very important to study any factor that could compromise the safety of the adjacent embankments for whom we will make a stability analysis. A large number of researchers have been interested in the stability of slopes and the methods of support suitable for each case of rock slopes. In our study, we will be particularly interested in the rock slopes of schist formation in two zones at the Tichka pass. Over the years, much research has been carried out to develop modes of classifying rocks and evaluating the stability of slopes using different methods: empirical methods, kinematic analysis, numerical methods such as finite elements, finite differences, discrete elements, and limit equilibrium analysis. Comparisons were made between these methods for different case studies. We studied slope stability by approaching the empirical SMR and Q-slope methods and comparing them to the results of kinematic analysis, each of which is different in the way of processing for the study. Kinematic analysis is particularly interested in the orientations of discontinuities which is an essential factor for the stability analysis given that ruptures can only occur through discontinuities. The other methods involve the rock strength and the surrounding environment characteristics in addition to the discontinuity's orientations (SMR method) and the influence of these orientations on the stability (Q-slope method). We observed a significant convergence of the results of the SMR method with the kinematic analysis. On the other hand, certain differences were noted between the Q-slope method and the kinematic analysis, particularly on one of the slopes studied.
PubDate: May 2024
- Structural Non-Seismic Design of Post-Tensioned CLT Shear Walls
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Mikael Kivekäs Hüseyin Emre Ilgın and Sami Pajunen Currently, there is a scarcity of studies in the literature that offer a comprehensive insight into the non-seismic design of post-tensioned timber structures. This research focused on investigating the structural non-seismic design of post-tensioned cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear walls using the Winkler Spring Analogy (WSA) method and the Material Based Model (MBM). The study aimed to explore the impact of various factors, such as placement, number, material, and post-tension forces, on the structural behavior and fabrication of the wall. Key findings of the study included: (1) challenges in calibrating and verifying numerical models due to limited experimental data; (2) the significant influence of CLT's orthotropy and fabrication defects on wall deformation, particularly at the bottom of the wall; (3) the utility of WSA in pre-designing structures and validating numerical models; and (4) the effectiveness of post-tensioning configuration when including at least two bars located at opposite ends of the cross-section. This research is expected to enhance awareness and understanding of post-tensioned CLT wall structures and encourage full-scale load testing.
PubDate: May 2024
- Investigation on Interfacial Bond Strength Characteristics of Concrete
Filled in Galvanized Steel Tubes Utilizing Statistical Analysis and
Advanced Prediction Techniques
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Chethan Kumar S N S Kumar Adithya Tantri Bhandary R P and Rao A U Present investigation examines the effects of concrete and steel tube diameter, thickness, and L/D ratio (Length to Diameter ratio) on the strength of the interfacial connection in Concrete-Filled Galvanized Steel Tubes (CFGST). By using three levels and variables to conduct the experiments, Taguchi's technique is used in the study to shorten the experimentation procedure. In the beginning, the Taguchi technique was used to frame the L9 array, and nine circular CFGSTs were tested to gauge the bonding strength. A total of 81 samples were evaluated to determine the correctness of a linear regression model, which had been built. The experimental data were further analyzed using analysis of variance in order to determine the factors that may have an impact on bonding strength. When the experimental findings were compared to a model of finite element analysis and a soft computing tool of artificial neural networks, the inaccuracies were found to be a maximum of 18% thereby confirming accuracy up to 82%. Overall, the results present that the L/D ratio followed by thickness and diameter of the steel tubes are significant factors which have the greatest negative impact on decremental bond strength characteristics. Further prediction is carried out by, Ansys Mechanical finite element analysis software (ANSYS), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which showed that ANN produces more significant outcomes as compared to ANSYS, and hence is suggested for real time practice.
PubDate: May 2024
- The Influence of Augmented Reality Navigation on Human Perception: An
In-depth Investigation
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Mohab N. Moustafa Shaimaa S. Ashour and Ramy A. Bakir Usually when we visit new unfamiliar spaces we employ our cognitive abilities to situate ourselves with the spatial surroundings. Our cognitive perception is the process in which we acquire knowledge about space forming mental images, and then we use this knowledge to orient and successfully navigate through space. However, our affective perception, the emotional responses towards space, also plays an important role in spatial memory. Previous literature has provided evidence that navigational aids developed over time have an impact on how we feel in urban space but have mostly caused degradation to our spatial memory. This study investigates how advanced navigational techniques would affect our cognitive and affective perceptions in urban space. In doing so, 42 participants were asked to walk along a chosen route in Maadi, Cairo. Half of these participants used PinnAR, which is an Augmented Reality Navigation (ARN) application, and the other half used 2D digital maps. The results indicated that ARN significantly affected our cognitive perception in terms of knowledge acquisition compared to digital map users, who did not recognize the landmarks in the walked route. In addition, the cognitive mapping for the ARN group showed less route knowledge, resulting in a higher error rate in drawing the taken route compared to the digital map group. The study also showed that the ARN group emotionally perceived the environment differently in terms of personal satisfaction and sense of security than the 2D digital map user. The ARN group showed less satisfaction with the friendliness of the streets to walk and a greater sense of insecurity with the traffic around compared to the digital map group.
PubDate: May 2024
- The Future Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Design's Integration into
Architectural and Interior Design Education is to Improve Efficiency,
Sustainability, and Creativity
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Amira Fawzy Almaz Elsayed Abd El-azim El-Agouz Mohab Taher Abdelfatah and Islam Rafaat Mohamed The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in architecture is transforming the design process, making it faster, more efficient, and more sustainable. AI serves as a starting point for conversation, allowing architects to interact with data scientists and engineers. The study recommends merging AI into architecture education to improve designers' comprehension of design-related concepts. The future role of architects in AI design and its application raises questions about how AI design will reflect their creativity and architectural touch. AI is revolutionizing the design process by integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM) techniques and enabling real-time analysis and optimization. It also revolutionizes architectural design education by generating initial project forms and improving interaction with architects. AI applications can revolutionize the way students learn and create, allowing them to explore innovative designs they may not have considered otherwise. As AI applications continue to advance, they have the potential to evolve and provide even more sophisticated design solutions. AI-powered design tools have the potential to revolutionize the way architects approach and create architectural projects. The study explores the potential of artificial intelligence in architectural design. It highlights the integration of AI through generative design algorithms, virtual reality tools, and machine learning algorithms. These tools help architects explore design options, optimize projects for energy efficiency and structural integrity, and analyze large amounts of data for informed decisions. AI-powered design tools can understand aesthetics, architecture schools, and project requirements, enhancing the initial design stage. Integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) techniques can enable real-time analysis and optimization of designs, saving time and resources. AI applications can also revolutionize architectural design education by generating initial project forms and allowing students to develop innovative designs.
PubDate: May 2024
- Effectiveness of Zeolite to Desalinate Seawater as Concrete Mixture
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Aisyah Erizal and Heriansyah Putra The primary constituents of concrete comprise cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and additives. Water is pivotal for determining the quality of concrete, thereby influencing the water–cement ratio. In certain coastal regions of Indonesia, the scarcity of freshwater necessitates the use of seawater in concrete mixtures. However, seawater contains corrosive ions that can potentially damage concrete structures. Zeolites are effective in desalinating seawater through salt absorption and vary in size and concentration. This study examines the impact of variations in zeolite size and weight, as well as the effect of seawater salinity on the compressive strength of concrete. The samples were 10 × 20 cm cylindrical concrete, mixed with fresh water and seawater at salinities of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppt. The tests for compressive strength were conducted at 7 and 28 days. The 7-day samples of seawater concrete exhibited higher compressive strength than 65% of the 28-day standard, attributed to the reaction of Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) with NaCl, which enhances the early-age compressive strength. Zeolites were tested at three average sizes—0.45 mm, 0.89 mm, and 1.77 mm—and at concentrations of 51.91 g/L, 103.82 g/L, and 155.73 g/L. The zeolite of 0.89 mm size and 155.73 g/L concentration was notably utilised. An increase in zeolite content for desalinating seawater correlates with reduced salinity, thereby enhancing the compressive strength of the concrete.
PubDate: May 2024
- Effects of Soil Foundation and Mesh Size on Rubble Mound Breakwater
Stability under Seismic Loading
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Abdelmajid Morabit and Abdelouafi El Ghoulbzouri This research investigates the dynamic stability of rubble mound breakwater under varying foundation soil conditions, including rocks, vibro-compacted fill, sand reinforced with stone columns, and sand. The study also explores different mesh sizes (medium, fine, and very fine) using the Plaxis 2D software based on the finite element method. The study aims to assess the response of the models of the rubble mound breakwater under different combinations of frequency and amplitude of dynamic loading. A comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted to explore the impact of these factors on breakwater stability. The findings reveal that the choice of foundation soil has a significant influence on the response of the rubble mound breakwaters during dynamic loading. Rigid soil provides higher stability, while reinforced sand columns and vibro-compacted fill enhance load-bearing capacity. Additionally, the mesh size employed in the numerical simulations affects the accuracy of the results, with finer mesh sizes offering more precise predictions of breakwater behavior. The study provides valuable insights into the assessment of rubble mound breakwaters for seismic conditions. This research contributes to the field of geotechnical engineering by improving our understanding of the interplay between foundation soil characteristics, mesh size, and dynamic loading effects on rubble mound breakwater stability. The outcomes will aid in the development of more resilient coastal and seismic protection structures, ultimately enhancing disaster mitigation and infrastructure resilience.
PubDate: May 2024
- Changes in Social Distancing within Post-Pandemic Architecture in the
Context of Security Design: A Systematic Literature Search and Review
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Sherly De Yong Murni Rachmawati and Ima Defiana "Changes of social distancing in post-pandemic architecture in the context of security design" refers to the changes in spatial distancing and protocols in a building for preventing future pandemics in the context of security design. In 2019, the rapid spread of COVID-19 has caused changes in architecture, especially in social distancing. The built environment needs different strategies to help prevent the spread of disease in the future. This study will review and discuss changes in social distancing within post-pandemic architecture in the context of security design. A systematic literature search and review defines previous research systematically, relates concepts, and critically reanalyses data. The first step is systematically clear selection, the second is coding, and the third is synthesis. The selection considered 109 papers (of which 39 were reviewed). The findings are five strategies for future social distancing in architecture post-pandemic revealed using prevention strategies: standards for integrating a healthy environment; relationships and interactions in users' pattern activity; environment design related to nature; spatial relationships (proxemics); and place attachment. Each strategy demonstrates the connection between social distancing in post-pandemic architecture and security-pandemic variables for built environments that can prevent future disease spread. These findings will support future research in defining and understanding the need for holistic analysis of changes in social distancing within post-pandemic architecture.
PubDate: May 2024
- Assessing Environmental Sustainability and Design Integration in the
Context of District 838, Al-Dawra, Baghdad, Iraq - An Analysis of Urban
Multifunctional Land Uses
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Falah Almosawi Ihsan Sabah Hadi Ammar Khalil Ebraheem and Amer Shakir Alkinani This research explores the intricate relationship between environmental sustainability and urban design in Al-Jumhuriya Neighborhood, Baghdad, reflecting urban development challenges and opportunities. It highlights the need to balance growth, functionality, and quality of life with environmental responsibility in urban areas worldwide. The research includes a literature review on environmental sustainability in urban design and the utilization of multifunctional land in contemporary cities. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Survey results show a diverse range of perspectives, indicating concerns about air quality and local regulations but also positive views on community engagement, energy consumption practices, and the impact of sustainable infrastructure. The recommendations emphasize the need to improve air and water quality, enhance community involvement, adapt local regulations, maintain balanced land use patterns, employ sustainable urban planning methods, and develop sustainable infrastructure. These recommendations aim to address the specific concerns and insights of Al-Jumhuriya Neighborhood's residents and promote a holistic approach to environmental sustainability and community engagement, ultimately leading to a more sustainable and livable neighborhood.
PubDate: May 2024
- The Impact of Utilizing Waste Tire and Solid Natural Rubber as Asphalt
Binder Substitutions on the Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course Mixtures
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Hendrik Jimmyanto Joni Arliansyah and Edi Kadarsa Roads are a necessary component of infrastructure for human life, particularly for mobility and meeting needs. The majority of roads in many locations are made of flexible pavement, which mainly consists of gravel and asphalt. Although this pavement is designed to support vehicle weight and is not immediately absorbed by the sub-grade layer, damage may occur over time. The two main causes of road deterioration are variations in temperature and heavy loads. One approach to addressing this issue is through the use of modified asphalt binders. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of using waste tires and solid natural rubber (KACR) as materials for modifying asphalt binders. Asphalt rheology testing using a dynamic shear rheometer, characterisation testing with the Marshall method on asphalt mixtures, and stiffness modulus testing with the Universal Testing Machine were conducted to assess their behaviour. KACR was used as a replacement for up to 7%–10% of the asphalt binder's weight. Test results showed that utilising KACR as an asphalt binder modification material can reduce the phase angle and increase complex modulus values at high temperatures. Furthermore, based on Marshall test results, it was observed that incorporating KACR into asphalt mixtures increased stability by 26.16%–27.29% while reducing flow values by 10%. Stiffness modulus test results also indicated an increase ranging from 32.30%–88.99% at a temperature of 25℃, with even higher increases of 67.14%–105.69% possible at a temperature of 40℃.
PubDate: May 2024
- Analysis of Excavation Collapse at PM1 Thermal Power Plant – A Case
Study
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Hoa Cao Van Deep excavation in soft soil has many potential risks due to overall instability, basal heave instability, failures due to piping, boiling, large buckling of struts, yielding of a wall, excessive wall deflection, excessive ground settlement, and adverse effects on adjacent structures. In fact, incidents or collapses during the construction of deep excavations have been observed around the world, but only a few cases are reported due to contractual or other reasons. Those that are reported are usually of such a large scale and severity that they receive public attention, and even then, there is generally limited information available. Chan N. F. (2012) has documented 58 severe collapses or incidents during deep excavations in Hong Kong and worldwide. As the desired excavation depth increases, the above risks at all stages of excavation may occur individually or in combination. Therefore, this article analyzes the construction process and incidents that happened in Pond B, Phu My 1 Thermal Power Plant, Vietnam, to find the causes and draw lessons learned. For many different reasons, this item encountered many problems. However, this item was still completed. The article uses the Plaxis 2D ultimate to evaluate incidents and follow countermeasures. Analysis results show that the Pond B excavation process encountered problems due to the base heave instability, unsafe strut-wall system structure, excessive ground settlement, excessive lateral displacement of the ground, and poor weld quality. The contractor has successfully implemented countermeasures that have proven to be effective.
PubDate: May 2024
- Transformation of Shared Space in a Riverside Rural Settlement, Teluk
Meranti District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Tengku Azirudin Dyah Titisari Widyastuti and Achmad Djunaedi Shared space can be a solution for limited space in daily activities. The use of shared spaces is found in urban areas, villages, and riverside settlements such as in Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. This settlement before 2009 was an area that was not connected to the land transportation network. The intervention of road construction by the government caused this village to be connected to the road network, which led to many changes in the use of shared space over time. This research aims to describe the transformation of shared space in riverside rural settlements in various aspects. Data collection methods included interviews, documentation, archival recordings, and direct observation. The data analysis method used is explaining change and explaining causation to describe changes over time and the factors that influence them. The findings of this research show that the transformation of shared space in riverside rural settlements occurs in four aspects: (1) human aspects, that is, forms of interaction, access control system, circulation access, ownership of riverside street, ownership of kampong street, and ownership of undeveloped inter-house space; (2) space aspects, that is: function (kampong street, riverside street, building, front of house/streetside space, undeveloped inter-house space, river mouth), place of interaction, street dimension, building form, physical control system, and building orientation; (3) human and space aspects, that is: the function of river bank space and the dimension of undeveloped inter-house space; and (4) means of transportation.
PubDate: May 2024
- Behavior and Performance Analysis of Reinforced Concrete and Steel
Infilled-Frame
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 I Gede Gegiranang Wiryadi I Ketut Diartama Kubon Tubuh I Putu Agus Putra Wirawan I Kadek Aditya Setyawan and I Made Laksana Wira Saputra The infilled frame structure has advantages compared to the open frame structure which provides stiffness and strength to withstand lateral forces. The infill-walls that are installed between the beam and column contribute to the lateral stiffness. Infill-walls placed between beam and column provide lateral stiffness and better behavioral resistance and performance. Based on numerical analysis, the infill-walls are usually modeled using shell elements or strut elements. Modeling with a strut is simpler than shells for the linear or nonlinear analysis. However, an equation is needed to determine the strut width that is used for each wall panel opening condition (wall with and without openings). The method of determining the strut width equation is to approach the experimental results with element shell models. Certain number of the strut width is determined to get the same deformation value as the shell models. Research on infill-wall structures is mostly carried out on reinforced concrete (RC) frames but rarely carried out on steel frame structures. This study shows how strut width equation obtained from RC-infilled frame affects steel-infilled frame. RC structures and steel structures have different characteristics so there will be also differences in behavior due to the addition of infill walls. The strut width equation for modeling infill-walls in RC frames cannot be fully applied to steel frame structures, especially for walls with openings. Modifications are needed to the strut width equation of RC-infilled frame by multiplying with coefficient 0.4 so that the results can be suitable for steel-infilled frame structures. Comparison of behavior and performance are also presented in this paper.
PubDate: May 2024
- Effect of the Portland Composite Cement Addition on the Marshall
Characteristics of the Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Hamkah Hasmar Halim Dady Mairuhu Hasriana Aisyah and Zubair Saing Cold Paving Hot Mix Asbuton (CPHMA) is used not only for routine maintenance work on road pavements with a relatively small volume of work but has expanded its use on national roads, often used by heavy vehicles and heavy traffic. This condition requires efforts to increase the durability of CPHMA by increasing the marshall stability value by adding filler material. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of marshall CPHMA after adding 1%, 2%, and 3% composite portland cement (PCC), compared with standard CPHMA products without fillers. The Marshall characteristics of 4 types of CPHMA were tested using 16 sample brickets with 2×75 impacts in 2 stages, which were differentiated according to the soaking time, namely 30 minutes and 24 hours. The test results show that the marshall stability values of CPHMA with 1%, 2%, and 3% PCC levels are 880.5 kg, 1,036.4 kg, and 1,096.6 kg respectively, an increase compared to the marshall stability of 704.6 kg for standard CPHMA (0% filler). The 25 kg sack packaging CPHMA tested had an average asphalt content of 6.6% and used aggregates according to the specifications determined by Bina Marga. The research results showed that the addition of PCC up to 2.67% caused the flow characteristics not to exceed the minimum limit of 3 mm and fulfilled the 6 CPHMA marshall characteristics as a whole, namely VMA, VIM, VFB, flow, marshall stability and retained marshall stability after 24 hours of immersion. PCC in 50 kg sack packaging products can be used as an additional filler to obtain marshall characteristics that meet CPHMA specifications. The use of PCC at an optimum level of 1.33% is recommended for routine road maintenance work to increase CPHMA's resistance to vehicle traffic loads.
PubDate: May 2024
- Influence of Structural Properties Modeling in Building Analysis:
Diaphragms, Rigid-Zone Factor and Wall Meshing
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Deyvid Froilán Matamoros Paitán Efraín Junior Dolorier Flores Faifer Alanya Almonacid and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna Nowadays, several computer programs are used for the design of buildings and other structures, each of them with its sequence of design algorithms. However, the competent professional uses conventional design criteria without analyzing the demanding considerations in the modeling of a structure. That is why in this research the objective was to determine the influence of the variation of the structural properties in the analysis of buildings. To this purpose, a 10-story building was used with a mezzanine height of 3.25m and a total height of 33.7m composed of a structural system of walls with different area elements, rigid arms, discretization of walls and diaphragms, which were modeled in the ETABS V19 software. The M0.5MF-M3 model was the one that showed average values for displacement, stiffness of the structure, shear force, bending moment and interstory drifts. Finally, the membrane type elements performed better in the modeling of the structure compared to the shell type elements. The flexible and rigid diaphragms should be considered according to their in-plane deflection, as well as the assignment of the rigid arm with a factor of 0.5 and a controlled meshing in the walls helps to represent the structure in its more adequate modeling.
PubDate: May 2024
- Factorial Experimental Analysis of Buton Natural Asphalt with Crumb Rubber
in Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC)
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Jachrizal Sumabrata and Nurul Lathifah Buton natural asphalt with crumb rubber (BNA-R) represents an innovative approach to enhancing the performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. However, previous studies have primarily focused on incorporating BNA-R at a single, optimum dosage level. This study explores the impact of varied dosages of Buton natural asphalt with crumb rubber (BNA-R) on asphalt mixture performance using the factorial design analysis. The factorial design method is a statistical method to test the influence of several factors with different levels. With this method, all possible combinations of each level from the elements can be analyzed for their effects on the asphalt mixture without lethal or freeze other factors. Based on the analysis of two-level full-factorial designed experiments revealed on the Marshall test, it's shown that: the bitumen content has a significant correlation with the flow, MQ, VIM and VFA, while BNA-R has a substantial relationship with stability, flow, VIM and VFA. Results show enhanced stability, increased Marshall Quotient (MQ), and improved workability with lowered production temperatures. While the correlation between asphalt levels and BNA-R content is not significant for mechanical properties, such as stability, flow, MQ, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and VFA, the presence of BNA-R alone exhibits influential relationships with these parameters and BNA-R alone influences these parameters. The results from the study suggest that the optimal combination identified is 5.6% asphalt with 20% BNA-R, 5.7% asphalt with 25% BNA-R, and 5.8% asphalt with 30% BNA-R.
PubDate: May 2024
- Finite Element Modeling by ABAQUS for Rutting in Flexible Pavement
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Praveen Kumar P. Kiran Kumar B. V. Manjunatha S. and Subramanya K. G. Flexible pavement is complex in nature, as it consists of multiple layers made up of different materials. A common type of distress, "Rutting" is formed on the surface of pavement due to heavy and repeated loading. In addition, the pavements undergo rutting due to poor quality control during construction. However, laboratory investigations have very limited effectiveness in predicting rut depth. The present research employs a finite element analysis using ABAQUS software to study the performance of the pavement against rutting. The pavement system is assumed to have a multilayer component, with each layer being homogeneous and isotropic. Two different thicknesses of pavement structures, as per Indian Road Congress (IRC) 37-2018, are modeled and analyzed by considering 10 million standard axles (msa) and 50 msa of design life, corresponding to 5% California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value. The findings of the research show that the maximum rut depth occurred nearly at the center of the model, i.e., at 137.594 mm, and the rut depth for the 50 msa design life was marginally lesser, to the extent of 8.64% compared to 10 msa. The maximum stresses occurred at the surface layer and decreased towards the base and sub base layers by 5.86%, 11.10%, and 12.60%, respectively, at the surface, base, and sub base layers for 50 msa compared to a 10 msa design life. The finite element modeling by ABAQUS proved highly effective in simulating the responses of flexible pavement under the influence of external loads and facilitated a comprehensive assessment of deformation and stress throughout the pavement layers.
PubDate: May 2024
- Variation of Mechanical Properties and Temperature Control in Hot Asphalt
Mixtures through the Incorporation of Glass Powder, Province of Huancayo
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Cleder Cristhian Riveros Llacua Daniel Job Valdiviezo Valentin Deybis Cardenas Osores Tito Mallma Capcha and Iralmy Yipsy Platero Morejón Asphalt is a material composed of a mixture of various hydrocarbons of natural origin. In Peru, almost all of the paved roads are made of hot asphalt mixtures, some of which are constructed at altitudes exceeding 3000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). However, maintaining the mixture temperature at the optimal level for placement and compaction is challenging. The difficulty in temperature control arises from the location of the asphalt plant, often due to a lack of aggregates that are situated far from the area where the asphalt mixture is to be placed. This study underscores the significance of improving the mechanical properties and extending the temperature sustainability of hot asphalt mixtures by incorporating glass powder-modified asphalt bitumen—a topic with limited literature in Peru. Tests were conducted on 93 Marshall specimens and 5 viscosity control points, divided into two groups: one for conventional asphalt mix and another for glass powder-modified mix. The results revealed substantial enhancements in stability, flow, and Lottman tensile strength when 3% of glass was added to the asphalt bitumen, along with a reduction in mixture temperature when 2% of glass was incorporated, resulting in a cooling effect during the addition of glass. In conclusion, glass-modified asphalt mix demonstrated a positive influence on its mechanical properties and the cooling process, making it a more effective choice for field applications.
PubDate: May 2024
- Integrated Effects of Metakaolin and Nano-silica in Superplasticizer-Free
Mortar: An Analysis of Mortar Compressive Strength with Relative Strength,
K-Factor and Clinker Savings
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Abhilash P. P. Vadim Potapov Rajesh Kumar Veerendra Kumar and Urwashi Gupta The study examined the effect of substituting cement with metakaolin and nano-silica in binary and ternary blended cement mortars, with replacement levels of 10, 15, and 20% for metakaolin and 1.5, 3, and 4.5% for nano-silica, on their compressive strength. No superplasticizers were added to eliminate any influence on the mechanisms being studied. The relative strength of different combinations of metakaolin and nano-silica was compared. Each composition's pozzolanic efficiency, k-factor, was evaluated based on compressive strength. The possible saving of the clinker was evaluated as a function of the k-factor. The findings indicate that the ternary mortar blends containing 10% metakaolin and 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% nano-silica attained the highest strength, reaching 47.1 MPa, 50.3 MPa, and 51.2 MPa at 28 days, and 48.5 MPa, 51.4 MPa, and 51.8 MPa at 56 days, respectively. TGA, XRD and SEM analyses were conducted for microstructural and morphological studies. The study highlights that incorporating metakaolin and nano-silica into mortar mixtures led to enhanced compressive strength due to the improved pozzolanic action of metakaolin in the presence of high surface area nano-silica particles. The ternary blended mortar exhibited higher mass losses in thermal analysis than the reference mortar, indicating increased decomposition of CSH and CAH. Conversely, the reference mortar showed more significant CH decomposition at 400-500 ºC and 600-900 ºC, suggesting a higher CH concentration. XRD patterns aligned with TG analysis, revealing the presence of important crystalline minerals and affirming the impact of pozzolanic activity from metakaolin, nano-silica and their combination in reducing CH content in the mortars. The study also revealed that integrating ternary compositions with 10% metakaolin and nano-silica up to 4.5% in mortar substantially decreased clinker usage, promoting environmental sustainability. The findings from this investigation in the mortar will be extrapolated to forthcoming studies in concrete, focusing on enhancing both eco-efficiency and economic efficiency of the concrete.
PubDate: May 2024
- Influence of Activator Solution and Binder Composition on the
Characteristics of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Thatikonda Naresh Mainak Mallik Venkateswara Rao S. Sri Ram Chand Madduru and Sunil Nandipati Self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGPC) being an innovative material synergizes the added advantage of self-compacting concrete and geopolymer concrete. While the field of self-compacting geopolymer is still evolving and the study explores the effect of standard consistency, setting time, rheological characteristics, and compressive strength. This research study involves two grades of single activator solutions (Ms 1.99 and Ms 2.92) and diverse binders, viz: fly ash, rice husk ash (RHA), and ground granulated blast furnace (GGBFS). This study examined the performance characteristics of SCGPC, particularly focusing on ternary blended binders with single activator alkaline solutions. The research study delves into both fresh and hardened states to assess flowability, passing ability, segregation resistance and compressive strength. The fresh properties of SCGPC are evaluated adhering to EFNARC guidelines for tests J-Ring, V-Funnel, V-T5minutes, slump flow, and T50cm to evaluate fresh properties of SCGPC. Compressive strength characteristics of SCGPC at the hardened state are scrutinized at 3, 7 and 28 days using single activator solutions (Ms 1.99 and Ms 2.92). The findings portrayed that replacement of GGBFS with RHA has noticeable effects on workability properties, and an optimum RHA replacement level of 5% is identified, considering the suitable physical and mechanical characteristics of SCGPC. This research study emphasizes the complex interplay between binders, activator solutions and the resulting properties of SCGPC. This extensive research on SCGPC makes a significant contribution by elucidating the performance of this novel concrete under varied conditions.
