Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sofiene Helaili Achref Guizani Mohamed Amine Khadimallah and Moez Chafra Using natural fibers in structural applications is the subject of much research in the scientific world. Natural fibers are bio-sourced, biodegradable, have a low carbon footprint, and have interesting mechanical properties. The lightness, tensile strength, and elongation before break make natural fibers suitable candidates to replace synthetic fibers. Sometimes, natural fibers must undergo heavy chemical treatment for the extraction of microfiber. This is not the case in this paper, which presents a first attempt to use esparto fiber in its raw state without heavy treatment without soda and bleach. In this paper, the raw esparto stem cut into short fibers is treated, then prepared and used as reinforcement in mortar. The mechanical properties of the esparto stems were identified, analyzed, and improved. The mechanical tests showed a weak adhesion between the mortar and Alfa. Also, excessive absorption of water by the stem induced a delay in the mortar's setting. Even with unsaturated stems, this phenomenon is observable. An improvement was applied to the natural Alfa stem to improve its adhesion and reduce the absorption of spillage water. For the first time, as a major innovation in natural fibers used for cementitious composites, a method is presented in this paper allowing the use of Alfa (esparto) fiber in a mortar while keeping the mechanical strength properties of the mortar. Test specimens 4x4x16 cm were made and reinforced with short fibers of 2 and 3 cm with different volume concentrations: 1%, 2%, and 5%. The flexural strength and compressive strength were determined experimentally. The results show that for the 1% concentration of short fibers of 3cm, the compressive strength is 26 MPa, which is almost identical to the strength of the control specimen equal to 26.03 MPa. Flexural strength of the improved fibers concentrated at 1%, 2%, and 5% reach nearly 4.75 MPa very close to the flexural strength of the control specimen, which is 5.57 MPa. The flexural strength doesn't decrease with treated Alfa fiber concentration increase: this is a unique case in which flexural strength doesn't decrease compared to other natural fibers results in the literature. In conclusion, Alfa-treated short fibers can be used in secondary structural applications subject to compressive and light bending forces, for example, paving applications. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sarah Oteifa Khaled Dewidar and Yasser Mansour Inclusive design is an approach that aims to include special children with the general student population by developing the whole system, including the built environment, to accommodate their needs. Although efforts have been made to include children with visual impairments in the educational mainstream, available design guidelines often miss their "real lived experience". Available inclusive school design criteria are considered limited and the necessary design qualities of space to cope with their impairments are often missing the phenomenological, holistic approach. This study is conducted using a mixed method. The necessary spatial qualities are extracted from visually impaired children's real experiences through a phenomenological approach. An in-depth interview is done with visually impaired participants; transcriptions are extracted and analysed through thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is done by the NVIVO qualitative research analysis program. The themes are later validated through a personal experience at the blind museum "Dialogue in the Dark" in Cairo, Egypt. Research findings show and explain the main four themes that affect the visually impaired experience, which are: senses stimulation, accessibility, sense of place and perception of safety and they can be translated into design considerations. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Hüseyin Emre Ilgın To date, few studies have provided an understanding of the interrelations between forms and key design parameters in supertall towers (equal to or higher than 300 m). This vital topic was examined through data collected from 140 supertall cases, considering height, location, function, load-bearing system, and material as the main parameters. Key findings of the paper highlighted the following: (i) in 300-399 m high towers, mostly prismatic, setback, tapered, and free forms were used; (ii) tapered forms were generally preferred in Asia, while the prevalence of prismatic and free forms was noted in the Middle East; (iii) while tapered form was preferred most in mixed-use function, office towers were generally built in free form; (iv) prismatic and tapered forms were generally utilized in supertall cases with tube system, whereas tapered and free forms were utilized more in towers with outriggered frame system; (v) while reinforced concrete was commonly used in prismatic and setback towers, tapered and free tower forms were mostly built in composite. This paper is considered to be an initial guideline for key project and construction stakeholders. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 William Gomez Zabaleta Roque Armenta Polo Daniel Abudinen Adriana Mattos-Rodríguez Wilmer Ruiz Tobias and Sergio Perez This research presents results of the structural analytical behavior of diaphragms built with precast slabs supported on reinforced concrete walls. The current analysis approach that some designers propose for this type of construction, supposes the implementation of a rigid diaphragm model provided by the slab connections, stipulated in the construction regulations. However, given the loss of continuity between the slab panels in these prefabricated systems and the adoption of spaced connections, some differential displacements are released inside these diaphragms, which leads to a loss of their rigidity and changes in the behavior of the structural seismic resistance system. Two buildings were analyzed in this research, whose geometric characteristics were: length/width ratio of 1.5 and 2; with 5 stories high. The modeled structural system was reinforced concrete walls and the diaphragm consisted of precast slab panels hoisted in situ, joined by spaced connections. A chronological-spatial analysis was performed with acceleration records of scaled earthquakes; with the purpose of evaluating the behavior of the structure and checking the floor displacements throughout the building. With calculated displacement at various points of the diaphragm, flexibility indices and floor accelerations were determined. From these results, it was possible to establish whether the behavior of these diaphragms is rigid or flexible. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 T. Sujatha and D.S.R. Murty The importance of environmental protection and conservation, as well as the utilization of sustainable materials, in modern construction, has more concern on the scarcity of natural aggregates. Because of this increasing interest in using recycled aggregates in construction, the use of recycled aggregates in concrete needs more concern about durability aspects rather than strength. Normally Recycled Aggregate concrete (RAC) contains more porosity and water absorption. More studies reveal that recycled aggregate concrete has less durability than conventional concrete. In this regard, current experimental investigation was carried out to determine the durability of RAC with the use of sustainable materials i.e., Portland slag cement was used instead of OPC. M-sand as an alternative for river sand, Natural coarse aggregate (NCA) was replaced with recycled aggregate by various percentages (30, 45 and 60 percent) and Nano silica. The cube strength of concrete was optimum at 45% replacement of recycled aggregates with natural coarse aggregates at all grades, the percentage of strength difference between 28 and 180 days compressive strength about 27%. Concrete durability properties (RCPT, Permeability, water absorption and Acid resistance) were tested at various replacement percentages for M20, M25, M30 and M35 grades. Chloride ion permeability was reduced about 56% at higher concrete grades (M30 & M35) due to Nano silica at 180 days. At 90 days, the acid effect on RAC strength loss was reduced by roughly 5%. Nano silica is added to higher grades to decrease the water demand and enhances the durability and strength properties. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sofiene Helaili Nour Belbachir and Mohamed Amine Khadimallah Composite materials are widely used in applications subjected to low, medium, and high loading frequencies. The viscoelastic behavior of these materials can significantly impact their performance and behavior under different loading conditions. As a result, it is important to carefully study the viscoelastic behavior of composite materials to design structures that can effectively withstand vibration or time-varying loads. This study investigated the static elastic, vibratory, and viscoelastic behavior of composite materials made from Carbon/Epoxy and PMMA/Natural Alfa fibers using both analytical and numerical approaches. The laminates studied included an asymmetrical laminate and an antisymmetrical laminate, both with a thickness of 2mm and composed of 9 plies. Stresses and strains were calculated for each ply and the overall composite plate. The study showed that the numerical finite element models produced results that agreed with the analytical models. The modal analysis revealed that the first frequency of the symmetrical composite [0/+45/-45/60/0/60/-45/+45/0] was 4.16Hz, which was higher than the first frequency of the antisymmetrical composite (2.61Hz) made from Carbon/Epoxy60% fibers. In terms of the viscoelastic behavior, the relaxation test of a 2mm plate showed that the stresses in the Carbon/Epoxy60% composite were stabilized quickly, while it took 20 minutes for the stresses of Alfa/PMMA45% composite plates. Alfa/PMMA45% can be a candidate for civil applications. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Maram Alharbi and Mohammad Hassan In the context of developing multi-modal transit systems in major cities, transit station distribution is a crucial indication for implementing public transportation services. This paper presents an optimization method for bus stop locations to improve the accessibility level and reduce the transportation cost and distance. This paper assesses the existing geographic distribution of bus stop locations in Amman city the capital of Jordan, to evaluate transport accessibility, and to determine the optimal locations of bus stops from a set of candidate locations. The minimized impedance location-allocation model for transportation problems is used as a network analysis method to design a new distribution of bus stops; the current accessibility ratio of 34 stopping points covering 135 out of 300 facilities increased from 45% to 69% of the total facilities within the study area, covering 208 services of available facilities. Optimizing bus stop locations will lead to an increase in the use of public transportation systems versus private vehicles, which will improve the levels of service, reduce traffic congestion and lower air pollution. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Mohamed H. Abo-hashem Aboulfetouh S. Shalaby and Sameh Abd A. El Alaily The linkage of cities and rivers is a historic phenomenon that persists to this day. Urbanization historically began to appear on river sides and evolved along with the development of cities. The connection is represented in the linkage of the fabric of urbanism, and people, to rivers. There exists a global interest in the linkage of cities with rivers. In an interest to achieve ecological goals and communal, cultural, and economical conservation, processes have risen that value the connection of cities to rivers. The most notable of these global interests are greenways that have been implemented in multiple nations. They have become a global movement as a planning and designing tool that attains an established organizational, well-funded, and legalized structure that also strives for global inclusion in sustainable development, under which falls the linkage of cities with rivers. The Egyptian case, unfortunately, neglects river cities, despite the origination of the phenomenon in the country thousands of years ago, despite what the nation attains in cultural and natural heritage, and the fact that Egyptian river cities comprise 70% of Egyptian cities. We find that local studies that have covered river cities did not go beyond theoretical analysis, which presents a difficulty in execution due to shortcomings in planning processes, thus, this study takes steps to ensure ease of practical implementation. The study focuses on the city of Cairo as an exemplar of Egyptian riverside cities as a whole. This was done due to the extensive history the city attains of the relationship between urbanization, people, and the river. The current situation was monitored, and institutional and urban problems that contributed to the separation of Egyptian cities from the river were identified. Analysis of a group of global experiments in greenways based on: (i) The planning process. (ii) The basis and criteria of design. (iii) Organizational structures. The study aims to learn from previous successes to reform the processes responsible for the development of Egyptian river cities. Results have been reached that shape a complete and effective integrated framework has been developed to link the city with the river at the local level that can be applied to the Egyptian case, and in turn, emphasizes the role of landscape planning and design in reconnecting the city with the river. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Abdelmajeed Alkasassbeh Bilal Yasin and Hatem Almasaeid Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) as vibration-mitigating devices are widely used in structures to reduce their displacement response under dynamic forces. Through a novel dolphin echolocation (DE) algorithm, this paper provides optimum tuning of TMD parameters. Developing some features of this algorithm results in a faster convergence to the optimum solution. Besides, grey wolf and whale optimization algorithms (GWO and WOA), as two other nature-based meta-heuristic algorithms, are employed in this problem. The modified DE illustrates a more optimum design of TMD's parameters rather than GWO and WOA. The code has been verified by a sample structure from the literature and then applied to a high-rise forty-story structure under strong ground motions. The numerical results reveal that the optimum TMD is viable in attenuating the structural responses, including relative displacements and absolute accelerations under different earthquake excitations. For instance, in the high-rise structure, the modified DE, GWO, and WOA reduce the maximum displacements up to 45%, 43%, and 38%, respectively. Moreover, the algorithms, specifically the modified DE, propose more cost-effective designs in comparison with previous studies in the literature by introducing smaller TMD parameters. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Zaydoun Abu Salem and Nawal Louzi Since its construction, periodic maintenance has been necessary to keep the original pavement serviceable. Because both works and findings had to be estimated and scheduled, this was the first sort of pavement management. Later, the introduction of engine vehicles resulted in a significant increase in travel speed, necessitating the creation of safer and more sturdy pavements. In this research, we will investigate the notion of preventative maintenance, selecting utmost cost-effective maintenance treatment, maintenance materials, and maintenance treatments for both asphalt and concrete pavements. Pavement management encompasses the many components and duties necessary to maintain a high-quality pavement inventory while also ensuring that the overall condition of the road network is kept at a high level. A pavement management system (PMS) is a decision-making system for pavement management. PMS software solutions predict future pavement damage caused by road traffic and weather and prescribe road pavement maintenance depending on the kind and age of the pavement as well as many metrics of present pavement condition. According to studies, it is significantly less expensive to maintain a road than it is to restore it once it has been damaged. As a result, pavement management systems prioritize preventive maintenance of excellent roads over road reconstruction of inferior roads. As a result, system performance will increase in terms of lifetime cost and long-term pavement conditions. The author used the approach to construct PMSs at the project level, which was helped by pavement condition evaluations. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 P A Suthanaya and P P Winaya The economic growth of cities in developing countries is followed by the rapid growth of private vehicle ownership. The predicted exponential growth of vehicles will be followed by rapid growth in oil demand and a significant increase in environmental impact such as air pollution, traffic noise, and road traffic accidents. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors affecting car ownership. Studies on private vehicle ownership were mainly focused on the metropolitan area level. Using Badung regency as a case study, this study was focused on model car and motorcycle ownership in a medium-sized region by using Poisson regression. Data were collected from 180 households. The results indicated the characteristics of households with the highest percentage, namely car ownership per household of one unit (45.56%), and motorcycle ownership per household of three units (36.11%). For the motorcycle ownership model, there were three independent variables identified as significant predictors, i.e. monthly family income, monthly transport cost, and the number of family members. For the car ownership model, there were seven significant predictors, i.e. monthly family income ((MFI8, MFI7, MFI6), number of students in household, and other variables (safety, accommodating more family members, and social status). PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Ahmed Elkafoury Maged Zagow Khaled Saeed and Ahmed Mahmoud Darwish Promoting public transport can increase the role of transport in sustainable development. Thus, studying the determinants of choosing public transport by travelers is crucial for transportation planning purposes, where developing an accurate model can help in examining any proposed scenarios. This paper aims to develop a multivariable regression model to describe the willingness to use public transport (W) represented as the percentage of people who use public transport in United States cities. First, census data of socio-economic and demographic characteristics are analyzed to identify significant factors for W to develop the model. Then, the regression technique is utilized to develop the model. The model is statistically assessed, in which the significance of all independent variables is examined and represented by a p-value. Moreover, the correlation between variables is examined. Then, the most statistically appropriate model for W is identified based on a set of performance measures such as coefficient of determination, average error, geometrical mean, Theil's inequality coefficient, and frictional bias. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the elasticity of the model to changes in the significant variables by considering a 10% change (increase or decrease) in the average of each variable. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Rajeev Garg Pankaj Akhilesh Kumar Tahsinur Rahman Warsi and Mohammad Arif Kamal Streets are an integral part of the urban fabric which weave various functions like social space, commercial space, cultural space, as well as a channel of transportation for various categories of vehicles. In Indian scenario, rapid and uncontrolled growth of commercial activities on urban streets has led to traffic congestion, unorganized parking, lack of convenient space for pedestrians and lack of visual and spatial comfort for all users. This research focuses on the study of streetscape scenario in India, the expectations of users, identifying general issues related to urban streets and accordingly suggesting strategies for enhanced user experience. The aim of this research is to study the user experience, determine the expectations of citizens and formulate strategies for establishing the sustainable street system which enhances the user experience and keeps the city livable. The present scenario of urban streets is studied through a research survey in order to understand the user experience and their expectations of urban streets. The questionnaire comprising of twelve questions was prepared to collect responses from various age groups. User experience and expectations are compiled and analyzed on the basis of information provided by 454 respondents, and recommendations are made accordingly on the basis of best judgement. A new framework for urban street planning and design of streetscape elements is to be formulated at the city level while considering user experience and expectations. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Tri Susetyo Andadari Prasasto Satwiko and A. Rudyanto Soesilo A biowall has the potential to provide human health and well-being benefits. However, some users consider a biowall as a hobby for their happiness. For this study, the general public's preference for a biowall was explored. The assessment was based on five criteria, perceptual, thermal, visual, respiratory, and audial comfort. The method assessed public preferences regarding the biowall in virtual reality for living and family rooms in urban dwellings. Six biowall configurations were virtualized in both rooms. These configurations included control conditions without biowall, single potting biowall, hidden single potting biowall, multiple potting biowall, linear potting biowall, and fully potting biowall. One-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD analyzed the data with the main result that the variants of the public's preferences for the biowall configuration were significantly different. The final result showed that the fully potting biowall was the highest rating configuration, with a preference value of 4.64 (N = 25) for the family room and 4.81 (N = 25) for the living room. The variables with the highest preferences for perceptual, thermal, visual, respiratory, and audial comfort were interest, chillness, color, freshness, and spaciousness-magnificence, respectively. The most dominant variable influencing preference was the ability of biowall to provide freshness and magnificence in the room. Generally, the public preferred the addition of biowall in the room. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Carlos Mauricio Bedoya Cristian Santa and Carlos Alberto Mejía-Barrera This study shows the modification of the cone of Abrams. A new device size was obtained, with 68% savings in terms of the material. Similarly, we explored the contribution to the aspect of occupational health since, from an ergonomic perspective, the test can be developed at a more comfortable and safe height for the person. Furthermore, we found equivalence between the ranges of the Abrams cone and the Bedoya cone. According to the tests performed, it is possible to significantly reduce the consumption of materials for the slump test without affecting the quality of the result. It improves the ergonomics condition of laboratory workers, especially for women who are not allowed to lift heavy loads due to occupational health regulations. More than 60 tests were carried out in universities, construction sites, precast industries and nationally and internationally accredited laboratories. The methodology used consisted of carrying out the test using the same mixture and finding the slump with the Abrams cone and the Bedoya cone simultaneously under the same conditions of temperature, time and humidity. One important aspect is the possibility of using in mixtures with coarse aggregates of sizes 9.5 mm (3/8''), 13 mm (1/2''), 19 mm (3/4''), and 25.4 mm (1''), being these the most commercially made worldwide. The results and the statistical analysis allow us to conclude that it is possible to use the Bedoya cone to determine the concrete slump in the fresh state, since its ranges are directly applicable with respect to the Abrams cone. As it is a test that continues to be carried out daily in all countries of the world, this research is also a social and environmental contribution. The cone of Bedoya is registered in Colombia under the patent of invention number NC2016/0001514, and is being applied in Undergraduate, Master's and Doctorate research in this country and in México. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Mai Afifi Rifaat Abdel Wahaab Abdelkawi Khalifa Ibrahim Moukhtar and Ezzat Elalfy Alexandria city is the second largest city in Egypt; located on Mediterranean Sea. It experienced yearly extreme rainfall events. In 2015, it was hit by an extreme rainfall, causing a heavy impact flooding on the most urban areas of the city. This causes a huge negative impact on the social and economic activities. The responsible authorities did not prepare enough for this extreme event. This study aims to assist decision makers to prepare priority plans by developing flood susceptibility mapping for Alexandria city, using Geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing applications (RS), and integration with multi-criteria decision-making method. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques, and the list of significant urban flood factors are developed following a review of the related literature and a technical discussion with experts from the water sector. The required data for each factor were derived by remote sensing techniques. A quantitative analysis using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to derive the final weights for each factor. A spatial data analysis was performed to identify different factors of the susceptibility map using the GIS system. Finally, the study has shown that the rainfall amount factor has the highest probability of flooding with a priority weight of 38%; this is because of its importance in the flood trigging, trailed by distance to stream with weight 26.3%, and the slope with weight 13.4%. Land cover-land use and elevation were the least important factors with priority weightings of 11.5%, 10.8% respectively. The developed susceptibility map classified the Alexandria city into zones regarding its likelihood risk of urban flooding to three grades, as high, moderate, and low. The purpose of this classification is to help decision-makers in preparedness for flood mitigation. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Ali Almunyifi and Abdulbasit Almhafdy Although natural ventilation can greatly affect indoor heat and energy use, little is known about how opening windows for natural ventilation affects indoor thermal conditions, especially in hot dry climates. During the pre-design phase of a school building, it is critical to consider the environmental response to the design of the interior space. This paper examines the impact of utilizing natural ventilation through windows on the temperature regulation of classrooms within a school located in a hot and arid climate. Temperature data loggers were installed in four classrooms that were oriented in the main directions. After that, a calibration was made between the real data and simulation data. All four classes took part in the simulation process throughout the year and the windows were opened and closed. Due to the hot climate in the Qassim region, the windows are only opened during study periods when the indoor temperature is higher than the outdoor temperature. Field data results show that creating a friendly environment inside a building is influenced by factors including wall exposure, window size and orientation. Regarding the simulation, the temperature effect can be significantly affected by natural ventilation in the four classes. Results indicate that from late November until early April, the indoor temperature was still below the upper limit of acceptable indoor temperatures recommended by ASHRAE, 27℃, and thus, achieved 20% occupancy dissatisfaction. In contrast, from April until late November, the indoor temperature increased. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Vahid Rostami Zainuddin Md Yusoff Zahraalsadat Eliaslankaran Haslinda Nahazanan and Ehsan Mousavi Approximately 18 by 22 by 100 meters in size, a braced excavation operation at the Mahallati station on Tehran's Metro Line 7 took over eleven consecutive phases. Due to the significant depth-to-width ratio, a PLAXIS plane-strain finite element analysis was carried out. The lateral wall of the braced cut excavation was supported with three types of struts in four different rows. Due to the excavation of the soil, the tension condition was changed and caused some displacements and instabilities; therefore, the horizontal and vertical displacement of the excavation was studied. The maximum horizontal displacements of 35.32 mm occurred in the lateral wall at the excavation surface, whereas the maximum vertical displacements of 35.00 mm occurred at the excavation's base. In all stages, the highest lateral wall deflection values were between 0.00018 and 0.0016 of the depth. The maximum ground surface settlement near the excavation was 22.41mm, approximately 0.67 times the maximum subsequent wall deflection. In each phase, the maximum ground surface settlement distance from the wall was almost equivalent to 0.4 times the excavation depth. The numerical modeling shows that Plaxis2D is an effective software for analyzing the excavation of a braced cut. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Saumya Shrivastava Abir Bandyopadhyay and Vandana Agrawa Construction of Hindu temples in India started from about 1st C BCE, but today there are very few examples of those temples. In the state of Chhattisgarh (erstwhile known as Dakshin Kosala), which is in central India, there is evidence of the construction of brick and stone temples from 5th C CE. These temples are categorized either as 'Rectilinear Type' or 'Stellate and Semi- Stellate Type'. Though these temples have survived the ravages of time, the techniques of their construction and the principles of their layout on the ground are lost in ambiguity. Some research has been performed on the plan forms of the temples, the elevational levels, the philosophy embedded in them etc. but very less work has been done on the geometric construct of the plan form of the stellate temple of Chhattisgarh. This paper aims to decode the hidden geometric construct of one of the earliest brick stellate temples of India, which is Rama Temple in Sirpur, Chhattisgarh. For this, a primary survey was conducted and detailed measurement at the base level of the temple was done. The measured drawing was then drafted, and the layout was verified statistically and otherwise from various published research works based on canonical texts to arrive at some principles of geometric layout. Prima facie studies show that some ancient geometrical principles are followed in the layout of the planform of this temple. Similar studies on other temples will prove the principle of laying out such temples in India and thus will help in filling up a gap in the lost legacy of temple architecture in India. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sara Tarek Smart-eco cities are not a new concept, they appear while planning for a healthy and sustainable urban future. Notions like smart cities, sustainable cities, augmented cities, and ecological cities represent new norms and standards for applying the latest new smart technologies in addition to green environmental solutions in the planning of contemporary cities. The present study addresses the problem of the lack of guidelines that help in linking different principles of urban design and indicators of smart and ecological interventions in both the early planning and upgrading stage to support cities' sustainable future. Therefore, the research aims to identify smart-eco cities dimensions and indicators to use in developing a conceptual framework for developing smart-eco cities strategies, to be applied in cities nowadays. The study merges between smart and ecological urban dimensions as novel urban approaches in addition to focusing on the characteristics, guidelines, and indicators for smart and eco-cities to attain UN 2030 sustainable development goals. The present work follows a methodology that encompasses four parts. The First part is an integrative literature review for the main concepts, definitions, and dimensions for both smart cities and eco-cities in addition to SDGs. Moreover, it reviews and analyses different initiatives for cities that followed smart and ecological approaches. The Second part is an analytical approach proposing a matrix that combines both smart and eco-cities dimensions and indicators to achieve a healthier and sustainable urban future by mapping it to UN-SDGs. Moreover, a survey was administered to highlight the most effective indicators in developing smart eco-cities strategies. The Third part proposes a conceptual framework to be used for planning smart-eco cities for better urban futures. Finally, the study applies the proposed framework on a new Egyptian city as a case study to identify the potential of applying smart-eco cities concept in developing countries and limited resources settings. Research results indicate the capabilities derived by smart-eco cities that can assist in the adaptation and achieving SDGs for developing countries. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Boi Yee Liao Sen Xie and Tsung-Shun Hsieh The purposes of this research are to invest the correlations of ground motion parameters, including characteristic intensity (Ic), standardized version of cumulative absolute velocity (CAVstd), maximum incremental velocity (MIV), and the relationships with the damages of the buildings caused by the Mw6.4, 2016 Meinong Taiwan earthquake. To detect the validations of the hybrid simulation method, the waveforms of three stations near the epicenter are simulated and compared with the observations by employing the inverted source model of the Meinong earthquake. The comparisons between the observations and simulations demonstrate that the PGAs of the observations and simulations are well consistent and underestimations of the high-period contents are improved. Based on the excellent results of the method, the three parameters around Tainan city are calculated and displayed in this research. Apparently, most of the higher values of the three parameters distribute around the north-western regions of the epicenter of the Meinong earthquake, which coincides with the rupture direction of the earthquake toward the northwest. Almost all of the damaged buildings are located well within the values of MIV with 30cm/s, Ic with 316cm1.5/s2.5, and CAVstd with 418cm/s, indicating both of the results are agreeable to the previous studies and offering critical values of the three parameters to predict the potential earthquake-induced damages of buildings. Finally, we discover that two in pairs of the three parameters have high correlation coefficients and exceptional linear relationships between them. The correlation coefficient between MIV and Ic is 0.88, between MIV and CAVstd is 0.89, and between CAVstd and Ic is 0.99. The linear regression models of a couple of parameters are established to model linear predictor functions. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Rahadhian P. Herwindo The so-called Joglo is a type of traditional house (nDalem) architecture since Islamic era on the island of Java that is still used today in Indonesia. Joglo architecture is currently not only used for residential buildings but has developed into a multifunctional feature, and so the Joglo roof models have been used for office buildings, airports, hotels, and the like. The originally Joglo construction made of wood is thought to have been unknown in the past, namely during the Majapahit era or the end of the Hindu-Buddhist era. Through an approach to analyzing the type of architectural form, traces of this temple building can then be identified in the Joglo building, although in the form of abstraction of its elements. Javanese society basically has a tradition to uphold the culture of its ancestors, regardless of the beliefs held by the Javanese. Joglo architecture can be seen as a representation of the preservation of the temple architecture. The relationship between the temple and the joglo is indicated by the shape of the roof, intercropping elements, ornamentation and linearity of the building layout. This preservation is making modifications while still displaying important elements with different materials. As a result, preservation is not orientated to the physical-material but rather to the values of its meaning. The spirit of respecting the past through preservation has unconsciously imbued the architectural ideas involved, so that permanence in architectural preservation can be dynamic through the adaptation process PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Laith Jamal Aldabbas The current study is based on the empirical models of pavement management for advancing the road's planning using predictive maintenance. Pavement management is defined as the planning process to maintain and repair the roadway network and other road facilities for optimization of the conditions of pavement. Predictive maintenance on the other hand is referred to as the technique used to determine the conditions of the equipment to estimate the requirement involved in maintenance. The following study also discusses the challenges and strategies concerning pavement management using predictive maintenance. Challenges are connected to execution process, security and safety, over-maintenance and transmission costs while the strategies utilize the analysis of the historical data, identifying the critical assets, and installing the internet of things sensors. In addition, the relationship between pavement management and predictive maintenance is such that the road's planning and administration require the types of machinery and equipment to accurately manage the road that is highly necessary to maintain the equipment for efficient work. The study thus covers the objectives such as the concept and different types of pavement management, use of predictive maintenance, models of pavement management, challenges regarding developing the road's planning, and strategies for overcoming the challenges. Notably, interpretivism research philosophy and inductive research approach were applied in this study. Interestingly, only the qualitative type of data was used and was collected through secondary data collection; while conducting the thematic analysis as well. The discussion section of the study has found out the results and outcomes which prompt its importance in studying the models so that the proper framework can be used while conducting pavement management using predictive maintenance. Three types of pavement management were discovered which include pavement condition analysis, priority assessment models, and network optimization models. Their advantages are numerous which cannot be limited to detecting any type of anomalies in the operations, identification of every possible defect in the equipment, and maintaining downtime tracking software. More so, three models of pavement management namely; deterministic pavement deterioration model, probabilistic pavement deterioration model, and formulation of the distress indices were focused on in this study. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Mohamed Lemine Mohamed Essalem and Toufik Cherradi The tendencies in the field of cemented materials are currently oriented towards the use of alternative products in cemented materials to reduce the strong dependence on natural resources. The materials most used for this purpose, are recycled ones coming from the waste discarded by the factories. One of these new methods consists of the use of mollusc shells as aggregate in ordinary concrete, cement mortar, pervious concrete, and mineral addition to cement. Experimental analysis has been conducted on the employment of molluscan seashells as a substitute for aggregates in cement materials. This document is a review of shell elaboration in cemented materials. The article first presents a summary of the preparation ways and overall properties of seashells. Then it discusses the existing applications within the construction sector. Mollusc shells generally have very variable geometries and shapes, also the granular distribution depends on the shell type and crushing process. Molluscan shells contain characteristic traces of chloride and sulfate salts. Although the addition of the shell aggregate reduces the physico-mechanical properties of the cemented material, the current understanding of the elaboration of those seashells requires additional analysis of numerous aspects of their behavior. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Oluwagbemiga Paul Agboola Henry Ojobo and Anar Aliyev Climate change has been a serious hindrance to developing the built environment for decades, endangering the innovative ambition to achieve the Agenda 2030 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As a result, adaptation and mitigation strategies are attracting increasing interest on the world stage, and organizations are working together to provide a better built environment for human habitation. Through empirical research technique, this study provides adequate information that is lacking in past studies on how to attenuate the consequences of climate change on the built environment as an urban landscape and subsequent needs for human adaptability. This study's goals are as follows: (i) to explore the predictors of climate change indicators, and (ii) to suggest climate change mitigations and adaptation strategies. Logistic regression analyses of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software package Version 22 (version 22), were used to explore the quantitative survey via descriptive analysis to obtain frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations. Similarly, the consequences of climate change in the built environment, as determined by Principal Component Analysis, were explored. The study's outcome includes [i] important predictors of climate change, and [ii] Approaches for minimizing the effects of climate change. The study's findings revealed that reducing the consequences of climate change on the built environment will improve and safeguard the urban landscape for several decades to come. Parts of the study's recommendations include urgent actions toward integrating climate change interventions into government decisions, initiatives, and management in Nigeria. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Heri Sulistiyono I Wayan Yasa Ery Setiawan Hendra Ahyadi Supardi and Husnulhuda Bajsair The growing population in the community has led to an increase in the need for community infrastructure. Civil engineers have to maintain the safety of the community in the design of urban areas' service infrastructure. The infrastructure must resist the load caused by extreme events, such as rainstorms and floods. Therefore, civil engineers must design the infrastructure based on the precise data parameters. Engineers obtain the precise parameters of a return period through frequency analysis. The precise parameters will produce an acceptable data distribution. Civil engineers can use the Chi-Square method to test the fitness of the data distribution type. However, the original way to get the Expected Frequency is complicated because it uses the integral solving method. This weakness causes the engineers to linger to test the distribution suitability. This article proposes a modification to ease obtaining the expected frequency in the Chi-Square test. This article demonstrates the proposal using rainfall and river flow data around the globe. The demonstration results show that the proposal is easy to implement. The method accurately identifies the type of rainfall and river flow data distribution. Among the seven stations, five groups of data follow a lognormal distribution; one group of data follows a normal distribution. One other group of data follows an exponential distribution. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Shalaka Nirantar and Premanand Naktode Deficiency of natural resources in construction industry is one of the major issues in today's construction era. Another major problem, which not only construction industry, but the entire world is facing, is the management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Therefore, it becomes inevitable to recycle the C&D waste and to replace it partially with natural aggregate so as to reduce the strain on natural resources. Recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) cannot be directly reused as it possesses poor quality in terms of physical and mechanical properties. The objective of this experimental work is to improve the properties of RCAs by using pretreatments such as mechanical abrasion, water soaking, acid soaking, and heating. It is found that using mechanical abrasion, weak acid soaking and moderate heating, the micro structure of the RCA is improved. Water absorption and porosity are improved by 20% and 17.75% respectively. Using pre-treated RCAs, with partial and complete replacement for natural aggregates, concrete cubes were cast and tested for evaluation of compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths. Compressive strength for 40% replacement is improved by 17.41% as compared with the M25 grade concrete made using natural aggregates. Also, replacement by 100% is possible and compressive strengths are comparable. Thus, using the pre-treatments, C&D waste utilization, reduction in consumption of natural aggregates (NA) is possible in medium grade applications leading to sustainable construction. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Zinah A. Shareef Sofyan Y. Ahmed and Omar M. Abdulkareem In the past two decades, the usage of aggregate recovered from construction and demolition wastes in the production of foam concrete has drawn a lot of attention as a sustainable alternative for present and future construction. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the possibility of including these wastes as recycled materials in foam concrete. Nevertheless, the knowledge available to identify the utilisation of wastes of thermostone (autoclaved aerated concrete) blocks and ceramic tiles along with their effect on foam concrete is still limited. Hence, this study investigates the possibility of using thermostone blocks and ceramic tiles, as a partial substitution of fine aggregate in foam concrete. Three volume-replacement rates of sand with each waste type were explored (25, 50, and 75%). Results showed that with an increase in thermostone aggregate amount, the hardened density and mechanical strengths of foam concrete were improved. Thanks to the physical action of the fine thermostone aggregate, in addition to its porous nature, making it an internal curing medium, this assists in improving the pore structure and intensifying the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The siliceous property of thermostone powder speeds up the reaction of hydration, thus augmenting the amount of C–S–H which generates a dense matrix and boosts the strength. Similar trend to foam concretes with ceramic aggregate in terms of enhanced mechanical strengths based on their physical (filling role) and chemical (pozzolanic role) effects. As for the thermal conductivity coefficients, they were improved at 50 and 75% of thermostone powder due to the pore-clogging effect, which led to a decrease in pore contact, size, and distribution. Hence, the microstructure was refined, and the thermal conductivity was increased. Because of the basic compounds of SiO2 and Al2O3 in ceramic aggregate, they have greater thermal compatibility in addition to their pozzolanic activity, which produces a compact matrix and enhances the thermal conductivity. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Vijaykrishna G. and G. Balaji Indoor air quality (IAQ) is important, especially in settings with a high number of users, such as healthcare facilities, where the vulnerable patients count is more. Both developed and developing nations are currently paying attention to the issue of indoor air quality (IAQ). IAQ values are influenced by several parameters, with temperature and humidity being the most significant contributors. Very few studies have examined the impact of hospital temperature and humidity on indoor air quality, because they are directly related to thermal comfort. As defined by indoor environmental quality (IEQ), these parameters were selected. This article provides an overview of the significance of temperature and humidity in hospital environments, the criteria provided by the authors based on guidelines and standards, and the relationship between the two along with a few other parameters. In addition, the article attempted to determine the nosocomial infections caused by indoor air temperature and humidity. The study assumes that even though the parameters have been specified in various standards, they can vary according to space usage, occupancy, HVAC design, climate zones, etc. This research may result in a paradigm shift regarding the significance of temperature and humidity in hospitals. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Susilawati Cicilia Laurentia and Indah Wahyuning Tyas The flow of water in the sub-soil tends to transport fine soil particles to other places. This happens, especially during heavy rains, where rainwater that seeps into the ground, flows carrying fine particles into the pond, and causes the soil surface to subside in certain parts. This encourages a study to be carried out to apply KOBEL bricks to overcome this. KOBEL bricks have 2 holes with a diameter of 5 cm, when arranged, they will form a pipe that can regulate the flow of water, so it does not carry fine grains that flow or are eroded. The simple concept of providing available water flow can prevent soil erosion and minimize the negative impact on soil subsidence due to water flow in the soil. KOBEL bricks are made from soil base material that is pressed up to 62.5%, applied as soil improvement, so that the soil surface becomes stable and does not sink anymore. From the results of the application of the KOBEL brick for the subsided soil surface, it turns out that the surface is no longer sinking. It can be concluded that the use of KOBEL bricks which is very easy to do and requires very low cost can be used to overcome soil subsidence due to water flow in the soil. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Vadym Abyzov Iryna Bulakh Iryna Ustinova Olena Safronova Valeriy Safronov and Nina Semyroz A large part of the capital, both financial and natural, is being invested in modern construction. The role of construction and architecture in creating conditions for sustainable development as industries involved in shaping this space is extremely important. Harmonization of architecture with the environment was and remains an important component of urban planning and architectural design. The purpose of this study is to highlight the theoretical and methodological foundations as well as practical solutions (based on the examples of students' works at architectural universities in Ukraine and Poland) regarding the formation of a sustainable architectural environment. The research is based on a systemic approach, which allows considering the architectural environment as a hierarchically arranged functional and spatial integrity. The methods of modeling, historical, comparative, and typological analysis and field surveys were widely used. Due to the lack of complex theoretical and methodological workings in this field, the scientific novelty of the article consists of a systematic approach to the formation of a theoretical and methodological basis for designing a sustainable architectural environment. This research was conducted at different levels of spatial integrity. The article considers the concept of the formation of a balanced architectural and urban environment. Theoretical and methodological foundations of designing at different hierarchical levels of its spatial integrity (city, building, interior) are outlined. Attention is paid to the problem and methods for assessing the balance and environmental efficiency of architecture. Standards in balanced design and modern interior design trends using innovative ecological building materials are also considered. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 D Lesmana Antariksa L D Wulandari and H Santosa Surabaya is essentially a collection of villages, some of which have survived to the present day and some of which have not. This achievement was achieved through a variety of activities and also by giving themes based on the historical background of the village and village activities, such as Kampong Lawas Maspati, which had a heritage theme due to the presence of numerous ancient buildings. The objective of this study is to determine whether local knowledge enables the ancient village of Maspati to survive and thrive despite the development and pressure of urban advancement. This local knowledge is also an endeavor to conserve local knowledge, which can become a village's identity. The findings can serve as suggestions for the establishment of urban communities with a comparable history. In this study, a qualitative research method employing a case study methodology was utilized. As a sampling technique, snowball sampling is utilized. The purpose of the qualitative descriptive analysis was to provide an overview of the local wisdom of Kampong Lawas Maspati throughout its existence. Since time immemorial, the residents of Kampong Lawas Maspati have been driven by a passion for indigenous knowledge. The findings of this study are the utilization of ancient buildings (heritage) as places of business, such as terraces that are used as cafes, living rooms where souvenir crafts are displayed, and public open spaces, corridors, alleys, and front yards of houses for social, cultural, and economic activities by placing storefront or selling carts (rombong). This demonstrates the existence of citizens in preserving local knowledge. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Sarsembayeva Dinara Yerzhanovna Kornilova Alla Aleksandrovna Zhaksylykova Lailya Adilhanovna and Kiseleva Tatyana Aleksandrovna Social infrastructure can influence the creation of comfortable conditions for society and a sustainable living environment in the planning of an urban area. This article examines the current state of the social infrastructure of the city of Astana using extensive research and the results of sociological research in administrative districts. The article touches upon the process of the formation of social infrastructure in the process of historical development. Currently, the social infrastructure has the power to develop the urban area, improving the living conditions of the population. The data from the social survey shows that the social infrastructure at the district and local levels affects the living conditions of residents. Social infrastructure planning is a process that includes consideration of the existing transport links, buildings and structures, infrastructure investments, and social problems in a complementary way. This article emphasizes the importance of regional features. Considering these features can play a big role in improving the quality of public services and maintaining the well-being and economic prosperity of the population. The development of the city, the economy, and its social infrastructure contribute to the influx of human resources, which determines a socially-oriented approach to planning. The study of the urban area allows us to see the importance of taking regional features into consideration. Based on scientific research, directions for the development of the social infrastructure of Astana are presented. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Toishiyeva Almagul Almaganbetovna Toishiyeva Altyn Daniyarovna Mamedov Seimur Etibar Ogly Harutyunyan Emma Papin Khvan Yelena Nikolayevna and Amanbay Alua This work provides a historical overview of the formation of the architecture of residential buildings in Astana, where the stages of the period from the second half of the 1930s of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century are identified, the definition of features of which is characterized by the activity of housing construction and the importance of the role of the city in the socio-economic life of the country. As a result of the study, during the period under consideration, three stages were identified within which there was an active formation of residential development in Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Astana. The first stage from the 30s to the middle of the 50s of the XX century is characterized by the development of industry and the importance of the city as a railway junction in Central Kazakhstan. This stage of housing development implies three periods: pre-war (1936–1940), military period (1941–1945), and post-war period (1946–1953). The second stage from the mid-50s to the early 90s of the XX century is the development of Tselinograd and is associated with the development of virgin lands as well as with the current stage in the development of Soviet architecture. At the third stage (the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries), the city that has acquired the status of the capital of a sovereign state becomes its political, cultural, and spiritual center. The article is based on archival materials collected by one of the authors, Toyshiyeva A.A., in the state archives of Astana, as well as on the materials of a field survey of residential buildings in the city of Astana. As a result, the features of the construction of residential buildings within the established periods are shown, along with their formation in the wake of the search for new architectural and planning, space-spatial, and urban planning solutions in the context of socio-economic transformations in the development of society. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Muhammad Ade Kurnia Harahap Ira Modifa Tarigan Sunandar P. B. Sipayung Abdullah Akhyar Nasution and M. Syaifuddin Regional planning is a method of development planning that leverages present resources to better a public community, government, and environment in a specific area. It is essential to gather and assess regional planning research from across the globe in order to provide informed suggestions for domestic regional planning and the implementation of suitable laws. Studies on regional planning are particularly significant when given as bibliometric analyses. The purpose of this research is to discover distinct research trends in bibliometrics relevant to the topic of regional planning. Using statistics, we examine the number of articles on regional planning that have been published in the recent five years in this study. Alois Humer, who works at the University of Vienna in Austria, has a high level of scientific production as well as recognition in this subject. Researchers studying regional planning utilize the total number of papers published in each publication to classify journals into separate regions. According to Bradford's rule of document transmission, the IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science is the most significant journal on this subject. Looking at the numbers, it is also clear that China has published a total of 145 articles throughout the past five years. The word "regional planning" appears 126 times in the title, which is rather remarkable. This phrase is related to the article's keywords' theme. This image incorporates the terms "China," "Indonesia," "Germany," and "Nigeria," implying that the bulk of research on "regional planning" themes is conducted in these four nations. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Doaa Abdelfatah Ebrahim Sherif Khashaba and Hussein Elshanawany There is an international interest in utilizing sustainability principles and practices in the adaptive reuse of historical buildings. Egypt is one of the countries with a large number of historically significant buildings. Many historical houses and palaces have been reused due to the availability of a large number of them as well as their unique historical and architectural values. However, adaptive reuse processes face numerous challenges due to a lack of innovative methodologies for utilizing sustainability principles and practices. The research problem discussed in this article is that historical houses and palaces in Egypt lack innovative methods that contribute to employing sustainability principles and improving sustainability practices through adaptive reuse. This study aims to create a framework that helps to utilize sustainability principles in reusing historical buildings in Egypt. Qualitative methods were used to collect data through the study of literature, data analysis using the descriptive analysis method, field surveys, observation, and interviews with specialists. The results revealed the problems that prevent the effective use of sustainability principles in the local case studies and the methodologies used in the international case studies for utilizing sustainability principles in historical buildings. Based on the results, we reached some conclusions and proposed some recommendations. A framework has been created to provide an innovative methodology to utilize sustainability principles in reusing historical buildings in Egypt. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Leydis Villadiego-Rojas Ricardo Daza-González Guillermo Acuña Robles and Diego Borrero Restrepo The southern border of Colombia is delimited by the Amazon River, which defines the frontier between Colombia and Peru. Since the 1920s the border limit between these two countries has been defined by the river's thalweg, however the river dynamics has caused changes within its geomorphology making this border line be constantly shifting due to changes in the river's thalweg. This study analyzes the hydrodynamic behavior of the Amazon River and its geomorphological changes within a reach of 3.5 km between the towns of Nazareth (Colombia) and Leticia (Colombia). Through numerical modelling of the river reach, severe sedimentation processes in the left channel were identified, indicating major bed level changes within a 2-year simulation. These bed level changes indicate the appearance of sand bars in the Colombian portion of the river bed. The geomorphological changes shown in the model were validated through the analysis of satellite imagery, which indicates the erosion of the river's right bank, and the sedimentation and contraction of the left bank. These geomorphological changes are causing the loss of river area within Colombian territory, hence meaning that Peru is gaining more river area. If the sedimentation processes continue within the left channel of the Amazon River between Nazareth and Leticia, island formations will increase and it will eventually close, therefore meaning a potential loss of Colombia's sovereignty over the Amazon River. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Hadwa Mohamed Shaimaa Ashour and Ahmed El Antably This paper investigates the discursive construction of the image of the ideal architect within architectural school-based magazines. These magazines are entirely faculty-led, mainly documenting the school's news, events, and achievements in addition to the faculty members' scholarships and students' work. The authors focus on one magazine from four different geographical regions, crossing perspectives from different discourses about architectural education. Informed by Foucault's notions of discourse, knowledge, and power, the paper argues that these magazines are sites of discourse that consciously and consistently promote their affiliated schools' discursive formations. The authors employ semiotic discourse analysis to analyze the magazines' linguistic and visual content to identify how the schools' hierarchy and systems of power operate. The paper interprets the proximities and divergences between each magazine's theoretical, graphical, and ideological dimensions, reflecting on their socio-cultural systems. With the students' controlled representation and recognition, the magazines depict the varying institutionalized discourses of acculturating the students to the ideal future architect, showing how the context's inherent social, cultural, and political structures inform architectural education. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Alvarado Mendoza Carlos Pérez Campomanes Giovene and Pérez Campomanes María The purpose of this research is to implement a precipitation-runoff model (GR4J) at a daily rate in the Camaná River Basin, from a semidistributed perspective (RS-MINERVE platform), adequately representing the average daily flows in periods of flooding [1]. According to the author, in this way an alternative is sought for the forecast of flows of maximum floods that will allow the issuance of early warnings in the event of the probable occurrence of extreme events, taking into account the thresholds or alert levels that are currently used in the river basin Camana [1]. For the implementation of the Simulation, the RS-Minerve platform was used, with the data between 1964 and 2014. It began in two stages: Calibration (1964-1983) and Validation (2008-2014) for the Hydrometric Stations of Pte., Pendant Sibayo, Pallca Huaruro and Huatiapa [1]. The modeling of the Precipitation - runoff process in the Camaná River Basin was modified, as well as being able to forecast the flows of maxima avenues in the presence of climate change and at a daily rate, using the GR4J Model and the historical information for the Calibration and Validation stages. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Tatiana V. Portnova The article studies the Futurism concept in the stylistic ontogenesis of design and architectural solutions of XX - early XXI. The author refers to the origins of futuristic architecture to fix the primary ideology of this style and then evaluates its congruence with the conceptual views and the worldview position of the artists who created their architectural works at each stage of Futurism development. The hypothesis is put forward that architectural styles formulated as a result of visual art evolution, really accepted by the public and recognized by the professional community, and which occupied steady positions in the world arena of architecture, are the result of performance in which the artist, keeping the ideology of the style, integrates the extra perspective art elements, corresponding to trends of the particular epoch of architecture. The verification of this hypothesis, undertaken through the "sketching" of the contemporary Futurism image, was carried out by researching the actual trends in architecture of the 21st century, identifying their main features, and formulating the parameters of the order on their basis, which will define the nature of the new steady state of the architectural system, expressed in a futuristic performance. The futuristic performance was defined as a processual kind of architectural art that extends and spreads to all the new stylistic solutions, thus becoming an interdisciplinary phenomenon, characterizing the synthesis of architectural, visual (painting, graphics, sculpture) and digital (visual effects, created through digital technology) arts, which allows us to see the eclectic vectors of its development. The study of the Futurism directions mentioned above allowed us to conclude that each architect, each artist or designer sought to reflect in their work not only the extrospective (material message) but also the introspective image of the environment (artistic and spiritual message), in which this work is embedded. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: May 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 3 Abdul Khamid Slamet Imam Wahyudi and Soedarsono The phenomenon of climate change that is happening in the world causes global warming, which has an impact on rising sea levels causing floods and tidal floods. Research on the Gabion weirs as an alternative to appropriate technology is the first step to address either the problem of tidal flooding mitigation or as a raw water filter. This prototype test research was carried out at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang. It employed a quantitative method by conducting prototype testing to justify field conditions by handling close results. The research analysis technique began by collecting primary data and secondary data. The design of the Gabion weir models as a filter included three types of weir testing models, namely type 1 trapezoidal model, type 2 beam model, and type 3 combination model. The material, geometry and dimensions of the experimental prototype are a reduction of the real problem conditions in the field. The results of the observation analysis of the Gabion weirs have obtained the average elevation of the water, MAR = 10 cm, MAB 60 cm, MAN = 45 cm, the elevation of the MAB upstream of the weir =65 cm, the elevation of the center of the weir = 44.5 cm, the downstream weir MAB = 41 cm, the measured flow velocity upstream of the weir 0.75 l/s, center 0.75 l/s, downstream 0.6 l/s and upstream temperature 31℃, center 30.3℃, 30℃, clean downstream water conditions. The results of the study represent a function of the elevation of the flood water level both upstream and downstream which are through the Gabion Weirs with several thicknesses as raw water filters. PubDate: May 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Merna Amir Esraa Torky and Amany Micheal Millions of tons of plastic waste are generated globally, and only about 10 percent of it is recycled. It is crucial to segregate and circulate plastic waste and repurpose it for countless other uses. There are many ways to repurpose and reuse these discarded plastics. One use that can be examined is the use of plastic as a partial sand replacement in cement mortar. To contribute to this important and valid discourse, this research studies the mechanical and thermal properties of cement mortar that incorporates recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) particles. Different percentages (0%, 4%, 6%, and 10%) of sand replacement by volume with recycled HDPE particles are tested. Two different cement-sand ratios are investigated: 1:3 and 1:6. The experiments include compressive and indirect tensile strengths, unit weight, and thermal conductivity. Experimental results show that the increase in plastic content in mortar mixtures results in a decrease in the compressive and tensile strengths as found in the literature. On the other hand, a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the cement mortar that incorporates HDPE particles is also observed. For HDPE/sand replacement of 10% and cement to sand at a ratio of 1:3, the reduction in the thermal conductivity coefficient k is 50%. For HDPE/sand replacement of 10% and cement to sand at a ratio of 1:6, the reduction is 32%. This reduction is of significance as the cement mortar is usually used for stucco. When used for southern façades in arid climate countries like Egypt, producing stucco with such low thermal conductivity will result in a reduction in energy consumption for the AC. Moreover, the aesthetic value of the colored stucco may lead to the elimination of the painting process, not to mention the positive impact on the environment. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Sri Sunarjono Nurul Hidayati Muhammad Wahyu Setyo Aji Wildan Faza Cindikia and Alfia Magfirona The use of fillers in asphalt mixtures can potentially increase durability and their ability to resist water. This research was conducted to analyze how fillers improve the durability of the mixture. This research uses rice husk ash (RHA) and Portland cement (PC) as fillers in the mixture of asphalt concrete wearing course. The mixing process was carried out by the hot mix method, with the optimum asphalt content being 5.5% and the optimum filler content being 4%. The parameters analyzed were: sieve size, porosity, texture, penetration, aggregate blending, and mixing order. Based on the smaller filler sieve size (#400), it has the potential for a higher level of durability, while for strength, #200 has a higher potency. RHA porosity value #400 is 1.6 times greater than #200, and 5.53 times greater on PC. Asphalt with a smaller filler size has a better level of homogeneity, as seen from the smaller standard deviation of penetration. The results of aggregate blending show that the addition of filler causes aggregate gradations that do not meet the specifications required by Bina Marga. The filler should preferably be used as a substitute for the aggregate in the sieve analysis. Based on the IRMS (Index of Retained Marshall Stability) value, it can be concluded that the dry mixing process gives less value than wet mixing. This shows that wet blends last longer than dry blends. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Larah R. Abdulwahed and Aymen R. Mohammed The connection of the soil with the building was already extensively studied on the supposition of the soil's basic and structural uniformity. Nonetheless, during intermediate or powerful earthquakes, the maximum shearing stress can readily exceed the elastic modulus of the properties of the soil. When considering soil-structure connection, nonlinear processes may modify soil rigidity at the building's foundation and hence power dispersion into the soil. As a result, disregarding the nonlinear properties of the dynamic soil-structure interface (DSSI) may result in incorrect dynamic loading estimates. The purpose of this research is to incorporate a completely nonlinear parametric framework for soils into a mathematical notation and examine the impact of soil nonlinearity on dynamic soil building interactions. Furthermore, several problems are defined, for instance the impact of restricting strain on the shear strength of the soil, the preliminary static configuration, and interface components at the soil-structure interface, and so on. Throughout this study, a basic absorbing layer approach that relies on a Rayleigh/Caughey dampening concept, which is frequently accessible in current code, was used. Computational Component software is shown as well. The stability criteria of wave dispersion difficulties are investigated, and it is demonstrated that the linear and nonlinear performance vary dramatically when coping with numerical propagation. This research is separated into two sections. In the first section, a soil column is simulated. There is a development of computational and semi-analytical approaches for describing the one-dimensional linear and nonlinear dynamic soil reactions to a predefined movement. Because the linear formula is simpler to comprehend and explain, it is achieved initially. In addition, it is utilized to determine the amount to which nonlinearity affects soil characteristics. In nonlinear assessment, the strain-dependent shear strength and dampening proportion are employed. Such input variables are crucial for completing a ground response assessment. For the formulations of strain-dependent mechanical properties and dampening in this work, hyperbolic soil model-constructed curves are utilized. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Adil Ammar Mohammed Garoum and Abdelmajid Bybi In this work, sound pressure levels of road traffic on about twenty selected locations in the Agdal District in Rabat City were carried out. The traffic consists mainly of light vehicles with similar characteristics. All measurements were performed in 1/3 octave with an integration step of 20 ms during the period of 15 days from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. This large amount of data allowed the reconstruction of the spectrograms using a script written in Mathematica language. An interesting result obtained concerns the basic interval required to have a sufficiently representative equivalent level. Indeed, the calculations have shown that about 20 min of measurements are sufficient. This confirms the result already mentioned in our previous work. This result will therefore make it possible to optimize the measurement period during the campaign, in particular for locations where the number of locations is high or the quantity of recordings is large. Frequency analysis revealed spectrum similarities between two locations of different traffic intensities, but of similar composition. This observation is also observed over the different periods of the day (morning, afternoon, evening). In addition, an estimate of the inconvenience felt by local residents was made on the basis of the Lden estimated from the measured L50. It emerges that, for the majority of the locations subject to the measurements, the percentages of very inconvenienced and inconvenienced people are above 20% and 30% respectively. This result corroborates the results of our previous survey. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 İsmail Hocaoğlu To increase the tensile strength of reinforced concrete structures, strengthening steels of different diameters are placed in the concrete. The diameter of the reinforcing steel to which placed in the concrete may decrease due to electrochemical reactions. Therefore, the determination of corrosion rates in structures is vital for solving this problem. As the corrosion rate increases, flexibility and ultimate load carrying capacity decrease. In this study, reinforcing steel of 12, 14, and 16 diameters was placed in the middle of the concretes and subjected to an accelerated corrosion test by applying a 30 V direct current (DC). When DC was applied to concrete, weight loss values, crack widths, compressive strengths, tensile strengths, and micro examination results were compared. As a result, it has been seen that the corrosion rate decreased as the diameter of the reinforcement steel increased. Another result obtained from this study is that the corrosion level could be predicted by measuring the current flow over the reinforcing steels. It has been observed that microcracks occur much less than when 14 reinforcement was placed compared to 12 and 16 reinforcements were placed in concretes. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Mohamed El Afi Alaa Eddine El Aattaoui Chadia Haidar and Abdelhamid Noufid The population of many cities in the world is increasing over time, which leads to urban sprawl and an increase in energy consumption and polluting gases, especially in urban areas. Indeed, energy consumption and pollutant gases threaten human life. On the other hand, technology has affected every aspect of our life. To prevent such threats, cities must be smart so that they can be managed in a smart way. In this sense, the main objective of this paper is to realize a prototype of an Internet of Things (IoT) system to save human life while preserving the environment. This system is called I-CITY and incorporates Smart Parking, Intelligent fire detection system with automatic fire extinguisher and quality monitoring system around the city environment. This invented device is made up of web access that gathers, sends, and processes data from their environment using embedded systems including processors, sensors, and communication gear. Finally, I-CITY solves parking problems in cities with high populations. It also contains a flame detection system that can identify local fires by processing signals receives from flames. However, this system contains a fire extinguisher to automatically extinguish the fire. Finally, an air quality monitoring system collects information from their surroundings. The information from this work could be used by decision market for better city planning. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Magdy Ibrahim and Ahmed El shakhs VR technology is one of the tools used to achieve accurate physical space dimensions and placement of furnishings. The architectural space must evoke subjective emotions that would inevitably lead the users to perceive it as a location and, consequently, become a potentially significant space. However, a particular space experience has yet to be attained. Quantifying abstract conceptual ideas is more difficult in design education. This paper aims to prove the usability of VR as an effective design tool and an educational method to achieve a better understanding of a proposed design and successfully reach the desired outcome, especially regarding the abstract properties of the space. The paper describes a workflow of how the students would use the technology to revise and enhance their design proposal based on the experienced VR environment. A project was offered to the students; they were expected to tackle and solve problems about symbolism in their designs. Spatial experience is a crucial study element of the project. Students were asked to design an entire structure that could evoke certain feelings. The exercise left it to the students to choose an abstract value, meaning, or feeling to explore as architecture. A pre-compiled list included: Anti-gravity, Time travel, and Tranquility; through iteration between drawing boards, 3D modeling, and VR experience, they fine-tune their designs to achieve a pre-set quality. In conclusion, the VR technology was proved helpful and led to a tangible change in the proposed design based on the feedback from the workflow. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Hüseyin Emre Ilgın and Markku Karjalainen To date, no research has been carried out in the literature that gives insight into the relationships between freeform and key design parameters in supertall towers (≥ 300 meters). This critical subject is investigated in this paper with data collected from 39 building cases, taking into account building function, load-bearing system, and structural material as design parameters. The key findings of the paper highlighted the following: (1) the only core typology was central core type; (2) mixed-use and office were the most favored functions; (3) the most favored system in freeform supertall tower projects was outriggered frame system; (4) composite construction was common among supertall towers and its closest follower was reinforced concrete; (5) building functions other than hotel exceeded 500 m in free form; (6) in the sample group, freeform buildings with outriggered frame and tubular systems exceeded half a kilometer as well; (7) both composite and reinforced concrete freeform towers pushed the limits of height considerably; and (8) as the number of some supertall tower buildings (such as hotel buildings) was not adequate, it did not seem possible to derive a scientific interrelation between the height of the building and the corresponding planning parameter. It is thought that revealing the current state of the free forms, which are among the most preferred skyscraper forms today, will shed light on the supertall building designs to be made in the future. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Abeer Alsoub Khaled Al Omari Diala Atiyat and Sahar Issa Yousef This paper discusses the potential for reducing the energy consumption of residential apartments built on slopes in Amman, Jordan, by proposing new regulations to ensure adequate access to solar radiation. The energy-conscious concept has appeared around the world with rising oil prices and a rise of high residential buildings. It is necessary to consider the possibilities of maximizing the use of solar energy in a building through an architectural design strategy. This leads to mandatory regulations at the urban planning and building design level. This paper provides an overview of the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) regulations in force regarding the availability of sunlight and achieving a healthy building environment. Analytical scientific methods were used in the work. Computer simulations were performed using a parametric design approach to make new decisions to establish new height and setbacks dimensions for apartment buildings in Amman. The present study provides workable guidance based on determining the optimal distance between condominiums on sloping ground, through which both the architects and the urban designers will be able to define the number of floors that will receive sufficient natural lighting. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Y. Sarhan and H. Elfouly A successful Public space has been addressed mainly by functional performance, accessibility, comfort, safety, pleasure, and meaning; the five physical attributes constructing the public space index, which was associated with vitality and user satisfaction. Under-bridge public spaces, although they are a booming essential topic in the shadow of the massive bridge construction inserted in the Egyptian urban fabric, they are not well investigated concerning user satisfaction nor the new developed physical setting. Only limited literature highlighted that the "Accessibility" attribute should be considered. Considering under-bridge spaces as a case-specific public space with potential, yet not reflecting the general norms of public space, this paper aims to study user satisfaction towards such spaces. Firstly, a theory-based model has been developed for user satisfaction towards public spaces, exploring the significance of the above mentioned physical attributes. Secondly, adopting a case-study approach, the physical attributes of the theory-based model have been assessed in Heliopolis, a district that recently received a massive under-bridge construction in Egypt, where those attributes have been measured quantitatively (using GIS) and qualitatively (using the developed Public space index and adopting a structural equation model using SPSS & Smart SPLS); to ultimately construct an analytical-based model for assessing the significance of the physical attributes responsible for the user satisfaction of such specific spaces. Results show the misfit between the theory-based model and the induced "analytical-based model of under-bridge spaces", where "Accessibility" and "Functionality" attributes were relatively insignificant, while the most related attribute to under-bridge user satisfaction was "Safety," followed by "Comfort"; then "Pleasure" and "Meaning," a key factor to be considered while developing under-bridges public spaces. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Olga L. Bantserova and Adema R. Kasimova Global environmental, social, and economic problems have led to the need to search for new architectural ideas according to the concept of sustainable development. The bionic approach makes it possible to identify optimal solutions developed by nature over the centuries of its existence for the organization of architectural objects. The purpose of the paper is to establish the prospects of applying the bionic approach to the organization of sustainable architectural objects. The paper presents a comparative analysis of scientific papers considering methods of biomimetic design, a case study, and a survey of experts. The characteristic directions of architectural bionics have been identified and described. Based on the analysis of the conditions for creating a comfortable living environment, solutions to sustainability problems using a bionic approach in the organization of architectural objects have been proposed. The authors pay special attention to the life cycle stages using natural forms in architectural shaping, borrowing natural structures to form the structures of architectural objects, interpreting natural materials and matter of living organisms in construction, and reproducing natural processes to solve architectural and urban problems. The authors identify the main approaches of bioanalog design based on the existing morphological characteristics of wildlife (branching, spiral formation, adaptation, polymerization) and propose solutions to the problems of creating sustainable habitats in the context of architectural space. It is concluded that the use of this approach will contribute to the formation of an ecological balance between nature and architecture. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Oleksandr Nedbailo Boris Basok Ihor Bozhko and Maryna Novitska The overview of the literature sources showed that over the last decade, the attention to the study of heat transfer processes with the automation and periodic use of underfloor heating systems has increased significantly. The aim of this study was to investigate the heat flux density from the surface of the lightweight floor heating system dependence on different parameters. These parameters are material of the finishing coating, average temperature difference between indoor air and heat carrier, heat carrier temperature and its flow rate, thickness of the thermal insulation layout under the lightweight floor heating system. The article shows results of both experimental and computational modelling studies of the lightweight floor heating system which was operated in different regimes and with different (ceramic tile and laminate) finishing coatings. A new experimental stand has been created in the thermophysical laboratory of the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for the purposes of experimental studies. For the purposes of comparison of different operational regimes as well as the determination of the energy saving through automation of the operation regimes of the lightweight floor heating system, the CFD modelling was conducted. The results showed that such systems have significant potential for automation and heat supply purposes of different premises since they have low thermal inertia due to the absence of the concrete screed monolith. On the other hand, the research showed that use of quantitative regulation of the lightweight floor heating system, by reducing the flow of the heat carrier is more effective in this case than qualitative with change of heat carrier temperature. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Elsayed Mohamed Anter Amr Mohamed Hilal and Ahmed Gomaa Asran In this study, a novel method is presented to smartly prestress concrete beams using Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) cables. Concrete beams having different compressive strengths and steel fiber contents prestressed with SMA cables are studied in comparison with concrete beams prestressed with steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables. SMA cables with Nickel: Titanium ratio of 0.558:0.442 are embedded in concrete beams and prestrained at temperatures below their martensite start temperature, =20℃±1℃. Smart prestressing is accomplished by heating the Nitinol SMA cables to temperatures above their austenite finish temperatures, =28℃±1℃, and thus subjecting the concrete to compressive forces as the SMA cables attempt to regain their parent form. The study shows that SMA prestressed concrete beams have improved cracking behavior with fewer cracks, larger crack spacing, partial crack closure upon load removal, and an increase in cracking loads. The 35MPa beams prestressed with SMA had 24.2% and 6% higher cracking loads than beams prestressed with steel and CFRP cables, respectively. Meanwhile, SMA prestressed concrete beams had reduced failure loads varying from 4% to 34% in comparison with beams prestressed with steel and CFRP cables. The addition of steel fiber increased the magnitudes of the failure loads in SMA loaded beams. Further, SMA loaded beams possessed large load deflections accompanied with a unique shape retaining capability. This study adverts that SMA cables are attractive alternatives to steel and CFRP cables in post-tensioned beams and slabs, where the use of a complicated jacking system could be substituted by a self-prestressing cable. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Mudigonda Harish Kumar C. Freeda Christy and Manvendra Singh Chauhan The existing practice of subgrade has been modified with the unique type of subgrade that can withstand running traffic>20msa with 90% reliability. This can be achieved by adding fly ash, stone dust and tire rubber to pavement subgrade. This modified subgrade Mix was prepared to improve the strength of subgrade. Conventional and modified subgrade pavement mixes were tested with CBR values and the resilient modulus of conventional and modified subgrade has been found as per IRC 37-2008. Plate load test has been carried out in the laboratory with the continuous loads on the subgrade and the moduli of subgrade reaction obtained finally were compared analytically using IIT Pave software. The optimal mix proportion of Modified subgrade denotes (subgrade soil with 22% Stone Dust, 4% Fly Ash and 2% Tire Rubber). The modified subgrade in flexible pavement showed an increase in bearing capacity, resilient modulus (Mr) and modulus of subgrade reaction (k) which gave fruitful results with the optimum mix proportion with stone dust, fly ash and tire rubber. The usage of these materials in the construction of pavements decreases the industrial waste, minimizes the environmental pollution, decreases the pavement thickness as well as increases the pavement life. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Jazaul Ikhsan Ali Nursamsi Dahlan and Ani Hairani Debris flow is a natural phenomenon that can cause some damage and fatalities. Debris flow from Mount Merapi frequently happens through the Putih River, so it is necessary to do research. Anticipating the occurrence of debris flows can be done with predictions to reduce the number of casualties and material losses. This research used a simulation method based on Ashida, Takashi, and Mizuyama equation that applied the Nakayasu synthetic unit hydrograph through modeling on SIMLAR V2.1 application by modifying the hyetograph pattern and the rain intensity value. The test result contained flood area, velocity, volume, flow height, and the value of degradation and aggradation that happened in each simulated pattern. The velocity value in simulation with rain intensity of 56.8 mm and one peak hyetograph is 1.36 m/s, and in simulation with rain intensity of 56.8 mm and two peak hyetograph is 1.42 m/s. It means the parameter increases by 4.4%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the hyetograph pattern is very influential on the impact of lava floods. The increase in the hydrograph value is also directly proportional to the increase in flow velocity. The value of rain intensity and rain pattern also affects the number of areas affected by the lava flood. The increasing value of the intensity and pattern of rain is also directly proportional to the increase in the area affected by flooding. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 D. M. Priyantha Wedagama and I Wayan Suweda Despite the increasing number of heavy vehicles (HVs) on the road, little attention is paid to the impact of HVs on traffic flow. Due to their different physical characteristics (length and size) and operational characteristics (acceleration and deceleration) compared to other vehicles, HVs have a physical and psychological impact on the traffic around them. On the other hand, many studies done on changes in road capacity yield a single value of road capacity. In this study, however, the road capacity is analyzed with probability distributions. This study found that the road capacity increases since HV reduction has a constant value with 85% and 50% cumulative probabilities. On major roads, reducing HV by 10%, 20%, 30% increases road capacity by 3-4%, 8% and 11-12% respectively. Lower HVs ratios are less likely to reduce road capacity. However, the speed of HV and other modes does not directly affect the cumulative probabilities. In addition, as the ratio of HV increases, the speed difference between vehicle types decreases. This study is limited to rush hour traffic flows so that a further study can consider the total duration of mixed traffic conditions. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Omar K. Alghazawi The purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of confinement on the curvature ductility factor of reinforced concrete beams at low and high strain rates of loading. The curvature ductility of beams is affected by the tension reinforcement ratio, the compression-reinforced ratio, the compression strength of concrete , and the yield strength of steel . The degree of transverse reinforcement is another component that determines beam flexural behavior. A model of steel and restricted concrete under varying strain rates of loading was utilized to compute the curvature ductility factor. The reinforced concrete section is studied in this research to determine the confinement of the beam and the different strain rates of loading. The ratio of the volume of rectangular steel hoops to the volume of the concrete core, , represents the confinement. Six values of are investigated to ensure an acceptable degree of ductility capacity. It is concluded that the ACI-Code balanced reinforcement ratio is impacted by confinement, and that it is lower than the ratio achieved when confinement is present. In this work, specific values of the curvature ductility factor for beam sections constructed with the ACI code were reported for =60 ksi (414 MPa), =4 ksi (27.6 MPa). Furthermore, the maximum quantity of tension reinforcement max influences the curvature ductility factor. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Ayu Kamila Khanza Joni Arliansyah and Edi Kadarsa This study discussed the effect of the addition of the antioxidant Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on the aging rate of AC-WC coated asphalt and found out the effect of the addition of ZnO antioxidant on the stiffness of the asphalt layer. The aging of asphalt can be caused by two main factors, namely evaporation of light oil fractions contained in asphalt and oxidation. In this study, it showed that, compared to the addition of 5% and 15% ZnO to asphalt, the addition of 10% ZnO provided the most effective results on the asphalt base affecting the rheological properties of asphalt, namely reducing the penetration value by 1 dmm, increasing the softening point of asphalt by 0.5℃ but reducing the ductility by 10 cm. In the resilience modulus test which was carried out after aging at 135℃ for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours, the modulus value containing ZnO was always smaller than that of asphalt without ZnO content. The addition of antioxidant Zinc Oxide (ZnO) antioxidant to asphalt had a positive effect on the aging rate of asphalt and the performance of the open-graded AC-WC resilience modulus of asphalt mixture was effective at an additional 10% level. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Hwang Yi The 4D-printable two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) is not well known to building engineering and architecture. To better understand the thermo-mechanical complexity of TWSME in building skin design, this paper investigates the parametric uncertainty in basic deformation of a rectangular façade surface module. To this end, a 4D-printed TWSME composite was prototyped by 3D-printing shape memory polymer (SMP, digital elastomers DM9850 and 9885) design with shape memory alloy (SMA) wires (Ni 55.5%-Ti 44.5%wt.) inserted. A simulation-based global sensitivity analysis was conducted on the maximum displacement and force of the composite through the homogenized 1D approximation of bending and material property change in four different phases. It was identified that the simplified simulation well predicted the actual maximum reversible displacement of ~3.5 mm with a sectional area ratio of SMP to SMA of ~105 between 30℃ and 65℃. Our findings indicate that sectional geometry of the bending part (width and height in the rectangle) and the intensity of the SMA pre-strain determined by a degree of fiber bending are the most critical factors to predict the maximum displacement and recovery force of TWSME. The potential building application of thermo-responsive phenomena contributes to extending smart material use in architecture and knowledge in making design decisions in self-shaping climate-adaptive building. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Chimi Khameis Mohamed Al Abdouli Jigme Thinley Tshering Cheki Anju Chettri and Nimesh Chettri Phuentsholing, the second largest city known as the economic gateway of the country, is located at the southwestern foothills of Bhutan. It is proximal to the Indian town Jaigaon of West Bengal. With the rapid pace of urbanisation, the series of spatial planning and infrastructure development have been carried out since 1968 and could not serve its citizens as envisaged in the noble vision of Gross National Happiness (GNH). However, the developing trend of the urban landscape reflects the city's commitment and challenges to maintain the identity of the place through preservation of traditional Bhutanese architectural features in buildings and other structures. This paper outlines the profile of historical development of the city with vagaries of spatial planning activities, city governance, economic and infrastructure development, housing provision, other critical issues and its mitigation strategies in conjunction with urban planning and development. In line to this, exclusive discussions are presented to highlight urban and economic development as well as critical issues with an appropriate sustainable strategy for future development. The discussions and questionnaires were deliberated with city heads, policy makers, engineers and planners to extract the ideas and futuristic view of the city. This paper also discusses the three main urban development plans, its implementation challenges due to extensive rural – urban migration and future developmental strategies of today's Phuentsholing city. Therefore, it deliberates exclusive framework and accentuates essential elements of transformation for future researchers to tackle the city management and resources distribution for any urban planning stage. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Hasyim I Dewa Made Alit Karyawan and Rohani Road traffic safety is a global concern for people and governments. This is because unsafe roads are among the major causes of traffic accidents, which can result in severe injury and even death. One of the significant ways to minimize traffic movement problems, especially those related to road safety and comfort, is to build a median. Therefore, this research was carried out to determine the performance of roads with and without the median application using the TGH Ibrahim Kholidi road segment, West Lombok Regency, Indonesia. The road section is located in a small town with characteristics such as pedestrians, light and heavy vehicles, as well as traders who use the available inadequate parking spaces, thereby causing high side friction. A quantitative research with data collected by surveying the road section was subsequently employed to determine the traffic volume, speed, side friction, road geometric, and population from the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI-1997) guidelines. The collected data were analyzed using the Separation Planning Procedure. The results showed that using the median increased performance by 45.7% compared to no median. This is in addition to a decrease in the Degree of saturation (DS) from 0.7 to 0.38 or from LOS C to B. Furthermore, the average speed increased from 32.4 km/h (without median) to 33.92 km/h (with median). PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Rajeev Garg Akhilesh Kumar Pankaj and Mohammad Arif Kamal Construction activity uses water to a significant extent for many operations, materials, and on-site activities, and the availability of potable water for building construction is a matter of concern. This research work aims to determine water consumption during construction activities on-site during the construction phase of the building in the Indian context. Conventional low-rise load-bearing and Reinforcement Cement Concrete (RCC) framed buildings are considered for the calculations of materials and activities. The application of building materials and water requirements for various construction activities and methods is determined to achieve the goal. Theoretical water use for various activities on site is considered, as per water requirements for application, mixing, and curing. Based on this research, recommendations are made for potential strategies for water saving in construction activity. Water consumption in building construction is expected to increase globally, particularly in developing countries like India, because of the demand for urban development and housing for all. Hence, water efficiency in building construction is a matter of concern. This research will contribute to the addition of new knowledge to the existing database about this topic to set a benchmark. Research paves the way for energy-efficient construction techniques and the use of building materials in a sustainable manner to reduce water use in building construction. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Abdelhamid Noufid Nadia Hidar M'barek Feddaoui and Mohamed Elafi The need for construction sand needs to increase due to the increase in population. The use of dunes and coastal sand disfigures shorelines and the consequences are alarming. It is therefore necessary to consider replacing these resources with other more ecological ones. Hence, it is the purpose of this article. In this paper, we study the correct formulation of concrete using dredged sand, respecting the standards, and analyze the impact of this new material on the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. This article aims to evaluate the effects of 9 formulations, used as substitutes for ordinary sand, on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties. The experimental results have shown that the dredged sand affects the properties of the concrete, but respecting the standards in force. This mode of incorporation also has an environmental advantage over the substitution of concrete for dredged sand, as it reduces the disfigurement of the coasts. The paper studies dredge sands from two regions namely Azemour and Mehdia. The dredging sand partially or totally replaces the dredging sand. Subsequently, it was necessary to test several formulations with different cement dosages before arriving at the formulations which are exposed in this study. The results in the fresh state (consistency test) and in the hardened state (mechanical resistance) have shown that this substitution is possible, and consequently we can use the dredged sands in concretes and in mortars. It is true that the study shows a reduction in resistance compared to a control concrete, but these reductions still remain in accordance with the Moroccan regulatory specifications. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 César Fresneda Saldarriaga Daniela L. Vega A. Jose Eduardo Salcedo Fontalvo and Sergio Pérez Jimeno The implementation of natural and artificial fibers as a stabilization technique for construction materials has developed new trends in the last decade and has generated functionality. This research evaluates the implementation of fibers derived from polypropylene as element of soil reinforcement. These fibers have the advantage that they do not have biodegradation or oxidation processes, which makes it a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option. The fibers are used to reinforce samples of silty soil derived from a slope deposit. Specifically, the behavior of the soil under unconfined compressive stresses and penetration stresses in the CBR test is evaluated. Polypropylene fibers derived from industrial processes were used, bringing them to the same size and using the same proportion of these in the soil samples, different percentages of fiber with respect to soil weight were evaluated to identify which was optimal in the experiment. Additionally, the process of formation of the samples was controlled to maintain close values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. A comparison and analysis that quantifies the contribution of these fibers is proposed. The results obtained are supported by the laboratory tests performed. These results show that the reinforced material has higher unconfined compressive strength, higher ductility, and higher resistance to penetration. It is proposed to evaluate the effect of the fiber arrangement in future research. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Alla Aleksandrovna Kornilova Seimur Etibar ogly Mamedov Gani Aitbayevich Karabayev Yevgeniya Mikhaylovna Khorovetskaya and Yelena Vladimirovna Shlyakhtich The development of modern cities is impossible without planning the architectural environment in the urban structure in the context of the climatic conditions of a region and the factors influencing this process. The greatest planning efficiency is achieved through the efficient use of capital investments in the urban structure and well-founded decisions on the formation of a comfortable architectural environment with due regard to the historical development of settlements, national traditions, local characteristics, and landscape. The main problem for architects designing objects located in a sharply continental climate is the search for architectural solutions and development models that would create a comfortable environment in conditions of a large amount of precipitation, aggressive sun, complex wind patterns, and a large temperature range (low in winter and high in summer). This study is aimed at understanding the relationship "man – space – habitat" and identifying more advanced directions and principles in the formation of the architectural environment. The principles of constructing a conceptual and theoretical framework allowed the authors to propose a model and optimize the decisions made in a specific urban planning situation. The spatial and constructive module proposed in the work demonstrates wide architectural possibilities in the formation of a comfortable socially-oriented architectural environment in a sharply continental climate. The introduction of the proposed modularity will ensure the transition to the sustainable development of society and improve the comfortable environment for finding and living people and the ecological situation in the study area. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Adelia Dwidarma Nataadmadja and Made Suangga Indonesia as a maritime country has a number of structures in coastal areas that are made from concrete. Sulfate attack is one of the common deteriorations that could occur due to the exposure of saltwater to the concrete. Unfortunately, the Type II and Type V cements, which are the special cements that are resistant to sulfate, are rarely used due to their high prices. The objectives of this research are to compare the performance of concrete mixture that was prepared by using the standard cement mixed with crystalline material and the concrete mixture that was prepared by using two different brands of Type V cement. There were five concrete mixture variations tested for their compressive strength and permeability. To assess the permeability of the concrete, the specimens were placed under pressured water for 72 hours and the water penetration depth was measured. From the research results, it was found that the usage of crystalline additive (CA) made the compressive strength increased at a faster rate and the concrete mixture that contained Type I cement and 0.7% of crystalline material had the highest compressive strength value. In terms of the permeability of the concrete, it can be seen that the specimens that were mixed with CA were more effective in stopping the water to penetrate the specimens than the specimens prepared with either of Type V cement. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Yara S. El-Metwally Khaled M. Dewidar Mostafa R. Ismail and Iman S. El-Mahallawi Over the last decades, plastic waste (PW) has increased exponentially and has become a serious threat to our planet, aquatic system and human health. Recycling or reusing PW in producing ecofriendly materials is an efficient solution to reduce plastic pollution and to minimize the depletion of raw materials as well. Previous studies have shown promising potentials of using PW in the construction sector, such as binder, aggregate, or substitute of cement and sand in concrete, brick or mortar. Laboratory results indicate that implementing plastic waste as aggregates in cement composites obtains higher thermal resistance and acoustical performance. However, a reduction in the compressive strength has been noticed with the increase of the PW content. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the optimum acceptable plastic waste content to be involved in the construction material in order to enhance its thermal resistance without jeopardizing the compressive strength. The aim of this study is achieved through a systematic review identified by keywords. Papers that did not include plastic waste reuse in construction material were eliminated. The inclusion criteria were based on the latest studies from 2012 that investigated the impact of plastic waste on thermal conductivity and compressive strength. A comparative analysis is then conducted on the eligible papers focusing on the used type, particle size and percentages of the applied PW and the impact on the thermal conductivity and the compressive strength. This review presents possibilities of reusing plastic waste to develop lightweight composites with better thermal capabilities and acoustical performance which enhance the building energy performance and create a more ecofriendly and sustainable environment. However, only a limited amount of plastic is allowable to be used to avoid the deterioration of the compressive strength. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Zahraa I. H. Al-Hussaini Adel H. Jassim and Amer S. Alkinani Urban areas have undergone many transformations such as urban population composition, the nature of the built environment (specially housing and transportation network), and urban land use, due to many factors, such as population growth, economic aspects, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. They changed people's perceptions about land uses, urban space and cities. This led to many urban problems. Based on the foregoing, the research led to vital discussions in urban planning through proximity, public places and accessibility to the basic urban function. Each person in the community deserves livable neighborhood, accessible for this daily base trip easily. Goals: Studying and evaluating a residential area within Baghdad by adopting the concept of a 20-minute neighborhood. The planning indicators for 20-minute neighborhoods (density, diversity, proximity) were tested based on a map of the status of the study area and a field survey and given the research objective of the importance of residents in assessing their neighborhoods, asking a sample of the community about the patterns of daily urban activity and how they use the neighborhood to show the extent, to which planning indicators (proximity, diversity, density) match the use of residents within the concept of a 20-minute neighborhood. Results: The results showed that the concept of a 20-minute neighborhood was achieved in the residential area when measuring the planning indicators (density, proximity, diversity). However, it did not reach the concept according to the opinion of the residents, as most of the daily activities were using cars and heading for services outside the neighborhood. When the sample was identified, the results showed that the gaps lie in the failure of services (transportation, education, social infrastructure, health, work) to meet the needs and requirements of the residents within the concept of a neighborhood for 20 minutes. Conclusions: The success of 20-minute neighborhood planning is not required by planning indicators and criteria. Its success depends on the actual use of neighborhood residents, and they are the only ones who recognize the success of the neighborhood or not. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Asmaa Ramadan Elantary and Ayah Salem Eldeeb The courtyard is one of the architectural features used in ancient times for many purposes, such as climate modifiers, as a place for family gatherings, and as a playground for children. Over time, the courtyard gradually disappeared, and it no longer has a special presence in residential buildings. The study deals with exploring courtyards in the old and modern buildings in the central region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which was characterized by its strong presence in ancient times. Therefore, the paper holds seven case studies to compare the most important features in commons, middle, and contemporary houses. The research reaches the truth of the extinction of the courtyard and its replacement by other elements that negatively affected the social, ecological, and economic aspects of Saudi residents, and assures the dependence on mechanical treatments that harmfully distressed the building energy likewise affected the social aspects at the level of family and society alike. Courtyards with environmental design basics provided high energy efficiency to building through daylight and ventilation which helps in decreasing electricity and HVAC loads. This paper invites researchers and builders to reuse the courtyard or the Patio concept again as a design tool in contemporary buildings to save future resources and maintain sustainability principles. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Debi Prasad Das Diptesh Das PijushTopdar and Bibhuti Bhusan Ghosh Seismic microzonation is defined as the process of subdividing a potential seismic or earthquake-prone area into zones with respect to some geological and geophysical characteristics of the sites such as ground shaking, liquefaction susceptibility, landslide, and rock fall hazard, earthquake-related flooding, etc. Very often, the seismic data are used from existing ground motion data that are related to other geographical regions and thus leads to unrealistic predictions. In this analysis, normalization of the available earthquake data is carried out for a better realistic prediction of building response. An extensive study is carried out in this work that involves two major types of buildings, microzones, and soil conditions. Fixed base, hard, medium, and soft soil have been considered for this analysis. The effect of actual and normalized ground motion for specific microzones having plan asymmetric and symmetric structures is not yet studied in prior research. The analysis has been done by finite element-based software. The present study makes an effort to determine the fundamental responses of plan asymmetric building in different kinds of soil in certain microzones. Maximum shear forces and bending moment have been seen in hard soil base conditions among all other supports. Responses of microzone II and actual ground motion are almost the same in dynamic analysis. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Sarah Abou Aly Yasser Mansour and Sherif El-Fiki Cairo comprises many lost spaces between buildings. These spaces have significant potential to accommodate various activities. The potential of these spaces in a commercial district is the domain of the present study as the users provide these spaces with their special meanings through physical appropriations. It is believed that they might be developed to realize better functional values. The research aims to investigate the relation between the users' appropriations and the potential of the leftover spaces, as well as the degree to which this may enhance the role of these spaces in congested cities. The study begins with a review of the classifications of leftover spaces and a theoretical background focused on users' appropriations to achieve this goal. The outcome is then empirically examined in one leftover space in Downtown Cairo. The research adopts a qualitative approach. It utilizes direct observation and semi-structured open-ended interviews to investigate people's appropriations in such areas, together with the meanings of such appropriations to people's everyday life, to set an understanding of this relationship in light of the prior literature. The study concludes with a model for investigating the relationship between space's physical qualities and users' appropriations. It showed that leftover spaces could be appropriated by people's everyday practices creating new functions and meanings in dynamic and creative ways. This experience can improve the built environment and the quality of life for residents in other underutilized spaces in the city/ other cities. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 H. S. Prasanna and Unnam Anil The foundations constructed upon the soils are depending upon the three major criteria i.e., strength, stiffness, and stability. In all three cases, the subsoil is expected to be in a compacted state. In coarse-grained soils, the result of compaction is a problem of substantiality, whereas physicochemical sort of response for fine soils. There is comparatively limited research known about the effects of clay mineralogy on the permeability properties of fine-grained soils, as well as different placement conditions and energy levels. In this study, consolidation behavior will be estimated for the six field soils and one artificial soil having different liquid limits, the Mineralogical composition of clay, and its plasticity properties under placement conditions like 95% of the γd max on dry and wet sides, and at OMC. The permeability behavior of these soils under study is computed by calculating the IS Light and Heavy Compaction energy levels' corresponding consolidation properties (Cv and Mv) using five practical approaches that have been described in the literature. The coefficient of permeability (K) of soils is calculated accurately with a fair degree of accuracy by 1-D consolidation test data like Cv and Mv. The estimated values of K were compared with the K values obtained from experimental studies under various stages of loading, and it was observed that there was good agreement between the two. These results were validated using Abaqus software through Finite Element Modelling analysis. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Kacharla Sunil Kumar R. and Kishore Ravande In this research work, the influence of basalt fiber lengths and volumes on mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are studied. 12 and 24 mm lengths of basalt fiber having the same diameter (13 µm) were used in the experimental work. The influence of 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35%, 0.4% and 0.5% volume of basalt fiber on mechanical properties of concrete have been studied. The results of conventional concrete and basalt fiber reinforced concrete were compared. Normal strength concrete M30 grade was considered in the work and the mechanical properties were measured at 3, 7 and 28 days of hydration period. The experimental investigation shows that high dosage of fibers creates workability problems such as mixing, clumping and balling effects. Experimental results show that there is no improvement in the compressive strength of concrete when basalt fibers were added in plain concrete mix at all ages of concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength values become unstable when basalt fibers are added to concrete. Maximum value of split tensile strength and flexure strength was obtained for 0.35% (9.275 kg/m3) basalt fiber content for both 12mm and 24mm length of basalt fiber at all ages of concrete. Comparing both 12mm and 24mm basalt fiber lengths, the 24 mm length of fiber has shown superior performance in relation to flexure strength and split tensile strength. Overall, the optimum length of basalt fiber is 24 mm and the optimum volume fraction of basalt fiber is 0.35%. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Darshankumar Patel and Bikram Prasad Accessibility is usually mentioned as the essential principle in new urban planning and land use growth theories. Researchers have proposed a change in the usage of auto mobility planning toward the planning of accessibility. Cities are primarily governed by various purposes, such as work, education and shopping. The main aim of this research is to find out the accessibility of Educational Trips related to different modes of transportation. With the useful resource of case studies included in the literature, we have learned terms and concepts of accessibility in order to achieve this objective. For doing accessibility analysis, firstly Nashik City's secondary information is gathered and evaluated. After doing the secondary analysis, gaps are identified and a primary survey questionnaire is designed so that accessibility can be measured and evaluated in a better way for the city. With the help of a design questionnaire, a primary survey is conducted in Nashik to learn about the city's current travel patterns as well as issues encountered during the trip. Data collected from the primary analysis are used to calculate an accessibility index with graphical method for different modes of transportation and mapped for each zone. Gravity method and Accessibility Ratio for Public transportation method which was used in this study can be used for finding the accessibility to different services like workplaces, recreational places, commercial places and many more. Policymakers can also use accessibility ratio method to improve public transportation infrastructure within the city. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Bhadane Pratibha Jain Rakesh Menon Radhika and Patil Shivaji In India, development plans in different states are prepared, using planning standards as they are adopted by respective states. Planning standards are essence of a development plan and preparation of development plan is carried out stagewise within the technical framework of planning standards. However, development plans are always criticized for various reasons, like they are rigid and difficult to implement, taking exorbitant time to implement and mostly they are practically not fully implemented, etc. One of the most discussed points is that there is a broad scope to amend the existing planning standards for proper and efficient implementation of development plan in timely manner. In this changing age of technology and science, it is necessary to accommodate the changes sought by the stakeholders in the development plan. This study is aimed to formulate the modified planning standards with optimisation of reservations for a small urban town to accomplish effective implementation of development plan. An attempt is made using a case study of small urban town Mohol in Solapur district, India for preparation of integrated development plan with modified planning standards. SWOT analysis for Mohol town is also carried out for exploring the changing needs and demands of the people. The existing planning standards are modified for optimisation of reservations of residential, garden, hospital, primary and secondary school using standard deviation curve to achieve the aspirations of the people to match up the line of such changes, may be social, financial, physical, cultural, etc. In present study, integrated development plan with optimised reservations for small urban town Mohol has been prepared by applying modified planning standards, which shows good agreement with the optimisation of reservations carried out by land use distribution. From the comparison of reservations provided for Mohol, it is concluded that the integrated development plan for Mohol town, prepared using modified planning standards, takes considerably less area under reservations taken for study, which may work effectively and efficiently while implementing the development plan and prove to be great achievement for all the stakeholders. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 I Nyoman Suta Widnyana I Made Alit Karyawan Salain I Nyoman Sutarja and Ida Bagus Rai Widiarsa This watchfulness goal is to define the compressive test value and microstructure of a geopolymer binder made from coconut fiber ash (CFA). CFA comes from the combustion of coconut fibers in the tile-making industry in Tabanan, Bali. This waste is processed into CFA, which consists of 8.24% silicon dioxide, 70.6% potassium oxide, 14.1% chlorine, 2.3% diphosphate pentoxide, and 2.25% iron dioxide. CFA is then used as a crude material for the manufacture of geopolymer binders. The mixture's proportion consisted of three groups of variations: the ratio of precursors and activators, P/A: 70%:30%; 75%:25%; and 80%:20%. In the experiment, Na2SiO3 and a 14 M molar concentration of NaOH were combined in weight ratios of 1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1. These are both alkaline activators. The sample was shaped into 50-mm cubes, dried in an 80℃ heater for 24 hours, and then tested at 7 and 28 days. The ASTM-C39 standard was used for the compression test, while the microstructural analysis used X-RD and SEM-EDX. The results showed that coconut fiber ash precursors could be used to generate a geopolymer binder with a compressive value of 4.67 MPa and 6.24 MPa on the 7th and 28th days of testing, respectively. The microstructure of the solid sample, which was associated with the rise in compressive value, was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Using 80% CFA gave the best results. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Ibtehaj Taha Jawad and Mohd Raihan Taha In spite of soil treatment using Portland cement being well documented, it is hard to find all of the contents related to this topic in one document. This paper aims to provide information inventory about chemical and mechanical changes that take place in soil properties, and the alteration in engineering characteristics which occur in soil - cement mixtures. The mechanism of treatment over time is documented as well. Some conflicted results were detected in literature such as moisture – dry density relationship and dynamic properties of soil treated by cement. The suitability of cement as an additive for different soil types is discussed based on the results which were obtained by different authors. Based on the methodologies followed by laboratory and field studies, the mixture process involves deep and shallow mixing using cement as powder or slurry (grout). Finally, the paper discusses the sustainability of Portland cement as a manufacturing product. Generally, using cement as soil stabilizer induces a significant increase in soil strength, workability, and durability. Permeability and swelling potential are significantly decreased. In addition, a considerable improvement in soil compressibility is achieved for the soil – cement mixture. Negative environment impact is one of the major inherent disadvantages in cement production, where the cement production process is responsible for 5 – 8% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emission. Furthermore, high energy consumption, depletion of resources and weakness against sulfate attack, carbonation and organic materials effects are significant inherent disadvantages in cement-treated soil. So, partial or full replacement of cement by more sustainable materials is recommended. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Carlos E. Berumen Rodríguez Lorena G. Valle Chavarria David A. Leija Roman Gildardo Herrera Sánchez and Xochitl Marissa Dávila Ordoñez In Mexico, there are important elements within the built and sculptural heritage, characterized by a rich variety of cultures that left important vestiges. Due to the age of the various elements, it is necessary to carry out restoration processes that include the partial replacement of the components by others physically compatible. This same putty can be used to make sculptural models and the elaboration of pieces that allow making them known or preserving them. Recognizing the non-existence in the market of a product type dough or putty of drying in the open air that serves to model sculptural and architectural pieces, whose characteristics already provide dry appearance, color and texture type stone or mud, in this article, a putty was proposed, joining and mixing several organic and inorganic components, whose quality is that, when drying and hardening, you can manipulate and model the parts in less than twelve hours. This article presents the mixture and mechanical properties of the material obtained, such as compressive strength as well as permissible deformation. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 2 Mustamin Rahim Arham Munir Firdawaty Marasabessy and Darmawijaya The energy consumption in the building sector is very high and is expected to increase continuously with the world's population growth. It is believed that vernacular architecture has the essential knowledge to be learned and adopted as sustainable development strategies according to the context and region. Therefore, this study aims to explore the vernacular architecture of the archipelago region of Tidore in Indonesia through literature studies and field observations to understand the principles of design and building construction systems in response to extreme environments. It also focuses on analyzing the features of local wisdom and sustainability applied to vernacular architecture in the past using the sustainable assessment method. The results showed that the Tidore vernacular architecture has adapted to extreme weather and natural disasters for centuries with the traditional construction technique of the button and bond systems using lightweight materials from the surrounding environment. It also aligns with the local context, including the culture, tradition, and religion or spirituality of the people. Moreover, the approach respects the environmental and climatic factors and is in harmony with the topography. The strongest point of this approach is the ability to realize the "spiritual-human-environment" harmony for the human environment's comfort. These findings are expected to inspire sustainable architectural designs in the future. PubDate: Mar 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Kunwar Dipendraditya and B. K Singh In the era of rapid urbanization, concrete has been playing a very important role in construction industry but inherently, it is very much vulnerable to formation of cracks, due to which its durability gets decreased. If immediate action is not taken, cracks developed in the section may spread further and increase the cost of repair. In concrete structures, these cracks become an easy path of entry for water, oxygen and carbon dioxide resulting into the decrease in durability of concrete. Numerous researches around the world are on to heal this defect with the help of addition of various bacteria in the form of Bacterial Concrete. This study aims to find out the change in salient properties of concrete experimentally after adding the microbes. Concrete cubes were cast with different bacteria concentrations, tested for salient properties after 7 and 28 days. Test results reveal that addition of bacteria results into increase in compressive strength and decrease in water absorption and porosity of concrete. Findings also indicate that the concrete mix with higher bacteria concentration gives higher compressive strength and lower water absorption and porosity in concrete. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Aiymzhan Makulova Abdizhapar Saparbayev Yeldar Zhuman Saken Abdibekov Kuralay Madiyarova and Rakhima Bekbulatova The relevance of the research is due to the definition of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) concept as well as the effectiveness of the theory principles during various types of construction work. The purpose of this research is to formulate the concept of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, as well as to evaluate the laws of development of technical systems concerning typical construction operations, which generally determines the main prospects to apply the theory to the construction industry. The methodology of this paper is based on a combination of the method of system analysis of the essence of the TRIZ concept as a separate concept that finds its reflection in various fields of science and technology, with an analytical study of the prospects to apply the principles of the theory in construction work. The results of this research indicate significant prospects for the application of the TRIZ in the construction industry and serve as a reflection of these prospects since they demonstrate the broad possibilities to apply the theory in search of new typical construction operations and to improve the quality standards of construction work in general. The results and conclusions of this scientific study are of significant importance from the point of view of prospects to apply the principles of the theory during different construction work, are important for designers of construction projects, and direct performers of construction operations interested in effective and innovative technologies in the construction sector. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Rahmah Dara Lufira Suwanto Marsudi Jadfan Sidqi Fidari and Arief Satria Marsudi Asahan I Hydroelectric Power Plant is located in the upper reaches of the Asahan River, Ambarhalim Village, Toba Samosir Regency, North Sumatra. The high rate of sedimentation is one of the problems that must be overcome so that the operational continuity of hydroelectric power plant can run well. Flow velocity needs to be known to control sedimentation around hydroelectric power plant intakes as a consideration for the safe limit of dredger placement. The method used to analyze flow velocity included conventional flow continuity methods and finite element mathematical models using the SRH-2D software. The results of the conventional method analysis of flood conditions Flood Water Level = +903.50 m obtained the flow velocity at the intake of 0.34 m/s, the transition channel 0.37 m/s and the condition of full capacity Q = 100.00 m3/s is 3.78 m/s and analysis using SRH-2D obtained speed flow PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Esra’a Ashgan Numayer Moubarki Malak Saif and Abdel-Moniem El-Shorbagy One of the ways to connect to a computer is through a virtual reality that is also changing and evolving. It is considered that the new medium of expression is also one of the new, fundamentally revisionist ways. Virtual reality (VR) is used to enhance imagination and as a resource to address the complex technological problems that actually occur in the field of architecture. Thus, this paper presents a discussion on the role of virtual reality in the field of architecture. The paper focuses on how virtual reality can help architecture evolve. The research method adopted in this study is to collect information from secondary data of research journals and published articles, and further analyze the role and evolution of virtual reality in the architectural perspective. Nowadays, it is seen that virtual reality is becoming more of an architect's and a client's attention. In addition, it was found that VR improves the accuracy and sincerity of architectural communication in architectural design. During the development of architectural technology, computer-aided design (CAD) and virtual reality have been introduced as the main media of architectural visualization. Hence, it is concluded that VR has an important role in the field of building architecture and design. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Ani Firda Anis Saggaff Hanafiah and Saloma Concrete is an essential element and is widely used in various industrial construction works. However, concrete is weak in its specific gravity range of 2200 – 2500 kg/m3. Using lightweight aggregates is one way to reduce the weight of concrete. In Indonesia, the availability of coal fly-ash (CFA) is easy to obtain and abundant, while the utilization rate is still low. To overcome this problem, CFA mixed with epoxy resin (ER) is used as a binder to manufacture polymer lightweight aggregates (PLA). The manufacturing process uses a simple mixing method using three different compositions. The ratio composition of coal fly-ash and epoxy resin proposed in this study are 90:10 (PLA_90:10), 80:20 (PLA_80:20), and 70:30 (PLA_70:30). From the results of testing the compressive strength and specific gravity of the three aggregate compositions, it was found that PLA_70:30 had a compressive strength of 74.60 MPa and a specific gravity of 1668 kg/m3 at an aggregate age of 28 days. The aggregate microstructure is shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo of each composition. The greater the composition of the epoxy resin on the lightweight polymer aggregate, the better the bond between the aggregate particles. The coal fly-ash is improperly bound and the aggregate becomes more fragile when there is less epoxy resin used. Furthermore, PLA_70:30 aggregate, which has become crushed aggregate, is inserted into a lightweight concrete mixture with a design quality of f'c = 17.5 MPa, following the requirements for lightweight concrete quality. The result is lightweight concrete with a compressive strength of 18.38 at 28 days, and specific gravity that varies between 1918.87 kg/m3 - 1928.93 kg/m3. According to the ASTM, the results of the compressive strength and specific gravity tests show that PLA_70:30 meets the standards specified as lightweight aggregates for lightweight structural concrete. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Oksana Priemets Konstantin Samoilov Bolat Kuspangaliyev and Gaukhar Sadvokasova Architecture as a whole is a peculiar phenomenon. Territories with poly- or mono-ethnic populations have repeatedly been involved in major political conflicts and economic cataclysms over the centuries, alternating with periods of relatively uniform development. This naturally affected the pace of formation and transformation of the environment for life. The specificity of this process was determined by the factors of natural-climatic and engineering-geological conditions of a particular part of the territory having varying degrees of stability, the availability of local or delivered construction materials, the level of development of productive forces, the peculiarities of economic activity, the way of life and worldview of local residents who have different periods of residence in a given area, as well as administrative-territorial divisions of emerging and disintegrating state entities. The combination of these factors gave features of originality to the architecture of each region in different periods. It is the interaction of these factors that defines the concept of regionalism of architectural shaping. The value of accentuating or masking certain features of regionalism is perceived differently in different periods, depending on the dominant ideological orientations in this period. The comprehension and structuring of the process of regional shaping is of particular scientific interest. The adaptation of architectural order themes in the USA and Kazakhstan can serve as an illustration of the uniqueness of the process. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Alaa Mahgoub Alsaid Yasmine Sabry Hegazi Heidi Ahmed Shalaby and Mady Ahmed Ahmed Over the last few decades, reducing energy consumption in existing buildings became vital. Although architectural heritage values do not allow typical retrofit interventions, research and practice have demonstrated that heritage buildings can be energy efficient without compromising the building's heritage values. This article shows the results of energy analysis performed on heritage buildings with HBIM-based simulations such as Revit, Insight, and Green Building Studio. These tools were used to study the energy performance and thermal comfort of Sabil Qaitbay in Cairo, a heritage building built in the fifteenth century, and it is currently used as a library and school for cinema and television. The building history and the conservation values of the current project were studied. Then, the methodology to improve the energy efficiency of heritage buildings using HBIM was discussed. Moreover, two proposals were applied to the current base case, and the potential energy saving for each proposed intervention was investigated. The simulation confirmed a possible reduction of 18.7% in energy consumption with the lowest-cost interventions and 33% with the highest-cost interventions. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Irwan Wunarlan Sugiono Soetomo and Iwan Rudiarto Activities of most of the population in Marisa district and Paguat district generally revolve around primary agricultural production in suburban and hinterland. This research was purposed (1) to examine the causes of the urban agglomeration of farmer settlements, thus resulting in a spatial form or urban morphology; (2) to analyze the development process of city morphology due to the economic strength of the agricultural commodity export sector, specifically in hinterland farming areas; (3) to analyze the economic growth due to the export base of the agricultural commodity with an emphasis on the population of Marisa. A quantitative-qualitative method based on the post-positivism philosophy was employed. This research employed several techniques in the data collection process, such as observation, document review, and interview. In the data analysis, several stages were also performed, such as analysis of Leading Commodities (Location Quotient (LQ) Analysis; LQshare & LQShift Analysis) and Spatial Analysis. The result showed that: (1) the urban agglomeration led to the settlement of farmer communities, which also formed a mutual relationship among the residents. (2) Marisa, according to the classification of urban morphology, resembled a star-shaped or octopus layout. This result indicated that the dynamics of Marisa as a region started from the establishment process of the region, and the study suggested further research related to this matter. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Nur Rahmawati Syamsiyah Rini Hidayati Dhani Mutiari and Wisnu Setiawan The development of Surakarta has shaped the urban spatial structure into two regions: the north and the south. Every region has royal mosques: the Grand Mosque in the north and the Al Wustho Mosque in the south. The Grand Mosque is located in the middle of the textile trade centre, while the Al Wustho mosque is in the middle of an educational area. This study used the two royal mosques to find the sound or acoustic character. The sound around the building will give the place identity and affect the building design. This study aims to reveal the differences in area character concerning mosques' environmental acoustic character using a soundscape approach. The research employed a sound pressure level measurement method, visitor's behaviour, interview, and descriptive analysis. The data reveal that high environmental function complexity is not always associated with a high noise impact, while low environmental function complexity is associated with a high noise impact. This study's findings highlight the importance of considering outdoor materials as a landscape component with a high noise absorption capacity. One of the research findings is that south beach sand has good acoustic performance in the environmental sound absorption process. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Tri Suyono Agustinus Purna Irawan Wati Asriningsih Pranoto Kifli Umar Witono Hardi Said Hi Abbas and Ahmad Fudholi The supply of freshwater must be conducted with considerable technical considerations based on community socioeconomic conditions. Thus, the supply of freshwater does not make the community oppose the operation and maintenance. Limbo Island is one of the islands that do not have freshwater potential; hence, people have to fetch water from Taliabu Island, which is about 3 nautical miles away. For this reason, providing freshwater with environmentally friendly technology is necessary. Given technical and operational considerations, the drinking water supply in Limbo Island comprises a system of underwater pipelines with electrical technologies and energy sources that are environmentally friendly and have low operational costs. The system does not require an operator with expertise or special education, such that it can be operated by locals. The supply of freshwater for Limbo Island is constructed with an underwater piping system with a capacity of 30 L/s to serve some of the people of Taliabu and Limbo Islands. The pipe used for crossing the sea is high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe with a diameter of 110 mm and a nominal pressure specification of 20 bar; it has a thickness of 12 mm, with two pipes with a length of 5,800 m at the bottom of the sea. The flow system in the transmission and distribution pipe is run by gravity; thus, it does not require electrical energy. Electrical energy requirements are used for water treatment processes, such as for drive dozing pumps, mixers, compressors for pneumatic systems, lighting and other electrical needs. These requirements are met by the water energy that is processed through a micro hydropower of 12.5 kW. Micro hydropower strongly supports the operation of the water treatment plan, especially for those whose location is far from access to electrical energy by the electricity company, so that the water treatment plant operations can be carried out continuously and the operating costs are cheaper. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Maranatha Wijayaningtyas Heri Sujatmiko and Nusa Sebayang The roads in Banyuwangi city have sustained considerable damage; the asphalt supply has not met the need because 45% of the roads are built using gravel and soil. Another problem is related to plastic, which is a type of waste that is difficult to recycle. Thereby, to solve these two problems, we conducted research in making polymer-modified asphalt by utilizing food packaging plastic waste. The process followed the standard specification of Highway Construction Division 6, revision 3: the polymer blending process was performed when the hot asphalt mixing temperature was 145℃-155℃. The research results found that the variation of asphalt content used in the mixture was 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6%. Moreover, the optimal asphalt content was 6%. The polymer was mixed with the optimal asphalt content of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. The test results showed that the optimal polymer content was 1% polymer. For optimizing and repairing road potholes, polymer asphalt with asphalt content of 6% mixed and 1% polymer can be chosen as a solution. Polymer-modified asphalt had a high stability value, which was 1181.9 kg. The discovery of this mixture of materials is very appropriate for sustainable road construction in Indonesia. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Sashenka Tapia Gallarday and Arturo Valdivia Loro The availability and access to city facilities are key metrics in the assessment of the quality of life of its inhabitants. In our case study, it became evident that there is a gap between the supply of facilities (education, health, supply, security, culture, recreation, and sports) and the context of urban planning, which must structure a comprehensive and long-term vision through urban plans. This management tool must integrate facilities with housing, transportation, facilities, workplaces, etc. Likewise, it must cover various scales (neighborhoods, districts, municipalities, metropolitan areas, regions) and a multi-stakeholder vision (government authorities, private entrepreneurs, academics, and civil society). The existing gap generates an inequitable territorial distribution of facilities and services, which leads to progressive social segregation in the city and a progressive decrease in the quality of life of its inhabitants. On the other hand, the concept of a city's reputation has two main connotations. On the one hand, it is based on the functional value that a city has for its inhabitants; on the other hand, it echoes the emotional ties between them and the city, according to social roots. This research addresses, from an empirical perspective, the supply of facilities within the city of Ventanilla and its influence on the city's reputation. The analysis was based on metrics of the spatial distribution of facilities and the perception of its inhabitants. The results show that the supply of facilities, within a decontextualized diagnosis of needs and without a long-term vision, through a Master Plan, causes a progressive deterioration of the quality of life. At the same time, quantitative metrics related to the provision of facilities can be a misleading approach to assessing the quality of life in a city. Our research made it clear that it is necessary to include metrics, methodologies, and qualitative analyses so that underlying issues such as accessibility, placemaking, and social cohesion are also assessed. Post -COVID-19 scenario concepts such as "the 15-minute city" and others may provide useful insights in this regard. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Zhaina Tolegen Usama Konbr Sangul Karzhaubayeva Gaukhar Sadvokasova Ainash Nauryzbayeva and Dina Amandykova Currently, in all large and small cities in Kazakhstan, residential and public buildings are being actively built. It should be noted that the quantitative indicators of the construction of residential facilities prevail. The method applied to building residential facilities at the point and quarter increases the population density in urban areas. Increasing the number of residents requires assessing the levels of comfort for pedestrians at different speeds, the safety of sidewalks, and ensuring the accessibility of infrastructure facilities to people. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the quality of comfortable and safe conditions of pedestrian roads as a part of a district of Almaty. The assessment is based on the study of the presence and quality of elements and objects in the structures of transport roads and pedestrian sidewalks, and the determining level of pedestrian comfort is also applied (PCL). As a result of the study, the most problematic streets, the quality of pedestrian accessibility of extensive infrastructure facilities in each residential sector, and the main shortcomings and proposals for their elimination will be identified. The data obtained because of the study can be used in reconstruction, and urban area spatial planning concepts, allowing people to walk to most daily services and institutions, creating maximum opportunities to walk, reducing dependence on road transport, and contributing to the daily life of the community. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Walaa Mohamed Mohamed Shehata and Tarek Abou El seoud Coastal regions are areas of high ecological and economic importance. These areas do not exceed 12% of the urban areas in the world, although 45% of the world’s population lives there. Countries build new cities in coastal areas, seeking the scenic value of these areas. However, the great ignorance of the natural and environmental fragility of such areas has led to the development of high-density cities, destroying the natural ecosystems and biodiversity of these areas. Nowadays, most coastal regions are not only suffering from poor unsustainable development among most of their cities but also the high threat of being lying exposed without any defensive means against the high threat of natural and environmental disasters. There is a massive need for a new approach that may mitigate the negative impact of the poor developments, restore the nature of eco defensive systems, and increase the resilience of such cities against natural and environmental threats. The study develops a new approach that can be efficiently integrated through the traditional planning process for coastal communities. The adapted methodology aims to conduct a correlative analytical study among the most effective emerging approaches for the sustainable planning of coastal communities. Such a study reveals the ability of contingency planning to increase the sustainability of such communities. Furthermore, the paper profoundly studied the contingency planning process for coastal communities correlated with the traditional planning process for Egyptian coastal communities and cities. This study innovated a new planning process that can fulfill the development requirements while mitigating their impacts, maintaining/restoring the ecosystems, and increasing the resilience of the Egyptian coastal communities and cities. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Amira Fawzy Helmy Almaz and Mai Ahmed Fakhry Farahat Throughout history, architecture has changed to reflect the increasing expressive capacities of ideas, elements, and structural systems as a result of this development, explains the development of structural systems as a result of the accumulation of construction and architectural experiences, and thus how structural thought transforms from a purely functional perspective. Structural tectonic to generate closed or semi-closed architectural spaces fulfills functional requirements and achieves structural and aesthetic conditions without sacrificing the role of shaping architecture and structural cohesiveness. The goal of the research is to investigate new architectural design methodologies emerging from the combination of tectonic systems and sustainable architecture to better understand tectonic architecture patterns in both traditional and digital forms. Tectonics organizes the analytical criteria for analyzing the constituent layers of architecture's formal structure in both designs and practice. By analyzing the theoretical and practical aspects and developing a clear mechanism to achieve a distinctive expressive sustainable architecture by integrating traditional tectonic factors in traditional sustainable practices and digital tectonic factors in technical sustainability, the study provides a conceptual framework under the theme of Sustainable Tectonics to define the formal structure of sustainable designs, traits, and layers detectable in sustainable architectural design. The study looked at key analytical features that may be utilized to analyze the underlying assumptions systematically. The analytical technique is a research strategy. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Aaya Saaty and Aida Nayer Individuals who have difficulty making decisions in life can benefit from the help and support of life coaches. Patients or addicts often find life mentors to be wise and smart because they can solve problems appropriately and effectively. Hence, this study aims to propose a design for the construction of a life coaching complex academy mainly for inner peace of individual. This study considered several case studies of rehabilitation center from Netherlands, Malaysia and Israel. The selected case studies are equipped with unique design and facilities. The proposed zones in the project consist of five main zones namely administration, rehabilitation, recreational, residential, and services. A comprehensive site assessment was accomplished to recognize the most suitable location for the project’s site. Several site assessment criteria are used and the preferred site for the project is positioned near to sea and Al Rahma Mosque, at Jeddah Saudi Arabia. The site zoning was designed and executed. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Kareem Eldaly Asmaa Nasr Eldin and Lamis Elgizawi Thermal heat stress is a leading cause of numerous occupational diseases that disturb worker performance and work quality and, in extreme circumstances, can result in death. When employees are exposed to severely hot or cold thermal settings, thermal discomfort is listed as one of the leading reasons for discontent in the job. Given the time individuals spend at work, studies assessing the comfort of the thermal environment are becoming increasingly relevant. However, most industrial spaces in low- and middle-income countries are designed without considering the workers' thermal comfort, which leads to an unmeasured decrease in productivity and many health considerations. This research aims to provide a methodology for developing the indoor thermal comfort of the workers in industrial spaces by optimizing the workers’ ergonomics, activity profiles, and building shell without implementing any mechanical cooling systems, which is not usual in low- and middle-income areas. The methodology is based on building a computer-based model on the Design Builder simulation tool based on current measures of temperature, humidity, wet-bulb temperature, air speed over each window, and indoor surface temperatures. Then, three different scenarios were built to optimize the indoor ergonomics of the factory in the first scenario, and the building shell in the second scenario, the activity profiles of the workers in the third scenario to become correspond with the NOISH criteria of maximum metabolic rate for each WBGT. After that, each scenario's results were associated with the workers' thermal sensation and air temperatures, which correlated the ergonomics of industrial spaces and the thermal comfort of workers there. The results of each scenario simulation were represented by horizontal and vertical sections of the air temperature and Percentage of People's Discomfort (PPD). Each scenario’s results referred to a decrease in the air temperature and PPD; however, all the scenarios combined decreased the PPD to around 50% for most of the measured working stations. The research concluded a methodology of optimizing any industrial space thermal performance without implementing any active ventilation techniques, which is considered the usual form of any industrial space in Egypt and most low and middle-income countries. Therefore, the presented methodology applies to most industrial spaces that face the dilemma of decreased productivity due to indoor thermal heat loads that affect the workers. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Anthony Peter Roshida Binti Abdul Majid and Nor Izura Binti Tukiman The desire for sustainable architectural flood resilience for housing that will lower the number of defects caused by floods prompted an investigation into the stakeholders in the domain. In recent years, the threat of flooding has pulled the attention of both researchers and practitioners. The purpose of the study is: to determine the most important authors, collaboration connections, and countries in academic works in this field, to identify the present mainstream research, and to suggest future research directions. The research's scope reveals a tendency that goes from small to huge, or from the level of individuals and friends to businesses and organisations, then to the level of countries. A systematic literature review (SLR) was done. From Scopus, 155 related bibliographic records were retrieved. Through exclusion and inclusion criteria, bibliometric analysis has been performed, and scientometric analysis has also been applied to strengthen the SLR findings using science mapping visualisation tools. The study provides an easily accessible point of reference for practitioners, policymakers, and research and development (R&D) bodies in the realm of practices. The most important authors, collaboration connections, and countries around the world are known as a result of the study. The study increases public awareness of the present trend in the domain and creates room for future research in less explored areas. The data reported in this review are primarily drawn from developed countries because there is a dearth of research on the field in Africa and other developing countries. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Dhani Mutiari Nur Rahmawati Syamsiyah Yayi Arsandrie Suharyani Muhammad Ali Rofik and Saidah Aliyatul Himmah This research is conducted to test the plastic waste house, a house prototype from a mixture of plastic waste materials and sawdust in terms of acoustics. In the previous studies, we used 20 different percentage compositions for the plastic waste, rice husks, and sawdust added with cement adhesive. The best results were found in 30% plastic waste composition and 70% sawdust with Portland cement adhesive. In this composition, the result obtained is a sound absorption value of 0.468 s [1]. This study continues previous research, which includes analyzing the comfort of a prototype house with the best mix in previous studies. The method used is a sound absorption chorus test using research instruments such as microphones, real-time analyzers, and the INSUL application. This study aimed to determine whether the bricks made with the same mixing ratio have the same value when used in the house model and to determine the absorption value. This study found that the absorption value of the plastic waste bricks used for house prototyping walls has good absorption with a reverberation time of T30=0.468 seconds; the temperature inside the room is 30.8 ℃ with a humidity of 54%, while at the same time the temperature outside is 37℃ with a humidity of 57%. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Baran Tanriverdi and Gulay Zorer Gedik The analysis of the holistic life cycle and energy has become more important due to the escalating energy demands in existing office stock. HVAC system retrofits to save energy are an outstanding way when compared to envelope improvements. The study proposes a parametric workflow to analyze and reduce energy, carbon and cost in HVAC retrofits. Based on the workflow, the energy demands of an existing office building were gathered using energy modelling software. The results then were calibrated with the building's energy data. Using the equation-based modelling workflow, HVAC plant side systems were simulated parametrically to calculate energy, carbon and cost. In total, 5184 iterations of 10 interventions were tested. It was found that heating plant type and heat recovery were the prominent savings inputs in the case study. The study presented a comprehensive approach to the HVAC system retrofit of existing buildings, which uses real energy data calibration, verifiable, and parametric methods. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Kire Stavrov Strahinja Trpevski and Andrijana Tasheva During the architectural design process, it is particularly important to emphasize the aspect of the heat flow in buildings. Therefore, by raising the question of the heat flow in buildings, we perform an in-depth examination of the following parameters: climate conditions, material characteristics, and thermal conduction. For the most part, the research will focus on examining the thermal conductivity, and materiality applied in buildings throughout the design process. In other words, this study will demonstrate several key points: (a) analyze the proposed methodology, and challenges within the architectural design process based on the climate context; (b) associate each of the stages with diverse parameters; (c) represent three separate structures situated in different climate zones and, (d) finally, the driving factors affecting the architectural design development process. The research is primarily driven by the idea of bringing together two aspects: the sustainable treatment of the buildings and environmental awareness in architecture. Finally, this study merges two approaches within the design development process: technical and environmental. Therefore, the main focus of this study is placed on the technical and technological aspects of the detail in architecture. Based on these two approaches, three architectural design proposals are demonstrated. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Anhar Awad Elnagar Randa Galal Ali Mustafa Monir Mahmoud and Heba Nabil Kabil The Geo-Environmental Coastal Hazards (GECH) causing serious damages in many areas around the world, are among the most important hazards due to its numerous effects. The coastal areas are important attractions for populations and activities. These areas are characterized with the phenomenon of sea-level rise that varies in its rate of change at large spatial and temporal scales, so it is difficult to be predicted locally [1]. As a result, the climate changes’ hazards affect the future of urban development processes in coastal areas. Based on the foregoing, the main question of the research is whether the potential effects of hazards have been taken into account while planning the coastal areas in Egypt and their integration into the development approaches or not. Hence, the research emphasizes the concept of dynamism and flexibility of coastal planning that may be compatible with these variables, and may be positively reflected on the urban plans of coastal cities. The research methodology tackles studying, analyzing, and evaluating coastal hazards and their implications on the Egyptian development. The analytical framework discusses the international case studies dealing with hazards from a developmental point of view, to formulate a proposed dynamic framework for developing the Egyptian coastal areas, which are exposed to coastal hazards, taking into account the temporal dimension and expected geo-environmental hazards, which vary according to the Sea Level Rise (SLR) scenarios. This framework is applied in the most dangerous low areas, such as the Egyptian Delta coast, reaching the gap of lacking dynamics and flexible procedures dealing with the changeable coastal geo-environmental hazards over different time periods. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 S. Vijaya Kumar B. Dean Kumar and B. L. P. Swami This article describes experimental research of the interfacial adhesion of triple blended steel fibred self-compacting concrete (TBSFSCC) and it varies depending on the percentage of steel fiber. In self-compacting concrete, mineral admixtures such as condensed silica fume and fly ash are utilized as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Condensed silica fume can replace 10 percent of the cement and fly ash can replace 20 percent of the cement to fulfill ACI's SCC guidelines. The embedment length of a steel bar with a diameter of 12mm was chosen to be 100mm in all the standard specimens. Fe-415 steel rod is used in this research. The pull-out test in the universal testing machine is used to evaluate the bond strength of this triple blended Self-Compacting Concrete (TBSCC). Ordinary steel fibers are then added to the concrete volume at various percentages, such as 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. The bond strength, slip, and the method of failure of each rebar were all noted in the test results. The comparison of these results clearly shows that the percentage of steel fiber contributes to the TBSCC bond strength, and conclusions are generated. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Chandra Sekhar Malla and Mukunda Rao D. Based on the cost and durable characteristics, ground granulated slag was chosen. Pollution in the environment can also be reduced by limiting the entry of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere. The current work is mainly associated with evolution of changes in compressive strength and weight loss in 4 different mixes of M20 grade concretes namely conventional concrete (CC), concrete replaced by 1% polypropylene fiber by weight of cement (CC+1%PPF), total replacement of cement by slag along with (KOH and K2SiO3) solution (AASC) and total replacement of cement by slag along with (KOH and K2SiO3) solution with 1% polypropylene fiber (AASC+1%PPF). 14M KOH and K2SiO3 are considered to project AASC blends. Starter examination has investigated blends with various soluble base activator modulus at variable potassium oxide measurements. Higher qualities are obtained with a 5 percent oxide content and 1.25 MR. An expansion in potassium oxide measurements past 5% lessens strength boundaries. The effect of 0.3% and 1% of H2SO4 and MgSO4 on the above concrete mixes (cubes) were immersed in solutions for 14, 28, 56, and 91 days and their behaviours are examined. Based on the results obtained, alkali-activated slag concrete with 1% polypropylene fiber is found to achieve high strength and low weight loss. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Simranpreet Kaur and Pankaj Chhabra A classic case of privatization of use and not of ownership, privatized public space is a newly defined dimension that falls in the range far from purely private or purely public. These newly found dimensions need a measuring tool to describe the publicity of that space before designating the usage. This research paper has been extracted from the larger study on privatized public spaces addressing the questions on defining characteristics of good public space, and some measurable parameters to evaluate these public spaces. The paper focuses on creating a compendium of parameters from the already defined literature on public spaces, publicness and publicity, which can be used to explore publicness of such spaces and their associated dynamics. These parameters are sought to thread the dimensions that will further help in determining a measurable set of variables to analyze the public spaces empirically and analytically. A discussion on various models developed by authors till date has been made a part to this paper. The scenarios have transformed in 21st century with the advent of digital socialization and urbanization of spaces. Urban public spaces in India represent a clear contradiction of consistency and change. The paper concludes with a set of parameters extracted from the study and appropriated for the changing public spaces in India. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Aniruddha Jogdande and Abir Bandyopadhyay The study aims to identify the relationship between the quality and the uses of public parks in India. It has been observed from the literature that the quality of the park is generally evaluated based on some 'factors' that, in turn, define the 'use' of the park. In this study, a mixed-method approach is adopted for evaluating the relationship between the quality of parks and their uses. Statistically, Pearson's Correlation Analysis determines such a relationship. The finding of the study identifies that some of the identified factors are "design factors" of the parks, and the rest are mostly contextual, like extraneous, characteristics of surrounding areas and management factors. The study concludes that the use of park is not only dependent on design factors and their quality but also depends on the quality of the extraneous factors, characteristics of surrounding areas and management policies of the parks. These four factors create an image of the park and generate legibility for its specific use. Park designers and planners must focus on the design factors which give legibility for its specific use, considering the characteristics of the surrounding areas and management policies of the park. They should also understand the users' needs while designing and planning the parks. The study would be helpful for park designers and planners to improve the utility of the park. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Hülya Coskun The scope of the French architect-urbanist Henri Prost’s Istanbul planning and his doctrinal approach have been researched and discussed in each period, but the housing issue in his studies remained unknown. The presented research was expected to contribute to the literature as it is the first research to examine the housing issue in Prost plans and re-examine old planning methods recently comeback on the agenda like E. Howard. The research examined H. Prost’s Istanbul Master plans, in the first half of the 20th century, in the context of housing and his main identity as an architect. Also, French planning theories and his ideological l’école (school’s) thinking resource Le Musée-Sociale (Social Museum) a think-tank, legislator and executory institution and its predecessor-influencer is Frédérick Le Play. The social-based old ideologies were transformed via French architect-urbanist H. Prost in the Early Republican period in Türkiye, and they played an important role in the modernization and development of Istanbul. Although the housing problem was not included in the Governmental policies of that period, H. Prost planned some housing areas and housing models with his own initiative. Thus, the research methodology based on a paradigm change centered on the H. Prost's architect identity in lower-architectural scale instead of upper urban-scale research methods adopted by previous research. A taxonomy is prepared with the anachronic approach to reveal the housing models and typologies for various regions of Istanbul. It was found that H. Prost, empirical data, taxonomy and typologies, housing production supported the main assumption in the research. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Suryawan Murtiadi and Akmaluddin Akmaluddin Concrete structures have a favorable position in the building industry with regard to their performance of fire resistance. The understanding of their behavior is essential for reliable analysis and design. This paper is mainly concerned with concrete building performance subjected to localized fire arrangement. Special attention has been given to the finite element model of a seven-story concrete building representing a typical commercial office building designed to European Standard. Very large displacements happened on horizontal direction of the floor slabs due to thermal expansions. The large displacement induced lateral movement of the floor slabs and created additional moments to external columns. Design engineers should ensure that the external columns have ability to accommodate lateral displacements during fire. Although, the thin external columns of the model can withstand these movements due to beneficial effect of membrane action developed to the floor slabs. Present analysis indicates that the performance of the whole structure is substantially different from the single isolated structural member behavior during fire. Although the current design procedures are conservative, design engineers have to consider the detrimental and beneficial effects of lateral slabs' thermal expansion in complete structure. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Qomariah and Taufiq Rochman These days, significant quantities of waste sand from sandblasting are being created, which in turn pollutes the environment. Utilizing sandblasting to remove accumulated biological matter and other dirt from concrete, steel, and wood components is an effective method. The purpose of the experimental laboratory is to investigate the exploitation of sandblasting waste in terms of mortar strength, concrete strength, absorption, and the mix's capacity to operate. Sand blasting produced by sand is widely available, hence the utilization of this waste as sand in concrete was investigated, using zero, 30%, and 40% substitution of normal sand and using aggregate grading in accordance with SNI-03-2834-2000. Using a 15x30 cm cylindrical test object with a treatment age of 7, 14, and 28 days ago, tests were conducted on the qualities of fresh concrete consisting of concrete viscosity values and hard concrete properties, namely specific gravity and compressive strength obtained by using waste sand. With 30% sandblasting sand replacement, specific gravity increases, corresponding to the prior test object's weight. From 7 to 14 days, specific gravity increased by 5.6%, and keep increased as 8.16% between 14 and 28 days. Specific gravity increases compared to concrete without waste sand (0% increasing) at 7 days, 4.43% at 14 days, and 10.87% at 28 days respectively, indicating that employing sandblasting waste increases cement binding. Therefore, it conforms to the compressive strength that increased by 10.09% from 14 days to 28 days. However, it decreased by 13.6% from 7 days to 14 days. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Zhao Jian Ying and Gan Tong China is a large country with an extensive north-south span, resulting in huge differences in geography and climate, folks and customs, and regional economic developments. These differences have further brought forth some unique characteristic cultures and architectural styles in the north and the south of China. Nowadays, most rural residential quarters are innovative renovations based on the original old buildings, so rural residential quarters generally have a close regenerative relationship with the local traditional buildings, rural residential quarters represent and inherit the traditional architectural spirit and culture of the regions. Consequently, the architectural styles and spatial compositions of rural residential quarters in the north and the south of China show relevant differences in accordance with regional architectural traditions. Excellent rural residential quarters design can not only promote local culture, but also provide a strong guarantee for the local economy and employment. From the perspective of professional point of view, studying the differences between the North and the South of the rural residential quarters will enable relevant practitioners to have an in-depth understanding of both the advantages and disadvantages in the architectural designs of rural residential quarters in the north and the south of China. The paper hoped to provide possible enlightenments for the developmental designs of China’s rural residential quarters that are supposed to combine traditional culture with modern architectural designs for inheritance and innovation. In terms of policy significance, promoting the development and integration of rural residential quarters can not only attract tourists, but also enable the locals who work abroad to work in their hometowns. Although rural residential quarters are small, they are one of the driving forces for the development of China's rural revitalization strategy. Meanwhile, the study of the differences and integration of rural residential quarters of north and south rural residential quarters has long-term and comprehensive planning significance for the supply-side reform of the rural economy and the integration and exchange of architectural culture between the north and the south. Enter the 21st century, the fast pace of modern life makes people yearn more and more for the traditional rural life. In this background, China’s rural residential quarter industry has entered a rapid development stage, which, however, brought some industry problems, such as serious homogenization and lack of characteristic innovation. In order to help to solve the relevant problems and possibly provide some corresponding theoretical bases , this paper, by way of comparative analysis, tried to explore in depth into the major architectural differences of and their possible causes for rural residential quarters between the north and the south of China from the aspects of construction wall, external building component, building space and courtyard, site selection and facing orientation, internal decoration and furniture, theme orientation, and regional culture so that people who yearn for traditional rural life can have a deeper insight into the rural residential quarters in the north and the south of China. The development of rural residential quarters can not only promote the local culture, but also develop the local economy and increase the local employment. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Henny Pratiwi Adi Floris C. Boogaard Edwin Schaap and Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko Workers are an important factor in the implementation of a construction project. Applying ergonomic postures for workers in the projects is necessary to minimize the risk of work accidents and the risk of experiencing musculoskeletal disorders (MsDs). The use of lightweight brick for wall construction is relatively new and is in great demand by construction industries in Indonesia. During wall construction, workers do repetitive activities such as bending, kneeling, holding tools, or tilting the body. These activities potentially increase the risk of injury and musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to assess the work posture of workers on the wall construction using lightweight brick and to analyze the high-risk activities. The wall construction work assessment included five stages of activities, (1) material transfer, (2) practical columns making and installation, (3) lightweight brick adhesive dough-making process, (4) lightweight bricks laying, and (5) lightweight brick plaster. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method was used to evaluate the working posture. This method was developed to investigate the risk of abnormalities that workers will potentially experience. Based on the RULA employee assessment worksheet, the research results showed that 69% of workers have a high-risk level of work posture and 31% have low-risk levels of work posture. There are three activities with a high-risk level, namely, material transfer, lightweight brick laying, and lightweight brick plaster. At the same time, practical column making and installation work and lightweight brick adhesive dough-making processes are at a low-risk level. According to the RULA risk level, action is required to investigate and immediately improve activities with a high-risk level. If workers continue to work with the same posture, they will be at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders related to the neck, trunk, and wrists in the near future. Correcting the worker’s posture can be done by improving work position, process, and workplace layout. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 R. Yossef M. R. Abdallah and W. A. Nour The world has faced a lot of unprecedented economic and social repercussions in its modern history. For instance, the spread of many diseases such as Covid-19, wars, and climate change. That led to stagnation in many sectors of development. As a result of these events, the governments tended to mitigate the impact of these repercussions by exploiting new technological tools and techniques, such as extended reality, digital marketing, and website development. In fact, the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the tourism sector around the world in the last 3 years. And whereas Egypt owns a third of the world's monuments, which represent the architectural legacies spread over large and multiple areas. From this point of view, this study discusses how to combine these monuments in an integrated project through digitizing architectural heritage on a website that works with modern technology techniques, especially extended reality technology to promote the tourism sector in Egypt, hence increasing the national income. On the other hand, this study also aimed to formulate a hypothetical vision of how to preserve, document, develop and invest in all archaeological buildings at the lowest possible cost, help to immerse yourself in it either completely or partially, query, and identify its elements and components textually, audibly, visually, and sensually. To achieve the study objectives, four steps were undertaken. First, the selection of a case study and virtual documentation of architectural heritage; second, a practical experiment was implemented using the extended reality technology; third, a questionnaire was conducted for the users of the experiment; and fourth, an evaluation by statistical analysis was implemented. From these four steps, a map of Egypt for architectural heritage was carried out. This map not only helps to revitalize the tourism sector but also enhances electronic documentation, and the restoration, and rehabilitation process of the monuments. Hence, preserving the cultural heritage of Egypt. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 S. Mayuni S. P. R. Wardani and B. H. Setiadji The use of porous asphalt pavement has been started since the 1960s in Europe and continues to be developed in several countries for the purpose of improving road users' safety. In 2003, the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) introduced a porous asphalt mixture under the name Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC), as a new generation of flexible pavement with a characteristic high pore content. Because the application of porous asphalt pavement with open gradation is growing rapidly, it is important to track and map the progress of studies in this regard. This paper aims to map the development of literature related to porous asphalt pavement and open graded friction course (OGFC) from 1974 to 2022. The literature was obtained from the Google Scholar database, and the analysis was carried out with the help of VOSviewers using a science mapping approach. The results of this study are quite important because they not only provide a map of existing research developments but can also serve as a reference for researchers who have an interest in developing porous asphalt pavement and open graded friction course (OGFC) studies in the future. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Otto Mora Miguel Figueroa Diego Borrero Javier Abello Adriana Mattos-Rodriguez Tulio Naranjo and Cristian Urrego With the aim to reduce accident rates and assist in pedestrian traffic, in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia), electronic devices for speed control (speed cameras) have been installed on roads of high vehicular flow with difficulty in pedestrian transit. Traffic Calming Measures are described in the literature as a set of measures to regulate traffic on roads, ensure mobility, and reduce accidents. This article focuses its study on the impact of Traffic Calming Measures through electronic devices on urban or inner cities roads (capacity and operating speed on them). This study centers in the evaluation of the operational impact of speed cameras and the data of vehicular speed and flow collected through them in four main roads of the city, with the purpose of estimating models that establish relationships of speed-flow, and analyzing the impact of these Traffic Calming Measures on the vehicular capacity of urban roads. In the estimation of road capacity, a Greenshields model was applied, with which via speed–density and flow-density relationships, we aim to determine how operational transit is affected by the use of speed cameras. Conclusions show that operational transit is affected by diminishing road capacity between 7 to 41 percent and these Traffic Calming measures are ineffective to ease pedestrian traffic as is expected. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Bimo Brata Adhitya Anis Saggaff Saloma and Hanafiah Aggregates are an important ingredient of concrete. They are of two types: coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. The supply of natural aggregates on Earth is declining with technological advancement, hence, alternatives to natural aggregates are needed. Artificial aggregates have been manufactured using a coal burning waste, i.e. fly ash. On mixing fly ash with an alkaline activator, the mixture reacts and hardens. Aggregates are manufactured either by mixing materials using a granulator pan or by crushing materials using a stone crusher. The optimal manufacturing method was determined by comparing physical properties, such as bulk specific gravity, water absorption, and aggregate hardness, of the aggregates manufactured using these two methods with those of natural coarse aggregates. The average bulk specific gravity was 1.776 and 1.857 for the aggregates produced by the pelletization and crushing processes, respectively, and 2.957 for the natural aggregates. The average water absorption values were 11.62% and 8.37% for the aggregates produced by the pelletization and crushing processes, respectively, and 4.17% for the natural aggregates. The average aggregate hardness values, determined using the Los Angeles abrasion test, were 27.33% and 25.98% for aggregates produced by the pelletization and crushing processes, respectively, and 24.05% for the natural aggregates. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Jan 2023 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 11 Number 1 Khaled Al Omari and Salma Egho During the epidemiological situation that the world is experiencing from time to time, it has become difficult for cities to adapt to the new epidemiological situation each time. The methodology used in the distribution of public facilities and services in cities has been proved insufficient to meet life needs during epidemic emergencies and changes in environmental and life conditions. This study aims to develop an improved plan in terms of sustainable urban planning applicable to all cities in the world including Jordan taking into account the current life model. The study will be able to be applied to deal with any future epidemics. This study addresses the southern Jordanian city of Aqaba, as a strategically important city, being the only port in the country, by re-planning Aqaba to adapt to any possible epidemic. This study refers to the concepts, ideas and suggestions of many urban architects and planners in the world. A suggested proposal has been concluded of a new urban model consisting of a series of design ideas that form an ideal city in the epidemic and beyond. This new urban model will ensure the well-being of the citizens and will also be able to adapt quickly to existing and pre-planned areas, to be equipped with facilities specifically designed to meet the needs of each region, ensuring a good standard of living even during emergency periods. PubDate: Jan 2023