PubDate: May 2024
- Experimental Investigation on the Evaluation of the Seismic Performance of
Steel Frame with and without Sustainable STRP Bearings Subjected to Cyclic
Loading
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Cici Jennifer Raj J. Venu Malagavelli Srinivas Angadi and Selvaprakash S. The topic of the study looks at the performance of a steel frame under cyclic loads with a fixed base and a STRP base. Because of its effectiveness in resisting seismic shocks, seismic base isolation technology is thriving in industrialised countries. Scrap Tyre Rubber Pad (STRP) bearings will be a low-cost alternative to traditional seismic base isolation procedures for underdeveloped countries. The qualities of STRPs are nearly identical to those of traditional rubber bearings. Researchers conducted numerical analytical research on STRP bearing for buildings and proposed that it be employed for low-rise regular buildings, yielding superior results. In an effort to better understand how the STRPs operate in a scaled-down steel frame structure, an investigation has been made based on the findings of analytical investigations. The purpose of the experiment was to compare the steel frame's performance with and without STRP bearings. Examining the sliding ability of the STRPs positioned in the frame is the primary goal of this work. The deflections of the frame at the top, middle, and bottom stories have been evaluated for this aspect, for the lateral seismic force applied. From the investigation, it is observed that maximum deflections are observed at the roof storey than other stories tested for the investigation. Significantly, it is observed that an ultimate degradation of stiffness of the frame of about 23% to 40% is attained and subsequently, a superior increase in energy dissipation capacity of about 40% is attained which is a prominent factor required for a base isolation material.
PubDate: May 2024
- Bench Stability Design Based on SMR, Q-Slope, Block Theory and Kinematic
Analysis
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Youssef Zerradi Amine Soufi Mohamed Souissi Rhita Bennouna Abdeslam Aannaque and Anas Bahi The slope angle is one of the key parameters conditioning the stability of rock cuts such as roads, rails and surface mines. In open pit mine projects, the choice of the maximum safe slope angle (MSSA) is an essential step for the calculation of ore-to-waste ratios, for preliminary layout and excavation of stable and safe pit slopes. This step requires a lot of geotechnical information on the rock mass properties mainly on discontinuities and intact rocks. Since the geotechnical data are generally so limited at this stage, it is difficult to use conventional methods such as limit equilibrium analysis or numerical methods. In this paper, the slope mass rating (SMR), Q-Slope method and kinematic analysis, were employed to evaluate the maximum safe slope angle of four benches at different zones of an open pit mine in Morocco. At first, the available data on the intact rock and discontinuities of each rock mass were determined and used to assess the quality of the rock mass of each studied bench. Then, these data were employed as inputs of SMR, Q-Slope and kinematic analysis to obtain the MSSA of each bench. The results show that SMR, KBT and kinematic analysis provide stable slope angles that seem very closer to the real slope face angles reported by the mine than those obtained by Q-slope method. This study demonstrates clearly that block theory and kinematic analysis provide helpful tools and an advance procedure to estimate the suitable rock slope angles for either mining or civil engineering projects.
PubDate: May 2024
- Width of Strut in Strut-and-Tie Model
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Panjehpour The theory of truss analogy has undergone significant changes over time and eventually turned to the strut-and-tie model (STM) method. The elements of STM, which are strut, tie, and node, play a significant role in the design and analysis of Discontinuity-region (D-region). Each element requires assigning particular dimensions in STM to yield accurate analysis results. STM has been modified in many aspects in prior research, but the determination of the width of the strut has yet to be further explored and researched. This research aims to evaluate the determination of the width of the strut in RC deep beams by going through effective compressive stress of the strut produced by statics point load. In other words, the effect of the width of the strut on the failure load of RC deep beams is the main objective. Hence, the failure of the elements of STM, which are strut, tie, and node, is considered, and particularly, a comparison is drawn between the tie and the strut to detect which one fails earlier and controls the failure of RC deep beam when changing the width of the strut. The width of the strut varies within a range according to the prior experimental investigations, and this range is used in this research with six width increments. The research is confined to analyzing D-regions in RC deep beams of ordinary concrete subjected to a three-point bending test configuration. The control of failure of RC beams is seen to swing from the strut to the tie when the width of the strut is at the fourth width incremental. This indicates that the sequence of failure of elements of STM swings from one to another, depending on the width of the strut. It is recommended to use both STM and Finite Element Method (FEM) verified with prior experimental results to identify a correct load trajectory and strut dimensions. Classifying deep beams into four groups according to their shear span-to-effective depth ratio in the range of zero to two is crucial for the identification of the width of the strut, as the spread of compressive stresses over the length of the strut significantly changes depending on this ratio.
PubDate: May 2024
- Predicting Liquefaction Susceptibility in North-East Morocco: Comparative
Analysis of Semi-empirical Methods and UBC3D-PLM Model
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Fatima Ezzahraa Latifi and Khadija Baba Liquefaction is one of the most important and complex phenomena in soil dynamics, threatening the stability of infrastructures, structures, foundations, and even causing serious human and economic damage. This phenomenon can be the induced effect of seismic shocks, where the increase in interstitial pressure reduces shear strength. As a result, saturated soil strength decreases and its capacity to support loads is reduced, leading to liquefaction susceptibility and deformations. This brutal and temporary phenomenon has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world in the wake of the deadly earthquakes in Alaska and Niigata (1964). The aim of this article is twofold. Firstly, it examines two techniques for accurate assessment of liquefaction potential, identifying the most appropriate approach for our study area. This approach involves the use of semi-empirical methods based on the cyclic stress approach and the application of the UBC3D-PLM constitutive model in Plaxis 2D software. In parallel, the article seeks to highlight the vulnerability of northeastern Morocco to liquefaction, a geotechnical region renowned for its instability and intense seismic activity. The present research is based on data from geotechnical investigation results, including both laboratory experiments and in-situ tests, in particular the dynamic penetrometer test (SPT), focusing on a specific area situated in Saidia town, located in the northeastern region of Morocco. Moreover, it demonstrates the assessment of liquefaction potential using Youd et al. (2001) method, and Idriss et al. (2004) method, which show and identify layers with a high susceptibility to liquefaction, as the layers constituted by clean to moderately compact silty and sand from depths 8.00 to 8.90m and layers consisting of loose silty sands to sandy silts at depths 9.50 to 9.70m. In addition, we have been able to produce a numerical analysis for the same study area, using the constitutive UBC3D-PLM model, to confirm the liquefaction susceptibility and to compare it with earlier results from semi-empirical methods. Lastly, the results of this analysis showed that the UBC3D-PLM model has a relatively higher liquefaction potential than the other methods, such as for the soil layer above 12m.
PubDate: May 2024
- Recycled Corrugated Cardboard Box as Roof Insulation Panel for Humid
Tropic Zinc-Roofed Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Jefrey I. Kindangen The quantity of paper and cardboard waste in Indonesia ranks fourth among all waste types, constituting around 11% of the total waste volume. The practise of reutilizing substantial quantities of garbage holds significant importance in mitigating the potential harmful consequences associated with its disposal in landfills, such as increased deforestation, heightened greenhouse gas emissions, and various other concerns. This article investigates the feasibility of utilising recycled cardboard to insulate roofs as well as the potential effectiveness of the material in lowering interior and attic ambient air temperatures. To accomplish the desired goal, identical components were utilised to construct two test cells: a multiplex ceiling, unpainted multiplex walls, and an unpainted corrugated zinc roof. One of the models, referred to as the reference model, did not incorporate any roof insulation, while the other model utilised cardboard insulation. In the context of zinc roofs, which have the capacity to function as heat radiators, it is imperative to develop roof insulation that effectively hinders both conduction heat and radiation. Consequently, the utilisation of aluminium foil involves its attachment to the upper surface of cardboard insulation, serving as a radiative barrier. The evaluation of the efficacy of utilising cardboard insulation to mitigate indoor and attic air temperature is conducted through the comparison of three sets of models: single-layer, double-layer, and double-layer cardboard, in combination with roof ventilation systems. The research conducted revealed that the implementation of recycled cardboard insulation resulted in a significant decrease in temperature. The most notable reduction in temperature was observed when employing a double layer of cardboard insulation. This shows that using recycled cardboard can lower the temperature in both the attic and the living area, especially in buildings with zinc roofs. Using cardboard waste has a number of effects on society, the economy, and the environment. Certain changes have happened, such as more people knowing how to reuse cardboard, less cardboard being thrown away, more money for people who collect used cardboard, and easier access to building materials for people with lower to middle incomes.
PubDate: May 2024
- Comparative Validation of a Building Energy Model Calibration Methodology
with a Focus on Residential Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Hussein Serag Mai Mahmoud Tarek Kamel and Amgad Fahmy Energy simulation is essential for building designers and energy analytics to anticipate energy usage and increase energy efficiency. This research aims to investigate and compare the energy consumption predictions produced by two distinct software programs, Design Builder (DB) and Ladybug and Honeybee (LB&HB), within the realm of Building Energy Simulation (BES). Comprehending the capabilities of these tools aids building designers and energy analysts in making informed decisions, and fostering sustainable building practices. Through a thorough evaluation of these programs, the study provides a comprehensive view of their strengths and weaknesses, offering guidance to users for efficient energy utilization in building design and analysis. Standardized input data, such as building construction materials, orientation, HVAC system, occupancy schedules, and weather data, enable a fair comparison. Despite identical inputs for both software, variations in energy consumption predictions arise from simulation models. While both programs usually produce accurate results, significant discrepancies occur in specific cases. DB surpasses LB&HB in accuracy for EUI in kwh/ m2 results compared to Attia's benchmark. This benchmark serves as a reference for typical residential buildings in Cairo. The building survey is grounded in a thorough evaluation of 1500 apartments located in three distinct regions in Egypt. By comparing the average Energy Use Intensity (EUI) in kwh/m2 for both software to Attia's benchmark and determining which software is more acceptable, the following results were obtained. The average values along the year for benchmark, DB, and LB&HB are 24.69 kWh/m2, 25.59 kWh/m2, and 22.26 kWh/m2, respectively. When DB is compared to the benchmark over the year, the average percentage difference is approximately +3.51%, while for LB&HB, it is approximately -9.84%. This indicates that, on average, DB had higher accuracy in building energy consumption compared to the benchmark than LB&HB. The analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding the impact of simulation models and input parameters on results. The study offers valuable insights for designers and analysts, aiding software program selection and highlighting the broader role of building energy simulation in retrofit analysis and optimization.
PubDate: May 2024
- Design and Building of Energy Efficient, Eco-Friendly and Economical Wobo
Shelter
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Kavyashree Anup Wilfred Sebastian and Bhagyashree All across the world, housing is a challenging problem, but in developing nations like India particularly, designing and building shelters have become a challenge for the civil engineers. Glass bottles of beer and other beverages, which are a waste but have sufficient strength and ideal dimensions, can be used to build eco-friendly shelters at a low cost that provide adequate light, thermal insulation, and a healthy atmosphere. In this study, an effective design method for energy-efficient, eco-friendly, economic bottle shelter for a small family has been modelled and constructed, which utilises the waste beer bottles for construction purposes to offer shelter for all. Educating the community about the eco-friendly construction will solve the local area housing problem using locally available materials and waste material. The bottles used in this study are tested for various engineering properties such as compression test, impact and prism tests for load bearing capacity in various directions were tested on empty beer bottles. A bottle-concrete prism of 60cm height and 25cm diameter and brick of 30cm height and 15cm width is constructed to know the various engineering properties, which are utilised in construction. To determine the difference in cost of construction of bottle house, it is compared to the normal housing system in this research.
PubDate: May 2024
- Experimental, Numerical and Analytical Analysis on Diaphragm Wall in
Cohesive Soil
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Aakash Rajeshkumar Suthar and Yogeshkumar Shankarlal Patel The Diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete wall that will isolate the structure from the adjacent structure and will also provide the basement for the accommodation of the residents. Unnecessary provision of anchors in diaphragm walls will increase the construction cost of diaphragm walls. In the research, one basement diaphragm of 0.5-meter thickness is taken into consideration along with 0.45-meter diameter pile. The pile was spaced at a distance of 3, 5, and 6 meters in cohesive soil. The numerical, analytical, and experimental methods were adopted to analyze and understand the behavior of the diaphragm wall. The embedment depth of 8.85 meters was obtained by analyzing using an analytical method. The numerical analysis was done using Plaxis 3D software. The experimental work was done for a model of a diaphragm wall and pile with a scale of 1:30. The bending moment available from numerical work and from analytical work was 51.11 kNm and 57.521 kNm. Experimental work found that the diaphragm wall had an average deflection of 25.41 millimeters and analytical analysis found an average deflection of 25.66 millimeters. All three methods concluded that the deflecting was within the permissible limit and that an 8.85-meter embedment depth was the most suitable embedment depth. It was also concluded that parameters like cohesion, density of soil, excavation depth, and angle of internal friction affect the stability of the Diaphragm wall. Research also found that excavation depth should be more than a ratio of 4 times cohesion to bulk density of soil. It was also concluded that the deflection of the diaphragm wall is independent of loading on the pile as deflection is only because of the soil pressure.
PubDate: May 2024
- Analysis of Housing Settlement Patterns on the Banks of the Chilca River
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Eliane Estefany Ramirez Pihui Sofia Alexandra Rivera Chumbes Jose Manuel Vila Carbajal and Alexandra Mercedes Fabian Rojas According to the Peruvian Chamber of Construction, 80% of the houses are informal constructions built with cheap materials and located in risk areas such as riverbanks, endangering the physical integrity of their occupants due to the constant erosion of the material subject to possible damage over time. This work develops the analysis of the settlement patterns of dwellings on the banks of the Chilca River. For the work, 265 houses were analyzed by the method of visual observation based on a card, and the sample was reduced to 234 houses due to the lack of access at some points, including 120 houses from Real Avenue to Jose Olaya Avenue, 58 houses from Jose Olaya Avenue to Inclan Street, and 56 houses from Inclan Street to the intersection of ocopilla, which was obtained in the field by the authors. Finally, 3 characteristic patterns were observed in the GBP (49.14%), PV (33.77%) and HRP (17.09%) dwellings, with the GBP-2 typology representing 25.64% of the dwellings, while the RP-1 represented 24.36%. The settlement patterns have a distribution in the territory that is associated by blocks. For example, in sectors 1 and 3, there is a greater presence of RP, while in sector 2 HRP predominates, and the presence of GBP is distributed in the 3 sectors analyzed.
PubDate: May 2024
- Planning Feeder Transport Supporting Trans Metro Dewata in Ubud Area
Gianyar Regency
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Sabrina Handayani Dessy Angga Afrianti and Ni Kadek Anggun Cahyani The increase in the number of tourists in the Ubud area has an impact on traffic density. The government has attempted to meet the need for transportation services with the Trans Metro Dewata Bus route K4B Terminal Ubung-Sentral Parking Monkey Forest with the Buy The Service (BTS) scheme. This service has not yet reached the Ubud area as a whole, causing the public and tourists to still predominantly use private vehicles. This is because there is no feeder transport that can accommodate the movement of people and tourists after using the Trans Metro Dewata Bus. This research aims to analyze passenger characteristics, vehicle types and Trans Metro Dewata feeder transport routes in the Ubud area. The method used in this research is field data collection and quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. After going through the data processing process, the results of this research are the characteristics of respondents regarding feeder transport planning, the planned routes are 1) Monkey Forest Parking Center-Blanco Museum-Singakerta Street- Pengosekan Street -Monkey Forest Parking Center, and 2) Monkey Forest Parking Center-Ubud Art Market- Hanoman Street-Sentral Parking Monkey Forest, and the type of vehicle used is a small bus with a capacity of 19 people.
PubDate: May 2024
- Rigid Pavement Acceleration-Velocity Dynamic Behavior Induced by Traffic
Load
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Untoro Nugroho Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani and Bagus Hario Setiadji Identification of highway performance along with service life is very important. The complexity of highway pavement process design requires a better understanding related to physical parameter of the velocity-acceleration process of material caused by the traffic. Vibration monitoring was conducted by using an accelerometer sensor-based equipment. An accelerometer application as a vibration monitoring sensor is non-destructive testing of structural health monitoring system (SHMS). The purpose of this paper is to study the actual acceleration-velocity pavement dynamic behavior triggered by traffic load on the rigid pavement type. The testing was conducted by using a set of acceleration sensors installed on the pavement. All types of vehicle passes were recorded to find the understanding of the acceleration-velocity pavement dynamic behavior in real time. In this paper, the properties of acceleration-velocity were established and the important parameters including vehicle speed of vehicle and axle load, were defined. The results have shown that the acceleration-velocity pavement dynamic behavior was most affected by vehicle speed and the type of vehicle which related to axle load. Motorcycle with velocity 33.80 km/h has frequency 17.57 Hz and heavy vehicle has frequency 205.07 Hz with velocity 16.14 km/h. The results depicted that parameter dynamics of pavement have a positive correlation to the speed and axle loads. The acceleration magnitude for motorcycle, car and heavy vehicle are 30 cm/s2, 500 cm/s2, and 700 cm/s2 respectively. The factors of weight and speed of vehicles contribute to pavement vibration behavior.
PubDate: May 2024
- Seismic Design Optimization for Long-Span Warehouses: A Comparative Study
of Ordinary and Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Riza Suwondo Owen Franklin and Made Suangga This research addresses the seismic resilience of long-span steel warehouses, specifically focusing on the application of a moment-resisting frame system (MRFS). The main objective of this study is to comprehensively examine and compare the seismic performance of long-span warehouses using two distinct MRFS configurations: the ordinary moment-resisting frame system (OMRFS) and the intermediate moment-resisting frame system (IMRFS). The investigation strictly adhered to the Indonesian Building Code (SNI) guidelines. Notably, the results demonstrate striking similarities in the distribution of internal forces within the beams and columns for both the OMRFS and IMRFS systems in regions characterized by low to moderate seismic activity. This observation was primarily attributed to the predominant influence of gravitational loads under such conditions. This study reaffirms the appropriateness of the selected beam and column profiles for both systems, underlining the structural robustness of the designs. A key highlight of this investigation is the revelation of a substantial cost advantage associated with OMRFS endplate connections across a range of span configurations. These cost savings, when compared to IMRFS, indicate that the position of OMRFS is a cost-efficient choice, especially in regions with low to moderate seismic risk. These findings provide valuable guidance for stakeholders involved in the design and construction of long-span structures and offer a unique perspective that combines seismic resilience and cost-effectiveness.
PubDate: May 2024
- Utilization of Stone Cutting Industry Slurry in Cement Production
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Mahmoud Shakarna Ahmed Khattab Ahmad Abudayyah and Ahmad Al-Jabareen The research presents a study on the possibility of using natural stone saw powder in the West Bank, which is considered an environmental problem and brings agricultural land pollution. This study examines the possibility of using the powder waste in the Portland lime cement industry to reduce the cost as well as the environmental damage resulting from the cement industry, where different proportions of powder were added on clinker and the effect on the physical and mechanical properties was studied. The results demonstrate that the compressive strength of different mixtures after 28 days slightly decreased upon the addition of 5 wt %, 10 wt. % and 15 wt. % limestone powder in comparison with reference sample without powder, though strength of mixtures complies with standard (EN-197-1-2011) limits for the limestone cement, the percentage of consistency of the prepared samples decreased from 29.5% to 29.0% upon the addition of limestone powder, while both of the initial and final setting times of the prepared samples decreased with the addition of limestone powder, the initial setting time decreased around 35 minutes while the final setting time decreased 30 minutes the addition of limestone powders up to 15 wt. %. The adding powder did not affect negatively on the expansion value of the cement samples, and it had a value of 1.0 mm for all tested samples, which is an acceptable value according to EN-197-1-2011, and the results obtained mean the possibility of using stone saw powder in a positive way in the manufacture of Portland lime cement, thus solving the environmental problem resulting from the stone industry, as well as reducing the cost of cement and the damage of its manufacture on the environment resulting from the stone industry, as well as reducing the cost of cement and the damage of its manufacture on the environment (global warming ).
PubDate: May 2024
- Transformation of Home's Private Spaces into Gathering Spaces for Teenage
Girls Neighborhood: Relationship Between Spatial Characteristics and
Reasons for Presence
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Erza Rahma Hajaty Antony Sihombing and Evawani Ellisa Architecture created without a rigid social order can provide opportunities for change, especially in the use of space. The spaces in the home basically function as private spaces, but when it becomes the primary destination for a group of people to gather, it will cause changes in the function of space. The study aims to discover the causes of the home's private spaces transformation into gathering spaces for teenage girls. The study used a qualitative method combined with percentage calculations based on rating scales. The results show that the main gathering space characteristics consist of multifunction, limited range of motion, closed, free with privacy, and indirect access, while the support gathering space characteristics are multifunction, limited range of motion, semi-open, limited freedom without privacy, and direct-indirect access. The reasons for the presence of teenage girls consist of responsibility, preferred activities, gathering activities, freedom to consume space and time, and freedom of activity and expression together. The transformation of private spaces into gathering spaces is due to the strong relationship between the characteristics of the spaces and the reasons for the presence of teenage girls. The characteristics of the space that are the leading causes of the private space transformation into the main gathering space are closed and free with privacy, while the transformation of the private space into the support gathering space is mainly caused by the characteristic of direct-indirect access. The research results are useful for designing homes that support face-to-face social interaction.
PubDate: May 2024
- A Review of Geopolymers-Based Artificial Aggregates Technology Developed
Using Waste Materials
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Bimo Brata Adhitya Anis Saggaff Saloma and Hanafiah Scholars around the world are concerned with the continuous reduction of aggregates-related natural resources globally. This led to recent studies on the importance of reusing and recycling waste generated from biological materials and industry by-products. The interest in the exploration of waste was due to the increase in the demand for aggregates normally used as a major component in producing concrete. With the continuous development of technology, the stock of natural aggregates on Earth is declining, hence, an alternative is required to replace natural aggregates. Geopolymer artificial aggregates are aggregates made by several methods such as sintering, autoclaving, and cold bonding with alumino-silicate precursors obtained from waste materials such as metakaolin, slag, red mud, fly ash, and calcined kaolin sludge which are activated using an activator. The activated precursor using this activator causes a polycondensation process called geopolymerization. Geopolymers system was discovered to have remarkable attributes such as exceptional force, enhanced endurance, and heightened fire tolerance, which can be a compelling substitute for aggregates in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Therefore, this study explores and collects various studies related to the methods used to produce geopolymer-based aggregates and their characterization. The focus is on the production of these produced aggregates, and appropriate approaches are established to improve the quality of the aggregates produced, accompanied by insightful suggestions for future investigations.
PubDate: May 2024
- The Role of High Tensile Geotextile Above Rigid Inclusions to Support
Embankment on Peat
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Yasin Widodo Samira A. Kamaruddin Ramli Nazir Idrus M. Alatas Agus Himawan and Reguel Mikhail Recently, construction on shores, flood plains, swamps, and similar areas with soft soil deposits cannot be avoided. Soft soil has low bearing capacity and high compressibility. Peats are soft soil that was formed by the weathering of plants. Consequently, the organic content found in peats was 75% or higher. High organic content causes many uncertainties in the construction of peat. Padang Pariaman Toll Road Project is constructed on top of a soil embankment. The height of the embankment was 3 m to 6 m above the existing ground. Peat and soft soil were found in the area up to 11 m depth. Selected soil improvement was rigid inclusion and high-strength geotextile. Inclusions utilized are concrete mortar columns with a diameter of 420 mm. The spacing between each column was 1.6 m. Load Transfer Platform (LTP) was placed above the columns. High-strength geotextile was inserted inside the LTP. A settlement profiler was installed to monitor the settlement of embankment. Finite Element Models (FEM) were developed with several scenarios of LTP thickness and geotextile tensile strength. This paper presents the results of full-scale monitoring on construction sites compared with finite element analysis. Slope stability of the reinforced embankment complies with the minimum criteria in Indonesia. Total vertical settlement observed on field was only 2% relative to the total thickness of peat and soft soil. Results are confirmed on both finite element model and field monitoring. The addition of high tensile geotextile reinforcement above rigid inclusion columns to support embankment on peat in the Padang Pariaman Toll Road Project has been proven to be feasible and successful.
PubDate: May 2024
- Poured Earth Stabilized with Mineral Wool
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Aranda-Jiménez Yolanda Zuñiga-Leal Carlos Moreno-Chimely Laura and Robles-Aranda María Emilia The stabilizers used in construction with raw earth are very varied, especially in masonry. The construction with earth implies sustainability, therefore under this principle the stabilizers must be chosen. The poured earth, like the rammed earth, are monolithic walls that require formwork or falsework. The objective of this work is to demonstrate if the mineral wool used in the mixture of the poured earth improves the characteristics of the monolithic wall. For this purpose, different percentages of fiber added to the soil used for the dumped earth were analyzed, soil extracted from the bank of material called Champayan, which has clay, silt, sand and stone aggregates, doing tests of resistance to compression, water absorption and thermal transmittance. The purpose of this research was to answer the question: Does the poured earth mix improve its physicochemical properties when mineral wool is added as a stabilizer' The methodology of the experimental part, the soil from the Champayan bank was characterized; Subsequently, three batches of three samples each were made, containing different percentages of mineral fiber. The specimens were subjected to compression, water absorption and thermal transmittance tests. The samples were subjected to three different types of actions, namely compression test, moisture absorption and thermal conduction. In the compression tests, the results of the three samples ranged from 0.678 to 0.923 MPa. In the absorption test, the moisture percentages by weight varied in a range from 12.04 to 13.51%. In the tests carried out to measure its thermal behavior, the range of the thermal conductivity factor was from 0.7407 to 0.8725 W/m*K.
PubDate: May 2024
- Reconstruction of Arogayasala in Khon Kaen Province to the Creation of a
Documentary
Abstract: Publication date: May 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 3 Hawa Wongpongkham The article aimed to study the reconstruction of the Arogayasala in Khon Kaen Province to the creation of a documentary through a qualitative research method. The research tools consisted of surveys and interviews. This research compiled the data from documents and field studies. The data were analyzed and compared with the architecture built in a similar period to complete the missing parts. The data analysis was conducted according to the concept of creating reconstructions and presented using descriptive analysis. The study result showed that the architecture of the Arogayasala in Khon Kaen consisted of Ku Kaew and Ku Prapachai which have an architectural form with a clear and standardized layout, which can be assumed to be influenced by the central region. The architectural components consisted of the central sanctuary, library, gopura, wall, and pond. Archeological evidence showed that Ku Kaew and Ku Prapachai are kinds of the Arogayasala recorded on the stone inscription at Ta Prohm Temple in Cambodia. The inscription mentioned that King Jayavarman VII constructed 102 Arogayasala within his kingdom. The creation of a documentary from the reconstruction of Ku Prapachai and Ku Kaew, Khon Kaen Province, used three-dimensional technology, or virtual technology, to help present and disseminate this cultural heritage to allow the audience to easily understand the content and appreciate the beauty hidden with the architecture, along with the historical data, which help record past events. This documentary can be used as a model for future documentary creation from reconstructions.
PubDate: May 2024
- Flexural Behavior of Cold-Formed Steel Canal Sections Back-to-Back
Built-Up Members
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Desy Setyowulan Eva Arifi Indra Waluyohadi Nugroho Adi Sucipto and Fika Assyofia Faida The present research focuses on investigating the behavior of cold-formed steel canal sections with back-to-back built-up members subjected to flexure, including the capacity, maximum load, load-deflection curve, and buckling failure. In accordance with analytical studies outlined in SNI 7971:2013, which is referenced in AS/NZS 4600:2005, the final result will be evaluated compared to a single canal section through numerical analysis with ABAQUS. This member made from double canal type C80x30x0,75 was tested in strong axes. The analysis stated that the flexural capacity from both numerical and analytical studies had similar results. In addition, the maximum stress is located at the lip section for all models. Applied double canal back-to-back built-up section members increased the maximum load capacity by decreasing the number of deflection, with the local buckling occurring at the middle span of the beam.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Utilization of Distilled Water to Observe Surface Contact Angle of
Polymer-Modified Bitumen
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Tri Sudibyo Heriansyah Putra and Sutoyo Stable sub-grade and reliable structural layers are required in road pavements to ensure long serviceability. One of the road distresses associated with the sub-grade (unbound soil) or top (bituminous) structural layer failure is rutting in flexible pavement. This is the reason why better rutting resistance is highly desirable in bitumen to prevent potential damage as well as to ensure higher durability for the pavement. Studies on surface material identified the concept of contact angle by testing liquids on solid surface. This concept can also be applied to bitumen to determine its ability to repel or attract a particular liquid such as water in line with the modification rate. Therefore, this study was conducted in an effort to improve rutting and fatigue through low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer-based modified bitumen. The focus was to determine the ability of measuring water contact angle (WCA) to differentiate several types of modified bitumen. Polymer-modified bitumen was produced through high shear mixing using virgin and recycled LDPE to improve its rutting resistance. Moreover, standard tests such as ring and ball softening points were conducted to determine the penetration number and softening point to confirm the modification results. WCA tests were applied to both the unmodified and the modified bitumen, and some differences were observed in the results.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Experimental and Numerical Study of the "Indirect" Reinforcement Systems
for Masonry Walls
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Nataliia Pinchuk Volodymyr Byba Aguinaldo Fraddosio Anna Castellano and Mario Daniele Piccioni The brick is one of the most common construction materials used for vertical masonry structures such as walls and pillars. These structural elements are subjected to local compression due to the beams and the lintels. It is possible to increase the strength of brick structures by using structural reinforcement systems. Among these, "indirect reinforcements" – which are applied in the horizontal joints of the masonry – require a more thorough study as they have been poorly discussed in standards and literature. To this aim, the
Authors have conducted experimental studies on masonry walls with different positions and number of indirect reinforced meshes identifying the main factors affecting the strength of reinforced brickwork under local compression load. The experimental results are discussed and compared with the results obtained on unreinforced masonry walls. Moreover, the
Authors have developed a numerical model calibrated on the basis of experimental results in order to numerically reproduce the mechanical behavior of the reinforced masonry walls and the failure mechanisms. As a result of investigation was established that in the case of local compressive loading applied on the edge of the wall, the most effective is reinforcement with three meshes located in each row of masonry directly under load applying zone.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- An Experimental Investigation on the Rutting Performance of the Polymer
Modified Bituminous (PMB) Mixes
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Praveen Kumar P Kiran Kumar B V Manjunatha S and Gnanamurthy P B Flexible pavements are the most common type of pavement constructed in India and around the world using bitumen or asphalt. The pavement surface undergoes early distress or failure due to the high intensity of traffic, the overloading of vehicles, and significant changes in climatic conditions. The performance of conventional bituminous mixes can be improved by modifying the bitumen with the addition of additives, chemicals, waste materials, polymers, rubber, etc. The present investigation is carried out to assess the performance of the bituminous mixes prepared with conventional bitumen and elastomeric thermoplastic-based polymers, namely, Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS), a type of Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB), by subjecting them to Marshall and rutting tests. The pavement crust is built as per guidelines and specifications of the Indian Road Congress (IRC) 37, 2018. The rutting tests at different temperatures were carried out by indigenously developed equipment, namely the Roller Compactor cum Rut Analyzer (RCRA). The results show that the bituminous mixes prepared with polymer modified bitumen have a higher strength in the range of 16% to 21% than mixes prepared with conventional bitumen. Also, modified bituminous mixes showed higher density and a lower flow value, making the pavement surface less susceptible to temperature. Similarly, the results of rutting tests show the polymer modified bituminous mixes exhibited 11.8%, 20.5%, and 28.4% higher resistance to rutting than the mixes prepared with conventional bituminous mixes at 30℃, 50℃, and 70℃ respectively. The findings of the research help to reduce the use of natural resources, reduce the cost of construction, and simultaneously enhance the performance of pavement.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- The Assessment of Site Design as a Passive Fire Protection System in
Traditional Batak Toba Settlements, Kampung Ulos Hutaraja-Pardamean
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 N. Vinky Rahman Nurlisa Ginting Amy Marisa and Johannes Tarigan The fire protection system is divided into two, active and passive. Passive fire protection systems are more reliable than active fire protection systems. In passive fire protection, site design is an important aspect. The site design has several indicators, namely the presence of water sources, the distance between buildings, the arrangement of mass blocks, the availability of open space, and the presence of flammable objects. Almost all settlements of the traditional houses in Indonesia, including Batak Toba houses, are very vulnerable to fire hazards. This research aims to find site design elements as passive fire protection variables and assess the reliability of site design as a passive protection system in the Kampung Ulos Hutaraja-Pardamean. The Interviews and observations data were collected through direct observation of researchers on-site involving safety experts, primarily passive protection, Residential and Batak Toba traditional house-building experts, Indigenous Peoples, and the Fire Department. The data analysis method uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The AHP method shows the magnitude of the role of each indicator in achieving the level of site design reliability in passive protection systems. After finding the hierarchical order, the next step is to assess the reliability of the site design as a passive protection system. The reliability of the passive protection system in the site design is 67.085%, which means that the reliability condition is quite good but still needs to be optimized. Among the five Site Design variables, building distance is the most influential variable on the passive fire protection system of Toba Batak Traditional House. It has a hierarchy value of 51.04%, which means a significant impact will occur if optimization efforts are carried out on the distance variable between buildings compared to other variables.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Innovative Energy Retrofit Approach of Historical Buildings Using HBIM
Process: The Guest House of Al-Karak Greater Municipality in Jordan a Case
Study
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Ahmad Younis and Muhieddin Tawalbeh This paper describes the dynamic simulation approach that has been conducted to assess energy efficiency of retrofitting the Guest House of Al-Karak Greater Municipality in Jordan, which was constructed since more than 100 years ago. A virtual model of the house was developed using the Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) process as a mean of integrating Information Communication Technology (ICT) multidisciplinary tool to enhance energy efficiency in the historic building. Three retrofitting scenarios were designed to define the input parameters for the scenario dynamic energy simulation of the pilot building in question. The scenarios were informed by passive, active and renewable energy sources strategies. Simulation results showed that annual end use energy consumption after retrofitting the building ranged from (~9-81%) achieved by each of the retrofitted building elements and equipment. The latter figure was achieved by employing PV panels on the building's roof. The three scenarios generally proofed good reductions on energy consumption and procured savings reached ~100% with minimum of ~32% on annual end use energy. Moreover, U-value of the retrofitted building elements also secured considerable compatibility with the local code thanks to the excellently less U-values achieved compared to the minimum ones required by the code in question.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Cost Effectiveness and SWOT Analysis of Using Conventional or Light-Weight
Concrete Materials in Buildings Rested on Weak Soils
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Mohamed Elsharawy and A. B. M. Saiful Islam The design of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is always considered a challenge to satisfy all code life-safety requirements, to achieve sustainable performance and to economize the cost using available natural and artificial lightweight material. Using three different types of concrete materials (Normal concrete, Lightweight Scoria concrete, and Lightweight Polystyrene concrete), a 5-stories building, has been designed three times to allow comparing these three different materials. The building is located in the coastal area of Khobar city, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. The coastal area has mostly reclaimed sites that have layers of backfill with fluctuating salty-ground water tables. The construction sites in this region are generally recognized as weak soil locations with low bearing capacity. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the potential of using lightweight concrete as an effective design option to minimize the bearing loads on the weak soil. The design is carried out using Saudi Building Code. The structure was designed to resist gravitational loads as Khobar city is a low-seismic zone. The impact of using different concrete materials on the required steel reinforcement and the total weight of the building is examined. Finally, cost analysis and SWOT analysis for superstructure and substructure have been performed to estimate the total cost of different types of concrete components of the project. The steel and concrete volume LWC for the multi-story building could be substantially reduced. It is conjectured that the environmentally favorable and economical LWC will encourage the use of scoria, particularly as a viable alternative for superstructure construction.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Bond Strength between Steel and Recycled Asphalt Pavement Aggregate and
Recycled Concrete Aggregate
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Ahmed M. Ashteyat Rawan Al-Tarawneh and Nasim Shatarat The bond strength behavior between steel and concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) and/or recycled asphalt pavement aggregates (RAP) was experimentally investigated by testing 90 concrete cubes of cross section 150 mm x 150 mm using pull-out tests. In this paper, two steel bars (10 mm, 12 mm) and fifteen aggregate combinations were adopted. In each combination, five aggregate replacement ratios were considered: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The test results indicated a decrease in the tensile load capacity as the content of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) increased. The combination of RCA and RAP showed a reduction in bond stress for specimens with 10-mm steel bar about 6% to 15% compared to natural-aggregate (NA) samples, whereas for specimens included 12-mm steel bar, the reduction in bond stress was about 6% to 45% compared to NA samples. Furthermore, the design bond strength values calculated according to ACI were lower than the experimental bond strength values. Hence, ACI equations could be reasonably used to predict the proposed strength. Similarly, EC equations could be employed for bond strength except for 100% RAP specimens.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Lava Stone Waste Extract as a Substitute for Cement in the Mixture
Concrete to Maintain Environmental Sustainability
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 I Made Sastra Wibawa and Shinta Enggar Maharani Concrete is used as a construction material causing the excavation of concrete mixture materials available in nature so that its existence becomes depleted. It takes effort to find substitute materials but still maintain the quality of concrete. Lava stone waste that disturbs environmental sustainability, can be used to replace cement in concrete. The purpose of this study is to determine the percentage of lava stone waste as a substitute for cement so that compressive strength is obtained in accordance with the plan and to determine its effect on environmental sustainability after lava stone waste is used as a concrete mixture. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, by making cylindrical test objects measuring 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm high. The replacement of lava waste is made in 6 categories P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 with each category of 8 test objects, where compressive strength tests are carried out at the age of 28 Days and 90 Days with category P0 as a control without being replaced with lava waste. The results showed an increase in the compressive strength of concrete in the P1 and P2 categories, a decrease that still ranged from the compressive strength of the plan in the P3 category, and a decrease below the compressive strength of the plan in the P4 and P5 categories. The conclusion of this study is that lava stone waste extract can be used as a substitute for some cement.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Durability and Ecological Evaluation of Structural Concrete with Sewage
Sludge Ash as Ternary Binder
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Mithesh Kumar and Shreelaxmi Prashant SSA is a residue after incineration of sewage sludge, obtained from wastewater treatment plants. The efficacy of cementitious ternary blends, containing sewage sludge ash as a cementitious binder along with large volumes of flyash is studied experimentally and reported in this paper. Proportion of Portland cement in all the binder composition is limited to 50%. The properties of ternary blends containing Portland cement-flyash-Sewage sludge ash, such as fluidity, mechanical strength and durability are investigated. Present study reports the properties of M50 concrete, which is the most common concrete grade for various infrastructure projects. The binder mix consists of a blend of Portland cement, flyash and SSA. For all the mixes, the SSA proportion varied between 5% to 15% of the total binder content. Carbon emissions and ecological assessments have shown that effective use of SSA reduces environmental impact and improves sustainability. However, the proportion of SSA is to be restricted to 10% of the total binder content in order to achieve strength levels of 50 MPa or above. Binder composition of Portland cement flyash and sewage sludge ash induced sufficient workability for pumpable concrete and exhibited good mechanical strength. It has also contributed to considerable improvement in ecological parameters.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Sustainable Urban Treatments for Mixed-Use (Residential-Industrial) Areas
in Egypt (Fuwah Case Study)
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Aml Saad Elgohary Medhat Samra and Ahmed El-Tantawy El-Madawy The pursuit of urban living that promotes health and well-being has led to a growing interest in mixed land uses. Encouraging a mix of land uses can foster active transportation, reduce car dependency, and contribute to a healthier society. However, it is important to note that not all interventions have positive outcomes, as external factors associated with industrial use can lead to air pollution and negative consequences. In response, urban planning principles emphasize the importance of using land with compatible overlapping uses while avoiding incompatible combinations. The expansion of industrial activities has resulted in the coexistence of residential and industrial land uses, causing environmental degradation and prompting research into measures of mixed land uses. Various methods have been developed to assess the overlaps between residential, industrial, commercial, and other mixed uses. While planners often criticize the combination of residential and industrial land use, there is a lack of a systematic approach to evaluating the degree of mixing and its environmental implications. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods for quantifying the degree of mixture and identifying the criteria and factors that influence the coexistence of residential and industrial uses. This research proposes several measures to assess the mixing of industrial and residential land use, and demonstrates their application in Egypt. Furthermore, the study examines how these indicators can track changes in spatial patterns and identifies the key factors that contribute to the success or failure of mixed land use.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Arguing Faux Biophilia Concepts in F&B Interior Design: A Case Study
Applied in Duhok City
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Ahmad Afara Mustafa Aziz Amen Maysan El Ayoubi Dana Ramadhan and Jalal Alani Applying interior planting became a challenge yet a visual trend, which is often employed to promote the Biophilia concept as a style in interior design. However, the field's continuous expansion, driven by the aspiration to enhance the quality of life in interior spaces, underscores a persistent knowledge gap. This study investigates the impact of using actual/natural versus faux/artificial interior plants on individuals' psychological comfort and well-being, surveying 120 seated customers across six restaurants and coffee shops in Duhok City in Iraq as an example on regular weekdays. Three establishments feature natural interior planting, while the others use only artificial planting. The study employs a developed measuring tool from the MIND features of the WELL Building Standard, incorporating two key features, Beauty and Design I and II, and Biophilia I and II. The results indicate that participants exposed to natural interior plants report significantly higher levels of psychological comfort and well-being compared to those exposed to artificial planting. These findings underscore the significance of integrating natural elements in interior design, discouraging the use of artificial interior plants. This contribution enriches scholarly discourse, emphasizing the pivotal role of natural biophilic elements in advancing individuals' well-being within interior environments.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Ottoman Architecture in Algeria: Current State and Prospects for
Contemporary Functional Adaptation
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Attar Abdelghani Saraoui Selma Mohdeb Rachid Sara Zineddine and Khadraoui Mohamed Amine Architectural space is a concept that draws various interpretations from researchers worldwide, each interpretation framing the researcher's epistemological stance from the inception of their investigation. This study identifies three distinct categories of space: cognitive space, experiential space, and perceptual space - occasionally converging into a singular configuration. Algeria's Ottoman architecture boasts a rich tapestry of heritage structures, encompassing residences, administrative edifices, places of worship, and cultural landmarks. Within this diverse landscape, endeavors are underway to rejuvenate select buildings deemed emblematic of local Ottoman heritage, yielding mixed outcomes. The objective of our research is to furnish a comprehensive analysis of this architectural typology, scrutinizing the efficacy of repurposing in infusing vitality into the architecture versus inadvertently expediting its decline. To accomplish this, we delineate clear research goals and inquiries, elucidate the methodologies employed, including data collection modalities and analytical tools, and unveil specific findings that offer readers a lucid comprehension of the study's conclusions.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Effect of Slaking Cycles on Weathered Rock Material
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Andius D. Putra Differential settlements, a geotechnical concern, have been documented in earth fills constructed from weathered rock materials. The primary factor contributing to the problem is often seen as the progressive deterioration of the material because of weathering. Weathered rocks undergo a process of fragmentation into smaller particles as a result of repeated cycles of wetting and drying. The observed behaviour can be classified as a mechanical-hydraulic weathering process commonly referred to as "slaking". This study examines the phenomenon of rock deformation caused by slaking in weathered conditions. A sequence of unidimensional slaking experiments was conducted. During the experiment, a one-dimensional compression test was conducted on a desiccated sample. The compression was applied vertically in incremental steps, first at 9.8 kPa and thereafter increasing to 19.6, 39.2, 78.5, 157.0, 314.0, 628.0, and 1256.0 kPa. The wetting and drying processes were iterated while maintaining a compression level of either 314.0 or 1,256 kilopascals (kPa). The duration of each loading cycle was decided to be 30 minutes, based on the observation that the compression of the specimen occurred promptly and that there were no remarkable volumetric changes throughout the compression phase. The analysis of the test findings indicated that the sample's particle size distribution was widened as a result of repetitive wetting and drying cycles, and it was seen that notable irreversible compression occurred. Additionally, this study investigates potential strategies to mitigate the distortion caused by slaking in embankments composed of crushed weak rock. The research revealed that the application of high compression pressure initially, followed by a controlled release to a certain pressure prior to the initiation of the slaking cycle, resulted in the reduction of mudstone.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- The Impact of Double-Track Construction towards Utilization: A Case Study
of Surabaya – Madiun Segment
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Hera Widyastuti and Wahyu Satyaning Budhi Determining railway service quality is crucial due to its potential impact on train schedules, leading to delays. Service quality is evaluated through its utilization, which is equivalent to the infrastructure's ability to handle the current traffic volume. By understanding utilization levels, it is anticipated that operational quality can be effectively implemented. This is because utilization serves as an indicator of the relationship between traffic flow and available capacity. Furthermore, railway capacity is analyzed using the UIC code 405 method. The construction of a double-track on the Surabaya-Madiun segment is progressing, with 50% of the project operational by the end of 2019. A simplified simulation phase is conducted under the reference condition of 50% double-track operation, and the results are analyzed to determine railway capacity. The analysis findings in this study reveal that the construction of a double-track on the Surabaya-Madiun segment has resulted in a 27% increase in utilization.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Flexural Behavior of Plastic Bottle Waste Fiber Reinforced Concrete: A
Comparative Study between Continuous Fiber and Strip Fiber
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Christin Remayanti Nainggolan Indradi Wijatmiko Ari Wibowo Siti Nurlina and Ruth Diana Simanjuntak Fiber concrete is one of the innovative materials that is still developing and evolving. One of the fiber materials that is currently being studied is PET fiber from plastic bottle waste materials. The effect of fiber on concrete is influenced by the characteristics of the fiber material. One of the characteristics of PET fiber is the weak bonding between the fiber and the concrete which can be overcome by the geometries and dimensions of the fiber. Therefore, this paper focuses on the use of PET fiber from bottle waste with different dimensions: continuous fiber like a layer that was placed in the tensile area of the concrete and short strip fibers that were spread on the concrete, and their effects on the flexural behavior were investigated. Test results showed that the fiber started to be more effective at yield, maximum and ultimate condition, especially for the reinforced concrete beam with continuous fiber. The strip fiber worked earlier in the reinforced concrete beam and then followed by the continuous fiber when the load was continuously applied to the yield point. The continuous fiber improved deflection at the maximum and ultimate load and improved the stiffness better than short strip fiber. In addition, continuous fiber provided better ductility performance than strip fiber where the average ductility of continuous fiber was 20.5 while the strip fiber was 17.1.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Field Assessment of Daylight Illumination in Lecture Halls with Heavily
Tinted Glazing and Adjustable Blinds in Hot Arid Climates
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Abdultawab M. Qahtan Effective lighting in educational buildings is crucial for occupant comfort, especially in hot arid climates where balancing daylighting with solar radiation control is challenging. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using solar control glazing and indoor roller blinds in maintaining adequate daylight illumination under dynamic solar radiation. The investigation focused on a lecture hall at Najran University (NU) in Saudi Arabia, characterized by its large windows oriented towards the south-west and north-west, situated within the region's hot arid climate. The study assesses daylight illuminance penetration for heavily tinted glazing integrated with three roller-blind configurations: fully closed, 50% closed, and no roller blinds. The study shows that during the morning, none of the workplane areas meet the minimum illuminance requirement, but in the afternoon, approximately 30% of the workplane exceeds 2000 lux, necessitating the use of electrical lighting as a result of roller-blind closure. Hourly monitoring revealed that under the Blinds-50% setting, daylight levels failed to meet recommended classroom lighting standards, while in the Blinds-100% configuration, the lecture hall remained completely dark. This study highlights the challenges and solutions for achieving optimal lighting in educational buildings within hot arid climates, emphasizing the significance of avoiding static shading systems, such as heavily tinted glass.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Improving Natural Ventilation Multi-Story Buildings within Hot and Dry
Climates: A CFD Study of Windcatcher Performance
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Jenan Abu Qadourah Today, carbon and energy conservation are widely recognized as pressing issues on a worldwide scale. Passive systems provide a viable solution to this problem by reducing energy use while simultaneously improving indoor air quality. The traditional windcatcher is one such sustainable passive strategy that has historical relevance in Egypt. It was used in single- and double-story structures to allow for cross-ventilation and to keep interior areas cooler during the summer. This study investigates the practicality of windcatchers as an effective passive cooling and natural ventilation approach for multi-story structures in Egypt, with a special focus on the summer months, using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique. Using the simulation software DesignBuilder, a 3D CFD study is carried out to undertake an extensive assessment. The aim is to analyze and compare the airflow and the indoor thermal comfort between three possible configurations, one without a windcatcher, one with a windcatcher oriented toward the wind, and one with two windcatchers, one oriented toward the wind and one away from it. The windcatcher models have been effectively incorporated into a scaled-down representation of a test room. The evaluation of the thermal comfort study is conducted by the ASHRAE standard 55. The findings derived from the CFD simulations suggest that windcatchers possess the capacity to significantly augment the natural ventilation within high-rise structures situated in hot and arid regions. Moreover, it has been suggested that the utilization of multiple windcatchers as both intake and exhaust systems could potentially improve thermal comfort and ventilation in the specified space. This study provides significant insights into the possibility of windcatchers as a viable passive cooling strategy for multi-story structures in Egypt. As a result, it contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable construction practices in this particular location.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Axial Compression Load Capacity of Tubular Steel Columns with Polygon
Cross-Sections
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Amjad A. Yasin Ahmad B. Malkawi Muhmmad I. M. Rjoub Hani Qadan Faroq Maraqa and Jamal Aladwan Steel columns are structural compression members used in various civil engineering fields. One of the basic design criteria for these members is determining their buckling load. This study investigates the axial compression load capacity of tubular steel columns with hollow thin-walled polygon cross-sections, considering the effects of local buckling and nonlinear variation. Parameters such as the number of sides, side length, wall thickness, length, and steel yield strength were studied. Equations to calculate the axial load capacity of these columns were proposed, both derived and empirical. Results showed that generally, the axial load capacity increases as the number of sides, side lengths, and wall thickness increases. Within the investigated variables range, the variations of the geometric efficiency index were significant when increasing the number of sides up to 12, after which the variations were insignificant, and the number of sides had minimal effect on the slenderness ratio after increasing the number of sides beyond 14. Compared to the buckling resistance determined using AISC-LRFD code equations, the proposed equations can provide good predictions and offer a simple formulation for predicting the axial load capacity of columns with high slenderness ratios while taking into account local buckling and nonlinear effects.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Flood Frequency Analysis for Kosi River Basin, Bihar, India Using
Statistical Methods
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Niraj Kumar and Ramakar Jha Flood peak estimation provides assistance in water resources management by offering sufficient information regarding possible flood risk. In the present analysis, flood peaks are estimated for various return periods using the probabilistic model. Six statistical methods namely Normal, Gumbel, log Normal, General Extreme Value (GEV), Pearson III and log Pearson III are used to forecast the flood discharge of Kosi river which is responsible for inundating a large area of North Bihar plain despite various flood management activities. The annual flow data for a period of 33 years (1981 to 2013) at Birpur gauge station are used in the study. The flood peak magnitudes are computed for the return period of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years. The Generalised extreme value method provided the higher values of predicted flood magnitude. The Goodness of fit test for six distributions is assessed using Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS), Chi-Squared (CS) and Anderson Darling (AD) tests. The tests of Goodness of fit show that Normal distribution followed by Generalised extreme value distribution provides the best results for Kosi river basin. The predicted flood peak for different return periods is of greater importance and may be utilised in designing important hydraulic structures along the river, constructing bridges, developing flood inundation zones and flood management activities.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Optimizing Public Seating Design in Post-Pandemic Urban Community Parks: A
Comprehensive Framework
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Ling Zhang Velu Perumal Ahmad Rizal Abdul Rahman Mohd Faiz Yahaya and Abdul Rohim Tualeka In the post-pandemic context, public seating furniture, an essential part of urban community parks, is vital in meeting people's needs for a comfortable resting space. The current design and layout of public seating in community parks in the post-pandemic period do not meet the needs of different groups of people in many aspects. This study aims to develop a comprehensive design framework that covers the user characteristics, use patterns, space features, location, and activity characteristics of public seating in community parks. This framework will provide valuable reference information for industrial designers and urban planners to optimise the layout and design of park seating to further meet the needs and expectations for improved public seating in the post-pandemic period. This research used an on-site observation method and statistical analysis of data using Excel. Research shows that users of community park seating furniture cover all age groups, including special groups (pregnant women and people with disabilities). Although individual use is predominant, users have expectations of social interaction. Preferred seating locations are close to children's play areas, beautifully landscaped, and shaded tree areas. The type of activity is statistically diverse and includes accompanying children, socialising, watching dynamic activities, and using mobile phones. Based on the findings, however, there are limitations to this study, such as the limited sample size and the choice of observation periods and locations. In conclusion, the design framework is valuable to improve the attractiveness and promote the sustainable development of urban community parks.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- The Application of Adjustments as a Coping Strategy to Overcome the Space
Deficiency Problem in Urban Areas
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Linda W. Fanggidae The constrained availability of space is an issue compounded by the surging global populace, particularly in urban areas. Consequently, space in urban areas has become more expensive and unaffordable. Some city dwellers, such as several street vendors in Kupang City, can only have confined spaces. Therefore, they made several adjustments in order to meet their space requirements. Their adjustment strategy is the focus of this qualitative study. This research uses the case study method, and the analysis uses a descriptive exploratory technique. Data gathering relies on a combination of observation and interviews. This study found two types of adjustment: indoor and outdoor. The indoor space adjustment is conducted by optimising the three-dimensional features of the space and arranging the spatial layout based on the zoning function. Meanwhile, the adjustment in the outdoor space is managed based on some levels, starting from the most lenient by creating a physical sign of ownership up to the most aggressive one, which is the occupation and transformation of the outdoor space into the indoor space. These findings, in turn, can be used as a guide for formulating an adjustment strategy required in coping with the space deficiency problem, as in urban areas.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Influence of Recron 3S Fibres on Consolidation Behaviour of Expansive
Black Soils
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Unnam Anil H. S. Prasanna Chandan K. S. and Rachana B. Gowda The soils that make up approximately 1/5th of the Indian sub-continent are expansive soils, which are the most difficult to work with. These soils swell and shrink, causing problems in the foundation structures. These problems can be resolved by several modification techniques. The present experimental study is to reduce foundation failures by reinforcing the fibres to the expansive soils. Two soils having extreme liquid limits of 58% and 85% in the range were selected and reinforced with Recron 3S fibres. The 1-D consolidation test was conducted for different energy levels with seating pressure of 6.25 kPa to 1600 kPa, which were compacted at MDD and OMC for both natural and reinforced soils. The findings of Cv were estimated for various pressure ranges of plain and fibre-reinforced soils. The magnitude of Cv increased with the addition of fibres and with an increase in pressure when compared with plain soils. The increase in Cv value for the fibre Blended expansive soils induces a significant change in the magnitude of elastic and plastic settlement of soils (the time rate of the settlement gets reduced), thereby achieving economy in terms of time and controlled engineering behaviour.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Comparative Analysis of Concrete Mix Design Methods: SNI 03-2834-2000 vs.
SNI 7656:2012
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Riza Suwondo Christopher and Made Suangga Concrete mix design is a critical facet of construction, determining the composition of concrete for optimal performance and durability. This research paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of concrete mix designs based on two prominent Indonesian standards: SNI 03-2834-2000 and SNI 7656:2012. The study evaluates these standards in terms of technical accuracy and economic viability, shedding light on their effectiveness in producing efficient and sustainable concrete mixtures. The analysis encompasses various parameters, including slump value, aggregate sizes, water-cement ratio, and aggregate content. Notably, the research delves into the weight-based method and the absolute volume method as specified in the standards. Detailed calculations and considerations are undertaken to explore the differences and convergences in mix designs under the two standards. The study's findings reveal intriguing insights. The alignment of concrete masses obtained from both standards underscores their reliability and compatibility. Similarly, the agreement in water-cement ratios emphasizes the fundamental principles shared by these standards. However, the research unveils nuanced variations in the aggregate content between the weight-based and absolute volume methods, opening discussions on their distinct abilities to capture aggregate intricacies. Incorporating an economic analysis based on standard unit prices, the research highlights the financial implications of the different mix designs. The cost-effectiveness of SNI 7656:2012, which entails reduced cement usage while producing heavier concrete, introduces a sustainable perspective by minimizing material consumption. The synthesis of technical precision and economic feasibility forms the crux of this study's insights. As the construction industry seeks optimal mix designs that balance performance, durability, and sustainability, this research offers guidance to engineers and practitioners. In an era of evolving construction practices, where resource efficiency is paramount, this study contributes to the discourse on concrete mix design, enriching decision-making for resilient and cost-effective construction practices.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Evaluation of Daylight Performance in Classrooms through Retrofitting in
the Composite Climate of Eastern India
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Alok Kumar Maurya Ravish Kumar and Ajay Kumar Natural light has always been a crucial component of classroom design, providing essential lighting for activities like reading and writing. In addition to improving students' circadian, physiological, and psychological well-being, natural light boosts their reading and writing skills, human comfort, and visual perception. It is crucial to keep the classroom well-lit so that students' eyes can focus on their work. The main aim of this study is to evaluate daylight performance in classrooms (architectural studios) through retrofitting at the National Institute of Technology Patna (NITP) campus in Patna, situated within the composite climate zone. The primary objective is to suggest strategies that improve daylighting and visual comfort using spontaneous and climate-based metrics like Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), Spatial Daylight Autonomy (SDA), and in-classroom illuminance while keeping desk lighting at 300-500 lux. The study evaluates the effectiveness of clerestory windows, light shelves, solar light tubes, and their combinations in a south-facing studio (classroom). The CIE Standard Sky model is used to replicate India's multifaceted weather. This model includes scenarios with clear, moderate, and cloudy skies. The spatial daylight autonomy (SDA) is increased by 73.68% and 64.42%, respectively, when solar tubes with clerestory windows and solar tubes with lightshelf are used. These methods result in a UDI of 100 and 2000 lux throughout the studio for well over half of the occupied time. In conclusion, these retrofit solutions show potential for increasing natural light and occupants' sense of well-being in design offices in Patna and other parts of India with analogous composite climatic features and architectural styles.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- The Architectural Tectonics of Traditional Buildings in Mandailing, North
Sumatera, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Cut Nuraini Mandailing Natal, located in North Sumatra, possesses a number of traditional architectural treasures in the form of 'bagas godang' and 'sopo godang'. Currently, both of these buildings are in quite poor condition. They exhibit a unique tectonic character typical of Mandailing. This paper aims to explore various structural and construction details of 'bagas godang' and 'sopo godang', the main buildings in one of the villages in Mandailing Julu, namely Hutagodang village. This is essential to be carried out in order to serve as a reference for the local government if these two buildings require reconstruction. Research findings indicate that both structures have highly flexible tectonics against lateral forces. The construction structure of 'bagas godang' and 'sopo godang' consists of three parts, namely the bottom part (base), the middle part (walls), and the upper part (roof). Each part has its own construction and forms a cohesive homogeneous structural unit. The building materials for both structures are predominantly wood, and some parts, especially the foundation, use stones. The entirety of the building materials is sourced directly from the surrounding environment and shaped through simple material processing. The connections between the structural elements are in the form of pegs, notches, joints, and ties, which provide high flexibility against lateral forces.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Hydrogeological Potential 3D Model Analysis in Groundwater Basins in
Volcanic Areas of North Maluku
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Zubair Saing Wawan A. K. Conoras and Julhija Rasai The demand for groundwater in Ternate is increasing, which is correlated with the increase in population and well-built areas, resulting in increased groundwater exploitation, which, of course, impacts the potential threat of a groundwater crisis with seawater intrusion. Catchment areas on the body and top of the volcano are not optimal for groundwater recharging due to substantial runoff when it rains. Land conversion activities from forest regions to plantation land, agricultural land, and conversion to built-up areas near the Gamalama volcano's body and peak influence groundwater recharge. The relevance of exploratory research on hydrogeological surveys to search for new sources of groundwater in volcanic foot basins and bodies as a promising location for groundwater aquifers in the most astonishing quantity as the Ternate city's water consumption demand Hydrogeological research on rock lithology was carried out utilizing geophysical methods and geoelectric equipment, with an emphasis on placer or alluvial deposit formations. A 3D model with an estimated volume and tonnage of the aquifer is created to determine the potential and quality of groundwater aquifers. A 3D model was used to assess groundwater potential, which comprised direct geophysical test analysis findings in the field and the finite element technique using software. Survey techniques or measurements employing Schlumberger or Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) impact the outputs of measurements in subsurface settings that may be interpreted as models. The findings of a groundwater hydrogeological study in North Maluku's volcanic area, notably Ternate, are used as proposals for groundwater drilling data for the government to fulfill the community's basic needs.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Effect of Nano-Silica on the Mechanical Characteristics of Ternary Blended
Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Myakala Vamshikrishna and Ilango Sivakumar The imperative to reduce Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a principal driver of global warming and climate change, has prompted a paradigm shift in construction materials research. In this context, the utilization of mineral compounds as an innovative alternative to traditional cement is gaining increasing significance. This study introduces a novel approach to concrete production, emphasizing the environmental and sustainability advantages of replacing conventional constituents with diverse industrial by-products. Recent years have witnessed substantial interest in the integration of Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs) and alternative fine aggregates in concrete formulation. The core objective of this research is to investigate the compressive behaviour of ternary blended concrete incorporating nano-silica, M-sand, and fly ash as partial substitutes for cement and fine aggregate. The experimental methodology involves the development of multiple concrete compositions, wherein the nano-silica content varies while maintaining a consistent 30% fly ash and 100% M-sand ratio. The test specimens undergo a comprehensive evaluation of their compressive strength. The findings of this study reveal a significant breakthrough in enhancing the properties of ternary blended concrete through the incorporation of nano-silica. This innovative approach, blending nano-silica with other SCMs, holds the potential to revolutionize the development of high-performance, high-strength concrete. As the research suggests, further exploration is crucial to optimize ingredient proportions, curing conditions, and the long-term performance of ternary blended concrete enhanced with nano-silica. Notably, the results indicate that the addition of nano-silica substantially accelerates early-age strength development in concrete. This phenomenon can be attributed to its pozzolanic reactivity and its capacity to facilitate cement hydration. Additionally, the substitution of natural river sand with M-sand demonstrates favourable outcomes, particularly in terms of workability and strength characteristics. In sum, this study underscores a pioneering approach to sustainable concrete design, presenting the potential for substantial reductions in CO2 emissions, while simultaneously achieving superior material performance.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology for Building Envelope Retrofits
Using Photovoltaic Systems in Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Heba Mohamed Hafez Alsaied Ahmed El Tantawy El Madawy and Nanees Abd El Hamid El Sayyad Egypt is implementing various strategies to lower energy consumption in the building sector, which significantly contributes to negative environmental impacts and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The development of buildings envelope retrofits has been a focus of policy and research agendas for the past decade as part of efforts to decarbonize the building sector. Despite being the most practical and widely adopted renewable energy source, photovoltaic systems (PVs) may face a severe risk to their stability and potentially harm the environment. In this sense, life cycle impact assessment (LCA) is a recognized approach that reduces negative environmental impacts, and effects of the construction industry, and avoids resource depletion. Thus, to assess the integration of photovoltaic systems with building envelope materials with considerable environmental impacts, this research provides a novel methodology combining (LCA) with building information modeling (BIM). The methodology was authenticated by applying it to a campus office building, considering seven building envelope alternatives integrated with different photovoltaic systems. Using One Click LCATM software, results have compared the impacts of each alternative on the environment based on photovoltaic systems specifications and quantities factors. Finally, the results showed that the proposed approach could help with the retrofitting of buildings' envelopes integrated photovoltaic systems with low environmental impacts in Egypt.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Influence of Vertical Geometric Irregularities of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings on the Time Period for Different Bay Widths and Building Heights
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Sandeep G. S. Jagadisha H. M. and Sindhu V. N. Seismic activities have proven to be devastating and cause immense loss of life and property. To minimize the impact of such activities, earthquake-resistant design of structures plays a major role. Analysis and design of earthquake-resistant structures need a better understanding of the building's response to seismic forces through static or dynamic analysis. The fundamental time period is one of the important parameters for understanding the seismic response of any building. Construction of buildings with irregularities has become common and inevitable in the present urban scenario. The Indian standard code recommends linear dynamic analysis of analytical models to obtain design lateral forces for all types of buildings. As per the code, the fundamental time period used in the calculation of base shear is mainly dependent on the height and base dimension of a building irrespective of building irregularities. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the effect of vertical geometric irregularities for different bay widths and building heights on the fundamental time period of a building through Eigenvalue analysis. Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems (ETABS) software has been used to model 198 buildings with different vertical irregularities to determine the variation in the time period values in comparison with regular buildings. The effect of various parameters like number of storeys, bay widths and vertical geometric irregularities has been studied. It has been observed that the time period of the buildings is significantly influenced by the specific type of vertical geometric irregularity. Higher dependency on the number of building storeys and lesser dependency on bay widths for all types of vertical irregularities have been observed.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Assessment of Two-sided Concrete Corbel with Different Structural Forms
Using Finite Element Modeling
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Aristotle L. Medina and Gilford B. Estores Researchers worldwide have conducted studies to investigate the strength of concrete corbels, either through experimental tests or finite element simulations. The primary objective of these studies has been to determine how concrete corbels behave under different conditions. However, there has been a lack of research focused on identifying the most efficient shape of two-sided concrete corbels for supporting structural elements like beams and slabs using finite element modeling. Thus, this study aimed to determine the optimal corbel shape for supporting structural elements under different loading conditions. Three double-sided concrete corbels with varying structural forms were analyzed using finite element analysis and a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the corbel's structural response for different shapes. The parameters considered included concrete strength, modeling type, loading condition and shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d). Based on the findings, an increase in concrete strength led to an improvement in the load-carrying capacity of the corbel. Nonetheless, it was observed that with an increase in a/d, the corbel's load-carrying capacity decreased, indicating that the distance between the point of load application and the nearest support has an impact on the ability to support loads. This is due to the fact that a low a/d ratio in a corbel leads to uniform distribution of shear stresses across its depth, enhancing effective resistance. In contrast, a high a/d ratio concentrates shear stresses near the face closer to the load, reducing the effective resisting area and capacity. Ultimately, a rectangular shape was found to be the most efficient for double-sided corbels. Therefore, the cross-section of the corbel should be rectangular to achieve the maximum load-carrying capacity and minimum deformation. Furthermore, a regression model was proposed based on the finite element simulation results to predict the maximum load capacity and deformation of the three corbel cases.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Mechanical Analysis of Concrete Using Over-burnt Bricks as Coarse
Aggregate
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Yober Ostherlen Mantari Ramos Karla Esther Huamancayo Lizarraga Yerson Percy Amancay Huiza and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya The purpose of the project is to experimentally evaluate the properties of concrete in a hardened state when the coarse aggregate is replaced in dosages by over-burnt crushed bricks obtained from the artisanal brick kilns in the city of Huancayo. This material was chosen due to the abundance of artisanal brick kilns in the area, which generates waste in its preparation polluting the environment, so this material was used in order to give it an added value and improve the properties of concrete. To fulfill the objective of the research, the mechanical properties of the concrete were determined in the laboratory, compressive strength tests, tensile strength tests and flexural strength tests at 28 days were carried out in dosages of 5%, 10% and 15% of over-burnt crushed brick using a mix design of 210 kg/cm2 with the ACI method. It was determined that the percentage of 10% was the one that provided the highest compressive strength with a value of 323.54 kg/cm2, likewise a tensile strength of 24.89 kg/cm2 was achieved with the same percentage; with respect to flexural strength, a maximum of 65.39 kg/cm2 was achieved with a 5% replacement. It was recommended to use 10% of over-burnt crushed bricks since this was the optimum percentage to improve the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete based on the standard sample.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Soil-Structure Interaction Influence on the Seismic Performance of
Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Soumaya El janous Mohamed Amine Abid Abderrachid Afras and Abdelouafi El Ghoulbzouri Several factors may contribute to improving or reducing the capacity of the structural system against hazardous events, such as earthquake or wind excitation. Among these factors, this present work investigates the effect of soil type, anchorage depth of foundation and the number of stories of a reinforced concrete structure on its stability and integrity. The structures, subjected to seismic forces and the equivalent lateral forces due to earthquake, were evaluated based on EUROCODE 8. The nonlinear static analysis was performed. The response of the examined structure on a fixed base was also presented for comparison. The HAZUS methodology afforded by FEMA was applied to evaluate the fragility curves of various structures with different story numbers. The spectral displacements at the performance point and the probability of damage were evaluated for each level. For comparison, the methodology (HAZUS) was applied to calculate the reinforced concrete building's failure risk without taking the relationship between the soil and the structure into account. This was accomplished using the finite elements program SAP2000. From the results computed, the effect of including the (SSI) in the analysis was clearly observed. The impact of the examined parameters was also clear on varying the seismic behavior of the structure.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- The Effect of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Aggregate Using Crushing and
Pelletization Methods on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Bimo Brata Adhitya Rosidawani Budi Nayobi M. Hadziq Huda and Defiria Afifah Over the last decade, there has been significant growth in the world in infrastructure developments, leading to an increase in the consumption of materials. One of the most commonly used materials in the construction industry is concrete which is made up of several constituent elements including coarse aggregates. The availability of these aggregates in nature was observed to have been reduced significantly, thus leading to the search for alternative sources. The production of artificial aggregates through the geopolymerization process is an example of this alternative source. The process involves reacting materials containing high content of silica and alumina such as fly ash with an alkaline activator. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing the effect of fly ash-based artificial aggregates produced using crushing and pelletization methods on the mechanical properties of concrete. The ratio of the mass of fly ash to the mass of alkali activator in the geopolymer artificial aggregate composition is 3:1. The mass ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH was 2.5:1, the concentration of NaOH was 15 M, and the addition of sand was 15% of the fly ash mass. The concrete composition for the three types of aggregate, namely natural aggregate, crushing aggregate, and pelletization aggregate, uses constituent materials with the same volume with adjustments, type, and uses the same manufacturing method. Natural aggregate concrete has the highest compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete, followed by pelletization of aggregate concrete, then crushing of aggregate concrete. The compressive strength values of the 28-day-old concrete for the three aggregates were respectively 28,976 MPa, 25,582 MPa, and 23,418 MPa and the tensile strength values for the 28-day-old concrete for the three aggregates were respectively 2,917 MPa, 2,641 MPa, and 2,323 MPa. Since the design compressive strength value of pelletized aggregate concrete is achieved, geopolymer aggregate using the pelletization method can be used as an alternative to natural aggregate.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Exploring the Continuum and Changes in the Cultural Identity of Migrant
Community - Vaniga Vysya, A Tamil Community in Balaramapuram, Kerala
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 C. Indra and Kumudhavalli Sasidhar This research paper would explore the continuum and changes in the cultural identity of Vaniga Vysya community which migrated from Tamil Nadu to Balaramapuram of yesteryears Travancore now in Kerala. The cultural identity comprises tangible and intangible attributes. The scope was limited to three tangible attributes which included 12 variables as listed below. a) Settlement level with variables, type of settlement and public spaces of the community. b) House level - spaces with seven variables namely seating in the front portion of the house, multi-purpose room, puja space, rooms, kitchen, cattle shed and open well. c) House level - house components with three variables namely doors, windows and columns. The other tangible attributes and all the intangible attributes formed part of the limitations of this research. Literature study on culture and migrant community resulted in four processes of acculturation. They were assimilation, separation, integration and marginalization. Three more possibilities apart from the above processes like changes in assimilation, changes in separation and changes in integration were identified. Samples were chosen based on the sampling and selection criteria. Secondary data on the considered tangible attributes of home and host culture were identified, collected and synthesised to form a base template which was used for comparing and categorizing the primary documentation on the considered tangible attributes. This categorization was further checked with processes of acculturation and analysed. The results of the three attributes were as follow: i) settlement level - maximum separation; ii) house level: a) spaces - maximum marginalization; b) house components - maximum integration and changes in separation. The process of acculturation for all the three tangible attributes put together marginalization was most closely followed by separation and the third was changes in separation. This showed that even though there were changes, there was a strong need to maintain their cultural identity. Methodology formulated would be a prototype model for researching on the continuum and changes in the cultural identity of any migrant community. The base template formed would be secondary data for research on tangible attributes of Tamil Nadu and Travancore.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Improving Activity Requirements in Open Plan Office Spaces by Using
Different Acoustic Design Elements: Engineering Studies and Consultation
Center as a Case Study
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Sanaa Abdelghany Eldyasty Ahmed Eid Asmaa Nasr Eldin Elbadrawy and Alaa Mohamed Shams Eldein Eleashy Choosing the appropriate acoustic design element for open office spaces depends on many influences such as the user's needs according to the type of activity practiced (public or private space). Also, the values of the acoustic parameters represent a factor and an indicator of the expression of open-plan office spaces acoustic performance. The research discussed the two design elements, the addition of absorbent ceiling materials and the addition of acoustic barriers, and their effects on activity type and therefore the distances required between workstations, according to the method of measurement used in the research. The research studied the internal space measurements of "Engineering Studies, Research, and Consultation Center" in the Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt, to find out the classifications of the sources surrounding the workstations and the sound pressure levels, then simulated three case studies, case (1) indicates the original space, case (2) for adding absorbent ceiling materials, and case (3) for adding sound barriers. The research concluded that the acoustic parameters are affected differently according to each design case. The research result was that the lowest value of the sound level was reached in the case of Absorbent ceilings. As for the distraction and privacy distances, the values were the lowest for the case of using acoustic barriers and then lower distances between workstations. Therefore, the choice here is according to the activity practiced within the office space and its requirements (activity for private work requires Speech Intelligibility and thus reduces the clarity of speech index - an activity for group work that requires clarity of speech between workers) and therefore this can be translated into a framework for the user's needs.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Analyzing the Life-Cycle Cost of Manholes: Cement Concrete Versus Polymer
Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Kishor Shrestha Pramen P. Shrestha and Jacimaria Batista In the United States sewer networks, cement concrete (CC) manholes are widely utilized. However, due to their great susceptibility to chemical corrosion, these manholes have shorter lifespan. In comparison to CC manholes, polymer concrete (PC) manholes in sewer networks are shown to have greater resistance to chemical corrosion and longer lifespans. Despite this advantage, use of PC manholes in public works has been limited by their higher initial installation cost. There are very limited studies conducted in this subject; therefore, the key objective of this study is to compare CC and PC manholes and identify the most cost-effective option based on life-cycle costs (LCC). This study collected 60-inch and 48-inch diameter manhole data from the Clark County Water Reclamation District, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Since the data were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests were carried out to determine the group differences. The findings showed that the LCC costs of CC manholes, considering both installation and replacement costs, are significantly less than those of PC manholes. However, the differences were not significant for both sizes of pipes when the LCC costs were computed considering the installation costs only. The practical application of this study is that public agencies can employ the CC manholes as the cost-effective option for 60-inch and 48-inch sizes. The results of this study may assist public agencies in choosing cost-effective manhole options in future manhole projects. This study has a limitation in that the findings are directly applicable to 60-inch and 48-inch manholes; public agency engineers should take caution to implement the findings to other sizes.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Seismic Analysis of Frame Structure with Infill Using Finite Element-Based
Meso-Modelling Technique
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 A. R. Avinash A. Krishnamoorthy Kiran Kamath and M. Chaithra The failure of many structures during past seismic events has demonstrated that multistorey buildings are prone to earthquakes. Therefore, researchers have shown a lot of interest in understanding the seismic behaviour of buildings. Masonry infills are an integral part of framed buildings. In a typical structural analysis, the mass of these infills is considered, but the stiffness is ignored when buildings are subjected to earthquakes. However, it is known that infills contribute to the stiffness of the structure. Despite this fact, the stiffness of infills is not accounted for in the conventional analysis owing to the complexities in realistically modelling the infills. Therefore, many researchers have suggested different techniques for incorporating the stiffness of infills in the analysis. Depending on the level of details required, some suggested macro-level modelling, and others have proposed more detailed micro-modelling. Few researchers have even proposed modelling techniques which are in between the level of macro and micro models. This article proposes a finite element-based meso-modelling technique to analyze an infilled frame building subjected to earthquakes. The proposed model is capable of simulating the contact and separation effects at the infill and frame interface, which cannot be represented using macro-modelling techniques. For the study, different earthquake records are chosen based on key characteristics such as frequency contents and pulse-like features. Along with the proposed model, an equivalent strut macro-model is also used for comparison purposes. The study shows that the proposed meso-model can represent the seismic behaviour of the building, which is comparable to the behaviour of the building with macro-model idealization. Also, the base shear response of the proposed model is generally slightly more conservative than the responses of frames with infills represented using macro-models.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Effect of Marble Dust on UCS and CBR of Gypsum Stabilized Clay
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Batchu Ramanjaneyulu and Nandyala Darga Kumar Waste minimization by its utilization in various engineering constructions is the thought of every field engineer. Clay soil stabilization using lime along with fly ash has been in practice since good olden days. Marble dust is one amongst the waste being generated huge quantities in the recent past. Improved living standards and infrastructure development caused use of polished marbles and in the process of it, huge marble waste is getting generated. In this research, the combination of marble dust and gypsum is introduced into the clay soil to investigate its geotechnical properties, aiming to determine optimal values for Atterberg limits, Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Unconfined Compression Stress (UCS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). Also, on the soil and admixed soil samples, the XRD and SEM analysis is carried out to identify the mineralogical composition. The results revealed that with the addition of marble dust to the 6% gypsum stabilized clay resulted in liquid limit and the plasticity index have decreased. The CBR and UCS of mixes especially at 15% marble dust showed better performance. Further, the curing of mixes for 14 days and 28 days resulted in improvement in UCS. Overall, the marble dust of 15% yielded better performance of clay stabilized with 6% gypsum.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Achieving Thermal Comfort through the Design of a Tourist Hotel –
(Huancayo)
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Marisol Arroyo Inga Helio Sebastian Balvin Huanuco Jorge Luis Poma Garcia and Claudia Rossana Poma Garcia At present, there are numerous studies of methods that evaluate indoor thermal comfort of buildings incorporating energy efficiency criteria in the design and architecture. All bioclimatic planning in buildings is to grant comfort conditions to the occupants, because a negative impact could be generated if sustainable tourism is not planned. This paper presents the results of a design proposal of the Tourist Hotel inserted in the area of regional conservation of Huaytapallana. Therefore, the use of thermal comfort indices suitable for the study of climatic conditions in tourist places is analyzed, in addition to the study of representative cases of places with the greatest influx of tourism, also because they have similar climates and cultural contexts. The methodology to be used is experimental for the proposal, of a descriptive and applicative type, for having contributions of information, applying tools and techniques of design for the proposal. Three tools are used: Mahoney Tables, Psychometric Abacus and the Bioclimatic Chart, which are executed and then contrast the results with each other, to later discuss them and determine if the tourist hotel responds to the thermal comfort needs of tourists in Huaytapallana snow mountain.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Bio-design as a Basis for the Creation of New Architectural Materials:
Experience of the Faculty of Architecture of Gazi University
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 2 Güneş Mutlu Avinç and Semra Arslan Selçuk The experiences of nature that have been present for billions of years guide scientists and designers in their research, covering different topics such as form, function, aesthetic, production of durable materials, light and practical structures, variety, optimization, conservation of natural systems, bio-diversity, reduction of energy losses, etc. From that perspective, nature offers ideas to produce adaptive, highly durable, and smart materials and serves as a raw material source for researchers who learn from nature. This study questioned how bio-inspired designing could be used as an instrument for interdisciplinary research in the triangle of architecture, materials science, and biology, and it discussed the outputs of a workshop held with the students undergoing postgraduate education in architecture. Utilizing "the problem-based process", which is one of the bio-inspired designing processes, this study reviewed the material-related thoughts of architects in line with architects' limited biology knowledge. Furthermore, it examined the gains of the bio-inspired design approach through the pre-post-test and problem-based designing of the self-assessment questionnaire. In conclusion, it is safe to state that nature, as a role model, can present significant information in the search for solutions within interdisciplinary studies in this century when the importance of sustainability is more apparent than ever.
PubDate: Mar 2024
- Assessing Commuter Satisfaction and Operational Efficiency of Local
Passenger Railway Services in Tshwane, South Africa
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 T. P. Mpontshane E. A. Burger J. Snyman and J. E. Honiball This paper explores the operational efficiency of a local passenger railway service, focusing on commuters' perceptions in an informal settlement in the City of Tshwane municipality, located in the Gauteng province in South Africa. Railway transportation is vital to South Africa's primary transportation network; however, the network faces significant challenges, including a decline in traffic volume, ageing rolling stock, outdated technologies, and deteriorating infrastructure. These issues have particularly impacted the local passenger railway service in the research area, leading to reduced operational efficiency and a decline in ridership due to commuter dissatisfaction, especially among rural areas reliant on the railway for transportation. This paper aims to provide insights into a local passenger railway service's operational efficiency by engaging with its commuters to enhance ridership. This research employed an explanatory mixed-method questionnaire to assess commuter satisfaction, perceptions, and needs regarding the local railway's service efficiency. The analysis focused on satisfaction levels with specific service quality attributes and the dispersion of data around the mean. Findings indicated a general dissatisfaction among participants and identified key service attributes affecting operational efficiency that require improvement, including effectiveness, reliability, efficiency, safety, comfort, accessibility, crowding, information provision, and alternative travel modes during service disruptions. However, findings should be contextually validated when applied to different scenarios. In conclusion, it is critical to constantly enhance these aspects to maintain existing riders and draw new ones.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Structural Solutions with Aesthetic Values in Islamic Architecture
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Ahmed Al-Shahat Al-Menshawi Hussein Al-Shanwany Hassan Mostafa Hassan Afify and Ahmed A. El-Shihy The construction of the dome is considered one of the most important architectural achievements in the history of architecture, through continuous development in the design of the dome, which led to the design and implementation of large areas without any construction obstacles, making it one of the projects that was built on a large scale. Important architectural styles require recognition of their structural capabilities and artistic expression. Hence, this research highlights the importance of domes, arches, and muqarnas in Islamic architecture. The idea of the research came to draw inspiration from the past in the dome element, in terms of its shape and development, in a structurally defined area, which is the area of transition from the square shape to the circle. This transformation captured the thought and interest of Muslim architects over a long period of time, giving this structural solution aesthetic value. These ideas were used in all types of buildings, and when we wanted to study them, we only found mosques and tombs whose details remained, which gave us a golden opportunity to study them and benefit from them. From here we can understand this development and reach the current dome. The research begins by identifying the most important structural elements in Islamic architecture, including the dome, which we expand into studying its origins, types, different shapes, uses, and development. We see this development by studying the transitional zone of the dome from the inside and outside. From the inside, we find corner curves, spherical triangles, and stalactites, which we explain in detail due to their importance and the variety of their shapes, then using arches. Development from the outside includes keeping pace with the inside in increasing the transformation area, finding simple aesthetic solutions, reaching hierarchical solutions, and others. Then comes the innovative solution, and the maximum stage of Evolution in the Ottoman Dome, and how the development of the dome reached the point of covering the entire building area.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- A Comparative Cost Analysis and Environmental-Mechanical Assessment of
Conventional and Sustainable Concrete and Steel Reinforcement Materials
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Kreachluck Shenn A. Galamgam Raphael Julian T. Sahagun Jedrek Charles A. Videña and Christ John L. Marcos The construction industry is one of the world's leading sectors in terms of large-scale development. Since the early years of the construction industry, it has been responsible for keeping our cities developed and on a level with the current economy. However, due to increasing pollution levels, people are experiencing negative effects caused mostly by the creation of construction materials. This research proposes recommendations for sustainable materials that replace conventional ones like concrete and steel reinforcement. Additionally, this study examines the differences in mechanical properties, environmental benefits, and costs between sustainable and conventional construction materials. Based on numerous sources, concrete and steel reinforcement are the most common materials people use today, which also leads to the rate of carbon emissions. Alternatives such as AshCrete and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) are beneficial in reducing the cost and the negative environmental implications. This study found that using AshCrete and GFRP costs less than concrete and steel reinforcement. Additionally, both environmental and mechanical properties also show a positive effect. The implementation and improvement of these materials show promise as they can revitalize the construction industry for the betterment of the economy and our health.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Experimental Study of Foaming Agent Proportions for Cellular Concrete
Fabrication: A Case Study in Barranquilla
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Abudinen D. Murillo M. Gómez W. Ardila A. and Espitia E. Cellular concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and preformed foam, whose main feature is being a low-density material due to it containing uniformly distributed gas cells. To reach this, the preformed foam is composed of a solution based on a foaming agent and water, resulting in a material with a density between 320 kg⁄m3 and 1920 kg⁄m3, creating an advantage over conventional concrete, which in some cases can be harmful as it normally has densities from 2300 kg⁄m3 to 2500 kg⁄m3. Despite the creation of this concrete type being nothing new, there is still no procedure or standardization of the proportion to be used between water and foaming agent for the preformed foam production for the creation of high-density cellular concrete (classified as a subcategory within cellular concrete category) characterized for having a minimum density of 800kg⁄m3. The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of the relation between water and foaming agents in the production of preformed foam for the creation of high-density cellular concrete. For it, a total of 84 cylindrical specimens were manufactured using mixtures with two different target densities (880 kg⁄m3 and 1680 kg⁄m3), where each of these densities is divided into three different protein foaming agent proportions (1:30, 1:35, and 1:40). The properties of the mixtures were analyzed in terms of the slump, the density, and the compressive strength. The test results revealed a pattern: as the proportion or amounts of foaming agent within the water-foaming agent ratio increased while keeping the other mixture variables constant, a decrease in compressive strength was observed. This phenomenon was inversely proportional to density, since, as the amount of foaming agent decreased, the density of the specimens increased. Mixtures that remained within the expected limits obtained compressive strength values of 3.01 MPa and 22.55 MPa, corresponding to a target density of 880 and 1680, respectively.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Seismic Behaviour of Fluid Storage Containers Considering the Effect of
Soil and Earthquake Characteristics
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 M. Chaithra A. Krishnamoorthy and A. R. Avinash Seismic analysis of storage containers is quite different from the analysis of general structures such as bridges or buildings. In the general structures, the interaction happens amongst solids only, but in tanks, the contact is between solid and liquid. Usually, a simplified model using the spring and mass system of the tank-fluid system is considered to analyse the storage containers, without including the interaction effect between the storage container wall and fluid. Also, the tank's base is idealized as fixed, even though the soil below the foundation has flexible behavior. For a realistic study of the behavior of the container supported on soil, it is essential to consider the interrelation between the tank and fluid at the fluid-wall interface, as well as the interaction between soil and container at the base. Therefore, the response of the container considering the influence of soil and fluid is investigated in the current study. The container-fluid-soil system is idealized using the Finite element method. The coupling effect between the container and fluid is modeled using the Pressure formulation approach. The container is subjected to six past earthquakes. The effect of ground motion characteristics and the influence of soil conditions are studied on the behavior of the container. Response parameters taken into account for the study are in terms of displacement at the container top, base shear, hydrodynamic pressure on the container wall, and sloshing. In order to investigate the interaction effects between the foundation and soil medium, soils with various flexibility parameters are considered. The study shows that the soil conditions, as well as earthquake characteristics significantly influence the response of the container in terms of displacement at the top, base shear, and hydrodynamic pressure. However, it is observed that the foundation-soil interaction modeling has very little impact on the sloshing displacement of the container.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Community Behavior in Public Gray Open Spaces, Case Study: Merbau Square,
Banyumanik-Semarang
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Maria Damiana Nestri Kiswari Nany Yuliastuti and Budi Sudarwanto The provision of open space in urban settings is one indicator of the Sustainable Development Goals. Humans create space as a place to carry out their activities. Urban public open space has impervious areas, namely gray space. The gray space is a place for recreational activities, including fitness activities, social activities, and activities to enjoy visual facilities in public open spaces. Various community activities are carried out simultaneously in the gray space. Community behaviour shows community dynamics and social interactions in a neighbourhood public space. This research aims to understand various community behaviours in gray spaces at Merbau Square. This research uses the qualitative method and descriptive analysis, which describes the condition of the square and the behaviour of the people who are active in it. Data was obtained through interviews and observing the situation and the conditions. The space syntax method that uses the Depth Map application is for the data analysis. The analysis results by Depth Map strengthen the identification of places in gray space that have the potential for various activities because they are easier to see and accessible. People’s activities are tied to their behaviors. The diversity of community activities in the gray space is mapped through behavioural mapping, namely the place-centred map. So that we will gain an understanding of how people behave in the gray space of Merbau Square as a public facility that has been developed, comprehending the community behaviour will illustrate the sustainability of public facilities in a neighbourhood.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Optimal Chute-slope Adjustment for Avoiding Flip Bucket Abutment Erosion
Due to a Flood Projectile Jet in Ogee Spillway
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Rusul Latteef Naji Hesham Mahmoud El-Badry and Ahmed Ezzat Abdel-Rahman Poor geometrical design of dam structures may lead to high-risk erosion problems. The unbalanced design of the spillway and flip bucket causes damage in different locations, especially impingement locations. Sustainable solutions should focus on modifying defective geometric dimensions that cause damage, rather than just repairing the damaged area. Numerical simulation of the modified profile is preferred to avoid expensive experimental field adjustments. A damaged existing dam in Africa was considered as a case study. Erosion in the rock steps that support the elevated flip bucket was observed during the ejection of the flood jet. The geometrical parameters of the spillway's slope, flip bucket radius and lip angle were adjusted. Elongating the ejected water stream range away from the supporting area was accomplished. A numerical detached eddy simulation (DES) model was constructed for this desired objective. The high reliability of this model was early detected by the authors. The flow properties on two modified slopes of the chute were simulated numerically without any change in the original flip bucket properties. ANSYS FLUENT software was used in all simulation processes. The optimal modified slope model was determined. Within different operation stages, the performance of the new slope model was analyzed and compared with the optimal pre-determined parameters of the flip bucket's modification. The optimal individual models of chute slope and flip bucket parameters were combined. The combination achieved a more reliable model for stabilizing the abutment. Jet velocity, trajectory length, total pressure and turbulent intensity results were recorded for the assessment stages.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- The Volumetric Properties Modified Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course with
the Addition of Epoxy Resin and Steel Fiber for Road Pavement
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Rachmat Mudiyono Juny Andry and Nisa Ul Azizah Pavement structures have various problems that can interfere with mobility, such as potholes, and cracks in the road. Given the increase in mobility, there is a need for quality and quantity roads that can meet this. Asphalt concrete wearing course is the top layer that often experiences cracks, wears holes, and other general damage because this layer is in direct contact with loads and weather. Various efforts are made to improve the quality of asphalt concrete pavement, one of which is to substitute materials or add materials to find a good quality pavement with high stability value to ensure that it doesn't easily deform or deteriorate over time. In this study, the authors used two additional materials, namely epoxy resin and steel fiber. The purpose of this research is to determine the quality of the modified AC-WC mixture using Marshall test parameters. This study used experimental methods with core topics discussing the parameter Marshall test and the stability value. The experiment was conducted by creating 48 job mix designs. The results of research that has been carried out for job mix design in Marshall tests with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% resin composition with variations in the combination of Steel fiber steel fibers 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% meet the Bina Marga 2018 revision 2 specifications. The results of the Marshall test obtained the highest stability parameter in the composition of 2% resin with 4% steel fiber, and the highest stability result is 2159.74 kg.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Flexibility and Durability in End Plate Joints: Insights from Advanced
Modeling and Simulation
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Bashir Saleh and Sofian Bashir This investigation examines the performance of tension and compression connections in steel beam-column assemblies and concrete slabs, with a particular focus on end-plate joints employing four bolts. By utilising advanced finite element modelling (FEM) and simulation techniques, the study aims to elucidate the behaviour of these joints under both service and extraordinary load conditions. While these connections exhibit favourable flexibility and resilience during typical use, they present challenges in transmitting exceptional loads without incurring joint failure and potential structural collapse, particularly when subjected to unexpected loading scenarios. The research employs a meticulous analytical approach utilising ABAQUS/CAD software. This analysis incorporates a comprehensive evaluation of various parameters, including inherent structural imperfections, material properties, the interplay between steel and concrete, and the influence of non-linear material behaviour. The findings indicate that while these joints perform adequately under standard loading conditions, they may exhibit susceptibility to failure under extreme stresses. This underscores the critical need for the development of adaptable and robust steel beam-column connections to ensure paramount structural safety and stability. Furthermore, the study emphasises the significance of continuous advancements in modelling and simulation techniques, enabling the effective resolution of intricate structural challenges. This investigation offers valuable insights that can be harnessed to develop more efficient and secure composite steel-concrete structures. Furthermore, the study emphasises the significance of continuous advancements in modelling and simulation techniques, which can be employed to mitigate potential structural hazards and enhance building practices, ultimately leading to safer and more resilient structures.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Electrification of Trans Metro Pasundan Corridor 2D Facilities to Achieve
Sustainable Transport
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Dessy Angga Afrianti Sabrina Handayani Tazkia Amelia and Ni Kadek Anggun Cahyani The importance of integrating environmental considerations into public transportation systems is crucial to achieving sustainable transportation. It is not enough to just advocate for sustainable transportation; concrete actions are required to bring about real change. One of the main challenges in achieving sustainable transportation is the high level of emissions. In this context, electrification emerges as a viable alternative to address these challenges. This study focuses on the electrification of the 2D Corridor of Trans Metro Pasundan through the Retrofit method, highlighting its cost-effectiveness compared to other methods. The main objective of this research is to examine the impact of electrification on reducing emissions, particularly by measuring the reduction in CO2 emissions before and after the electrification process. Using a quantitative descriptive approach, this research carefully analyzes data to draw conclusions. The findings indicate a significant decrease in CO2 emissions post-electrification, with a reduction of 88.3%. This study emphasizes the potential of electrification in mitigating emissions in Bandung City and West Bandung Regency, thereby contributing to broader goals in achieving sustainable transportation and moving towards Net Zero Emission (NZE) by 2060.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Examination of Strength and Sorpitivity Characteristic of High Strength
Hybrid Fiber Reinforced SCC
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Maneeth P. D. and Shreenivas Reddy Shahapur By induction of fibers in to the concrete, it expands the potential properties of self-compacting concrete, which has certain technological benefits. Fibers serve like an obstruction that prevents cracks from getting worse in the concrete as well as to enhance a number of its qualities. Concrete's workability can be dramatically impacted by fibers, as is well known. So, using steel and polypropylene fiber, a research was conducted to produce SCC. Cementitious material content was held constant at 450kg/m³; therefore, consistent water-to- cementitious material amount has been used 0.42, 7.5% by weight of silica fume and 22.5% by weight of GGBS, which were used to replace cement in the self-compacting mixtures. The variables in this study were the volume fraction percentages of fibers (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2). As a way of determining concrete's new qualities, for example, filling ability and passing ability were assessed, as well as concrete's strengthened characteristics were measured. Further, intake of water and demonstration of absorbency are executed in order to determine durability. Therefore, ultimate strength showed a very slight increase. The ductility has improved dramatically as a result of the inclusion of fiber. For superior strength performance, it was discovered that the filling factor as well as aspect proportion of fiber should be 2.0 percent and 39, respectively. Despite a slight improvement in concrete strength due to the use of fibers and high volumes for both fume of silica with GGBS, the results showed that huge volumes for both Silica Fume and GGBS have the ability that creates self-compacting concrete with reinforced fibers.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Environmentally Friendly Sustainable Green Transportation: Ecological,
Economic and Social Dimensions
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Husni Mubarak Azridjal Aziz Juandi and Gatot Wijayanto Transportation is one of the largest contributors to gas emissions, due to the need for transportation in various aspects of life. Efforts are needed to develop environmentally friendly transportation by implementing the green transportation concept. The idea of "green transportation" refers to using transportation while considering its effects on the environment, particularly gas emissions. This study's objective is to evaluate Pekanbaru City, Riau, Indonesia's current state of sustainable transportation. From three primary perspectives - economic, social, and ecological - this study will assess how sustainable transportation is. The exploratory descriptive methodology of this study involves the collection of primary and secondary data. While secondary data came from previously conducted research, government reports, and statistical data that already existed, primary data was gathered through field surveys and the distribution of questionnaires with total 150 respondents. The study's findings indicate that transportation system generally has a less sustainable state. It was discovered that transportation-related gas emissions are still high and have an adverse effect on the environment in the ecological dimension. It was discovered that transportation costs lacked efficiency in the economic realm. Conversely, in the social realm, detrimental effects on nearby communities were discovered, including disparities in access to transportation. The primary finding of this study is that the government and practitioners need to pay more attention to the sustainable aspects of transportation development. The city government may use the findings as a reference when creating more environmentally friendly transportation regulations. This research, which examines ecological, economic, and social aspects, finds areas where improvements can be made to promote transportation sustainability. It is hoped that this will improve the quality of life for the people living in Pekanbaru City, Riau, Indonesia, by lowering noise and air pollution. Due to the fact that this study's restrictions are restricted to the roads in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia, it's possible that the municipal administration of Pekanbaru, Indonesia, will be the only entity to use the study's findings to implement green transportation. To make generalizations about this, more study on the social, economic, and environmental components of each Indonesian region's ecology is necessary.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Eco-Friendly Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Production:
A Review
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Al-Saraireh Majd Ali and Md. Habibur Rahman Sobuz Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) is a novel kind of construction materials that demonstrates outstanding mechanical and durability characteristics. In recent times, UHPFRC has demonstrated significant advantages in comparison to other kinds of concrete. This investigation presents an in-depth review of the fundamental principles, raw ingredients, production, and manufacturing techniques utilized for the development of UHPFRC. The design of UHPFRC is guided by core principles that include enhancement in structural density, refinement of microstructure, decrease of porosity, and augmentation of toughness. The selection of constituent materials has a substantial influence on the characteristics of UHPFRC, the techniques used in its production, and the complexities of the curing process. The possible reduction of material costs without compromising strength can be achieved through the incorporation of widely accessible supplemental cementitious components, such as rice husk ash (RHA) and nanoparticles, instead of cement, as well as the incorporation of silica fume. The utilization of elevated temperature curing in UHPFRC leads to a more compact concrete matrix and improved performance compared to ambient curing. However, this approach fundamentally limits the potential applications of UHPFRC. As a result, the current trend in the manufacture of UHPFRC is moving towards the use of readily available raw materials, the application of traditional casting methods, and the implementation of curing processes at ambient temperatures. This review attempts to deepen our foundational conception of UHPFRC, encourages additional study and applications, and recommends a comprehensive investigation of the mechanical and durability properties of UHPFRC to maximize its practicality.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Environmental Cost of Locally Manufactured Hollow Concrete Block in Jordan
Using the Life Cycle Assessment Approach
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Abdulsalam Alshboul and Dana Turk Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the embodied environmental loads of locally manufactured hollow concrete brick supply chain, as the most common building material in the Jordanian architecture context, where sustainability has gained mainstream attention in the recent decade as a response to the global quest for an environmentally responsible building sector. Design/methodology/approach - The quantitative framework of a streamlined, process-based LCA based on ISO 14040 series protocols was followed to evaluate, analyze, and interpret the energy consumption, water demand, and greenhouse gas emissions, of the detailed cradle-to-site production cycle of locally manufactured HCB, using two different production methods as real-life case studies. Findings - Formulating a generalized approach to calculate embodied energy in transportation via an obtained mathematical equation with distances and several desired produced brick units as the main variables, as well as estimating the consumed electrical energy values by brick plant machinery for any HCB unit count including their associated GHG emissions footprint. Practical implications - Reducing building's embedded impacts in the same way operational energy has already been reduced, fulfilling the concept of sustainability. Originality - Findings serve as a notable potential to aid Jordanians in establishing a reliable, transparent reference database, and ranking guidelines regarding national construction materials, assisting architects in materials selection decisions at early design stages, and possibly improving the environmental performance of materials supply procedures.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Effective Model of Vehicle Parking Distance at Signalized Intersections
Using Cumulative Method Analysis
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Hasmar Halim Zubair Saing Hamzah Yusuf Hamkah and Anton Kaharu Traffic bottlenecks are a common feature of urban transportation, particularly at signalized junctions. The primary cause is inconsistent roadside parking control (on-street parking), which impacts traffic saturation at signalized junctions. This study attempts to develop an effective model for parked cars at a specific distance from the stop line in the face of congested traffic to establish the appropriate parking ban distance at the junction. This study developed a simulation to position a vehicle at a specific distance, observe traffic movement at the junction, and assess parking boundaries to create an appropriate distance model. All cycles witnessed during traffic saturation circumstances are videotaped. Data collection at the entrance line occurred when there was no parking and at distances of 5, 10, 20, and 30 meters from the stop line; this was collected during one peak hour. The study's findings provide a linear mathematical model for the association between traffic saturation and parking distance. The presence of parking substantially impacts variations in saturation current value at a distance of 35 meters from the stop line. Therefore, the efficacy of enforcing the parking prohibition extends from the stop line to 35 meters, allowing parking at distances more significant than this value. We hope these and other studies can serve as a foundation for creating on-street parking design suggestions.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Exploring Geopolymer Concrete Using Biomedical and Bone China Waste:
Impact of Sodium Hydroxide Molarity
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Rishi and Vanita Aggarwal This study investigates the potential of utilizing biomedical waste ash (BA) and bone china clay (BC) in geopolymer concrete production, especially when combined with optimized NaOH concentrations, to achieve concrete with superior mechanical properties. Study contributes to the ongoing efforts in sustainable construction materials and waste utilization, presenting a promising avenue for enhancing the performance of geopolymer concrete in structural applications. The performance of these novel mixes was compared with conventional 40-grade concrete to assess their suitability for structural applications. The key findings reveal that geopolymer mixing with a 16M NaOH concentration demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to other molarities, indicating the effectiveness of higher alkaline solution. Particularly, the mix containing 30% BA and 30% BC (SFB30C30) exhibited significantly improved strength characteristics, surpassing the performance of the control mix OPCF0B0C0. Compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), and split tensile strength (STS) tests conducted at various curing periods (7, 28, and 90 days) showcased notable enhancements in SFB30C30 mixes with 16M NaOH. Compared to the control mix, these enhancements ranged from 20% to 41.81% for CS, 25% to 41.81% for FS, and 30% to 38.88% for STS.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- A Laboratory Scale Model Analysis of Stock Raft Foundations and Ventilated
Foundation Systems Constructed on Expansive Clay Soils
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Dirk M. Bester Elizabeth Theron Philip R. Stott and Jacques Snyman Constructing raft foundations for houses on expansive clay soils has gained popularity. Raft foundations evenly distribute the building's weight over the entire footprint rather than at individual points like a traditional strip foundation. They offer advantages such as enhanced stiffness, moisture control underneath the foundation, and structural integrity. However, they are not without drawbacks. Raft foundations typically have higher initial costs, increased excavation depth, and the potential for heaving underneath the foundation. To address these challenges, some designers have recently proposed and implemented solutions from companies like Geoplast or VoidForms, which involve creating ventilated foundation systems where the foundation slab is suspended with a cavity underneath it. These ventilated foundation systems incorporate large voids that allow the heaving of expansive clay soil inside and air circulation to aid in moisture evaporation. It is proposed that allowing the expansive clay soils to heave inside the foundation system will reduce overall movement and potential structural damage to the house. The study employs scaling laws to compare the performance of a standard raft foundation typically used in South Africa with a ventilated foundation system in a controlled laboratory environment. The study seeks to determine which foundation system performs more effectively under expansive soil conditions. By evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of both foundation types and their behaviour on expansive clay soils, this research aims to contribute to informed decision-making in the context of South African construction practices. The findings of this comparative study hold the potential to guide designers and builders in selecting the most suitable foundation system, taking into consideration local soil conditions and the desire for long-term structural stability.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Predicting Compressive Strength of Sprayed Concrete Lining in Tunnels:
Ensemble Deep Learning with ARF Optimization
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Mutasime Abdel-jaber Rob Beale Nisrine Makhoul and Ma'en Abdel-jaber The ability to withstand compression is an important factor in evaluating the effectiveness of Sprayed Concrete Lining (SCL), but the conventional method for determining this characteristic is both time-consuming and physically demanding. This paper presents a new ensemble deep learning (EDL) model for advanced mixture design-based prediction of the compressive strength of SCL (CS-SCL). The model consists of five phases: data acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction, feature selection, and compressive strength prediction. The collected raw data undergoes pre-processing via data cleaning and transformation. Then, the statistical features such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), central tendency ("mean, median, mode"), dispersion ("range, second quartile range, variance, and standard deviation"), skewness & coefficient of variation are extracted from the pre-processed data. From the extracted features, the optimal features are selected using the new hybrid optimization model- ArchRatFly Optimization Algorithm (ARF), which is the combination of "Archimedes Optimization Algorithm" (AROA) and "Rat Swarm Optimization Algorithm" (RSA). The compressive strength is then predicted using the EDL model that integrates "Self-Organizing Maps" (SOMs), "Deep Belief Networks" (DBNs), and optimized Autoencoders. In EDL, the SOMs and the DBNs are trained with optimal features. The outcome from SOM and DBN is fed as input to the optimized autoencoder. The final output, compressive strength, is obtained from the optimized autoencoder. The hidden layers of the autoencoder are optimized using the hybrid optimization algorithm AROA and RSA, designed to improve the prediction accuracy of the model. Results in MATLAB show that the proposed model outperforms existing models in performance metrics such as MAE (0.3), MAPE (1.4), RMSE (0.3), MSE (0.1), Correlation coefficient (1.00), and R2 (0.998).
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Criticism of Norman Foster's Architecture: To What Extent does Foster's
High-Tech Architecture Respect the Building Context'
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Duha J. Al-Olaimat Isra M. al-shdaifat and Sukinah H. Al-Khazaleh Norman Foster's architecture is described by the limitless application of new technologies in building construction and their technological tools [1]. However, this advanced architectural technology in Foster architecture overshadowed important aspects of architecture. This paper aims to answer these questions: To what extent does the advanced appearance of Norman Foster's architecture respect the context' What about location and urban fabric' And what about the artistic aspect' The methodology depends on analyzing the number of Foster's projects and highlighting the critiques that arose about them through addressing four categories of his projects: firstly, transformation or redesigning buildings, including the British Museum's Great Court in London, the Reichstag in Berlin, and the Carré d'Art in France. Secondly, illusionary concepts, by analyzing the project (GLA) and willis faber & Dumas Headquarters in UK. Thirdly, Foster's projects are located within beautiful nature but do not interact with it, including the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in the United Kingdom, the Sage Gateshead Centre in the UK, and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in the UK. Fourthly, the projects designed to serve political and economic objectives, including Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank in China, and finally, presenting how Foster defends his approach to that project. The method focuses on the exposition and interpretation of all chosen projects in terms of context, urban fabric, and artistic aspect. The results show the evaluation and judgment of the mentioned projects, highlighting how Norman Foster deals with the context of building and how he justifies his bias toward technology rather than aesthetic values in his architecture.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Integrating Advanced Surveying Technologies and Indigenous Knowledge into
3D Building Information Modeling
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Ketut Tomy Suhari Asep Yusup Saptari Hasanuddin Z. Abidin and Putu Harry Gunawan This paper comprehensively investigates applying High Definition Surveying (HDS) techniques and Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodologies for documenting and analyzing cultural heritage in Penglipuran village, Bali, Indonesia. Penglipuran village, renowned for its preservation of traditional Balinese culture and architecture, serves as the focal point for this study. Leveraging HDS technologies such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), Drone-based imaging, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), accurate spatial data were collected to facilitate the creation of detailed BIM models. The methodology involved data collection using HDS techniques, followed by data processing using software like Agisoft and Cloud Compare. Subsequently, BIM models were developed using Revit software, enabling the visualization and analysis of cultural elements within the village. The study utilized open BIM environments and platforms like BIMServer and BIMVision to query and analyze cultural heritage data within the BIM models. This research integrates HDS techniques and BIM methodologies to demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches in cultural heritage management and tourism promotion. The accuracy and detail of the developed 3D models were assessed against established Level of Detail (LOD) standards to ensure their suitability for heritage conservation and visitor engagement. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for stakeholders involved in heritage preservation, urban planning, tourism management, and academia. By showcasing the potential of advanced technologies in documenting and preserving cultural heritage sites, this research contributes to the sustainable management and promotion of cultural heritage, ensuring its significance for future generations.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Impact of Urban Expansion on the Historic City of Babylon: Strategies for
Preserving Heritage amidst Modernity
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Israa Hameed Hantosh and Amer Shakir Alkinani This study meticulously investigates the intricate challenge posed by urban expansion on historic preservation, with a focal analysis on the historic city of Babylon. Amidst growing concerns over the sustainability of urban development and the preservation of cultural heritage, this research provides a comprehensive exploration of the impacts, methodologies, principal results, and significant conclusions concerning the preservation of heritage sites amidst modern urban expansion. Drawing from a mixed-methods approach that includes expert surveys, thematic analysis, and case studies, this study identifies a consensus among scholars and practitioners about the significant risks urban expansion poses to historic preservation. Despite the diversity in opinions regarding current urban development policies, there is robust support for enhancing legislation, community involvement, and the integration of modern architecture with historic sites to foster sustainable urban development and heritage preservation. Key findings suggest that a multifaceted approach, encompassing technological innovation, comprehensive legislation, and financial incentives, is imperative for the sustainable preservation of historic areas. The research underscores the importance of community engagement in preservation efforts and highlights successful strategies for the integration of modernity with heritage, showcasing the potential for a harmonious coexistence between contemporary urban needs and the preservation of historical integrity. Moreover, the study delves into the practical implications of these strategies, presenting a nuanced understanding of their socio-economic and social implications. It articulates the need for policies that balance development goals with the imperative to preserve historical integrity, proposing innovative solutions that respect both contemporary urban demands and the rich tapestry of our cultural heritage. Through its contributions to the field of urban planning and heritage conservation, this research not only enriches the academic discourse but also serves as a guiding framework for policymakers, urban planners, and conservationists, aiming to navigate the complexities of urban expansion while honoring the legacy of historical sites like Babylon.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- The Architectural-landscape Organization of Urban Areas in Flooded and
Waterlogged Territories (Prospects of Astana City)
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Veronika Musabayeva Konstantin Samoilov Oksana Priemets Bolat Kuspangaliyev and Lyazzat Nurkusheva Urban construction in flooded and waterlogged areas has a centuries-old history. Of the repeatedly used water treatment systems, the most effective turned out to be a water-channel system that allows groundwater or atmospheric water to be diverted to the water body closest to the development area or located inside it. In most cases, the channels allow solving some of the problems in the field of passenger and freight transport, complementing or duplicating overland transportation by waterways. The best examples from world practice show the possibility of organizing highly comfortable buildings on sites with both road and water-channel communication. The Astana city was historically formed on the right bank of the Yesil' River, where geological and hydrological conditions did not have dominant factors in the form of flooding and waterlogging due to precipitation and groundwater. At the end of the last century, the intensive growth of the city, which became the capital of Kazakhstan, led to the urban development of the left bank of the Yesil' River. In this area (especially in the southwestern part), there are many water bodies and a very high groundwater level, which both independently and in combination with flood waters and precipitation periodically forms flooding of vast areas. Sporadically carried out measures to drain overflowing water bodies, the construction of wells and drainage outlets only partially solved the annually escalating problem. In these circumstances, it seems advisable to use the experience of the United States, where a developed canal system has been formed in the Miami city. These channels eliminated the danger of flooding of the territory, provided convenient water transport links to various areas, formed commercially attractive areas with private access for individual development, as well as comfortable recreational areas. The proposed water-channel system for the city of Astana has a relatively complex spiral-arc configuration. This is proposed due to terrain peculiarities of the landscaped area and the location of existing water bodies. This system is linked to the riverbed of the Yesil' River and ensures the flow of excess water into it downstream of the river outside the city limits. As a result, many sites with convenient street-road and water-channel connections to the existing urban area become available for active urban development.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- The Effect of Mixtures Material Constituent on Producing
Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Locally
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Mohammed Salman AL-Lami and Mohammad Waleed AL-Ahmad Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), is a modern concrete technology that has gained popularity recently. It has very high compressive strength, ranging from 120 MPa to over 180 MPa. Numerous research studies on the mechanical properties of UHPC have been conducted, including compressive and tensile strength, durability, low porosity, and high resistance to abrasion, impact, chemical attack, and exposure to environmental conditions. Many of the UHPC mixtures used have a commercial name, which is delivered as a sold-ready mix package from the manufacturer. In this paper, an experimental program was conducted to investigate the effect of mixture material proportions on producing (UHPC). Fourteen trial mixtures were tested to achieve the maximum possible compressive strength using different types and proportions of constituents that were available locally and comparable to the ready mix. The materials used in this research were: cement, micro silica, crushed quartz, silica sand, calcium carbonate, crushed basalt, steel fiber, and three different types of superplasticizer additives. The maximum compressive strength of UHPC obtained from the trial mixture reached 123.6 MPa at 28 days of age.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- CFRP Wrapped Concrete Cylinder to Compressive Strength under A Variation
of Concrete Qualities
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Phattaraphong Ponsorn Strengthening and retrofitting concrete compressive structures by wrapping them with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite material is currently one of the most effective solutions in civil engineering. The outcome of the solution, increasing compressive capacity, was still found to vary with a number of potential factors, for instance, numbers of wrapped layers, exposure durations and conditions, bonding efficiency of CFRP at concrete surface, shapes, and sizes of the compressive member. Yet, so far, the effect of concrete qualities on the strength increment has to be made known in research, and therefore, it was studied and aimed in this paper. A total of 15 concrete cylinders, grouped into five concrete qualities, were put in order as the first series for the original unwrapped specimens and the second and third for the CFRP-wrapped specimens. An experimental program was set up to measure the compressive strength of concrete cylinders using the rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, and ultimate compression test. The compressive strength of the concrete cylinder was then compared between the original unwrapped and wrapped with CFRP. From the comparison, the compressive strength of the wrapped concrete cylinder was increased by approximately 2.0 to 2.5 times based on the original unwrapped one. Furthermore, it was observed that the compressive strength increment was in the trend of gradual diminution when the original strength of the concrete was higher. The low to high of the compressive strength of concrete cylinders have shown that the averagely increased strength of the two CFRP-wrapped series dwindled from 2.64 to 1.85 times. The strengthening of the concrete cylinder in axial compressive capacity can be improved by wrapping it with CFRP composite material. It was significantly more effective when the qualities of the concrete were poor.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Energy Management Model for Air Conditioning Energy Conservation in Hotel
Buildings of Makassar City, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Nasrullah Muhammad Awaluddin Hamdy Muhammad Tayeb Mustamin and Ansarullah Faharuddin Energy conservation in air conditioning systems in hotel buildings is to reduce energy consumption and environmental impacts. The purpose of this research is to analyze the energy conservation model applied in the air conditioning system in hotel buildings through energy conservation studies, energy-saving strategies, and management. The research used a quantitative method with a hotel case study approach in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province - Indonesia. The object of research is the building of Aryaduta Hotel and Aston Hotel Makassar. Field survey is conducted through measurement of internal and external heat load variables. Data analysis is based on energy consumption intensity (IKE), the amount of energy used (REI), building envelope, sun shading, and occupancy level. Data is processed with a parametric statistical approach, and then the building envelope is through the calculation of Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) according to SNI 6390: 2011, cooling load, and thermal comfort assessment Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD). The results showed that the modeling simulation results decreased in both research objects, namely Aryaduta Hotel, with a decrease in cooling load of 10% from the addition of 260 cm (-17.2%) and a percentage of occupancy energy gain of 16.53% at 30% occupancy load. Hotel Aston decreased the cooling load by 9% from the addition of 10 cm (-3.09%) and the percentage of occupancy energy gain was 3.13% at 30% occupancy load. Energy conservation tends to use intelligent automatic control systems, energy-efficient HVAC equipment, variations in building envelope settings, and ventilation. Through this research, the benefits obtained are the development of sustainable solutions that combine environmental aspects, comfort, and energy efficiency and are environmentally friendly in hot and humid tropical regions such as Indonesia.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- In-Depth Survey on Using BIM Digital Technologies in Jordanian
Architectural Industry
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Mais Rahdi Al-Ruwaishedi Dema Khraisat Nooriati Taib and Esam Azzam Background and aims: Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a digital process which empowers architects, engineers and building facilitators, to interactively create three-dimensional, pragmatic, digital representations of buildings and related networks. These models are very detailed and can be used in a design process, as well as to communicate and work together, once a construction project starts, between all different parties involved in it. The worldwide architectural profession is heavily affected by the introduction of BIM authoring tools, as through such, the style in which architects work changes drastically. The influence of technology on the built environment starts here. Thus, the objective of this academic article is to carry out a detailed assessment of how computer-based technologies have been impacting the architectural industry discourse in Jordan. Methods: The research design of this research was based on a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach through a comprehensive literature review in addition to an architectural profession survey and professionals' interviews. Results: The research examines the multitude of ways in which BIM technology has revolutionized the architect's profession in Jordan from the visioning of Projects, the reduction of working hours of the design stage and conjointly, raising efficiency in project cost. On the other side, the study looks at the degree of BIM technology being used by architecture professionals in Jordan, focusing on drivers of its popularity as well as the impediments to its adoption. This investigation concludes that BIM technology has a substantial impact on the professional sphere of architectural work in the Arab Republic of Jordan, and most respondents revealed that their skills had improved the design quality and the project efficacy because of this technology. Conclusion: Even though the use of BIM proved to be very advantageous to the construction industry in Jordan, the number of issues, that hinder the adoption of this technology, is high. These issues include low levels of awareness and skill, the limited access to software and services and finally, the refusal to change practices. The results enhanced the design process with better precision and accuracy, among other aspects including effective communication and collaboration among the architect, engineer, and other professionals that participate in the construction process.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Improving the Thermal Performance of External Wall in Common Construction
Practice in Lebanon
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Fadi Moucharrafie Elias Farah Rida Nuwayhid and Bechara Nehme The building envelope with its different components (Windows, roofs, walls, slabs on grade) is one of the main building elements that has a significant impact on the building's energy efficiency. To improve the building's energy efficiency and better control the desired interior temperature, in both cold and hot climates, architects and engineers principally act to hinder the undesired heat flow from within the building to the outside and from outside the building to the inside in order to achieve the desired thermal comfort for the building's occupants. Hence, this paper focuses on one of the most constructional passive elements in the building envelope, namely the external wall. For that reason, a series of calculations are executed to numerically assess the thermal resistance values (R-values) and the thermal transmittance values (U-values) of some external wall ensembles used mainly in common residential building construction practices in Lebanon. The improvement of the thermal insulation is made by adding a 4 cm thick extruded polystyrene board mounted with a 2.5 mm thick polypropylene mesh upon which a 12.5 mm thick plaster layer is applied. The thermal transmittance was reduced by 75%.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Beyond Sight: Designing Inclusive Kindergarten Outdoor Spaces for Visually
Impaired Children
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Yara Hesham Yasser Mansour and Doaa K. Hassan Outdoor spaces, which are often designed with a focus on visual perception, have their barriers towards certain people with different capabilities, especially the visually impaired, who find it difficult to deal in such visually biased spaces. Addressing the visually impaired at an early age can help them face struggles and spatial barriers to be able to integrate normally into the society. Kindergarten outdoor spaces are important as they provide these children with concrete experiences from which they can learn about the world. They need to go beyond focusing on visual sense by being inclusively designed using the multi-sensory approach, which is used to increase spaces' experiential values, allowing children to use them freely and independently. The study seeks to shed light on the importance of incorporating multi-sensory approach in developing kindergarten outdoor spaces for visually impaired children. The proposed methodology involved analyzing and linking aspects, such as visual bias in architecture, kindergarten outdoor space design, visually impaired children's perceptions and difficulties and multi-sensory approach, to better understand inclusive design concepts. A rubric was then compiled from these theoretical aspects to link outdoor space elements with the five human senses. Hence, exploring the Case Study of "Hazelwood School for the Blind", using the rubric, was made to examine how its elements were utilized to create optimum sensory outdoor spaces experienced through all senses. Results showed that it is extremely important to utilize multi-sensory approach to help architects develop optimal design strategies for inclusive kindergarten outdoor spaces. The resulting holistic spaces, designed specially to address visually impaired children, can act as great means of introducing them to richer experiences. They additionally help them overcome their barriers and difficulties, and enhance their senses, spatial perceptions, navigation and cognitive mapping processes.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Development of Inter-Regional Terminals Based on Sustainable Performance
(Case Study: Gorontalo Province in Indonesia)
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Eriyanto Lihawa Muhammad Yamin Jinca Baharuddin Hamzah and Edward Syarif Transportation infrastructure has an important role in encouraging and improving the economic growth of a region. The performance of transportation infrastructure affects the level of transportation services. Isimu terminal as a transportation network node in carrying out its function has not shown adequate passenger activity. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability performance of the Isimu terminal based on economic, social, and environmental aspects using the IPA, CSI, and Model Integration methods. The results of the Isimu terminal service performance analysis, 25.0% of the economic aspect indicators are in Quadrant III and 75% are in Quadrant IV. For social aspect indicators, 27% are in Quadrant I, 36.36% are in Quadrant II, 9.09% are in Quadrant III and 27.27% are in Quadrant IV. For environmental aspect indicators, 36.36% are in Quadrant I, 27.27% are in Quadrant II, 4.54% in Quadrant III, and 31.8% in Quadrant IV. Customer Satisfaction Index is at 51% - 65.99%. For the sustainable development of Isimu integrated terminal and transportation infrastructure in Gorontalo province, priority actions are needed to formulate policy programs.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Exploring the Integration of Design Thinking in Space Habitat Development:
A User-Centered Approach
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Shahad Majid Kadhim and Ahmed Louay Ahmed This rеsеarch еxplorеs thе intеgration of dеsign thinking in spacе habitat dеvеlopmеnt, adopting a usеr-cеntеrеd approach. It aims to invеstigatе thе potеntial bеnеfits and challеngеs of incorporating dеsign thinking mеthodologiеs and principlеs in thе crеation of innovativе, functional, and sustainablе spacе habitats that mееt thе divеrsе nееds of astronauts. Thе rеsеarch mеthodology consists of a comprеhеnsivе litеraturе rеviеw, casе study analysis of thе NASA Lunar Gatеway projеct, and еxploration of kеy dеsign thinking principlеs and mеthods. Thе results have shown the idеntification of еxisting approachеs and practicеs that incorporatе dеsign thinking in spacе habitat dеvеlopmеnt еxamining usеr еngagеmеnt and fееdback procеssеs and еvaluating thе outcomеs and impact of dеsign thinking in thе Lunar Gatеway projеct. Thе findings providе insights into thе importancе of a usеr-cеntеrеd approach, stakеholdеr еngagеmеnt, and thе application of dеsign thinking tools and mеthods in spacе habitat dеvеlopmеnt. The implications of this rеsеarch may contribute to future spacе habitat projects and thе advancеmеnt of thе aеrospacе industry, еnhancing thе dеsign procеss and promoting usеr satisfaction and mission еffеctivеnеss.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Accuracy of Hybrid Models of Detection, Classification, and Quantification
for Automatic Road Damage Evaluation
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Yusroniya Eka Putri Rachman Waliulu Priyo Suprobo and Tri Joko Wahyu Adi Automatic identification of road damage conditions using available technology is extortionate. High-accuracy detection classification of road damage type and amount can provide more accurate information about detailed damage based on digital imagery. Relevant stakeholders can allocate resources more efficiently and improve the accuracy of costs associated with handling road repairs by increasing the accuracy of the type and volume of road damage detection. This study aims to explore road damage detection models by identifying and qualifying precisely the variety of damage and calculating the volume of damages. This study used a quantitative exploratory approach. The scope of this study is asphalt road pavement, which has seven types of damage. The initial stage in the methodology is the process flow of preparation, labeling, and training datasets, followed by an analysis of performance measurement data, the accuracy of detection, and the classification of pavement damage. Then, it continued with the analysis of performance measurement data and the accuracy of calculating the volume of each significant damage. The resulting hybrid model contributes to ORACE: Originality, Reliability, Accuracy, Completeness, and Efficiency in identifying road damage. The object detection model has achieved excellent precision performance, a high precision value (95.1%), and can detect objects more precisely. As many as 80% of all positive objects are identified, and the model has a good balance between recognizing objects with high precision and capturing most objects that should be detected (high sensitivity). Meanwhile, the quantification of the volume of asphalt road damage (e.g., potholes), where the level of accuracy is determined based on the comparison of the volume of calculated data to reference data, is 97.89%. Accuracy shows that the pothole volume calculation process application model can start an excellent calculation of road damage volume.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Optimising Park Utilization in Urban India: Assessing the Impact of
Walkability and Pedestrian Amenities on Neighbourhood Park Usage in
Jalandhar City
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Amrita Shukla Pankaj Chhabra and Vijaya Bhati Neighbourhood parks are vital in enhancing the quality of life in urban settlements. It provides an opportunity for people to interact socially and engage in community activity, along with other economic and social benefits. Public spaces like neighbourhood parks are an indispensable element of urban fabric but are underutilized in developing countries like India due to improper pedestrian facilities and connectivity. Walkability is considered an alternative form of sustainable urban mobility with direct environmental, social, and health benefits. Various researchers have proposed different tools and techniques to calculate the walkability index at the city level. Many studies have been conducted on the benefits of public spaces in terms of the health and wellbeing of citizens, but factors contributing to the increasing utilization of public space need to be explored. The study proposes a neighbourhood walkability approach to understand the impact of distance and pedestrian facilities on walking and the usage of a neighbourhood park. A mixed survey approach is used for data collection, comprising a questionnaire survey and site observations for three different residential neighbourhoods in Jalandhar. The results depict a strong interrelationship between the distance of the residential area from the neighbourhood park and the availability of other pedestrian amenities. The result can help architects and urban planners understand the factors that encourage citizens to walk and provide recommendations for enhancing Walkability within the neighbourhood. Therefore, it will help optimize the usage of a neighbourhood park and enhance the quality of urban life.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Comparative Analysis of Quantity Take-Off Material Between Conventional
Method & BIM Nemetschek Allplan Method on Bridge
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Hendra Saputra Rozy Pratama Elfrido Elias Tita and Muhammad Yusa Building Information Modeling (BIM) stands as a revolutionary force in the construction industry, delivering advanced tools for project management and design. Despite its widespread adoption, a critical gap persists in the literature regarding the accuracy of Quantity Take-Off (QTO) outcomes produced by BIM software, notably on platforms such as Nemetschek Allplan. This study seeks to fill this void through an in-depth comparative analysis of QTO accuracy, utilizing Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) as the benchmark. The Silam Bridge serves as a singular and comprehensive case study, utilizing the Detail Engineering Design (DED) as the foundational basis for material estimation. Executing 3D modeling and reinforcement detailing through the Nemetschek Allplan software, the research unravels notable disparities in QTO precision. Concrete components exhibit a 7.09% deviation, while reinforcement details show a significant 14.87% discrepancy. These findings underscore the imperative for a nuanced understanding of factors influencing QTO accuracy within BIM applications. Beyond merely identifying discrepancies, the study offers valuable insights that hold the potential to enhance construction project management practices. By emphasizing the need to refine BIM-based approaches, this research contributes to the ongoing evolution of the construction landscape. As the industry continues to transform, addressing these nuances becomes paramount for harnessing the full potential benefits that BIM can bring to modern construction practices. In conclusion, this study not only advances the discourse on BIM's efficacy but also provides practical implications for its application, paving the way for improved efficiency and accuracy in project delivery.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Correlational Analysis Between Compression and Tensile Mechanical Test
Results of Compressed Earth Bricks CEB, Developed in the Central Andes of
Peru
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Irvin Franco Gamarra Alarcon Victor Teodomiro Barzola Trillo Jesus Angel Huaman Chavez and Manuel Ismael Laurencio Luna The constant challenge of increasing quality in the manufacture of green building components and the lack of standards for the prediction of tensile strength is becoming a relevant challenge. For this reason, this research is focused on the development of a logarithmic function that relates the compressive and tensile strength of compressed earth bricks (CEB). To this purpose, the study examines the influence of different cement dosages (7%, 15% and 20%), drying days (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and establishes critical correlations between tensile and compressive strengths. Key results indicate a proportional relationship between strength and cement dosage, with an optimal balance identified for maximum performance. A comparison was made between the proposed dosages, where the optimum was 20% cement at 28 days. In addition, a "significant positive" correlation coefficient of 0.77 is observed between the compressive and tensile strengths, which supports the proposal of a polynomial and logarithmic function for the estimation of tensile strength with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 87.62%. This function offers a high predictive capacity. This research provides valuable insight, laying the groundwork for future studies in assay standardization.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Design of a Therapeutic Student Centre in Covenant University, Ota,
Nigeria: User-Centred Approach
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Daniel Olatunde Babalola Anthony Babatunde Sholanke Bukola Adejoke Adewale and Vincent Onyedikachi Ene This qualitative study addresses the pressing need for a therapeutic and supportive student center at Covenant University, Nigeria, to tackle escalating mental health concerns and the absence of dedicated well-being spaces on campus. Through semi-structured interviews with 100 undergraduate and postgraduate students, it gathers comprehensive insights into their needs, preferences, and perspectives regarding such a center. Employing a combined inductive-deductive approach to thematic analysis, grounded in trustworthiness strategies like prolonged engagement and member checking, key findings underscore the importance of natural lighting, private comfortable rooms, counseling services, art activities, and a welcoming atmosphere. These insights directly shape recommendations for the center's layout, furniture, services, and stigma-reduction campaigns. The study's rigorous methodology, emphasizing trustworthiness, highlights its contribution to capturing authentic student voices and translating them into actionable recommendations. Acknowledging limitations, such as cultural specificity, it calls for future cross-cultural studies and architectural expertise integration. By centering on students' perspectives, this research advances discourse on therapeutic architectural design's mental health impact, offering a model for higher education institutions to co-create supportive, user-centered spaces prioritizing holistic well-being.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Effect of the Utilization of Lightweight Brick Wastes and Silica Fume
Addition on the Concrete Compressive Strength
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Akhmad Suryadi and Taufiq Rochman The utilization of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), also known as lightweight Hebel brick, is increasingly prevalent in diverse construction endeavors. In practical application, the accumulation of unused lightweight bricks can result in substantial quantities of construction solid waste, thereby exerting a notable environmental impact. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of incorporating varying proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 30%) of lightweight brick waste into fine aggregate materials, specifically silica fume, with cement in conventional concrete mixtures. The present study employs the cast in-situ method utilizing a concrete mixer. The concrete specimen, measuring 15x15x15cm, was in the geometric shape of a cube and underwent a curing process for durations of 7, 14, and 28 days prior to conducting the compressive strength test. A total of 120 cube specimens were utilized for testing purposes, while the concrete mix will adhere to the guidelines outlined in SNI 03-2834-2000. Based on the findings of a specific study, it was observed that the average compressive strength achieved after 28 days varied when incorporating different proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 30%) of lightweight brick waste, without the inclusion of silica fume. The recorded values were 30.10 MPa, 25.15 MPa, 20.48 MPa, and 17.48 MPa, respectively. The compressive strength of concrete mixtures containing varying percentages (0%, 15%, 25%, 30%) of lightweight brick waste, along with the inclusion of 10% silica fume, was determined. The average compressive strengths obtained were 32.12 MPa, 28.60 MPa, 23.80 MPa, and 23.79 MPa, respectively. The experimental findings indicate that the incorporation of lightweight brick waste in concrete leads to a reduction in compressive strength. However, the addition of silica fume to the concrete mixture resulted in a relatively minor decrease in compressive strength. The percentage range observed at the age of 28 days was between 4.96% and 20.97%.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Developing Architectural Design Solutions and the Interior Organization of
Compact Apartments with a Comfortable Living Environment (A Case Study of
the Real Estate Market in Russia and Kazakhstan)
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Timur Ospanov Natalia Prodanova Tatyana Sarvut Aleksander Matytsin Hafis Hajiyev Emil Hajiyev Rustem Shichiyakh and Elvir Akhmetshin As a result of the growth of cities and their significant densification, society's demand for housing is rising. Architectural design solutions aiming at the development of compact apartments take the lead in buyers' interest in housing. This trend is characteristic of large cities in Russia and Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to develop architectural design solutions and interior organization for compact apartments with a comfortable living environment in Russia and Kazakhstan. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and analyzed real estate market data. An expert survey was then employed to assess the practicality of each layout based on predefined comfort and functionality criteria. As a result, the study identifies the primary directions in apartment planning organization: hotel-type apartments, studio apartments, and apartments with two rooms. The principal expedient planning schemes of compact apartments are developed. Proceeding from an expert survey, the factors with the greatest influence on forming a comfortable internal environment in compact apartments are established. Furthermore, the study highlights the most preferred of the proposed versions of space planning for compact apartments from the standpoint of the comfort of the living environment. This study contributes to urban planning and architecture by providing evidence-based recommendations that promote sustainable development and improve quality of urban living.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Original Mortar Characterization of the Ramparts of Salé Medina in
Morocco
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Driss EL HACHMI Mohammed Ouadi BENSALAH Raja MOUSSAOUI Selma EL BERGUI Aya BEN ZOUBAIR Hind CHAKCHAK and Abderrahmane JOUHAR Restoring historic monuments remains a scientific and cultural challenge of strategic importance to the public authorities. Several pathologies affect historical monuments in Morocco and major restoration efforts have been deployed, but the results have yet to be verified over time. The most common restoration work concerns the reworking of plaster and traditional mortar. In order to avoid introducing incompatible materials that would adversely affect the original mortar, it is essential to study the latter and design a similar material. This study aims to characterize the existing original mortar of the ramparts of Salé medina. We began this study with a macroscopic examination of the ramparts noting the forms of alteration affecting the mortar and collecting samples. Physico-chemical characterization tests were carried out, including granulometry, porosity, absorption, calcimetry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. This characterization gave us an idea of the materials making up the original mortar. It also revealed the components that influence the effectiveness and quality of the mortar used to restore the ramparts of Salé.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Effects of Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement on the
Structural Performance of Concrete
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Ikotun B. D. Senatsi K. B. Abdulwahab R. and Nkala M. L. Incorporating wastes into concrete as alternative binder is on the increase. The research investigated the influence of milled glass when used to replace cement in the production of concrete. The glass was milled to a particle size finer than 600µm and characterized using X-ray Fluorescence and X-Ray diffraction analysis. Glass powder was used to replace cement at varying level of percentages: 0, 5, 15 and 25%, respectively. Concrete samples were prepared using South Africa mix design method, adopting water-binder ratio of 0.47. The samples were put in water for curing at 7, 28 and 56 days, respectively. Results revealed that the waste glass powder is pozzolanic with a high content of Quartz. Water absorption increases with increasing Waste Glass Powder (WGP) with control samples showing the least water absorption of 6.38% at 56 days followed by 5% replacement with water absorption of 6.86%. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths decreased with increasing content of WGP. However, with 5% WGP content at 7 days of curing, the strengths surpassed the control and attained 99% strength of control sample at 56 days. In conclusion, 5% WGP exhibited the tendency of effective usage as supplementary cementitious material in concrete.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Methodology for the Generation of Hourly Residential Drinking Water
Consumption Curves and Their Relationship with the Consumption of
Socioeconomic Strata
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 María Zúñiga Erika Calderón María Isabel Tello Alexis Andrade and Alfonso Arellano Drinking water distribution networks are responsible for supplying drinking water from the reservoir to each of the users of the system. The increase in population density, culture, customs and economic capacity of the population directly affects the consumption of drinking water and therefore the design of the supply networks. The objective of this research is to establish a methodology for the generation of residential hourly consumption curves and the relationship between these curves and the socioeconomic strata. A field data collection methodology has been proposed similar to the Average Daily Annual Transit (AADT), where water consumption data is collected at micro-meters in homes during 7 days, 24 hours a day. The current national standard CPE INEN 5, in its section 4.1.5 states that the maximum hourly consumption coefficients should be established based on existing studies, otherwise the values of 2.0 to 2.30 will be used. The standard has not been updated since the nineties, which is why it is necessary to implement a useful methodology to verify whether the maximum hourly coefficients are within the proposed range and are implemented in mathematical models to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a distribution network. For the urban and socioeconomic characterization, the method of Arellano, González & Gavilanes is used, which is limited to populations of less than 150,000 inhabitants. For the determination of the study sample, a simple random probability sampling is considered. Applying this methodology to two small Andean towns (less than 5000 inhabitants) within the urban area in Ecuador, residential hourly modulation coefficients outside the range were obtained (Colta 2.72 and Penipe 2.96).
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Effect of Urban Spaces in Enhancing Place Attachment in Vertical
Residential Complexes (Bismayah as a Case Study)
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Mustafa M. Anas Al-Mendilawi and Haider Jasim Essa Al-Saaidy The place serves as a haven for people and their interactions and activities. Through their interactions and attachments, humans imbue a location with significance and worth. Place attachment, which is the most tangible and important aspect of the mutual interaction between people and place, is something that urban designers must take into account. The general problem of the research was the loss of value and importance of urban places due to urban expansion and housing problems, particularly in vertical residential complexes. Thus, the aim of the research work was to evaluate the effect of the social and physical features of open places in vertical residential complexes on enhancing place attachment. The research used a common methodology by discussing previous literature and extracting the main vocabulary to build the conceptual framework for each. First, social activities and relationships, along with psychological and demographic characteristics, form the social aspects. Second, formal and functional features characterize the material aspects. And then, the research hypothesis was tested on the chosen case study site (Bismayah Residential Complex), where questionnaires were distributed to 180 people; the information was collected and analyzed using a statistical program (IBM SPSS Statistics), and the final results and conclusions were reached, identifying variables and indicators of the physical and social dimensions of urban places that contribute to enhancing place attachment.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Investigating Collaboration Among Stakeholders Within Urban Renewal
Projects
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 4 Balqees Akram Mohd Akram Islam Hamdi Elghonaimy and Dalia H. Eldardiry In Bahrain, renewing urban projects is a common practice. Unfortunately, some projects miss the proper collaborative practice from stakeholders. Therefore, the researchers of this study found such a problem is valid for studying in order to improve the professional practice for renewing urban projects, and decided that this study would examine the importance of a collaborative stakeholder approach and its significance in professional practice. With this approach, architects may communicate their job in a manner that helps others unfamiliar with the field understand the significance of their difficult choices and their work. Moreover, this research elaborates on the importance of stakeholder collaboration with sustainable urban development projects. Furthermore, it includes the sectional inclusion of architectural ethics in the scope of professional activity, as guided by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in this branch, which is essential to inspire this method of stakeholder approach. AIA standards for equitable communities emphasize on the importance of stakeholder collaboration, participation, and focus group identification. The study showed that Bahrain's urban planning authority also provides guidelines and stakeholder importance in urban projects but the appropriate implementation is needed. This study operated the case study method and performed a case study on two sites of Manama urban planning for expanding high-rise buildings. The research used semi-structured interviews to collect experts' views on the current situation. The sample was selected with a non-probability sampling technique using a snowballing sampling technique. The case study, though it dealt with varying urban planning and management contexts, shared significant similarities, most notably, the degree to which stakeholders collaborated differed depending on the nature of the actors involved, the setting, and the stage of the planning process. Although the results were based on a limited sample of projects, they provide insights on the problem, causes, and procedures that might aid in shifting from informative consultative practices to collaborative governance models in urban planning.
PubDate: Jul 2024
- Students' Perceived Restoration in Campus Outdoor Spaces: The Case of Bani
Hashim Square in Al al-Bayt University, Jordan
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Fahed A. Khasawneh Creating healthier learning environments should be the goal of all higher education institutions in the post-COVID-19 era. A well-designed campus outdoor space with abundant greenery can promote attention restoration and reduce students' stress, enhancing their well-being. This study evaluates the perceived restoration of Bani Hashim Square at Al al-Bayt University in Jordan. It also aims to understand the patterns of outdoor space use. The research was primarily quantitative, using a questionnaire. To a lesser degree, qualitative methods, including literature review and unstructured observation, were also used. The Perceived Restoration Scale (PRS) was used to evaluate the restorativeness of the square. The results showed that Bani Hashim Square promotes attention restoration. The square was popular among students, especially females. Meeting and talking with friends was the most favorite activity. Using a Kruskal-Wallis test, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in overall perceived restoration across the students' faculty and grade level. Finally, creating restorative learning environments can be promoted by adopting design decisions that induce a sense of being away, increase the amount of fascination, create a well-structured and coherent space, and consider students' needs and desires to produce highly compatible spaces.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- An Extensive Cost Risk Indexing for the Coastal Karnataka Region Based on
Soil SBC
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Kavyashree Anup Wilfred Sebastian and Bhagyashree In India, laterite soil is one of the soil types that is most frequently used for foundation work. Construction of structures uses laterite soil not only for the foundations but also for structures constructed beneath the soil and by incorporating soil as a material for blockwork during the execution phase. It is hence important to carry out the extensive cost risk index of this construction-rich region to estimate the least risky areas and extremely dangerous regions that would yield a beneficial analysis. Firstly 30 study regions have been identified on the coastal Karnataka belt that has lateritic soils. For the soil from different study regions, extensive geotechnical unconfined compressive test procedures were done, followed by implementing risk analysis to get the risk zones. In addition, a structural analysis using the ETABS software is also undertaken to get isolated footing dimensions for these study regions. Earthquake loads, punching, and one-way shear have been considered while designing the footings. Finally, a cost-based risk index is produced considering the present industry labour rates and concreting rates of the region. This risk analysis based on cost and soil-bearing capacity gives a bird-eye view of the risk levels throughout the coastal belt of the Karnataka area. Risk mitigation measures such as ground improvement techniques, consolidation, etc. can now be effectively taken based on the results of the analysis. The results indicated that around 17% of the regions come under extremely risky zones and all regions with respective risk levels were identified. Hence, it can be concluded that for the extremely risk zones, it is better to ignore those land portions or go for ground improvement before construction.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- The Mathematical Model to Compute the Quantity of 10cm Diameter Vertical
Eucalyptus Posts Used for Formwork Preparation in Domes Construction
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Teshale Teshome Alemu and Mohindra Singh Thakur The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model that helps to determine the quantity and heights of vertical eucalyptus posts used for formwork preparation in the construction of Orthodox Church domes. To achieve this, three steps are followed. In the first step, the shapes of the domes and the past experience were used to determine the quantity and heights of the vertical eucalyptus posts identified through structured interview conducted on experienced professionals selected based on purposive sampling technique. As a result, it has been realized that semi-spherical and parabolic shapes are common in Orthodox Church domes in the study areas and AutoCAD application is common to determine the quantity and heights of the vertical eucalyptus posts. In the second step, mathematical model is developed to determine the quantity and heights of vertical eucalyptus posts based on the results obtained from interview questions. In the third step, comparisons are conducted between the developed model and past experience to verify the effectiveness of the developed model. The result revels that there is almost no difference between the newly developed mathematical model and the past experience, and realized that the newly developed model is helpful in determining the quantity and heights of the vertical eucalyptus posts within short period of time and greater accuracy. It is advised that stakeholders engaged on projects including dome construction can use this newly developed model to improve their efficiency and accuracy.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Mechanical Properties and Numerical Design of Hybrid Damper of Steel Bar
and Engine Mounting Rubber
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Yenny Nurchasanah Bambang Suhendro Iman Satyarno Nasir Shafiq and Andhika Mahendra The hybrid viscoelastic damper (HVD) described in this paper is primarily composed of rubber, steel bars, and steel plates. Due to the hyperelasticity of rubber, the HVD can be utilized after an earthquake, and it is simple to replace steel bar components that have yielded as a result of exposure to earthquake loads. Prototypes of the HVD were put through a number of laboratory tests applying dynamic loading in order to validate and analyze its mechanical behaviors, particularly the impact of displacement amplitude and loading frequency. The experiments showed that the functioning mechanism and configuration of the components were feasible and reasonable. At a frequency of 0.89 Hz (or, 1/(1.5(T1))) with a loading displacement of 16.6mm (or, 0.33 MCER), the force can reach 79.37kN with a damping ratio of 26.19%, and at a loading displacement of 33.5mm (or, 0.67 MCER), the force can reach 143.9kN with a damping ratio of 21.57%. At a natural frequency of 1.335 Hz (or, 1/T1), the force and damping ratio can reach 81.42 kN and 25.23%, respectively. The deformation capacity and force capacity of the HVD prototype can be predicted accurately using the ABAQUS software and reached regulations for producing damper devices.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Optimizing among Analytical Hierarchy Process, Influencing Factor Method,
and Frequency Ratio Model in the Determination of Groundwater Potential
Zones
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Geeja K George Subha Vishnudas and Abdu Rahiman K U Attempting to identify potential groundwater zones is a milestone towards the sustainable development of water resources. Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station (AMPRS), Kerala, India faces water resource scarcity during the summer for crop research activities. This study aims to identify the possible zones with potential for groundwater near AMPRS, applying Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing by Influencing Factor (IF) Method, Frequency Ratio (FR) Model, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by considering the most influencing seven parameters and evaluate the efficacy of these three approaches. The weightage of each parameter is derived by the multicriteria decision-making method for IF and AHP. FR model is more realistic as it establishes the probabilistic relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results are analyzed for efficacy and validation, performed by Area Under the Curve (AUC) and Ground Truth Method. The prediction accuracies by AUC are 76.6%, 66.07%, and 58.85% for FR, AHP, and IF respectively. The output map was also validated with the prospective wells in the high and very high potential regions and shows 92% accuracy in the FR method. Hence, the observation confirms that the methodology adopted for delineating GWPZ holds good, reliable results. FR model is proven to be more accurate and reliable and can be preferred for further studies on integrated water management projects. Thus, proper extraction and management will help to manage the study area's current water shortage.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Adaptation of Commercial Space for Ancient Houses Building at Kampong
Lawas Maspati Surabaya
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Eva Elviana and Diyan Lesmana Kampong Lawas Maspati Surabaya is one of the localities located in the city's central region. It is referred to as the old village as a result of its ability to maintain its status as an ancient village, the preservation of the ancient buildings of houses that are marked by Dutch East Indies Architecture, as well as local architecture, and the preservation of the community's local traditions and culture. Several communities in the village of Lawas Maspati launched businesses in their homes in an effort to increase family income as time passed, adapted to the dimensions and spatial configuration of the house, as well as capitalizing on the visual aesthetics of the appearance of ancient house structures. The purpose of this research is to examine the concept of business space adaptation carried out in the home space by utilizing the structure of ancient houses so that the building's exterior has resale value. It can be one of the perks of a commercial space. Utilizing qualitative decryption, the researcher observes the business space within an ancient home and conducts interviews with the owner of the ancient building and the entrepreneur. The results of the study indicate that it is important to select the type of enterprise that is compatible with the spaces in the building of ancient dwellings and to utilize the visual aesthetics of the ancient building as a tourist attraction.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- An Architectural Study on Hue Imperial City (1802-1883) of the Nguyen
Dynasty and Its Original Characteristics, Vietnam
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Chau Ngoc Quynh Truong An Vinh Le and Nuanlak Watsantachad This paper aims to investigate the Hue Imperial Architecture (hereafter "HIA") located inside Hue Imperial City (hereafter "HIC") belonging to the Complex of Hue Monuments – which became the first UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site in Vietnam in December 1993. The paper mentions the modifications of the master site plan of HIA during the 143 years of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), thereby re-determining the original period of HIA. This is an important base to draw out the principles of spatial thinking and architectural layout characteristics on the master site plan of HIA of the Nguyen Dynasty. Along with the above-mentioned study results and based on historical documents, site surveys, dimensional analysis, constructional studies, and architectural inventory, the paper systematizes the architectural typology and shape-diagramming of HIC according to specific criteria such as function, building hierarchy, location of buildings, relationship between plan and section, establishing the database and providing knowledge about HIA, contributing to the study field of architectural history, architect training and heritage conservation of the Complex of Hue Monuments, as well.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Sensory Architecture and Public Spaces in the Practice of the Ancestral
Ritual of Huaylarsh in the District of Pucara
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Christian Raúl Unocc Ospina and Vladimir Simon Montoya Torres In this research, we propose to see the incidence of sensory architecture in public spaces in the Peruvian high Andean zone of the district of Pucara, an environment where the ancestral dance known as Huaylarsh is practiced, which has a background with agriculture and pastoral love. From a diagnosis, we will detect the considerations of the relations of the sensorial characters in the urban environment, opening a set of questions in relation to the cultural development in the towns that need diffusion and support in the expression of their most representative customs. The information on local public spaces was collected by means of an observation sheet, in which several general characteristics were recorded, such as typology, state of conservation and use of equipment, in addition to focusing on sensory criteria such as accessibility, visual language, fluidity in the environment, harmony of materials and comfortable acoustics. This information is complemented by surveys of residents who use public spaces to understand and contextualize their perception of urban space. It was determined that the level of influence of sensory architecture in various public spaces of the Huaylarsh event is moderately favorable, due to multiple deficiencies in the areas analyzed that prevent the spectator and dancer from fully enjoying the event.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- The Assessment of Structural Damages by Potential ML 7.0 Changhua
Earthquake in Taiwan Using Hybrid Simulation Method, Modal Analysis and
Story Drift Ratio
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Boi Yee Liao and Sen Xie This study aims to assess the structural damages caused by the potential Changhua earthquake (ML 7.0). The hybrid broadband waveform is employed to simulate the strong motions in Changhua County at first, and the modal analysis method is then used to estimate two significant parameters, the roof story drift ratio (RDR) and maximum inter-story drift ratio (MIDR), to correlate the damages of the buildings with 4-story frames. To validate the corrects of the relationship between the parameters and injuries of the structures, we use the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (ML 7.3), which is the largest earthquake that occurred in central Taiwan, and the 2016 Meinong earthquake (ML 6.6) as two real examples in the theoretical tests. According to the results of the tests, 90 percent of the damaged buildings with 1~4 floors are located in places with RDR values greater than 0.035 and MIDR values greater than 0.04, respectively. The results represent the thresholds of RDR and MIDR, which are 0.035 and 0.04, consistent with the tables in Hazus (2001). Based on the theoretical tests, the assessment of the buildings damaged by a potential Changhua earthquake (ML 7.0), which occurred on Feb. 12, 1848, due to the Changhua fault's movement, is evaluated. The hybrid simulation method and modal analysis are employed to calculate the distributions of RDR and MIDR caused by the potential Changhua earthquake in Changhua County. Results of the research indicate that most of the buildings with 1~4 floors in Changhua County may be destroyed seriously, especially for the buildings in the populated areas such as Changhua and Yuanlin cities and Xianxi, Lukang townships which can cause considerable damage over large areas. Establishing rescue and relief joint coordination mechanisms is the most crucial work to reduce the destructiveness of the potential earthquake disaster.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Improve Lighting Balance Performance and Energy Consumption by Using
Kinetic Adaptive Skin for Office Space in Cairo, Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Ahmed Ahmed Fikery Reham El-dessuky Hamed and Nourhan Ahmed Ali Nowadays, daylighting plays an important role in improving visual comfort in office spaces and could decrease energy consumption. Using a window wall ratio of 90% in Egypt may cause excessive heat gains and thereby increase cooling loads. This paper investigates using different types of kinetic shade and integrating a single light shelf inside an office room for the east and west façades. This system will be evaluated on special daylight autonomy (Sda 300/50%), annual sunlight exposure (Ase 250/1000 of space area), daylight availability, and total energy consumption. This study uses parametric analysis Diva for Rhino as a simulation tool in a hypothetical office room in Cairo. The result shows that the performance after using different kinds of reflective materials for each shade and light shelf daylight has improved much more in different kinds of shade than sheet metal materials for each east and west façade. The study outcome proved that kinetic shade can be an effective daylighting system to improve lighting environments without any negative effect on energy consumption, especially when using that kind of combined kinetic shade and internal light shelf. The results show that the performance of daylighting, increasing daylight availability, Sda and Ase using suitable materials, and room height have a remarkable effect on both east and west façade daylighting. Therefore, on this basis, this search recommends developing a parametric design for kinetic shade and light shelf and suggesting criteria for optimum visual comfort.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Develop Acoustic and Fire-Resistant Ceilings by Investigating Structure of
Insulated Ceilings on Parametric Optimization
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Mohamed Salah Ezz and Abd Al-Kader A. Al Sayed The main goal of the research paper is to elucidate and examine the specific technical principles and guidelines governing the design of parametric ceilings, with a particular focus on their acoustic and fire performance. Additionally, the paper seeks to address a crucial question: What are the fundamental factors that influence architects in the creation of suspended ceilings with parametric features' Moreover, the research aims to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the performance characteristics exhibited by suspended ceilings, while also developing a sophisticated and detailed analytical framework that takes into account various factors, including loads and design considerations specific to parametric suspended ceilings and in accordance with ASTM standards. The findings of this research are presented in four distinct thematic sections. The initial section explores the factors influencing architects' preference for parametric ceiling design. Subsequently, the paper delves into an examination of various types of parametric ceilings. The third section scrutinizes the existing standards outlined by international bodies for the design of modular ceilings. Lastly, the research assesses the feasibility of applying the technical attributes associated with modular ceilings to the design of parametric ceilings. The results indicate that the concept of parametric design presents an alternative and innovative approach to architectural design. It empowers designers to automate modifications to ceilings, thereby reducing the time and effort conventionally required for manual implementation. Through the utilization of parametric design, designers can eradicate human error and minimize repetitive manual tasks. The modeling and pre-planning phase offer architects and designers the opportunity to experiment with the digital representation of the structure, enabling them to simulate the construction process.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Building Assessment Tool for Contemporary Applications in Art and
Architecture Inspired by Islamic Geometric Patterns
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Karima Mohammed Al Shomely Nadia Ahmed Iman Ibrahim and Roaa Harb Islamic geometric patterns (IGPs) represent one of the most substantial design elements in the Islamic heritage. The last few decades have witnessed a great appeal in social sustainability, so, several endeavors have been made to preserve Islamic heritage through contemporary art and building design. This paper attempts to answer the debate on how the IGPs are defined in contemporary applications, and how far they evolved thanks to advanced technology. Therefore, the paper's purpose is to build an assessment tool to create contemporary IGPs applications in art and design adhering to sustainable strategies. Where the assessment tool should be utilized as a guideline to protect the IGP's originality. The paper follows a qualitative methodology and case study to analyze worldwide-recognized cases of art and design applications implementing IGPs in the last decade. The methodology was built on four phases with a focus on the criteria of selection that were determined based on recent Art and Design works from national and international artists and designers. The key results of the analysis study demonstrated the transforming power of Islamic geometric patterns (IGPs) in the domains of contemporary art and architecture, showcasing their capacity to infuse cultural significance into contemporary designs. The paper's significance is embodied in providing architects and artists with a clear assessment tool to consider in applying IGPs in contemporary applications with respect to the characteristics and types of IGPs. The research has objectives, including exploring interpretations of contemporary Islamic applications and identifying emerging directions and trends, in preserving Islamic heritage through modern design and art. The validation of the assessment tool enhances its value for designers and artists who want to apply IGPs.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- The Persuasibility of Globe Thermometer in Predicting Indoor Thermal
Comfort Using Non-standard Globe Diameter: Row Houses of Semi-Arid
Climates as Case Studies
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Mustafa Aziz Amen Ahmad Afara and Salar Salah Muhy-Al-Din The assessment of accuracy of thermal comfort is critical for designing thermally comfortable and energy-efficient buildings. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index is widely recognized by national and international specifications to predict thermal comfort. The main purpose of this work is to evaluate PMV inside row houses in semi-arid climates using lower-cost equipment rather than high-cost and difficult-to-access instruments while maintaining acceptable accuracy. This is accomplished by using a smaller black globe thermometer than standard ones. The effects of airspeed as a critical factor on PMV were considered. Therefore, case study methodology has been applied in this study, and two sets of six-row residences with a similar typology oriented to the south and north were chosen and explored in summer. CBE Thermal Comfort Tool as a computer program has been applied to obtain the easiest accessible measurement for investigating thermal comfort inside buildings. The outcome demonstrated that the difference in the size between the black globe thermometer and standard ones becomes considerable when the air velocity inside the building increases above 0.12 m/s. Therefore, the limitations were introduced in the current study for applying the small globe thermometer in the prediction of thermal comfort inside buildings in the study area and some recommendations have been suggested for future studies. The outcomes shared significant facts to increase our understanding regarding the use of low-cost methods in evaluating thermal comfort.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Analysis and Characterization of Nickel Industry By-Products as Pozzolan
Materials
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Ichsan Rauf Abdul Gaus Mufti Amir Sultan and Heryanto Heryanto The expanding global appetite for nickel has precipitated a surge in nickel production within the Indonesian archipelago. In the realm of nickel processing, not only does it engender the production of nickel ore, but it also yields by-products in the form of fly ash, bottom ash, sludge, and slag. The substantial quantity of this particular by-product presents considerable prospects for the advancement of materials engineering within the realm of the construction industry. The primary objective of this research endeavor is to carefully examine and delineate the residual substances derived from the nickel sector, employing rigorous structural mineral assessments. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative measurements, utilizing the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescent (XRF) tests. In this study, the classification of pozzolanic materials is based on ASTM standard C618-91. Based on the findings derived from the analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, it is evident that the various by-products of nickel possess inherent pozzolanic properties. These pozzolans hold the potential to serve as viable alternatives to conventional binding agents in the realm of construction materials. The findings derived from the measurement and subsequent analysis of the crystal phase of the material indicate that sample N1, which comprises nickel slag, exhibits the presence of type C pozzolan. Similarly, samples N2 and N3, composed of fly ash and bottom ash respectively, can be categorized as type F pozzolan. On the other hand, sample N4, consisting of mud, falls under the classification of type N pozzolan. Based on the present categorization, it is conceivable to modify the utilization of nickel waste in order to facilitate its integration within the realm of construction material innovation.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Analysis of Doweled Multi-Slab Concrete Pavement System for Critical
Stress and Dowel Slab Action
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Deepa Das Avijit Paul and Dibyendu Pal Cracking is considered one of the main reasons for the degradation of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) slab. The joints are provided along the PQC slab to restrict the formation of cracking in the PQC slab. In this study, a PQC slab with longitudinal, and transverse joints was modeled using a three-dimensional finite element-based software EverFE2.26. A multi-slab PQC (tandem axle dual wheel conditions) was modeled to take into account the practical conditions of the real pavement. An attempt has been made to consider the effect of varying surface temperatures on maximum tensile stress along with the other factors affecting the performance of the concrete pavement. The dowel group action was studied along with the dowel shear and vertical deflection with and without concrete shoulder. The critical stress was analyzed for a three-slab system with a tied concrete shoulder. It was observed that varying surface temperature does not affect the maximum tensile stress for a multi-slab system. A regression model was developed to estimate the maximum tensile stress for varying temperature differentials, slabs, axles, and dowel parameters. The R2 value of the regression model was obtained as 0.863. The validation of the regression model showed that the differences between predicted and actual stresses obtained from EverFE2.26 were less than 10%. This model may be used directly to estimate the maximum tensile stress in the concrete pavement with varying parameters. However, further refinement of the model may be carried out for multi-slab systems with or without reinforcement and tie bars.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Finite Element Analysis on the Effect of Concrete Bridging on Thermal
Conductivity of Sandwich (Insulated) Precast Wall Panels
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Precious M. Hernandez and Gilford B. Estores In the past decade, there has been an increase in attention towards studying the thermal performance of buildings due to environmental changes that can cause discomfort for occupants. Researchers have been exploring ways to reduce heat exchange between a building's internal and external sides, with precast sandwich wall panels being one of the most effective techniques for improving thermal performance. However, adding insulation inside the precast element can sometimes compromise the structural integrity of the panel. To address this issue, some designers choose to connect the panel's internal and external wythes to form a solid region. Unfortunately, these designers may not be aware that solid regions can result in thermal bridging, as they may not have the experience with the thermal performance of sandwich wall panels. This paper studied five cases of panels, one of which was the control case without any bridging and the others with various concrete bridging arrangements. The objective of this study is to validate the model's performance in simulating the physical behavior of the panels for different parameter values such as insulation material, insulation thickness, the thickness of the wythes, and geometric ratio of the wall. The parametric study was conducted using finite element analysis to assess the magnitude of the effect of concrete bridging on sandwich wall panels. The results indicate that concrete bridging has a considerable impact on the thermal resistance of the sandwich wall panels. The presence of concrete bridging significantly decreases the thermal resistance (R-value) of the panels.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Interface Shear Strength Progressive between Weathered and Fresh Clay
Shales
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Idrus M. Alatas and Pintor Tua Simatupang The slope instability on clay shale soil is generally triggered by the formation of an interface between the weathered and fresh clay shale layers. This type of soil causes many slope failures in Indonesia. The weathered clay shale can be considered as an overburden layer (OBL) to the interface plane. The slope instability is supposed to be governed by the interface shear strength between weathered and fresh clay shales. The progressive interface shear strength is meant as a decrease in shear strength due to increased water content in the OBL. The behavior of weathered clay shale to change moisture content will be investigated by defining weathered clay shale as compacted weathered clay shale (CWCS). Through laboratory studies, the progressive interface shear strength between weathered clay shale and fresh clay shales was obtained using the Multistage Reversal Progressive Shear Test (MRPST) method. The density of OBL varied between 100% and 85% of the maximum density from standard Proctor tests in the laboratory. At each OBL density, the interface shear strength was determined with variations in water content until the OBL reached the degree of saturation Sr = 100%. In the CWCS at the optimum moisture content with a density of 100% of maximum dry density  , the ratio of maximum interface shear strength  is 1.89. The interface shear strength ratio will decrease until it reaches 0.56 or the remaining 29% due to the increase in moisture content until the CWCS becomes saturated (Sr=100%). If the CWCS density decreases to 85% of  , then the interface shear strength ratio will decrease until the remaining 10% due to an increase in water content reaches fully saturated.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Conformation Factors of Building Bioclimatic Microclimate
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Saya Sakenova Usama Konbr Tatyana Kisselyova Zaure Aimagambetova Gulnar Mugzhanova and Dina Amandykova This article examines microclimate formation in low-rise urban dwellings and courtyard spaces, focusing on bioclimatic building design in southern Kazakhstan. The article considers various factors, including climate, natural conditions, social and economic considerations, and energy and environmental factors. The use of local resources and "folk architecture" principles are also explored, drawing on experiences from other world regions. The article recognizes the impact of climatic characteristics on building design. It proposes an architectural and planning structure for bioclimatic residential buildings based on factors such as building height, degree of openness, and green space placement. Bioclimatic buildings are designed based on the climatic features of the region and are classified into "northern," "southern," and "moderate types." In southern Kazakhstan, which has a sharply continental climate, "moderate types" of bioclimatic buildings are used. These buildings have a mixed bio-environment to protect against high and low summer temperatures in winter. Both overheating and cooling of the building are given equal attention. Carefully planning yard areas and facade orientation can achieve optimal microclimates in mixed-structure dwellings. This can be achieved through kinetic openings, rotating modules, energy-efficient materials, and renewable energy sources such as solar systems, heat pumps, and wind turbines. The building envelope can respond to external climatic changes, regulate the indoor microclimate, and offer opportunities for the transportability of ceilings, facades, and buildings. It is recommended to install different building operation modes depending on changing settings, such as open, half-open, and closed.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- An Approach to Using Shape Memory Alloys in Kinetic Facades to Improve the
Thermal Performance of Office Building Spaces
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Nada Naeem Ahmed Abdin and Ahmed Saleh This paper presents a study focused on reducing cooling loads and enhancing shading efficiency in office spaces using kinetic façades with shape-memory materials. The research addresses the limitations of mechanical methods commonly employed in kinetic façades by exploring the application of Nitinol, a shape-memory alloy that serves as both an actuator and sensor without requiring external power or complex mechanical components. The study consists of four stages: preparation, material test, design, and model test. In the preparation stage, suitable materials are carefully selected based on factors such as durability, strength, maintenance, corrosion resistance, and flexibility. Nitinol is chosen for its silent operation and reduced susceptibility to malfunctions, while polycarbonate is selected as the sunscreen material due to its lightweight nature and transparency. The specific characteristics of the office space, including orientation and building specifications, are taken into consideration. The material testing stage involves evaluating the effectiveness of Nitinol in moving loads under different temperatures and loads. The weights of the polycarbonate sunscreen are determined to assess their compatibility with the movement capabilities of the smart material. In the design stage, a 1:1 scale kinetic sunscreen unit is implemented, revolving around a horizontal axis at variable angles through thermal stimulation of Nitinol using a parabolic trough solar collector. In the model test stage, the behavior of the kinetic façade is monitored, and opening angles are measured under various climatic conditions. Simulation programs are utilized in the monitoring stage to predict the thermal performance of the kinetic façade. Cooling load measurements are conducted, and the results are compared to those of traditional unshaded glass façades, determining the percentage reduction achieved during summer months. The principal findings demonstrate that implementing kinetic façades with Nitinol can significantly reduce cooling loads in office buildings, with up to a 55% decrease in cooling consumption. While the study acknowledges its limitations regarding scale and specific environmental conditions, it contributes valuable insights to the field. Moreover, the research promotes energy conservation, and improved thermal comfort in office spaces, with potential social implications for creating greener built environments.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Preserving Historic Structures: Advancing Conservation Practices Through
Building Material Analysis and Mapping
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Sana Simou Khadija Baba and Abderrahman Nounah Recent efforts to protect and enhance cultural heritage have been driven by the COVID-19 public health emergency. Notably, these initiatives include the establishment of the Culture Fund and a fund dedicated to restoring and conserving historically and artistically significant buildings. Moroccan cities boast a vast collection of historic centers, each with its own unique construction styles, materials, execution techniques rooted in local traditions, and diverse composite and aggregate systems. Addressing this diversity requires not only examining the distinct characteristics of each site but also developing a comprehensive methodology that enables the proper recognition, evaluation, and preservation of cultural value, along with the identification of coherent conservation and intervention methods. This paper outlines a scientific initiative aimed at formulating a conservation methodology specifically for the artifacts found at the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat, Morocco. The methodology involves analyzing the site's historic buildings and exploring the potential of traditional materials and construction techniques employed. The historical knowledge is systematically organized through traditional and technological surveys, as well as cognitive investigations. Thus, in this research, we present a comprehensive methodology that combines data from various disciplines with the creation of thematic maps using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. We have applied this methodology to the historic building of the Marinid Madrasa at the Chellah archaeological site and obtained representative results. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and utility of our proposed methodology in the context of preserving and studying cultural heritage. Additionally, this approach facilitates the planning and implementation of compatible conservation interventions.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Shear Capacity of Geopolymer Concrete Deep Beams with Variation of
Transverse Reinforcement Ratio
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Saloma Siti Aisyah Nurjannah Arie Putra Usman Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin Maulid M. Iqbal and Rifkah Deep beams provide a high load support capacity based on the building function. Although deep beams perform better than ordinary beams, shears due to overstress cause failure before moment capacity achievement. The behavior of geopolymer concrete as a material with a compressive strength equal to or higher than conventional concrete shows its potential as a material for structural members. Studies about structural members using geopolymer concrete as materials are still needed to explain the deep beam performance adequately. The purpose of this study was to analyze the shear capacity of geopolymer concrete deep beams, which has a ratio variation of transverse reinforcement ratio to monotonic loads. The analysis was performed using software based on the finite element method. The objectives of the analysis were to determine the performance of deep beams from load-deflection curves, ductility ratio, stress contours, deflection contours, stiffness, dissipation energy, and shear. The geopolymer concrete deep beam with a transverse reinforcement ratio of 0.25% could withstand the highest loads. The beam also experienced the lowest deflection compared to other beams with less shear reinforcement ratios under the same load. It also achieved better dissipation energy, ductility ratio, and shear capacity than the normal concrete counterparts.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Design Characteristics of University Campus Outdoor Spaces and their
Stress-Reducing Quality as Perceived by Students: Investigation in the
Egyptian Context
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Anne A. Soliman Yasser M. Moustafa and Amgad Aly Fahmy The objective of this study is to investigate, in the Egyptian context, the relationships between the design characteristics of university campus outdoor spaces and students' perception of their stress-reducing qualities. The study relied on the rating of 25 photographs of university campus outdoor spaces by engineering students and professors of architecture from a different university. Professors (N=8) rated the photographs for the six more objective physical design characteristics: (1) Amount of vegetation, (2) Complexity, (3) Order, (4) Focality, (5) Variety of ground surface textures, and (6) Use of natural materials. A first sample of students (N=84) rated the photographs for six more subjective, emotional design characteristics: 1) Sense of spaciousness, (2) Sense of security, (3) Sense of mystery, (4) Sense of being away, (5) Attractiveness, and (6) Compatibility. Finally, a second sample of students (N=49) rated the spaces represented in the photographs in terms of stress-reducing quality. The results showed significant correlations between perceived stress-reducing quality and all the design characteristics investigated except Order and Focality. The study's results suggest different models for the relationship between the design characteristics of university campus outdoor spaces and the stress-reducing quality of these spaces as perceived by students. Future research will need to test these models.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Quantitative Analyses Towards Prioritising the Challenges Facing Wider
Utilisation of BIM Applications in the Construction Industry in Egypt
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Samy Abdelfattah Mahmoud El-Eila Mohamed Eweida and Sherif El-Fiki The applications of Building Information Modelling BIM can benefit different phases of a project's life cycle. It contributes to design, construction, operation and maintenance of a building. Despite the expanding use of BIM worldwide, the problem is that its application in Egyptian Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) firms is still at a relatively early stage. The present study first analyses the relevant literature to identify the major challenges facing BIM applications worldwide. It then examines empirically the extent, to which these challenges influence the Egyptian context, to prioritise their significance for future improvement in the field. Towards this objective, the study undertakes quantitative analyses to a purpose-designed questionnaire survey, which was answered by 123 participants in the construction industry in Egypt, to provide diverse perspectives on what may challenge the expansion of using BIM applications in the local market. Descriptive analyses (frequencies, mean values and standard deviations) were applied to the answers. The findings showed that 'institutional challenges' came on the top of the list, while 'economic challenges' showed to be the least influential to participants. It is hoped that these findings may help all stakeholders in the Egyptian construction industry to take more enlightened decisions towards wider utilisation of BIM applications in the local context.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Revealing Elementary Students' Architectural Spatial Image of Their School
Through Visual Language Reading
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Astrid Austranti Yuwono Purnama Salura and Karyadi Kusliansjah Children's point of view about places is different from adults', thus there is a need to examine their preferences of place according to their activities as the foundation to reveal the architectural spatial image of their school. Unfortunately, the research on architecture spatial image as the relation between preferred places and activities children have in their mind is scarcely being done, especially in the school environment. This research aims to reveal the spatial architecture image of the students about their school environment as the place for their learning activities. Therefore, the benefit of the research is the findings that have the potential to be developed into open design criteria of each learning activities category, as a concern to all stakeholders related to primary level education, namely school administrators, school building designers, and school building standard decision makers. This research discusses using visual language to read drawings of 9-11-year-old students from two primary schools to identify significant spatial qualities. The architectural properties and compositions of the significant elements will be read to reveal their spatial quality as the base for the interpretation of participants' architectural spatial image of the school concerning the activities. Participants respond to some instructions about preferred places by visualizing them freely through drawings, followed by semi-structured interviews as a confirmation and clarification process. The school's teachers are also being asked for the same instructions based on their observations of students' daily activities. The research analysis revealed that participants' preferred places based on learning activities have significant spatial qualities named insideness and centricity. Each of the learning activities types has different architectural spatial images, such as a place that has a definite space with specific arrangement, orientation, and closure; a place that has enough space to gather, and that has details as the identity of the place; a place that has the vocal point according to the activities; and a place that has a spacious area that allows one to move freely. The implications of these findings are open for the development of the standardization of primary school buildings.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Involvement of Children's Conceptualization of Space in Design of
Kindergartens to Enhance Children's Creative Potential
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Noor Al Huda Mohammad Abu Ghunmi The children are no longer regarded as passive users of their educational places; rather, they are viewed as active contributors to spatial design of these spaces. Kindergartens have profound contribution to children's psychological and cognitive development as children perceive the environmental elements and aspects through their sensory activities. One of the major contemporary challenges to kindergartens is the gap between children's needs and kindergarten design. This study aimed at developing new paradigm of kindergarten architectural design that considers child's psychology to improve design of child-oriented spaces, and consequently, children's sense, awareness, and experience of space. The study followed mixed-method approach, which consisted of (i) qualitative part that was based on survey of kindergartens in two Jordanian cities and observation of architectural design elements and children's behaviors in four of them and (ii) quantitative part that involved the use of questionnaire for collection of data from kindergarten residents. The results revealed that atmospheres of the four study kindergartens do not reflect innovative construction craft. With respect to environmental scale, it was found that architectural designs of those kindergartens do not meet children's ergonomic requirements, especially the public spaces. As to esthetic character, this study found that the cartoon images in the kindergartens have poor symbolism. This results in low level of empathic expression that causes esthetic inconvenience. Regarding recognizability, it was found that architectural designs of the kindergartens are inclusive; respondents' feedback supports that their designs almost addressed all parts, components, and elements of kindergarten buildings, teaching rooms, corridors, entrance spaces, and playgrounds. However, levels of integration of architectural designs with the surroundings are not optimal or satisfactory. The study results lead the researcher to the conclusion that there is limited interaction of the children in the study kindergartens with their environment due to shortcomings in the architectural design and the associated space experience. In consequence, the researcher proposes a new paradigm of kindergarten architectural design that stresses the spatial values of the architecture. It takes child's psychology into account and provides (i) insights for design of child-friendly kindergarten and (ii) highlights for an efficient design of the classroom and playground areas.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- A Pioneering Approach to Predicting the Shear Strength of RC Beams by
Employing Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 S. J. S. Hakim A. M. Mhaya M. H. W. Ibrahim M. Mohammadhasani S. N. Mokhatar M. Paknahad and A. F. Kamarudin Shear failures exhibit a brittle nature, often resulting in catastrophic collapse without sufficient advance warning or the capacity to redistribute internal stresses. Consequently, shear failures pose a greater risk and require more attention from structural engineers. It is crucial to incorporate preventive measures in structural design to avoid abrupt shear failures. The work presented in this article attempts to predict the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams as a complex structural engineering problem without the need for extra computational resources by employing the capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. In recent decades, significant amounts of research have been done on the AI methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms to predict the shear strength of RC beams. In this research, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and ANNs are developed to predict the shear capacity of RC beams. The required data in the form of major factors affecting the shear capacity of RC beams lacking stirrups are compressive strength of concrete, beam depth, effective width, shear span-to-depth ratio, proportion of longitudinal steel and the yield strength of the reinforced longitudinal steel have been considered in this study. Also, in the context of this investigation, a comparison was conducted between the techniques of ANNs and ANFIS. The outcomes demonstrated that both methods exhibited favourable predictive capabilities. Nevertheless, the ANFIS architecture proposed, which incorporates a hybrid learning algorithm, outperformed the multilayer feedforward ANN that utilizes the backpropagation algorithm. The findings indicated that ANFIS is a suitable technique for predicting intricate relationships between input and output parameters, thus making it a valuable tool in predicting the shear strength of RC beams.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Prospects for Completion of Construction of the Akhmet Yassawi's
Mausoleum-Khanaka in Turkestan City
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Yerassyl Aidar Konstantin Samoilov Bolat Kuspangaliyev Darkhan Assylbekov and Oksana Priemets The problem of long-term construction exists in many countries. There are numerous examples of multi-stage construction over several centuries. Very often, ongoing construction does not go according to the original project. But there are also examples of preserving the original idea. Such examples are most typical when restoring destroyed buildings. However, in some cases, the construction of a building has not been completed. One of these is the mausoleum-khanaka of Akhmed Yassawi in Turkestan city. The active phase of the construction of this building ended at the beginning of the 15th century. Partial completion was made at the end of the 16th century. Since then, the building has been in an unfinished state. This stimulates its gradual destruction, despite the complex of repair and restoration works. This problem requires an urgent solution, as the building is in a state of disrepair. In this context, the proposed project of completing the construction of the mausoleum-khanaka in accordance with the original design plan is of interest. The use of lightweight structures based on a steel frame, which is based on independent reinforced concrete foundations, reduces the load on the existing part of the building. This building has great historical and cultural significance. The completion of this building will eliminate the existing danger of its destruction and will have a significant social and economic effect.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Numerical Study of Behavior of Castellated Beam under Cyclic Loading
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Kevin Tanady and Bambang Suryoatmono The use of castellated beam as structural members in buildings is increasing nowadays due to its higher moment of inertia compared to its original wide-flange beam. However, the presence of holes in castellated beams causes high stress concentration around the holes and may cause failure, especially in the beam-to-column joint under cyclic load. This study aims to determine the behavior of castellated beams when loaded with cyclic loads and compare it with the behavior of the original wide-flange beam. Nonlinear finite element method is utilized to perform the analysis. Both geometric and material nonlinearity are considered in the analysis. The structural system analyzed in this study is an isolated column-and-beam system from the moment resisting structural system. The cyclic loading pattern applied follows the guidelines given by ATC-24 1992, with controlled displacement as disturbance to the structure. This research shows that castellated beams failed locally in the vicinity of the hole. Local failure in the castellated beam causes the castellated beam to fail before reaching its full (plastic) moment capacity under cyclic load. On the other hand, the failure of the origin wide-flange beam under the same cyclic load is bending failure. These two failure modes are shown in the von Mises stress distribution of both castellated and wide-flange beams. These results support previous experimental studies that under cyclic load the stress concentration at the nearest hole to the column causes the castellated beam to fail much below its moment capacity. Therefore, based on this study, castellated beam is less recommended compared to the original wide-flange beam to be used to withstand dynamic load such as earthquake load due to its lower ductility and local failure behavior.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Analyzing Self-healing Concrete as a Remedial Measure for Repair and
Maintenance of Buildings
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Shubham Singh Tejwant Singh Brar Ritu Agrawal Rajeev Garg and Mohammad Arif Kamal Crack formation in concrete is a problem that can hardly be totally prevented because of shrinkage responses of setting concrete and tensile stresses that arise in built-up structures. The integrity of a building may be compromised by larger cracks, necessitating repair work, while tiny cracks, frequently with a crack diameter of less than 0.2 mm, are typically seen as unproblematic. Even tiny, sub-millimeter-sized cracks may cause durability issues because connected cracks specifically increase matrix permeability, which erodes structural integrity similarly to bigger fissures. This is due to the fact that routine manual maintenance and repair of concrete structures are costly and occasionally even impracticable, making an autonomous self-healing repair mechanism particularly beneficial. This may result in less maintenance and longer material lifespan. The paper presents a comprehensive examination of the natural, chemical, and biological processes involved in self-healing concrete technology. The literature review has been explored through internet and secondary data from relevant published academic literature from journals articles and research papers. This paper enables an understanding of the fundamental mechanism and operation of self-healing concrete in repairing the cracks in the buildings. The paper also examines the advantages and disadvantages of self-healing concrete, which formulates the comparison criteria using this concrete technology in the building industry. Finally, a comparative cost analysis of conventional concrete and self healing concrete has been done.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- The Performance of a Double Track Railroad Embankment Using Deep Soil
Mixing
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Antonius Setiawan Samira A. Kamaruddin Ramli Nazir Idrus M. Alatas and Yuamar I. Basarah Embankment construction in a very soft clay layer for transportation projects is common in many areas in Indonesia. One of them is the construction of a new double-track connecting Purwekerto and Kroya in Central Java. However, the challenge of this project was the existing track that must continue to operate while the new embankment was constructed. The project requirement was to limit the impact of the new tracks during construction on the stability and settlement of the existing railway embankment. Therefore, deep soil mixing (DSM) ground improvement technique with grid spacing was selected to increase the bearing capacity of the existing soil and reduce the settlement of the embankment. Numerical simulations using a 2D finite element program were performed to evaluate the performance of the deep soil mixing method in terms of factor of safety and settlements. The results showed that the stability of the embankment during static and seismic conditions satisfies the requirements. The settlements caused by the construction of the new embankment were remained within the allowable settlement during the construction and operational conditions. The deep soil mixing has successfully improved the stability of the embankment and limited the deformation of the existing railway track constructed on soft ground conditions; hence the train continued to operate during the construction.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Quality Cement Bricks Selection Using Apex Angle and Fuzzy Linguistic
Information
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 A. Thiruppathi G. Selvi K. Ruthisabels and C. K. Kirubhashankar This Study Describes Technique for Selecting Good Quality Cement-Bricks. Brick is an essential material in the construction industry. Cement-Bricks are created locally, therefore it is essential to determine which ones are of the highest quality cement-bricks. Cement bricks have almost the same rigidity as Red Bricks. They are also made locally so it needs to identify which ones are the best quality ones. Poor quality bricks can be broken easily or even cause cracks during construction. Under stresses, they are often stronger than ordinary bricks. However, this is highly dependent on the quality of their manufacturing and individual elements. To aggregate individual decision maker's opinions into a collective opinion, the intuitionistic fuzzy averaging operator is utilized. Six criteria are used for the screening process, and they are based on expert opinions. The categories are as follows: hardness, pigment, shape, brick strength, cost and carrying cost. The majority of significant choices in industries are made by a group of specialists. Preferences and other human judgments are frequently ambiguous and cannot be quantified in precise numerical values. This research provides a fuzzy technique inside a linguistic framework to find the best answer for Multi Criteria Decision Making issues. An apex angle technique based on fuzzy trapezoidal numbers is presented to accomplish this.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Performance Assessment via Post-Occupancy Evaluation of an Environmental
Education and Ecotourism Center Based on Employees' Experience
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Fahed A. Khasawneh and Ebtesam M. Khassawneh The Royal Academy for Nature Conservation in Ajloun, designed by Khammash architects, is considered an impressive manifestation of the Neo-vernacular trend in Jordan. Therefore, an investigative Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) study was conducted to gain insight into its pros and cons. Furthermore, this research aims to rate the quality of this building design as a whole, its spaces, and its materials based on employees' experience. A multimethod approach was used, mixing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Also, multiple linear regression was used to find if there is a significant relationship between demographics and the quality of building design. The results showed that the quality of the building design as a whole was excellent. Also, the overall quality of the building spaces was rated as good. However, odor and wayfinding signage systems were major problems. Employees ranked the environmental qualities (temperature) as the most important design aspect. Many employees suggested adding a children's daycare center and playing area and using water features indoors and outdoors. POE is an essential tool that must be integrated into the building practices in Jordan. This study provides important feedback to enhance the performance of educational and ecotourism centers.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Investigating the Formal Relationship between Infrastructure and the Urban
Form in Albanian Settlements
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Llazar Kumaraku and Jonila Prifti This research investigates the relationship between settlement and infrastructure, focusing on the case study of Albanian settlements. The main problem met is the disconnection of the formal relationship between infrastructure and urban form. In the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, the relationship between the urban form and the infrastructure has been detached for an extended period, thus creating settlements lacking architectural identity. The article aims to emphasize how urban and rural areas are built and how the new ones are being designed in Albania. The main goal is to highlight the dynamic relationship existing between the settlement form and the infrastructure and propose a series of formal instructions on how to deal with the lack of architectural identity in settlements. As a result of the analysis process, the settlements are divided into two main archetypes: linear and nucleated. Based on preliminary investigations, we suppose that, in the case of nucleated settlements, the method of building cities in Albania was influenced by cultural conditions, according to the tradition consolidated over time, while where there was an uncontrolled development dominated by informality, the settlement took the form of a linear settlement. This research is based on a graphic analysis of urban layouts focusing on the relationship between types of settlements, transport, and distribution infrastructure systems. It investigates the correlations between interurban roads and residential centers during the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. It begins with analyzing the two main archetypes of settlements - the linear and the nucleated - and verifies their condition in Albania. The results show a transformation in the relationship between infrastructure and urban form over time. This transformation has influenced the loss of the formal identity of settlements with a linear character and the strengthening of the nucleated ones. This research contributes to the complex relationship between infrastructure and urban form by defining the dynamics of its development over time and the new types that have been formed in the last thirty years in Albania.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Determination Methods of Factors Affecting Piggyback Transportation
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Ziyoda Mukhamedova The management of intermodal transportation is a complex and responsible process. Rail transport is traditionally used in the implementation of international and intercontinental piggyback transportation. The task of rail transport is to provide transportation over the so-called "land bridges" - land sections, on which the route begins and ends, or through which it transits. Despite a significant level of computerization and informatization, the level of delays in the delivery of goods in the field of piggyback intermodal transportation is not decreasing. The unsatisfactory speed of piggyback trains is a significant factor in these delays. This problem is of common nature, and not faced by intermodal operators operating only in the Siberian and Eurasian continental land bridges, which pass through the territory of Russia and Kazakhstan, respectively, and deliver goods from Japan. It also applies to the American and Canadian land bridges, through which Japanese goods reach consumers in the United States and Canada, and through the ports of Germany and the Netherlands - to consumers in Western Europe. This situation has developed due to the lack of effective approaches to building management systems that would demonstrate a high level of efficiency in the face of uncertainty, which is a natural component of the transportation process. The article is devoted to the correlation analysis of factors affecting the cargo turnover of piggyback transportation in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main factors affecting the cargo turnover of piggyback transportation were identified; the degree of the effect was established by statistical methods. Based on data obtained for the last ten years, a correlation matrix and a regression model of cargo turnover were built. The results obtained make it possible to build forecasts for the cargo turnover of piggyback transportation from two to four years with a 95% confidence interval.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- The Marshall Characteristics of Mixed Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course
Using Kudo Gum Additive
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Asma Massara Bulgis and Aldi Reza Setiawan Asphalt Concrete–Wearing Course (AC-WC) is a pavement layer located at the top. Asphalt has characteristics that affect the performance of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, it is necessary to have the best quality asphalt so that later it can produce asphalt mixtures with good performance and be able to provide a strong enough bonding power. This study aimed to see the effect of variations in the added ingredients of Kudo gum on the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course mixture. This research was conducted in 3 (three) stages. The first stage was testing the properties of the material in the aggregate and asphalt. The second stage of the Marshall Test was to determine the optimum asphalt content at variations of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%. The third stage was analyzing the discussion and conclusions from the results of the tests carried out. The results show the value of variation with the addition of Kudo gum with Marshall testing obtained the optimum value of kudo 0.3% with a stability value of 1093.055 kg, Flow 2.67 mm, Marshall Quotient 410.522 %, VMA 15.442 %, VIM 3.708%, VFA 76.185% and Density 2.282 kg/mm3.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Improvement of Bearing Capacity with Cement, Lime and Brick Waste in Soft
Soils for Foundation Purposes
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Edson Huaman Quispe Cristhian Gustavo Rojas Salvador Jhoser Juan Meza Aranda and Niel Iván Velasquez Montoya The project improves the bearing capacity with brick waste, cement grout and limewater in soft soils for foundation purposes in a 10,110.00 m2 area located in Jr. Humboldt in the district of Chilca due to the large presence of fine soils in that locality. The population builds informally on these poor soils without knowing the dangers that this can cause on their homes. In order to reach the objective of the investigation, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil of the district of Chilca were determined by means of tests of granulometry, specific weight, consistency limits and direct shear, then the admissible bearing capacity was found through Terzaghi's method. It was found that the soil had more than 50% of fines, being a clayey and silty soil with an average low bearing capacity of 0.75 kg/cm2. When the soil was treated with 15% of brick waste, the bearing capacity improved with a value of 0.82 kg/cm2, with 15% of limewater a value of 0.85 kg/cm2 was obtained and finally with 15% of cement grout a value of 0.90 kg/cm2 was obtained, gaining up to 23.29% compared to the standard sample. Finally, 15% of cement grout was the recommended treatment to be used because that percentage was the best option to obtain the highest bearing capacity compared to brick waste and limewater, but to achieve better results, it is recommended to use cement grout from 15% onwards.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Stabilization of Soft Clay Soil by Deep Mixing with Lime and Cement in the
Presence of Salt Water
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Rami Mahmoud Bakr The properties of topsoil may be significantly improved to make it a suitable subgrade for paving or construction. Due to its compressibility, soft clay soil is a well-known example of a problematic soil. Deep soil mixing (DSM) is one example of practical and effective practice for soil improvement that increases the soil strength and decreases the soil compressibility. The properties of the improved soil column may, therefore, be affected by the original soil's characteristics, the mixing procedure, and the binder. In addition, in the presence of salty water, the effectiveness of these mixes, which are often utilized effectively in the soil improvement process under normal conditions, may be reduced. The literature on DSM in the presence of saline water is limited. This study assesses the use of lime or cement in DSM in the presence of salt water with a mixture of specific proportions depending on the grain size distribution and plasticity of the soft clay soil, permeability, modulus of elasticity, void ratio, and mineral and chemical compositions. The influence of water salts, such as SO42−, Cl−, and Mg2+ salts, on the undrained shear strength (Cu) of the soft-clay-lime/cement-stabilized soil was investigated in the laboratory. Test samples were made by combining clay soil with different lime/cement ratios and allowing them to solidify for 7, 28, and 56 d. Using unconfined and triaxial compression tests, the improvements in the compressive strengths of the test samples were evaluated.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Mitigation of Flood Risk with Bamboo Planting Design in Barabai River
Floodplain in South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Fitriani Hayati Mohammad Yanuar Jarwadi Purwanto Hidayat Pawitan Suria Darma Tarigan and Latief Mahir Rachman The role of floodplains in storing excess of water from floods can be strengthened by planting bamboos in order to increase the hydraulic roughness of the land. This research tried to make a model of bamboo planting in the Barabai River floodplain with the aim of controlling floods. The research method being used was an experiment on the physical model of the Barabai River cross-section and its floodplain at the laboratory with a scale of 1:110, in which clumps of bamboo with the spacing of 1.82 cm x 1.82 cm were planted. The model was placed in a flume of 6 m long, 0.4 m wide and 0.6 m high. The experiment was done by releasing discharge until the floodplain was inundated and the height of inundation was measured. The experiment aimed to find out the hydraulic roughness value of the Barabai River floodplain. Research results showed that the hydraulic roughness of the Barabai River floodplain (n) was 0.104; for the sandy channel, the value of n was added with 0.022 so that the total n being used was 0.126. With the value of total n, the length of bamboo planting was adjusted. When the length of bamboo planting was 503 m from location A, there was a 13.18% decrease in the amount of flood discharge at location D. When the length of the floodplain being planted was increased 8.5 times, there was a 91% decrease in the amount of flood discharge at location D.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- The Influence of Light Colour Temperatures on Interior Design Student
Performance in Classroom Studios
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Mohammad Kamal Zoubi Ali Rashidi Wedad Ali AL-Alawneh Mustafa Mohammad Issa and Salem Alqamaz The purpose of this research study was to examine how lighting conditions impact the perceived spatial quality, comfort, collaboration, motivation, distraction, and fatigue in a classroom studio. A survey was conducted with 124 students, and their responses were analyzed based on the overall spaciousness of the studio, the amount of natural light, and the brightness level. The results indicated that most respondents felt the studio was somewhat spacious in daylight with high colour temperatures, but cramped in low temperatures. Additionally, the majority of respondents preferred a very bright level of illumination. In terms of comfort and collaboration, students generally felt somewhat comfortable and collaborative, especially in the high colour temperature condition. The majority of respondents rarely felt distracted by external factors, particularly in the high colour temperature conditions. As for motivation and efficiency, most students felt somewhat motivated and efficient with high-colour temperature lighting, while the lowest number of respondents felt very motivated and efficient in the low colour temperature condition. Furthermore, the highest number of respondents reported feeling rarely fatigued in the high colour temperature condition. The findings suggest that lighting conditions significantly affect students' perceived comfort, collaboration, motivation, distraction, and fatigue. Therefore, educators and designers should take lighting conditions into consideration when creating a conducive and comfortable learning environment.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Characterization and Patterns of Conformation, Evolution and Consolidation
of Housing in Informal Andean Settlements: The Case of Pomachaca, Tarma,
Peru
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Julissa Raquel Espinoza Carrion and Edith Gabriela Manchego Huaquipaco The increase in informal settlements has aroused the concern of many professionals and governments seeking to understand the emergence and expansion of these dwellings, as they currently coexist and form an integral part of our cities, especially in less developed countries, where high rates of urban expansion are often associated with the emergence of informal settlements. As a consequence, the resistance and proliferation of these settlements have become a phenomenon, in which state intervention has failed to curb their growth. This article seeks to identify those recurrent patterns that allow the conformation, evolution and consolidation of informal settlements based on evidence from the Pomachaca human settlement in the Andean city of Tarma. The methodology developed is based on a structured visual survey analyzing 224 lots, 128 informal and 96 formal. As a result, in the first place, the spatial logic to build their houses in the territory is recognized, taking into account the urban circumstances. Secondly, the orders that adapt informal dwellings in relation to their direct formal environment or to the informal user's own spatial conceptions are identified and finally 3 adaptations are determined: (i) the combination of natural environment and building, (ii) the north-south location along the street and (iii) the blend of construction materials according to the user's economy. Therefore, the research concludes that informal settlements prove to be a valuable form of urban development as they employ spatial practices and improvements that contribute to the informal settlement becoming a dynamic and discrete entity, in a state of continuous change with its own spatial characteristics.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Columns with Various
Slenderness Ratios by Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Ehab M. Lotfy Mennatalla Einar and Erfan Abdel Latif Erfan Heneidy This paper studied the reinforced concrete (RC) slender columns with rectangular sections behavior when strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and exposed to eccentric loads. Nine specimens with a rectangular slender cross-section (210x150mm) were tested with lengths of 3000mm (λ= 70), 2500mm (λ= 58), and 2000mm (λ= 46). Samples were fabricated as slender columns using two strategies. The first strategy is CFRP strengthening with near-surface mounted longitudinally (L-NSM) CFRP strips. The second strategy is composed of a new method where longitudinal near surface mounted (L-NSM) CFRP strips is retrofitted with transverse CFRP sheet wrapping. And the results were used to explore the impact of CFRP retrofitting techniques on the columns. A numerical investigation was performed to examine further key variables' effects on RC columns, demonstrating acceptable outcome with the experimental findings. For all tests, specimens were loaded under compressive axial static. The compression force was applied at an initial eccentricity of 35 mm. Moreover, based on the experimental results of the current investigation, the validated models were used in a comprehensive parametric study comprising fifteen new analytical models to check the effects of key variables expected to impact the behavior of NSM and CFRP-confined RC columns. The key conclusions the study provided are that CFRP retrofitting techniques can enhance axial and flexural rigidity and improve the RC columns performance. Additionally, the study revealed that different retrofitting techniques had different impacts on the RC columns behavior, depending on the slender.
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Comparative Mechanical Behavior Low-Cost Flax Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric
Isolator (FREI) with Shape Variation
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 G. N. Ari Widiana Putra Tavio and Data Iranata Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for earthquakes. Many have highlighted that even though earthquakes are a global phenomenon, their impact on deaths is disproportionate, with the majority of fatalities happening in single- and double-story residential buildings. Indonesians need a sturdy building structure that can resist earthquake effects in light of these circumstances, especially those constructed for public housing. One of the most well-liked methods for protecting residential buildings from the effects of progressively stronger earthquakes uses a base isolation system. However, the cost of existing base isolation systems for residential buildings is relatively high. Therefore, this research focuses on fiber-reinforced elastomeric insulators (FREI) with economical fabrication and residential applicability. The flax fiber utilized in this isolator takes the place of the typical steel shim found in the majority of base isolators. This base isolator is analyzed by a finite element approach using the ABAQUS software to ascertain its mechanical behavior. In contrast, the base isolator's mechanical properties include damping, vertical stiffness, and effective horizontal stiffness. It also discussed how the performance of fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREI) differs depending on shape variation. The outcomes of this study include the impact of form alterations on the analyses of horizontal stiffness, vertical stiffness, damping, and effective horizontal stiffness in fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREI).
PubDate: Jan 2024
- Effect of High Recycled Aggregate Content in Hot Mix Asphalt on Volumetric
and Skid Resistance Characteristics
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2024
Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 12 Number 1 Sigit Pranowo Hadiwardoyo R Jachrizal Sumabrata Riana Herlina Lumingkewas Tommy Iduwin Hermon Frederik Tambunan Silvanus Nohan Rudrokasworo Primetta Tatiana Aditya Fadhel and Zahran Athalla Friction between vehicle wheels and the road surface is influenced by the performance of the asphalt mixture that forms the road surface. New road construction and maintenance programs require pavement materials that come from natural sources. Efficiency in using materials to preserve the environment can be achieved by recycling. The road surface layer can be recycled 50-60% so that old material can still be utilized by adding new aggregate at a certain gradation size. This research shows the performance of recycled Hot-mix Asphalt (HMA), which consists of a mixture of 50% recycled asphalt and a mixture of 50% recycled asphalt + 27% recycled cement concrete aggregate, compared to the new material HMA mixture. The aggregate recycled asphalt mixture of 77% and WEO utilization of 15% still show skid resistance performance close to that of the new aggregate asphalt mixture. This research shows that using large amounts of waste aggregate and waste engine oil can reduce the use of new materials on road pavement.
PubDate: Jan 2024
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