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Mohamed Samir Ragab Randa Galal Hussein Walid Nabil Bayoumi and Tarek Abou El Seoud The role of gateways, particularly the main international airports, has changed dramatically, from just being a passenger transit to an anchor and catalyst in the metropolitan economic development system and economic globalization competitiveness. The mutual interaction between international airports and the metropolitan region has resulted in the development of new urban forms and new economic approaches such as Aerotropolis. Aerotropolis is a new spatial economic approach defined as the special airport economic zone. The airport plays the role of the new urban core, metropolis, connecting all local business centers with the global to constitute a global metropolitan frontier (new metropolis or new international metropolitan core city). Therefore, Aerotropolis has become an indicator of country globalization and urban development. The research attempts to apply the international Aerotropolis approach in the Egyptian environment for the Cairo International Airport (CIA) case study in the context of the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Region (GCR), based on the projection of the concepts, factors, and key indicators of the Aerotropolis approach on the case of Cairo region. The research methodology was based on the integration of geoinformatics and statistical techniques for the development of a spatio-economic model for Aerotropolis region determination. The development of the proposed model was based on the statistical technique of the different logit model types, k-means cluster analysis. During the model establishment, the research used geoinformatics techniques of spatial analysis tools, network analysis, and weighted overlay to accomplish the research objective of Aerotropolis region generation. The research ends up with the determination of CIA Aerotropolis Region boundaries, identifying the key factors responsible for shaping this Aerotropolis, followed by recommending some policy notes to complete the missing requirements for establishing a proper Aerotropolis in GCR and its CIA capable to lure more FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), particularly in terms of the quality of employment, missing land uses, urban activities and services, and urban fabric. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Kholoud Y. Z. Farahat Mohamed Shehata and Tarek Abou El Seoud The concept of Sustainable Urban Regeneration/Retrofitting (SUR) is considered a promising approach for addressing most of the current environmental issues. Developed countries have shown a growing interest in achieving SUR in consistence with raising the efficiency of urban performance. Since the energy sector greatly impacts urban development, it is necessary to adapt new approaches & frameworks (FW) to activate Energy Efficiency (EE) in planning a new, not just Egyptian settlement. Enhancing Energy Performance of Urban Patterns (EPUP) is achieved by: (i) controlling energy consumption of urban patterns; & (ii) pursuing energy self-sufficiency. Egypt still confronts major challenges in how to manage growing consumption rates in a way that is not commensurate with the rates of growth of local production. Practical case studies confirmed the failure in applying the principles of EE in most urban pattern of new cities. Therefore, the research problem is formulated as: the current urban planning methodology in Egypt fails to consider EPUP. Consequently, this research aimed to develop a comprehensive Methodological Framework for Energy Performance Measures (MFEPM) of spatial urban patterns of new Egyptian communities. The MFEPM was developed based on the analysis of relevant Literature & comparative analysis of SUR case studies & tools, resulting in a set of indicators (checklist) to measure & minimize EE of the main urban systems forming the diverse urban patterns. Next, the suitability of the checklist for the Egyptian context was improved based on national strategies & guidelines, and through questionnaires with local stakeholders. Then, the MFEPM was tested on urban pattern samples from new Egyptian cities through an extensive qualitative analysis with GIS tools. Finally, the MFEPM will be integrated into the strategic urban planning methodology adopted by the researcher. The MFEPM assists decision makers to apply the concept of contingency planning through developing more efficient interventions to cope with the dynamic urban context. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Ahmed Muhammed Elsadek Wahaballa Morad Abdelkader Abdelmohsen and Muhammed Ibrahim Gabr This research aims to propose guidelines for managing existing urban areas development to address the opposite reactions emerging from existing residents toward the government policies for achieving the objectives of Egypt's Vision 2030, by highlighting the development projects implemented in the Greater Cairo, namely the areas at the destination of infrastructure projects and the degraded urban areas through a case study of the existing urban areas within King Salman's axis in Giza. The methodology for the study is based on an inductive approach with two major axes. First, theoretical study that contains identifying general concepts of Egypt's Vision 2030, the rights of existing residents and the Egyptian's policies of existing urban area development. Second, analytical approach that contains analyzing data using quantitative statistical methods also assesses the results by using SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that may impede the sustainable development objectives of existing urban areas. Finally, the paper found that the state policies of existing urban areas development projects don't serve the social sustainability, and there is a gap between the theoretical and applied concepts of Vision 2030, which relates to human, urban and economic requirements. The results show the importance of activating community participation, development initiatives and taking into account the right of existing residents to make decisions about the development of their areas. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Hussam. E. M. Magdy and Abullah Al-Attar Urban form is defined as the physical characteristics that make built-up areas, including the shape, size, density, and configuration of settlements. Many researchers defined urban forms by the morphological attributes of urban areas at all scales, from localized to broader scales. Generally speaking, the street network is the most significant attribute in understanding urban morphology, as it affects and determines the urban form: shape, size, hierarchy, ...etc. The researchers assume that the street network structure, its connectivity, depth, and permeability, also, influence the opportunity of using the riverfront spaces "Urban Space Acquisition". This phenomenon usually leads to emerging changes in public space formation. This paper tries to understand the influence of street network characteristics on the formation of riverfront spaces by testing street network accessibility, permeability, and modes of mobility at the widest and/or longest riverfront space in Egypt, at Minia City. The research methodology depended on surveying the uses and activities over the riverfront space and understanding their relationship with the riverfront-spaces' depth, including links, nodes and access points. It reads the whole riverfront space as a series of spaces/segments, each of which has its own configuration of urban space acquisition. The preliminary street network analysis indicates that there is a considerable relationship between the mentioned factors, by which the city's urban morphology can be understood. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Engy Ramadan Mostafa Hesham Mohamed El-Barmelgy and Kariman Ahmed Shawky The world today, recovering from a pandemic crisis, has witnessed a complete change in everyday challenges and routines. Following the COVID-19 crisis, the world was forced to face the challenge of preserving human life. Today, city planners and urban designers have to establish cities that can mitigate the impact of health problems; in other words, the city's urban product must be more resilient against health problems. The condition of completely shutting down urban areas and transforming them into infirmities has led to great economic and social crises. Economically, the world has lost at least 3.7 trillion dollars, equivalent to 4.4% of the Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The present paper aims at developing a tool that has the ability to measure the resilience of the Egyptian urban settlements against pandemic crises; thus, helping planners and urban designers to establish and promote pandemic cities. Based on profound theoretical and analytical studies, the concept of pandemic cities was studied and analyzed composing a list of indicators that illustrate the ability of existing urban settlements to face pandemic crises. Then, based on the findings of an empirical study that targeted Egyptian experts, the most relevant indicators were identified. Using relative importance index (RII), the relative weights of indicators were calculated and utilized as a tool that can measure the resilience of Egyptian urban settlements against pandemic crises. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Safaa A. Ghoneim Maha M. Elsayed and Hossam Sami Amer As a part of climate change; flash floods are rapidly increasing and becoming more severe, challenging more and more cities around the world. According to the recent facts published by the UN and the WHO, their risk increases particularly in low- and mid-income countries, where it exceeds the ability of communities to cope with it. This sheds the light on the importance of the community's pre-impact conditions, which determine its vulnerability to floods. This research develops a vulnerability assessment tool and its associated methodology as an effective tool to be integrated into the strategic planning of existing cities facing flash floods. It is an indicators-based GIS tool to Assess Physical and Social vulnerability. Nuweiba city on the gulf of Aqaba-Egypt was chosen as a case study. However, it is located in an arid zone, and suffers from frequent and severe flash floods. It could be considered the effluent of Wadi Watir's main watershed (3509 km2). A GIS model has been developed to apply the Physical part of the developed assessment tool. So, Detailed data on the city's urban structure, DEM and satellite images were integrated and processed to extract the evaluated layer for each vulnerability indicator. Then, a weighted overlay of these indicators was applied to produce the final vulnerability map. The results showed a high level of applicability for the developed model, however, the vulnerability map was compared to the available strategic plan for the city. Accordingly, several changes to the plan were recommended to achieve a more sustainable future for the city. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Shereen Farouk Abou Dagher Mohammad Refaat and Rania El Messeidy Residual spaces are defined as a category of open spaces that exist in our urban context but are rarely considered by urban designers. They have other terminologies, such as leftovers, loose spaces, lost spaces, neglected spaces, and neglected urban land. However, residual spaces can be used to serve in community problem-solving such as children's needs in outdoor spaces. Using landscape design as a tool, residual spaces in an urban context can be used to consider children's activities and their different needs. In this sense, this paper highlights the main aspects of the two main factors of the study, which are the landscape design elements and components of residual spaces and the different types of child needs. This research explores the relationship between these two main factors and their components to define the most suitable landscape design elements that can respond to the different children's needs in outdoor spaces. To achieve this goal, the research proposes a matrix based on a literature review and analysis of two case studies, one international and another local, that combine the two main factors of the study, which are the landscape design elements and components of residual spaces, and several types of child needs. It also proposes an inferred matrix that comes from the main matrix, which will provide a tool that helps the landscape designers evaluate the projects oriented to the child and contribute with the main matrix to design better and more responsive outdoor spaces for children in the future. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Soaad Bashandy Hesham EL-Barmelgy Tarek Abou El Seoud and Asmaa Sallam Existing urban areas in Egypt suffer from environmental, economic and social issues. The smart city concept is an approach that improves urban performance and helps to manage urban areas in different sectors to gain social economic and environmental benefits and improve the quality of life. Most governments around the world adopt the concepts of smartness as a main objective in creating new cities and communities. Studies covering the requirements for applying the concept of smartness in future planning have been well addressed. However, the idea of the ability of existing urban areas to apply the requirements of smartness has received less attention leading to a research gap area. The paper aims to address the issue of applying the concept of smartness within the context of existing urban areas. Based on a profound theoretical study, a model is inducted. The proposed Smart Urban Upgrading Model (SUUM) is able to measure the ability of the existing urban areas to promote and implement the requirements of smartness. In other words, the model is to act as a manual for integrating the concept of smartness into existing urban areas. Finally, aiming to test the ability of the innovated model (SUUM) to address the Egyptian context, an online questionnaire with Egyptian experts is conducted online via Google forms and findings are analyzed using SPSS. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Mohamed Badr and Mohamed Shehata The recent period has witnessed significant theoretical developments in the area of evaluation, with its various types and tools, as well as approaches used in its implementation, which are used in various fields, particularly in urban planning. Although there has been a breakthrough achieved in the use of these tools globally and internationally, there is no way to apply them to Egyptian urban patterns in general and the housing sector in particular. This research paper aims at proposing a methodology for evaluating housing programs in Egypt, focusing on low-income housing programs prioritized by the state. This methodology is designed in stages based on studying global applications in evaluating low-income housing programs and concluding the most important steps and tools used in this regard, as well as the appropriate evaluation approach for each case; economic, social, environmental or technological to reach a theoretical methodology for evaluating housing programs that are appropriate to the Egyptian case. Then this methodology is reviewed and checked by experts and specialists, as well as by a group of administrative authorities in the State concerned with the application of housing programs in Egypt, through interviews therewith to consult them and ask for their views on the preliminary methodology in order to take them into account in the creation of the final methodology. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Nouran Abdallah Saadawy and Sahar Ismail Abdel Hady It has been crystal clear that Gated Communities became one of the most noticeable urbanization features that have recently spread massively in the Egyptian Real Estate Market with the expansion of Greater Cairo. The Gated Communities phenomenon became noticeable in Egypt due to several motives such as developing sustainable and healthy communities. They must promote walkability as their mobility network because walkability is an essential tool in implanting Sustainable Healthy Gated Communities. Walkability has always been correlated with human health and well-being, and the walking behavior is massively influenced by the gated community's urban design. A low rate of walkability affects human health, well-being, and quality of life. Since Gated Communities in Egypt don't promote walkability, due to the lack of specialized sustainable urban design principles and patterns for it. This study aims to: define and clarify the sustainable urban design principles and patterns specialized for Gated Communities to promote walkability. GCWDEM is a model to be inducted that bears the ability to measure the design efficiency of gated communities' walkability principles. This innovated model will have the ability to be integrated within the design process as a proactive approach, or to be applied to the existing projects as a reactive approach. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Raghda Zakariya Mohammed Shehata and Hisham Hafez The national urban policies (NUP) adopted by Egypt during the period from the sixties to the second decade of the 21st century failed to address the challenges of sustainable urban development (SUD), as a result of some orientations affecting the mechanisms of policy-making and planning decisions in Egyptian urban areas. One of the most affected policies is preserving natural resources (land - water), resulting in the loss of many of these resources. The research hence addressed repercussions of this problem on policy-making methodology to deduce its weaknesses and strengths, by adopting a critical analysis method within three stages; overview and analysis of the research problem, then assessed policy-making mechanisms and planning decisions within the framework of evaluation methods deduced from experiences. Finally, it proposed a framework to develop an evaluation methodology that can function as an adaptive tool for development issues and urban governance in Egypt. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Omnia Ali Yasser Mansour Abeer Elshater and Ayman Fareed Scholarly studies have enriched the definition and theory of place identity since the 1960s. These trends are becoming more prevalent in the urban setting. This is because place identity has become a common theme in many researches and design projects and a thriving theme in policies and regulations to achieve sustainable development. In this respect, it is necessary to review these studies to identify the points of intersection and present updated evidence that incorporates the most relevant approaches. In this context, literature provides a deep understanding of place identity definitions through literature and research articles that discuss many factors and elements that identify place identity. This review divided the data into definitions, types, layers, levels, forms, features, dimensions, principles, and elements. Based on the research objective to present a reliable tool to measure the sense of identity in public places, the study used the descriptive-analytical approach to analyze, compare, and explore the collected information on place identity to present a matrix for evaluating place identity. According to the matrix, identity can be categorized into three axes: environment, people, and interaction; under two primary classifications: tangible and intangible. The findings confirmed a network of elements that were coded and defined. Parcel "elements" are evaluated by grouping them into three groups according to their contribution: positive element contribution, negative contribution, and neutral or non-contributing element. Based on the matrix checklist proposed as part of the evaluation strategy, the outcome indicates the extent of the place's senses of identity. The suggested matrix could be used to compare different places' sense of identity, and accordingly, the places could be developed based on these results. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Shaimaa EL Mowafy Hesham M. EL-Barmelgy and Heba Mohamed Ammar Tsunami is one of the most destructive natural hazards that threatens coastal communities worldwide. Until the famous 2004 tsunami, the phenomenon has rarely been regarded as an essential issue facing coastal communities, following the incident that resulted in over 400 thousand human casualties and left over 750000 homeless people after completely demolishing their homes. The world's consciousness has changed regarding the real threat that tsunami imposes on the existence of coastal communities around the world. The UNESCO's initiated a program, Northeast Atlantic Mediterranean Tsunami Warning System NEAMTWS, to raise all the required mitigation measures to ensure that residents of coastal communities know the kind and degree of threats they are exposed to and how to deal with them. The project identified Egypt's Mediterranean coast as an area of high vulnerability when exposed to tsunami hazards. Although the project was set to achieve its objective by 2011, none of its objectives have been achieved. There is a total ignorance among the local community, authorities, and planners regarding the imposed threat. There is an urgent need for an innovative approach that could mitigate the impact and threats of tsunamis and increase the resilience of coastal communities facing them. The paper aims to innovate a contingency plan for the Egyptian coastal communities as an effective tool for increasing the resilience of coastal communities against tsunamis hazards. A contingency plan is to be proposed based on profound theoretical and analytical analysis of the literature review. Furthermore, based on the findings of an empirical study, the most effective knowledge transfer tool of the proposed plan is to be tested targeting the local community participants. Finally, the paper is to induct an 'Egyptian Tsunami Contingency Plan' (ETCP) that can be applied within the context and limitations of Egyptian coastal communities' conditions. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Maye Yehia The past decades have seen the emergence of new development strategies as a major concern in Europe. Cities have tried to improve their positions and attract economic activities by establishing strategic visions and by creating urban expansions as economic drivers. In France, it was during the 1980s that rigid technocratic conventional urban planning seemed increasingly discredited. Therefore, a new project-based approach encouraging openness and flexibility began to emerge. This research aims to explain the mechanisms underlying French cities have put forth to guaranty the quality of spatial planning, including the design of public spaces, its landscape and architecture, and to ensure the fulfillment of environmental, economic, aesthetic and social goals. The case of the new eco-district 'Le Trapèze' built on the former sites of Renault factories in Boulogne-Billancourt, at the Paris's gates, demonstrates how policies are implemented to safeguard the coherence of vision and to minimize the degree of uncertainty embedded in long-term complex projects. The City has set up an innovative framework to establish an effective project steering process. The articulation between different actors to achieve the urban mixed-use development project and the tools used for compliance with the applicable norms and regulations are an innovative response to issues of adaptability and sustainability. The methodology of the research combines a critical bibliographical analysis, followed by a synthesis of fieldwork that included interviews with planners and architects and several visits to the sites. The results obtained from this investigation have been grouped in three sections: 'Tools of public-private partnerships', 'Resilience of landscape design' and 'Reproducibility of the experience'. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Walid Abaza Aboul-Fetouh Shalaby and Maye Yehia Throughout history, Egyptian port cities had been formed together as an indissoluble twin in function and space. However, over the last century, most Egyptian ports have been transformed into a complex multi-layer entity with a continuous conflict between port and city actors, and hence, they have become increasingly separated from their cities in physical terms. This separation reflects how the port-city interface is shaped and governed. However, the Egyptian port cities did not receive enough studies to identify the urban transformation processes that shape the port-city interface. To help fill this gap, the research develops a conceptual-theoretical framework to understand urban transformation processes of the port-city interface and the forces that shape those transformations. This framework acts as a first step to form an assisting tool to understand and reframe the nature of the Egyptian case and how to move forward. To build this framework, the research critically reviews the normative literature available on urban planning/design, geography, politics, economy, and urban management of port cities worldwide. It follows the recent conceptualizations of the port city interface that focuses on the actors and societal relationships shaping the port city interface, rather than focusing only on its physical boundaries, dealing with the port city interface as a process, not only as a product. Furthermore, the research presents six European case studies as a manifestation of how governance and social integration influence the formation of the port-city interface. The research finds that understanding the port-city relationship through the lens of profiling urban transformation processes worldwide provides physical, governance and societal integration guidelines, that could help understand the Egyptian port-city relationship on one hand and plan/govern the relationship towards a resilient port city on the other. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Ghada Eldeeb Mohamed Shehata and Hisham Hafez Cities accommodate over 50% of the world's population, a percentage that is expected to increase to 70% by 2050. Despite the indisputable significance of cities for our future, living in some cities has been a challenge; 91% of city residents live in polluted areas and face human casualties resulting from car accidents and health crises. In Egypt, new cities are being built aiming to create healthier environments. However, those cities are not always better places to live due to the lack of the human dimension in their planning. There is hence a great need for an approach that focuses on the ability to revive and restore this dimension in Egyptian cities. Based on a number of theoretical and analytical studies, the paper aims to develop a model that can measure the degree of the humanity of cities, thus, providing planners with a human-city urban planning model (HCUP Model). The model is expected to act as a contingency proactive planning tool for mitigating the negative impacts of our cities on human life and ensuring the integration of the human dimension in the planning process of our future cities. The research methodology includes an analytical examination of the most pressing issues confronting cities today, followed by the definition and principles of human cities, based on the theoretical study and analytical study of the most important global human city experiences, a proposed model for the human city (HCUPM) that can be applied in Egyptian cities will be developed. The model will be audited using a questionnaire for Egyptian experts in the field of urban planning. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Ebtehal Ahmed Abd-Almoity M. H. Refaat H. S. Amin and M. R. Abdel- Rahman This paper discusses the missing resilience issues between the activities of both the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) and the regional strategic planning (RSP) approaches when dealing with the coastal region's issues through an applied study on the Northwest Coast region of Egypt overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. The resilience between these two approaches aims to save the effort, time, and money needed for preparing both ICZM initiatives and RSP projects by literature reviews, analyzing the current situation, evaluating the national institutions' tasks, and the comparative study between the methodological frameworks of both approaches in the study area, it was discovered that there were no effective mechanisms among institutions. Moreover, there were some conflicts between the current regulations and laws. In addition, the difference between the coastal units and regional levels caused the differences in the methodological frameworks, although, there are some similarities and variations in their activities. This resilience concept may be helpful for decision-makers, ICZM teamwork, but it has special importance for urban planners to develop the methodological phases and activities of the regional planning approach in a balanced manner, to deal with the devolving requirements and the coastal issues achieving resilience between the activities of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Regional Strategic Plans (RSP) and sustainable development in the application of Egypt's North West Coast Region overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5A Nehal M. Mohamed Soad Y. Bashandy Hesham M. El-Barmelgy and Abdullah F. Al-Attar The construction of High-Rise Buildings (HRBs) first started in the 19th century, as a sort of vertical urban sustainable development approach trying to minimize the development environmental footprint impact. Although, the debates regarding the HRBs' pros and cons, this era has witnessed a huge boost in the construction of HRB all over the world. HRBs have transformed into an ego situation where countries not only developed ones but also developing ones have been competing against each other to develop the tallest HRB. HRBs have become a branding for the economic strength and innovative development eras of countries. HBRs have been included within new cities and added to the existing urban context, without any consideration to the ability of these areas to accommodate their social, environmental, economic, and visual impacts, especially on their direst urban context. The study aims, based on several theoretical and analytical studies, to study and record in detail the various impacts of HRBs on the urban context allocating them, based on which a computerized spatial analysis model is to be composed (HRBSAModel) using geographic information systems software (GIS) and remote sensing technology. The achieved model is expected to act as a contingency tool to mitigate the negative impacts of the existing HRB on its urban context, and as a proactive tool within the city urban design process for allocating the most sustainable location for future HRBs. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Safaa Aldeen Hussein Ali and Sara Abdul Aalie Rasheed Architecture constantly looks for renewal, permanent change, keeping pace with technologies, and employing science in their structures. Therefore, they must respond to the increasing demands to achieve more efficient and sustainable technological development, interacting with scientific technologies and engage them dynamically. It creates smart architecture that uses vital concepts and produces an interactive biological architecture capable of dealing with various factors and adapting to them. The products of architecture have been numerous and represented by simulation of other sciences and the ability to adjust them to produce different architectural forms depends on the tremendous technological techniques that can deal with vital systems and structures and improve their efficiency and independence. As a result, many types of architecture have appeared. All of them depend on two fundamental concepts, the ability to employ renewable science and the possibility of their implementation due to the tremendous development of technology. As a result of the absence of knowledge about this prominent and vital role of science in employing technology locally to serve architecture and create products that possess high dynamism, renewal, and adaptation to local environments, it was necessary to show their impact on creating interactive bio-architecture locally. Therefore, the research goal will be "The role of science and technology in contemporary architecture applications by achieving adaptability to local conditions in general and in Iraq in particular." The research is based on addressing a set of previous studies that explain the importance of science and technology and the essential terms resulting in the creation of interactive architecture, its types, and application locally, and on indicating the extent of progress in the products as a result of the employment of science and technology and its ability to adapt and interact with the local environment. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Myoung-Soo Won Christine P. Langcuyan Jin-Hwan Lim Seung-Boem Nam Tae-Gew Ham and Man-Bok Ha The mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall has been widely used globally for several decades now. The study on MSE wall is continuously growing as well as various innovations on its designs and techniques. The natural complexity of soil behavior makes the study on MSE wall system challenging for researchers. One of the factors that affect the deformation behavior of MSE wall structure is the wall facing system. Hence, this study is undertaken to investigate the deformation behavior of geogrid-reinforced MSE wall, having full height rigid (FHR) and segmental panel-type (SPT) wall facing, using finite element method (FEM) in Plaxis 2D program and small-scale experimental study. Both numerical and experimental models are using discrete geogrids reinforcement with three different reinforcement length ratios of 1H, 0.7H and 0.5H (where H is the wall height). The results from the series of numerical analysis and experimental tests showed that the vertical displacement on top of the MSE wall and the horizontal displacements of the FHR facing were smaller than those of the SPT wall facing, regardless of the reinforcement length. In addition, the reinforcement length has minimal effect on settlement for MSE wall with FHR facing but is more visible for MSE wall with SPT wall facing. The magnitude of the reinforcement effect may not be great in this study because the MSE wall models are only 0.60m high. But it is expected that the higher wall height might induce greater reinforcement length effect. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Bahia Bardeesi Dina Muhrji Ghaidaa Gutub Haneen Al-Ahdal and Abdel-Moniem El-Shorbagy This study aims to explore and discuss the architecture of Saudi Arabia. Taking Jeddah as a case study, by defining the advantages and characteristics of the local architecture and the texture of the old city, it pays full attention to the physical transformations that have been adopted. It occupies a place in the urban planning and architectural form of Jeddah. However, the main objective of this study is to discuss the effect of modernization and westernization on the physical appearance of the city, comparing it with the local old urban fabric and buildings, and finally criticizing the impact of the modern movement in Jeddah in terms of the environmental, cultural and Islamic aspects. All in all, this study considered the most traditional of Jeddah as the main case study and outlined the effect of modernism and westernization in Jeddah, as well as criticized the modern architecture and urban planning in Jeddah. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Tuqa Aldroubi and Aida Nayer The idea of the library has always existed, and early libraries can be traced back to the Mesopotamians, where documents about resources were found, so there are different definitions of the idea of the library. A cultural library is not like any conventional library; it forces the visitor to engage with other cultures, and it provides the means and approaches to make activities involving others of different cultures. As a library, it also provides books from all around the world on different topics like, history, culture, customs, social, food, and even novels, so it mixes traditions in a way to make people cosmopolitan. There are other parts of the library that encourage cosmopolitanism as much as the books. The proposed space program for this project consists of six main zones namely library, education, entertainment, exhibition, administration and services. The site evaluation is performed to identify the most appropriate location for the project, which is located at Al-Naim district, intersection between Prince Sultan Road and Al-Amal Street. The project can hold cultural events in a centre and encourage reading and researching different cultures and establishing international friendships. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Nadheer S. Ayoob and Alaa M. Hamad The free water flow over a broad-crested weir with different down- and upstream inclinations was studied numerically using computational fluid dynamics software (FLOW-3D v11.0.4). Weirs of four various upstream and downstream configurations were investigated to determine the effect of weir shape on the produced coefficient of discharge (Cd), upstream energy grade line (H1), and depth-averaged flow velocity using five different flow discharges. The obtained numerical results revealed that FLOW-3D program can be depended to simulate the flow over broad-crested weir adequately, as the differences between the numerical and experimental upstream head (h1) were in the range of 0.0 to 9.6%. Furthermore, reducing upstream slope played an essential role in increasing the discharge coefficient, and reducing the upstream energy grade line (i.e. static pressure above the crest), while downstream inclination showed a negligible influence. Generally, reducing the upstream slope by 50.0 and 70.5% increased discharge coefficient by 9.5 and 13.2%, while decreased the total energy grade line by 4.3 and 8.7%, respectively. According to flow velocity measurement, for the same upstream slope and discharge, the velocity resulted by the weir of inclined upstream and vertical downstream (BRV) was lower than that of the weir of vertical upstream and inclined downstream (VRB) by 28.0%. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Fatima Benchenni Abdelkader Mebrouki and Juan Monjo-Carrió The decision to intervene in the architectural heritage must be based on scientific and cultural criteria according to its values. For this, it is necessary to determine what these values are. This research attempts to identify the values and sub-values of the built cultural heritage (its axiology) through the critical analysis of existing suggestions and debates within this subject according to national and international agreements and recommendations with the support of published research since the beginning of the XIXth century. This chronological analysis has helped us to develop a table of values and sub-values evaluated and estimated before any intervention on the built heritage. The results helped finding the criteria while respecting the scientific and cultural evaluation of the work along with the emotions conveyed by stakeholders and users. In this paper, we also emphasize that we can identify, evaluate and classify the values before any intervention on the built heritage. This is significant and important because we think that can affect the type of architectural intervention in any decision-making. This work is intended for the general public and for technicians who intervene in the heritage without sufficient preparation. It can help them to read, to analyze and to understand the meanings of architectural works through the recognition of values that deserve to be preserved or recovered in a perspective of sustainability. All values must be taken as a major decision criterion to be evaluated before any patrimonial intervention, using a table of values; organized, prioritized and categorized into groups of sub-values. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Aref Maksoud Emad Mushtaha Laila Chouman Esraa Al Jawad Sara A. Samra Ahmad Sukkar and Moohammed Wasim Yahia One of the major concerns for achieving comfortability and sustainability inside studios is lighting quantity and quality. Integrating daylighting without creating glare in building design would reduce the intensive use of artificial lighting. The latitude of the UAE "United Arab Emirates" leads to the high intensity of solar radiation, which requires serious attention to find effective strategies to control daylighting and achieve both visual and thermal comfort. High-quality lighting performance in building design can be achieved by minimizing active artificial lighting needs through correct building design and maximizing the use of available natural passive daylight sources. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the performance and alternatives of integrated daylight into one of the studios at the College of Fine Arts and Design (CFAD) by improving the existing conditions of studios in the CFAD according to standards. A light meter and Autodesk Revit software were used in the study and its related analysis. The Autodesk Revit software has been used to analyze the luminance environment of the existing studio and other cases to reach the best alternative. Six simulation cases, including the current case, were simulated and compared with each other regarding the required amount of Daylight Factor (DF). As a result, case 6 performed best among the rest of the alternatives. Such integration in the educational buildings could be significant and would help decision-makers and architects adjust their buildings and improve indoor lighting. However, further studies on the psychology of users and building energy consumption should be taken forward in the future. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Sadia Farooq Mohammad Arif Kamal Amna Khalid Qureshi Farhana Naz and Maha Tariq The administration and management of waste is one of the major issues confronting the advanced society and is not fairly constrained to plastics. The squandering or waste generated annually is by and large a claim in Pakistan. Reusing plastic is required to support the environment. The wall panels that are utilized in interiors are made up of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which is harmful and there are few chances to diminish the poisons from it. Moreover, they are not perfect insulators and are very expensive. The work aims to utilize plastic squander into wall panels made of reusing Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) which are aesthetically pleasing, economical, easy to maintain and of high quality. The method incorporates case studies and surveys to find out the finest manufacturing and fabricating process. The experiment phased in product specification along with drawings, rendering, prototyping and finally recycling plastic into the final product. The conductivity of the material is raised by using blisters with a silver coating which raised from 5% to 10% and a vacuum is also created between the panels. The compressive strength is tested which is 80.5 MPa. If the product is made on a large scale, it will help in reducing plastic waste. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Radwa Bakr Doaa Amin and Khaled Gaber Society is exposed to flash floods even with advanced technologies in flood prediction or works of protection. People are vulnerable to upmost risks in the flash flood prone cities, where their growth to become megacities and economies is being nurtured by urbanization. Severe floods threaten human lives globally, damage property and infrastructure and inflict economic losses on nations. The location of Egypt in arid area makes it vulnerable to sudden storms. Due to the strong expansion, Egypt is witnessing construction sites, along with agricultural lands and industrial exploitation sites, which led to the colonization of the floodplains of valleys. This trend is expected to continue in future, thus this issue needs to be well managed and promptly addressed to reduce the encroachment of active valley deltas. This paper produces a guideline describing the flood risk in the form of the atlas to mitigate flash floods, and it directs decision-makers to engage in the several levels of the national and local organizations involved in managing disasters. It is expected to be beneficial to investors, practitioners and the public. Three key tools have been taken into account in these guidelines to describe the flash flood prone area: all data and information, data processing software (hydrological and hydraulic models), geographic information system (GIS) for graphic representation of maps and spatial analysis. The results produce sequence maps of risk and hazard levels for each Wadi. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Riham Salah Mohamed and Nevine Ismail Mahmoud Transportation and traffic issues in every city are just reflection of bad land-use planning and organization. To alleviate Egypt's severe traffic congestion, development initiatives have recently sprung up, particularly in the fields of transportation and roads. This article discusses the answer to the question, which will have an impact on the surrounding urban environment, especially in the case of replacing the old means of transportation with a modern means of transportation that has different specifications and characteristics that must be available in its surroundings. In addition, the availability of land for urban expansion is dwindling, and there is a growing trend to construct railway stations connecting different regions of the city. As a result, the government is attempting to construct underground structures to preserve space. This article also employs the monitoring and analysis technique. Firstly, investigating the train operating scheme in the city transit lines, considering the classification of railway stations and the volume of passenger traffic, as well as choosing a station layout that boosts the city's infrastructure capacity. Secondly, investigating the peculiarities of railway stations' spatial relationships with their surroundings. Thirdly, adopting the analysis of the new plan for the development of the main railway station in the Abu Qir area in Alexandria as a case study. Finally, making it possible to walk and evaluating the style and flow of passengers according to the new metro operating plan. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Nora M. Faroun Asmaa N. El-Badrawy and Lamis S. El-Gizawi Recently, smart city has become a tool for linking the sustainability dimensions with information and communication technology to enhance the quality of life. The current research problem lies in the increase in migration rates from the countryside and adjacent villages to the urban cities which may lead to an increase in environmental problems. Hence, the transformation of existing cities into smart cities has become an urgent need requiring immediate action or attention for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and effectively dealing with urban and environmental problems, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, the research adopts the environmental key performance indicators KPI of the smart sustainable cities (SSC) which was identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to examine the performance of the East Mansoura District city as a case study. To achieve the aim of this study, a set of core environmental indicators was adopted to measure and evaluate the current status of the selected case study. Finally, an action plan was proposed to transform East Mansoura District city into a smart sustainable city. This may pave the way for other cities in Egypt and developing countries. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Cokorda Putra Wirasutama Putu Alit Suthanaya Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama and Anak Agung Gde Agung Yana Foreign motorcyclists are prone to greater risks than the locals in most countries worldwide [1]. Risk parameters identified include lack of knowledge of traffic regulations, inadequate driving skills, different seasons, and general attitudes towards traffic safety reflected in driving behavior [2]. Along with tourism development, the number of foreign motorcyclists also increases. Therefore, safety measures are essential [3]. In this research, by using data collected from 71 foreign motorcyclists as respondents, we study the influence of local road and traffic conditions, human factors, and local law enforcement on the behavior of foreign motorcyclists around tourist areas in Bali. The method used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The expected contribution is a model that finds how local law enforcement affects foreign motorcyclists' behavior around tourist areas in Bali, which can significantly reduce the risk of accidents for foreigners. The results are that local law enforcement can act as a moderating effect of human factors on the behavior of foreign motorcyclists with a P-value of 0.008. Foreign motorcyclists' behavior in tourist areas is also directly affected by their behavior in their origin country, with a P-value of 0.035. But local law enforcement cannot act as a moderating effect of local road and traffic conditions on the behavior of foreign motorcyclists with a P-value of 0.441. The research concluded that foreign motorcyclists' behavior in Bali tourist areas is positively influenced by the local law enforcement by authorized officials. It shows that the more stringent enforcement of the law, the better the behavior of foreign motorcyclists. And better conduct of foreign motorcyclists can reduce the number of accidents involving foreigners in the tourist areas in Bali. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 I Dewa Made Alit Karyawan Ratna Yuniarti Desi Widianty Hasyim and Mudji Wahyudi Asbuton is rock asphalt located on Buton Island, Indonesia. The contained asphalt is hard and produces very high viscosities, making it very difficult to facilitate uniform coating of aggregates and to bind asphalt mixtures. These challenges in the process of incorporating Asbuton in asphalt mixtures make it less popular than the petroleum asphalt. The current Indonesia standards require Hot Mix Asphalt incorporating Asbuton (HMAA) to be cured for a few days before it is compacted (scenario 1). The curing duration is aimed to allow softening of the natural asphalt contained in Asbuton. This study investigated a new method of conditioning HMAA (scenario 2). The results showed that the volumetric and Marshall characteristics of HMAA were influenced by the curing time and compaction methods. The findings suggest that the curing method proposed in scenario 2 can be omitted; as such it can speed up the asphalting process. This study found that HMAA can be spread and compacted without curing, with a provision made for the road to be closed from traffic for a minimum of eight days after the compaction is complete. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Tala Mari Kabila Faris Hmood and Jawdat Goussous This research aims to find principles that achieve an integrated architectural environment in the desert environment that meets human needs and preserves the rights of future generations. Studying and analyzing the successful solutions and treatments provided by the traditional architectural environment in a desert environment and in a hot, dry climate help achieve this aim. Nowadays, we find a growing research interest in sustainability. This research paper concentrated on the relationship of the desert environment with the built environment to achieve an integrated environment to meet human needs, ration energy consumption and preserve the identity of the architecture. This research studies traditional architecture in a desert environment to identify appropriate solutions to the climatic environment and its ability to harmonize and respond to its climatic environment, with its high capacity to respond to human needs in these communities. The research adopted the analytical descriptive approach in its study of the relationship of the desert climatic environment with the built architectural environment. The Climate Consultant software is used for this research to recommend various design strategies suitable for each climate. The three central climates analyzed in this study are coastal desert areas, moderate desert areas, and hot, dry desert environments. In conclusion, this research found that in the past, the traditional environment has provided and continues to provide effective climatic solutions. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Abeer Mamdouh Taha Hisham Amr Bahgat and Ahmed Mostafa Abdel Ghafaar Conservation of heritage areas is one of the popular topics in many contemporary studies. Historic Cairo is teeming with historical monuments and landmarks that bear witness to an abundance of historical wealth evolved, not only as the historic capital of the Islamic world but as an exquisite, stunning amalgamation of ancient human ingenuity, regardless of Cairo's international and regional historical importance. It is subjected to extreme deterioration due to the rapid change in culture and social patterns. The heritage area conservation plans lack setting top priorities for the highly deteriorated areas that require accelerated preservation intervention, as well as severely overlooking the social aspects of tradition and customs that must be strategically ingrained in the reservation and urban conservation projects. The study assumed that one of the pillars of the reservation and urban regeneration projects was the social aspects. In addition, it aims to develop a methodology for prioritizing reservation and urban conservation areas as per social aspects. The study's findings revealed the significance of ingraining the social aspects into the reservation and urban conservation projects fabric. Furthermore, by setting a prioritizing methodology that ranks the reservation and urban conservation areas according to reservation criteria, the study result was validated against thorough surveys for the targeted conservation areas. In future conservation studies, it is recommended to integrate all (economic, environmental, and political) aspects and assign weighted criteria against each area with adherence to the system. The results should be incorporated into an integrated system that is statistically ranked to prioritize the preservation and urban conservation of the heritage areas. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Vivek C. G. and Sagar T. S. Many forts of South India are known for their art-historical aspects rather than their planning and architectural aspects [1]. The prevailing detailed survey reports available date back to 1802 when East India Company carried out a detailed documentation of the forts acquired by Tipu Sultan for establishing a defense base [1][2][3]. The inefficiency of the forts to hold a successful defense was neglected and hence turned functionally obsolete [1]. These deserted forts which possess various architectural and planning strategies worth conserving are cast aside due to lack of awareness. The current study presents one such fort located in Pavagada town which is explored along with documentation of the fort and its built heritage. Pavagada fort is one among the post-vijayanagara forts which came into prominence during the Nayaka rulers of Karnataka [2][3]. The fortified settlement possesses various structures built around the hill which hosts a settlement for its citizens and a royal citadel on the hill top [3]. Due to the negligence of the authorities and public, many heritage structures have vanished, and existing ones are undergoing deterioration. Hence, there is a strong need for documenting and conserving the fort and its built heritage. The current paper focuses on exploring the various historic built structures on the fort. Using GIS and visual assessment tools, the paper lists out the structures of the fort in their order of priority for conservation. The paper highlights the salient architectural features and values of the built structures on the fort emphasizing the need for conserving the fort and its built heritage. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Bilal M. Yasin and Jafar A. Al thawabteh This paper presents laboratory test results for two-column one-bay reinforced concrete (R/C) bare frames with or without masonry infills for 1:3 scale prototypes when the top beam is subjected to horizontal cyclic loading using 50kN axial load per column. It is well documented that infills affect the dynamic characteristics of building structures. At the same time, their uncertain behaviors have also been recorded. Many parameters, such as the infill materials, reinforcing of infills, connection to the surrounding frame by means of surrounded joint contact, local techniques, and others affect structural system behavior. The masonry infills increase the overall horizontal lateral strength and stiffness and partially structural strength; hence, proper use can positively affect the general seismic behavior. Masonry infill benefits were tested using several specimens: one virgin bare frame, one virgin bare frame with masonry infills, and one virgin frame with masonry infills and reinforced cement plaster. In this experimental series, the aim was to investigate and study the following parameters concerning the general problem of the frames and masonry infills under the influence of cyclic horizontal loading: the frame type, the masonry infill type and, the strength of mortars and coating used to construct the brick walls. The obtained results align with the results of similar studies in Greece. All results address the influence of the infills concerning stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation of the infilled R/C frames, which are significant parameters that should not be neglected. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Anup Krushnarao Chitkeshwar and P. L. Naktode The concrete is the material generally used in the construction industry. The natural aggregates are the essential materials used in the concrete, but it is observed that there is a shortage of these materials. Therefore, the cost of the material and eventually the construction cost go on increasing across the globe. The manufactured sand i.e. m-sand is a material which can replace the natural fine aggregates if used in proper proportion. Also, the m-sand can be produced in a good amount so that the construction cost is also not affected. In the present work, manufactured sand concrete is studied for the durability properties. Other materials like zinc oxide are also used in the concrete by weight of the cement. The partial replacement of river sand by m-sand is carried out in the percentage varying from 25% to 100%. The tests for the durability which involve water permeability test, acid attack test, sea water test and sulphate attack test have been carried out for the concrete. When the river sand is replaced by m-sand with 50% then the results for the durability obtained hold good results. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Thavasumony D and Nalanth N In the olden days, some eco-friendly and easily accessible materials such as mud, lime, and egg mixer were used in the building constructions. However, these materials are not sufficient to construct huge and more buildings. For this, the researchers preferred the cement as the main binding material used in the concrete mixture. The cement manufacturing companies are releasing more CO2 during cement production, which leads to the environmental pollution in the earth. To overcome the problem of the ecological system, this work proposed the Self Compacting Geo- Polymer Concrete – SCGPC, which is not a normal cement concrete. The SCGPC is used to fill cavities easily and rapidly without any compaction. The industrial wastes like fly ash, GGBS - Ground Granulated Blast - furnace Slag, metakaolin kaolinite, clay, iron ore, silica fume and limestone can be used as the substitute materials for cement. This work mainly concentrates on the effects of two specific mechanical properties such as split tensile and compressive strength of SCGPC by adding fly ash and GGBS. These factors were evaluated with the Alkaline Activator Solution (AAS) to fly ash and GGBS ratio, the ratio of Na2SiO3 solution to the NaOH solution, the dosage of superplasticizer, rest period and temperature degree. The proposed SCGPC (8M, 10M and 12M) has analyzed both split tensile and compressive strength in three sets (7, 28 and 56 days). At last, the analyzed results were compared with conventional concrete. Based on the comparison, while the increase of curing temperature, both mechanical properties of SCGPC have reduced. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Ivana Agnes Sompie Coriesta Dian Sulistiani and Tampanatu P. F. Sompie Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, apart from accommodating daily activities, the domestic space also needs to accommodate additional activities, such as studying and working from home, with a longer intensity of time. These activities produce sound and are also influenced by other sounds in the domestic space which then forms the domestic soundscape, thus triggering the sonic territoriality of each occupant to adapt according to their needs for sound. By using the theory of adaptation strategy, as well as the theory of territoriality regarding the mechanism of territorial control and the elements of space, this study aims to identify the adaptation strategies that are being carried out in the domestic space when certain sounds enter the territory that is being occupied. A case study with a qualitative method was conducted in a domestic space with residents who are active for a long time at home, using field observation and interview as the data collection techniques. From the observations, a mapping of the space, activities, and sounds of each occupant of the house was made. Based on the results of the case study, it was found that the adaptation strategies carried out in order to adapt according to their sonic territoriality are: adjustment, in the form of arranging the spatial components and shifting positions and orientations inside a territory, and withdrawal, in the form of moving from one room to another. These adaptations involve elements of space, which are mainly fixed and semifixed features, as well as territorial mechanisms: personalization and defense. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Siti Nurlita Fitri and Fitria Wahyuni The Pejagan-Pemalang toll road which is a Section II project was designed at different embankment heights on soft soil subgrade. The process involved investigating the slope stability of these embankments through the determination of the safety factor. This can be achieved using different methods such as the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the finite element method (FEM) which are considered the standard approaches. However, the presentation of different numerous results for the safety factors (SF) in landslide calculations usually makes it difficult for the engineer to understand some uncertain conditions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the safety factors using LEM and FEM approaches at different conditions. The soil subgrade used was in SPT and three models of the properties were obtained. Moreover, a Geo-Studio program with Slope-W analysis was applied using the Morgenstern-Price for the LEM and PLAXIS for the FEM. The height was varied at 2 to 8m with the slope H: V at 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2. The simulation was conducted at three different levels of groundwater. The results showed that the height, embankment geometry, and groundwater levels were affected in the SF analysis using the two methods. It was also discovered in all categories that higher embankments had smaller SF while the higher angle of slope produced a higher SF. Furthermore, the properties of the soft soil were observed to have influenced the SF result as indicated by the narrow difference in the correlation between the embankment height and SF. The results of the LEM and FEM were also compared and the observations were explained. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a guide for engineers, especially those in road toll projects, to determine the optimum model needed to predict slope failure in embankments for toll roads. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Ranad Bahaa Afify Mohamed Medhat Dorra Dalia Aboubakr and Indjy Mohamed Shawket We spend most of our lives indoors. For the majority of us, the time is spent at work, often in buildings that were not designed to facilitate well-being or any natural elements. Yet we prefer to be around fresh air, greenery and natural elements. Architects have improved the places we live and work, but they have paid little attention to physiological needs. ''Smart Biophilic design'' could be a tool for a more relaxed workplace, where nature is brought into the environment either physically or digitally, to relieve stress and improve an individual's well-being by bringing the outside in. Consequently, this study proposes a framework for developing the existing office buildings in Egypt into smart biophilic ones. Such a development will serve the society by improving productivity of employees which will lead to more financial revenues to companies as well as an improvement to the economy of the country. The study used a quantitative method to develop the framework, by applying a questionnaire to arrange the smart biophilic systems/materials according to specific criteria, then analyzing the questionnaire results to reach an action plan of arranged smart biophilic systems/materials as inputs to formulate existing workplaces framework. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between the physical environmental factors and productivity. Hence, this study recommends smart biophilic developments to the existing office buildings in Egypt to maintain healthy, highly efficient, and cost-saving productive buildings. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Karwan Khalid Ismael and Sarkawt Asaad Hasan This study investigates the ACI 318-19 two-way slab provisions for the long-term deflection control in flat plate slabs with an aspect ratio ranging between 1 to 3 at different panel locations (interior, edge, and corner) with a large span of 5.0 m, 7.5 m, and 10.0 m. Further, the study examines the effects of the relative beam-slab stiffness of the beams provided at the two long sides of flat plat slabs of aspect ratio greater than two using ACI318-19 recommended one-way slab thickness. The paper uses the Finite Element SAFE software to calculate the long-term deflection (LTD) by using nonlinear analysis (long-term cracked analysis) that considers concrete creep and shrinkage of two-way slabs and one-way slabs for different beam-slab stiffnesses and aspect ratios. The aspect ratio of a flat plate slab had a considerable effect on the LTD, where for slab panels of the same long span length and variable aspect ratio, as the aspect ratio gets smaller (square slab), the LTD increases, a behavior that ACI318-19 two-way slab deflection control procedures overlook. So, the deflection under the beams is within the ACI318-19 long-term deflection limits for different panel locations (interior, interior, exterior, and exterior edge). In addition, this part has been conducted to recommend a minimum relative beam-slab stiffness for the supporting beams. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Ahmed I. Hilal H. and Mohamed Husain Both experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) were used to study the interior slab-column connections made with pyramid-shaped drop panels subjected to vertical and horizontal loads. The dimensions of the models at "¼" linear scale for laboratory testing and FE Analysis (FEA) are derived from the rules for the dimensions of column drops, given a prototype "9.60m" grid and a slab thickness of "320mm". Lab specimens were tested with the drops (flat slab, rectangular, and pyramid-shaped) facing up, with loading (vertical down, and horizontal in the grid direction) applied by jacks towards the top of a central projecting "150mm" square column. One flat slab ("80mm" thick, no drop) tested to failure under vertical load (80kN) provided values for setting variables used in the FEA. The remaining "5" specimens were tested to failure by increasing the horizontal load to the column. The pyramid-shaped drop model, with equal thickness to the rectangular drop model at the column faces (drops of "40mm" and "30mm"), exhibits similar maximum force resistance to the rectangular drop models. However, these resistances were achieved in the pyramid drops at higher maximum deflections being measured downwards at the column centerline one half of the slab thickness. A parametric study was conducted by FEA at constant load, in vertical steps (10KN, 25KN, 55KN), calculating the deflections under increasing horizontal load. Calculations were made with the following definitions: Energy absorption is represented by the area under the deflection vs horizontal load curf; ductility is the ratio of deflection at maximum to deflection at yield, and the stiffness is the slope of the deflection load diagrams in the elastic zone. The pyramid-shaped drop model exhibited improved energy absorption, ductility, stiffness and overstrength compared to the rectangular drop models of the same column face thickness. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Saloma Arie Putra Usman Hanafiah and Cindy Violita Ramadhanty Lightweight geopolymer concrete is an innovative concrete from a combination of environmental-friendly geopolymer concrete and lightweight concrete which has a density of less than 2,400 kg/m3. This concrete does not use Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) but uses type F fly ash which has the same main composition as OPC namely silica and aluminum. Reducing the use of OPC aims to reduce the production of CO2 gas emissions which are the main contributors to global warming. This study aims to provide the information needed to develop lightweight geopolymer concrete to reduce carbon emissions and create environmental-friendly concrete materials. The constituent materials of lightweight geopolymer concrete include type F fly ash as precursors, Na2SiO3 and NaOH 14 M as activators, fine aggregates in the form of sand as concrete fillers, superplasticizers, and foam. The use of foam helps in reducing the density of lightweight geopolymer concrete. The ratio used in this study is 1:2 for activators and precursors, 1:2 for precursors and fine aggregates, 2.5:1 for Na2SiO3 and 14 M NaOH, and 1:40 for foam agents and water with a percentage of foam that is 50% of test object volume. The amount of plasticizer used is 3% of the weight of the precursor. Treatment of the lightweight geopolymer concrete using an oven with a temperature of 60°C for 24 hours and then the specimen coated with plastic wrap for 28 days to achieve maximum compressive strength. Curing for 28 days, the specimen has a compressive strength of 27.9 MPa with a specific gravity of 1,702.5 kg/m3. This research focuses on the durability of lightweight geopolymer concrete using 5% HCl acid solution under different conditions, which are left at room temperature, fully immersed in 5% HCl acid solution, and cyclic conditions. Tests were carried out on days 28 and 56 with observations of changes in compressive strength, density, visual conditions, Scanning Electron Microscope, and XRD. The results showed that acid solutions' long duration and soaking conditions, especially hydrochloric acid, affect lightweight geopolymer concrete. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Alexis Andrade Tito Castillo Marcel Paredes Ester Gimenez and Víctor García The present investigation focuses on the creation of a geopolymer, using pumice stone from Ecuador as a precursor material. The chemical composition of the pumice and the alkaline activation of the geopolymer with NaOH and Na2SiO3 were validated through a multi-criteria analysis that was used to identify the best mine among the ones located in Cotopaxi, Chimborazo, and Tungurahua states. Through laboratory tests, it was obtained that the best pumice stone had the presence of aluminum oxide and silicon in its composition, as well as amorphous particles, with a size of 40 to 50µm. The percentage of aluminum that was found in the mines of Cotopaxi, Imbabura, and Tungurahua states was 0.60%, 0.68%, and 1.50% respectively. In the fineness modulus tests, it stands out that more than 80% passes the 75µm sieve. In regards to the activation of the geopolymer, the average resistance of the deposits was Cotopaxi 22.60 MPa, Imbabura 23.03 MPa, and Tungurahua 23.03 MPa. In the geopolymer concrete, the average resistance values of each of the deposits were: Cotopaxi 4.21 MPa, Imbabura 8.05 MPa, and Tungurahua 8.67 MPa. The multicriteria analysis showed that the best option to create geopolymer concrete comes from the mine located in Tungurahua. It should be noted that the increase in NaOH concentration, maintaining the ratio of 2.4 in geopolymer cubes between Na2SiO3/NaOH as an activating solution, induces an increase in compressive strength. The concrete made from the Tungurahua mine, made up of 50% geopolymer and 50% aggregates. It is the one that showed the best properties with a compressive strength of 16.16 MPa, cured in an oven for 24 hours and at a temperature of 80°C. The design of geopolymer concrete that replaces the use of portland cement is the first step to reduce the pollution produced by hydraulic cement. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Luke Judson and Virendra Kumar Paul Known Uncertainty (KnU) factors are known to the project stakeholder as knowledge, but their occurrence and cost impact are uncertain in a given construction project. The determination of these factors is subjective at the planning stage. This can be achieved by analysing several projects in a given typology and characterising their occurrence. This paper presents the most critical and important (KnU) factors through extensive literature study, expert judgment, and secondary data. The (KnU) factors were ranked based on literature appearance in selected journals, and the top 30 (KnU) factors were selected for expert judgment to find the top 10 (KnU) factors in the Indian context. Further, secondary data was collected from published records of the Comptroller of Audit General (CAG) of India to find the (KnU) factors in building construction projects that faced cost overruns. The top (KnU) factors from literature, expert judgement and secondary data have been compared and catogorised. Based on the analysis, the (KnU) factors are categorised as the most critical and important. The most critical (KnU) factors are changes initiated by the stakeholder, material price fluctuation, and slow decision making. Based on secondary data, the recommendations for the top 5 (KnU) factors are developed. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Iryna Bulakh Nina Semyroz Svitlana Kysil Tetiana Bulhakova Nataliia Mezhenna Vadym Abyzov Svitlana Zymina and Viktoriia Bulakh The article is devoted to the study of the organization of air medicine and the architectural design of helipads in hospitals located in an urban environment. Also, the article has an attempt to draw public attention to the inevitable development of air medical aviation as a new and promising type of emergency medical transport in dense urban areas, which, in the processes of urbanization, will be aggravated by blocking the possibility of automobile movement in the city. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main problems and difficulties that accompany the design and operation of medical helipads in an urban environment, as well as to propose and systematize the main features and parameters that must be considered when designing helipads in hospitals. Methodology: the study consists of a systematic, and comprehensive analysis of the problems of architectural design of hospital helipads. The study used the analysis of literary, normative, informational sources, graphic-analytical methods, photographs and field research. The research methodology consists of a set of methods of practical, theoretical, empirical, retrospective and factor analysis. Conclusions: when designing a heliport in a hospital, it is essential to provide the shortest and safest route for a patient to the intensive care unit or operating room. Helipads for medical use are best located directly on the hospital grounds (on the roof of a hospital building or outbuilding, on the ground). It is also necessary to take into account the presence of a network of public heliports, which will create the possibility of landing and takeoff of medical helicopters in different parts of the urban space. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Erno Widayanto Indra Nurtjahjaningtyas and Dan Sulfiatun Faizeh Designing columns with reinforced concrete material is often used in building construction so that reinforced concrete has several advantages. It is the availability of material, but requires a large dimension in holding high capacity. To reduce the dimensions of the column structure, a composite structure can be designed. In this study, an analysis will be carried out to determine the difference in dimensions that can be provided by reinforced concrete columns and composite columns holding an equivalent nominal capacity. This analysis was carried out in a case study of the planning of a 7-story lecture building. The initial design of the column applied is a reinforced concrete column which will then be redesigned with a composite structure using a WF steel profile. Based on the results of the research analysis, it shows that in holding the nominal capacity equivalent, the dimensions of the composite column used are smaller than the reinforced concrete column. In addition, the volume requirement of the material is also lower. This indicates that the composite column is good enough to be applied in building planning. In terms of price, all sizes of composite of profile WF columns are relatively more expensive than ordinary reinforced concrete columns. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Haider M. H. In this study, a strengthening system to control a tilt of about 80cm from vertical axis in the northeast minaret of AL- Kadhimin shrine that is located in the city of Baghdad, Iraq is proposed. The shrine consists of four minarets with two domes inside a big courtyard. Due to uncontrolled dewatering process inside the shrine, the four minarets have tilted in different angles, but the most severe tilt occurred in the northeast minaret. The dewatering well that operated near the minaret is causing water table level to decrease and effective stresses of the soil to increase. This results in a differential settlement of the minaret foundation. In order to protect the minaret's foundation from potential lateral loads, a group micro-piles have been proposed around the minaret. A Three-dimensional numerical analysis is used to analyze this problem by using PLAXIS 3D model. Different diameters, depths, angles of inclination were used to simulate the performance of single-row and double-row micro pile systems. The simulation results showed that the proposed micro pile system is an effective solution in resisting lateral loads and controlling the tilt that occurred in the minaret. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Dina Salem Sara I. Khalifa and Sara Tarek Cities are becoming automobile-oriented, driving is chosen for mobility over walking, and planning walkable cities is now a necessity, not a luxury, for people's health and the environment. Considerable research supports that natural settings and quality urban landscapes can promote more walking and encourage physical activity in general. The main objective of the presented study is to determine urban landscape qualities and features that can enhance the walking experience in two different types of urban communities in Greater Cairo Region, the inner-city areas and the new urban communities (suburbs). For this purpose, the paper starts with defining walkability, walkable communities, and their characteristics and benefits, and then discusses the factors that influence travel behaviour in Cairo, focusing on those related to urban landscape qualities. Then the study follows a quantitative approach using a public survey to investigate factors that can encourage or discourage walking in inner-city areas and suburbs and the landscape qualities and features that can influence these factors. Survey results showed that urban landscape qualities that can provide a good walking environment could be categorized under three main categories: safety, comfort, and level of interest. Exploratory factor analysis results showed that these factors can be also categorized as basic and enhancement factors. Safety is mainly influenced by separation from traffic and adequate night lighting. While thermal comfort is the most influential factor in achieving pedestrian comfort, the richness of landscape elements and using special themes and local plants and materials strongly influence people's interest and their choice of specific routes over others. The study points out that the areas that achieve proximity of residential units to daily needed services have a higher potential for interventions to promote walking for all trip purposes. While in areas like suburbs where there are vast areas between uses, landscape qualities can only promote walking for leisure or physical activity but not a choice as an everyday travel behaviour. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Hawaa A. Obaid and Ameer A. Hilal A study has been undertaken to assess some characteristics of foamed concrete, with a given density of 1200 kg/m3, made with expanded polystyrene foam aggregate (EPS). In addition, EPS particles were thermally treated to produce modified expanded polystyrene foam aggregate (MEPS). Thermally treating approach was applied as an effective method to enhance strength of expanded polystyrene foam particles leading to enhance the properties of produced concrete. To investigate the effect of foam presence, normal concrete mix was designed and compared with foamed concrete mix produced with the same mortar content. Properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength and drying shrinkage were assessed. It was found that adding recycled expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) as aggregates helped in slightly enhancing both the strength and shrinkage of foamed concrete. However, thermally treated of EPS to produce MEPS particles resulted in increasing the compressive and tensile strengths by about 68% and 79%, respectively; and reducing the shrinkage by about 52% of that of conventional foamed concrete mix, without EPS. In addition, adding polystyrene aggregates in both states (EPS and MEPS) slightly reduced the spread diameter. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Yusep Muslih Purwana Garup Lambang Goro Siti Nurlita Fitri Bambang Setiawan and Reki Arbianto Surakarta is a relatively small yet is categorized as a densely populated city. There are a lot of types of public buildings, such as hospitals, supermarkets, government infrastructures, and school buildings. The city has more than 1100 school buildings threatened by many potential earthquakes. The possibility of an earthquake hitting Surakarta may be fatal and cause significant losses of buildings. However, studies on seismic hazard of the city are still very rare and need more attention. This paper presents a recent study on the seismic loss assessment of school building in Surakarta. The survey has been conducted by a team to visit, check, record and document all the required information to obtain exposure, combined with the information from google map application, while the seismic hazard analysis was carried out using the event-based stochastic method. An open-source application, OpenQuake, was utilized to assess the seismic loss and the results were presented here. The elaborated analysis is presented concluding that the exposure and vulnerability of school buildings are very important factors to determine a risk of loss. It indicates that the wooden school building contributes a highest risk of loss, whereas the confined masonry ones give a lowest risk. Among the whole sub districts in Surakarta, it is assessed that Laweyan suffers the biggest seismic loss of 2.36 million USD due to 500 years return period earthquake and 5.39 million USD due to 2500 years return period earthquake. These results of this study are valuable information for government in order to overcome disaster mitigation policy of Surakarta. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Mahenda Said Elsayed Mohamed Atef Abou Ashour and Yasmine Sabry Hegazi Buildings may last on civilisations, evolve and change, but their reuse emphasises continuity. The building can retain the mention of the previous function and value. It has a memory of its former purpose rooted in its very structure. As long as new additions were likely to design in the same styles as their historic neighbours, the word "fit" was rarely a problem. However, since the emergence of modernist architecture in the United States in the 1950s, a style that defined itself in terms of opposing traditional styles and assumptions about design has been an essential part of the preservation mission of taming the ambitions of modernist architects. So the problem of the research lies in the lack of a basis for the philosophy of additions, as the additions are made randomly, which makes them incompatible with the old building in terms of its size, shape, and philosophy. Hence, the main objective of the research is to create a framework for the design philosophy of external additions to heritage buildings and to design a model guide for architects during the decision-making process to evaluate these projects for their reuse in Egypt. This goal will only be achieved after achieving some secondary goals: highlight the importance of these additions to heritage buildings. Study the old building regarding its philosophy, size, and materials used to design an addition commensurate with it. Find out how the additions integrate with the heritage buildings and how they will fit the new function by respecting each other. The research methodology relied on studying the philosophy of designing heritage buildings and external additions, as well as studying intellectual trends in architecture in the first half of the twentieth century through designing and submitting a questionnaire to take people's views on the philosophy of designing these buildings and their intellectual trends, and connecting it through social networks and interviews. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Hilma Tamiami Fachrudin and Imam Faisal Pane This study conducts to explore and identify the development journey of Niuweu Bowen architecture in Medan. This architecture developed in the Netherlands is in line with the development of Modern Architecture in Europe. Its evolution is inseparable from the Industrial Revolution that hit European countries at that time. With patterns and forms that are no longer the same as the architecture of the previous period (Renaissance Architecture), this architecture has spread to various corners of the world. Indonesia, which became a Dutch colony, also felt this influence entering the architectural formations in Indonesia. The most prominent derivative is a part of the building that elevate likes a tower but is not too high from the main building. This study aims to identify the forms and characteristics of this architecture in Medan city which can add to the visual quality of the city. The study location is in Medan city, especially where there are relics of the Dutch colonial buildings. The method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative to describe and examine the facts contained in the field and analyze them with the theories used. The results obtained are that the architecture has the same essence as Modern Architecture but is different from the play of forms and building facades. Windows, ornament, decoration, and towers have a correlation with visual quality. The presence of buildings in the Niuweu Bouwen style can add to the visual quality of the city through the facade of the building appears. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Subbiah Ajith Veerasimman Arumugaprabu and Mariusz Szóstak The construction industry is one of the most accident-susceptible sectors of the national economy and is characterized by a high rate of accidentality. The Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) is a generic method to identify human error. This technique uses generic task types and error producing conditions to calculate the probable human error. It is known that unsafe acts in the activity will also lead to unplanned events. Therefore, in this research, in addition to the existing factors, the probability of unsafe acts is also integrated. From the results, it is known that excavation (0.957), reinforcement erection for footing & column (0.631) and crane operation (0.269) are the tasks with a higher probability of human error. This can be minimized by frequent safety trainings to the workers and providing suitable personnel protective equipment (PPE) by the management. This proposed method may be applicable for all the workplaces, as it has a generic method to quantify human error with the task and error producing conditions. Knowledge of the circumstances of accidents will enable the formulation or modification of the labour law to be properly formulated, as well as the appropriate orientation of preventive measures and trainings in the field of occupational safety. All participants in the investment process: workers, construction site managers and supervisors, should be the recipients of these activities, who are also exposed to hazards and may suffer from accidents while performing their activities at a construction site. Parameters and the probable human error described by the authors allow for a comprehensive assessment of hazards and the probability of accident occurrences. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Aya Said Muawad Rania Rushdy Moussa and Marianne Nabil Guirguis Over the last twenty years, gated communities have been growing rapidly in Egypt to present a better living standard to their residents. Accordingly, a lot of Egyptians moved to gated communities to improve their Quality of Life through upgrading their human need satisfaction level. The rapid development of gated residential communities combined with some problems, and gated communities are not preferable to some residents because they are far away from downtown and from most famous neighborhoods in Egypt. Research showed that living in the suburbs has direct and indirect effects on human psychological behavior. It affects people's leisure in addition to the clear classification that has been introduced among the Egyptians according to their address. Nevertheless, gated communities could participate in enhancing residents' security, understanding, spirituality and other human needs. This paper aims at investigating the impact of living in gated communities on middle class residents' Quality of Life by illustrating positive and negative impacts on both residents and non-residents of gated communities in a comparative method. This is achieved through a qualitative methodology that clarifies how Quality of Life for gated community residents has been improved. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Sep 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 5 Dragana Ćirić As a part of the series of studies that have investigated different aspects of the Exo project and its arguments for the format and technical solution of the computed architecture-instrument, this paper focuses on main attributes and criteria that qualify this kind of architectural design for the categories of dynamic and kinetic responsive architectural systems, inquiring spatial and technological integration and design they claim. The concepts of these systems, theoretically presumed and practically tested in this project, have been contextualized within the wider field of research in this area (including relevant literature, comparative and referential examples), activating hereby interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary potentials for resolving critical issues of the desired and analyzed architectural format. By converging sentience (remote and close-up sensing), electronic integration, algorithmic (software) command-and-control and automation, smart or intelligent performance, kinetics, performativity, adaptability, responsiveness, and interaction in relation to the variable (dynamic) input parameters, Exo claims the status of the representative example of the argued and investigated system design. Since the first stage of the experiment (the proof of a concept) has left the full application of targeted attributes partly unresolved, their detailed analysis and critical observation will be provided and presented so as to refine and more precisely direct further prototyping and project development. In parallel, the particularity of this case will be led towards the universal set of principles within the aim of its wider application in different design situations. PubDate: Sep 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Kingsley Okechukwu Dimuna Monoyoren Emmanuel Omatsone Abumere Akhanolu Lucky Osavuogbe Edokpolo and Regina Omondiale One of the most challenging phenomena confronting urban design professionals is the increasing rate of urbanization in the world especially in the developing countries. The impact of urbanization has been both positive and negative on the built environment. Evidence of the impact of urbanization process could be seen in the location of pubs within residential neighbourhoods in Benin City. This study assesses this development in terms of the physical, social, and environmental development of the study area. The study relied on quantitative and qualitative data collected from 23 pubs through administration of structured questionnaires, observations and interviews in the research area. Data were analysed using the structured equation modelling (SEM) and content analysis techniques respectively. The Path analysis shows that urbanization has a positive impact on pubs and this relationship is significant at 5%. The result implies that the increases in the number of pubs in the study area have been facilitated by the magnitude of urbanization. However, the path analysis from Pubs on residential satisfaction reflected a negative coefficient which suggests that, the effect of pubs on residential neighbourhoods is negative and this is significant at 5%. The study concludes that indiscriminate location of pubs within low density residential neighbourhoods has negative effect on easement. Recommendations that may enhance sustainable living built environment are suggested. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Leenah Fakahani Sara Aljehani Rahaf Baghdadi and Abdel-Moniem El-Shorbagy Technology has changed so much over the years and it has contributed a lot to the advancement of the many aspects of the industry as well as people's daily life. Architecture is not spared from this change and has benefited a lot from the development of this technology. With this, it is no secret that one aspect of technology that has changed the world is virtual reality. This study outlines the application of virtual reality in various sectors such as industrial, architecture design, science and technology, education as well as entertainment. There is a great potential of virtual reality in the future, especially in two different aspects namely technological and social. The importance of virtual reality in architecture is relying on the advancement of technologies, applications and processes. The use of virtual reality in architecture can be classified into several categories, namely landscape, building, interior, and exterior. Moreover, this study also elucidates the challenges of virtual reality in architecture and education. All in all, the virtual reality in architectural highlights the multiple advantages of multiple applications, and overcomes the defining challenges which may lead to the successful realization of virtual reality in architecture. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Safaa Fahad Alradade Ahmed M. Refaat and Aida Nayer The Senior Club serves as a space for seniors, connecting with the community and promoting healthy aging through a variety of resources to help them stay active and independent. Therefore, this study proposes a plan for the development of senior clubs, which is a center for social and therapeutic activities for older adults at specific times of the day. The project design for this research is based on two case studies, the social housing for the elderly in Alcácer do Sal and the Guangxi elderly center. The project design in this study includes several important areas, such as public areas, educational areas, administrative areas, support service areas, fitness areas and residential areas. The proposed project site for the project is located in the Obhur Al-Shamaliyah district, as the site has significant advantages in terms of shape and scale, topography, accessibility and visual quality. Lastly, this project aims to provide a good environment for the elderly to connect with others, especially to learn new knowledge, and to believe that they can live long and disease-free. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Noviani Suryasari Antariksa Lisa Dwi Wulandari and Herry Santosa The building is a form of design work that must have visual quality through the expression of the facade. The visual quality of the building facade is one of the important concerns of the designer, motivated by certain aesthetic concepts, manifested through the arrangement of visual elements and expressed in the formal character of the building. Formal aesthetics as part of the overall aesthetic scope in addition to sensory and symbolic aesthetics is important to show how much visual quality of a building is expressed through its facade. This study aims to find out how the formal aesthetics of six selected heritage public buildings with Dutch East Indies architecture in Malang City through the analysis of the quality of the visual elements of the building facade. The relevance of the quality of this element lies in its importance in the preservation of a heritage building in maintaining certain aesthetic values through hierarchical visual qualification of elements. The method used was a descriptive qualitative analysis based on the paradigmatic syntagmatic relationship that exists in the arrangement of the visual elements of the building facade. The results of this study indicate that authenticity, representation, and inclusiveness determine the level of importance of visual elements in building facade designs that contain certain formal aesthetics. Authentic, representative, and inclusive elements in the facade design of a historic public building with Dutch East Indies architecture in Malang City greatly determine the sustainability of visual quality in its context as a heritage building. The difference in the importance of the three elements determines how much tolerance for changes can be made to significant visual elements. The recognition of the authentic, representative, and inclusive elements of a heritage building aims to provide direction for architectural preservation efforts to the right strategy. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Dheeresh Kumar Nayak Abhilash P P Rahul Singh Rajesh Kumar and Veerendra Kumar The marsh cone test is a defined procedure to determine the quantitative fluidity of cement with mineral admixtures along with the saturation dosage and the efficiency of the superplasticizer (SP). In the present study, three mineral admixtures, micro-silica (MS), fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were used as cement replacement. Poly-carboxylate ether-based superplasticizer was used as a chemical admixture. Blends of cement and mineral admixtures with water/binder (w/b) ratios ranging from 0.40 to 0.60 at every interval of 0.05 were examined against the different dosages for SP. All the binder mixes reached a saturation dosage for SP, after which there is no change in the fluidity of the mix. The obtained dosage is considered the maximum amount of SP added to the concrete with the respective binder type. The replacement percentage of cement with mineral admixture also affected the fluidity of the binder mix. A decrease in the fluidity of binder mix was observed on increasing the amount of mineral admixture in it. At a higher w/b ratio, a significantly less SP dosage is required to attain saturation point and vice-versa. Based on the experimental investigation, it is concluded that the efficiency of SP depends on its dosage, the w/b ratio, the type and amount of mineral admixture. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 N. M. Mahmoud H. H. Azmi O. Fatehe and M. S. EL-Sawy It has been noted that ancient civilizations, like the Ancient Greeks, Babylonians, and the Ancient Egyptians, were interested in directing buildings towards astronomy. This directive represents a mystery that the modern architect could not understand, which rompted the research to deal with this problem experimentally to prove whether or not there was an effect of architectural spaces oriented towards astronomy on living organisms. Accordingly, this experiment was implemented on microorganisms such as algae of the type (Chlorella Vulgaris) by designing spaces and then directing them towards astronomy at times with unique characteristics being chosen and directed to it, and placing algae in them to study the changes that occurred in them as a result of placing them in those spaces. The experiment concluded that there was a clear relevance between directed spaces according to astronomical parameters and the well-being of living organisms. The search objective was to reach an answer to the research question, is there any importance to the effect of directing architectural spaces toward astronomy or not on living organisms' And why' The research results showed the importance of orientation towards astronomy, as it was in all previous civilizations, and the absence of this importance at present. The choice of building construction time and the guidance of the astronomer enhance the required purpose of the building and increase its efficiency and the efficiency of its users. The Scientific addition to research showed that the main value of the research is proving the effect of directing architectural spaces towards astronomy on living organism using an experimental study on microorganisms, it was found that there is an important effect of space that is oriented to astronomy on living organisms to raise its efficiency and the efficiency of its users. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Sara Essam Ali Mohammed Anwar Zayed and Ayman Mohammed Mostafa Transportation hubs are major urban nodes and they play a unique role in enhancing cities' infrastructures. However, analyzing the process of selecting transportation hubs' Locations and relevant methodologies reveals a significant lack of including urban criteria and indicators in planning and application. The adopted factors and criteria of selection are limited to requirements of mobility and transportation, without having a clear description/measuring indicators of significant urban criteria. This paper aims to integrate urban criteria in selecting the best places for transportation hubs. First, this is accomplished by identifying such comprehensive criteria for location selection. In identifying criteria, the research methodology relied on various layers, include: inferring relationships between transportation development and modern urban trends, analysis of different approaches developed in planning transportation hubs, spotting differences in literature in transportation and urbanism disciplines concerning selecting points of transportation hubs, and finally, through analysis of global trials in the Location selection process and inferring common points. Six groups of comprehensive criteria were developed; under these groups fall some main and sub-criteria. Measurement indicators were found for each criterion and reference points for each indicator on a 1-5 Likert Scale. Then, Results were presented to 36 academic experts in transportation and urban planning, to ensure the quality, of each group of criteria separately. In general, the results were largely positive. 26.3% of the experts agree that criteria are excellent, 52.6% say they are very good, and 21.1% think they are good. Meanwhile, 100% agree that criteria are applicable to any city, and 93% find the measurement indicators sufficient. Finally, using Saati's hierarchical analysis, the relative weights of the proposed criteria were found depending on expert views via a series of paired comparisons. In conclusion, the results introduced by this model can be used for assessing each transportation hub nominated location. Thus, the research gap in the practical methodology adopted was filled. This would help planners spot all factors influencing location determination and assess their total urban impacts. Hence, sound decisions can be made, considering the urban surroundings, current and future development, and achieving maximum desired benefit from transportation hubs at all levels, supporting layout decisions. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Dragana Ćirić As a part of the series of studies that have investigated different aspects of the Exo project and its arguments for the format and technical solution of the computed architecture-instrument, this paper focuses on main attributes and criteria that qualify this kind of architectural design for the categories of dynamic and kinetic responsive architectural systems, inquiring spatial and technological integration and design they claim. The concepts of these systems, theoretically presumed and practically tested in this project, have been contextualized within the wider field of research in this area (including relevant literature, comparative and referential examples), activating hereby interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary potentials for resolving critical issues of the desired and analyzed architectural format. By converging sentience (remote and close-up sensing), electronic integration, algorithmic (software) command-and-control and automation, smart or intelligent performance, kinetics, performativity, adaptability, responsiveness, and interaction in relation to the variable (dynamic) input parameters, Exo claims the status of the representative example of the argued and investigated system design. Since the first stage of the experiment (the proof of a concept) has left the full application of targeted attributes partly unresolved, their detailed analysis and critical observation will be provided and presented so as to refine and more precisely direct further prototyping and project development. In parallel, the particularity of this case will be led towards the universal set of principles within the aim of its wider application in different design situations. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Bashar Alomari Rabab Allouzi and Amer Alkloub Recycled aggregates are one of the options that can be used to form the concrete because they can be considered as environmental-friendly. Using of high replacement ratio of recycled aggregates decreases the compressive strength of the concrete and weakens the rest mechanical properties. This study intended to investigate the effect of the confinement on Reinforced concrete (RC) columns that are made with recycled aggregates since it raises the compressive strength of concrete and improves the behavior of RC columns. This study is analytical and conducted based on the available data in literature of 34 columns that were tested experimentally under axial load only by other researchers, containing various ratios of recycled aggregates. The collected data of axial load capacity are compared with ACI318-19 provisions. It can be used to estimate axial load capacity. Confinement factors are calculated and compared with Mander's formula. It is concluded that Mander's equation can be used after being multiplied by the modification factors derived in this study to better reflect the confinement state. Also, a new formula is derived to estimate the unconfined compressive strength of the concrete based on the used replacement ratio of recycled aggregates. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 R. Jachrizal Sumabrata Dadang Iskandar and Radhitya Abiyoga The quality of road infrastructure in Indonesia is ranked 64th out of 137 countries studied behind Singapore which was placed 2nd, Malaysia 23rd, Brunei Darussalam 33rd, and Thailand 59th. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to analyze the sustainability indicators for the road infrastructures in the country and also to evaluate the effect of these indicators based on the perceptions of civil servants and contractors. The process involved conducting a literature review to identify the variables and indicators while a survey was used to gauge the perceptions of the respondents. The data obtained were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling with a Partial Least Square approach. The results showed the most influential indicator for existing and expected road infrastructures were road lighting with a loading factor of 0.904 and environmental assessment process with 1.000 respectively according to the government employees. Meanwhile, the construction company employees believed it was the environmental assessment process with 1.000 as well as pedestrian access, bicycle route, and public transportation with 1.000 respectively. The usefulness of this research is to produce indicators that can be used by infrastructure managers to improve their performance by seeking the development and maintenance of the right infrastructure so that it can be used according to the needs of the user. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Tri Suyono Agustinus Purna Irawan Wati Asriningsih Pranoto and Ahmad Fudholi The supply of fresh water for people who live on small islands but do not have a fresh water source is often a problem, especially regarding the selection of technology and raw water sources. So far, many people on the island who do not have a source of fresh water have to take water from a nearby island, or use rainwater during the rainy season. The use of technology that requires electrical energy and fuel will make the price of water expensive, so we need a fresh water supply technology that is easy to maintain and cheap in operational costs so that it can be done with local human resources and facilities. Pipe installation technology which is often used in gas and oil pipelines as well as electric cables requires special vessels which of course must be imported from other places, which will certainly have consequences for installation costs. If using this technology for installing fresh water pipes for domestic consumption purposes that are not business-oriented on a large scale, it is not suitable, so it is necessary to innovate so that pipe installation can be carried out at a lower cost which can also be installed by residents of the island, so that it will be easier for operation, maintenance and repair. The installation of an inter-island freshwater subsea pipeline using the TJ-19 method is very suitable because it does not require a special vessel and also does not require other sophisticated equipment, the installation can be carried out with a modified boat so that it can be used to install pipes more easily. The installation technique is to stretch the pipe in front of the boat for 100 m and at the end of the pipe, it is tied with a rope and given an anchor weight of 1,200 kg to maintain the coordinates of the pipe installation. Pipe installation is recommended when the maximum sea current speed is 0.8 m/s and the maximum wave height is 1 meter, so that the process of lowering the pipe can be carried out at the planned point. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Christian Asmat Cecilia Jimenez Teresa Montoya and Silvana Loayza This article refers to the conception, design, experimentation and optimization of a timber structure for the construction of a temporary dwelling for the high altitude Andean region of southern Peru. The objective was to design a modular structure, which can be easily assembled and disassembled, adapted to the characteristics of the soil at 4800 meters above sea level, and able to hold insulation panels made of natural fibers - totora. A critical part of this structure was the design of the foundation, due to the hard soil of this region. The structural design of the module had particularities because it is a temporary and non-conventional dwelling. A seismic spectrum design for temporary dwelling was elaborated, with a return period of 50 years and 10% of exceedance probability. A maximum velocity of 130 km/h was considered for the wind design, with maximum resultant pressure and suction of 665Pa and 500Pa, respectively. I-shaped composite wall studs were used for increasing resistance to lateral loads and holding the "totora" insulation panels. This is part of the research project "Design and validation of a constructive technology of provisional housing for the high-altitude Andean region of southern Peru". PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Safaa A. Ghoneim and Walid A. Abdellatif The increasing severity of climate changes and environmental risks led to the paradigm shift in urban planning towards increasing the resilience of cities. However, coastal cities are on the frontline facing these risks and challenges. The local context in developing countries is adding more pressure on city resilience. In Egypt, the Red Sea cities are increasingly exposed to flash floods, and storms under the uncertainties of environmental risks. They have special local environmental, social, cultural, and economic characteristics. This research aims to develop a customized community resiliency assessment tool, which considers the local context of Egyptian coastal cities. The literature shows that more than 30 tools and frameworks to assess resilience have been developed. However, this paper argues that indicator-based tools of assessment should be tailored to reflect the local context. From here, available tools from different perspectives and their associated indicators were reviewed and filtered according to the Egyptian context and national data drivers. Then the special environmental, social, cultural, and economic features of the study area "Red Sea" were highlighted as a reference to the next step of indicator selection. The appropriate criteria were developed and tested using data of Red Sea cities (i.e. Ras-Gharib, Hurghada, Safaga, El-Qusair, Marsa-Alam, Halaib and Shalateen). The case studies application and assessments included analyses of environmental parameters, and statistical analyses of social, and economic parameters. It showed high applicability and produced a resilience index of the coastal cities of the red sea region. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Dinal Aulia and Albert Eddy Husin Modular construction has been applied in low-rise buildings over the past three decades, but its application in high-rise buildings is still less than 1% worldwide. Thus, the need for high-rise residential buildings applying modular construction in Indonesia becomes very important. The unavailability of design guidelines disrupts the life cycle of modular construction projects. This study aims to analyze the factors which affect the risk manageability of on-time performance in modular construction residential high-rise building projects, then analyze risk manageability modeling using dynamic systems for on-time performance, then analyze the results of the simulations and modeling scenarios of risk manageability using dynamic systems to improve time performance. The research variables were obtained based on the results of a literature study seeking the opinions of experts qualified in this field. The methods used were cause flow diagram models which were then developed into stock-flow diagrams with input formulation and validation, thereafter simulations and scenarios were carried out and reviewed for time overrun. The research results showed 15 factors of risk manageability that affect on-time performance in the modular construction of residential high-rise buildings. Without any mitigation of the risks, the highest time overrun of 12.79 days was incurred due to drawing approval, then design standardization of 12.79 days, and supply chain 12.78 days. The results of scenario #3 showed an optimistic alternative with a 53.55% improvement whereby project delays decreased from 126 days/25.25% to 59.17 days/11.8%, delivering a time overrun of PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Usama Konbr and Ehab Maher Most people use stairs during emergencies and evacuations. Therefore, this study addressed the impact of staircase rotation to minimize physical effort and evacuation time, hypothesizing that staircase rotation affects the evacuation speed and the safety of the occupants. This study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, a questionnaire was delivered to architects, with two key questions about the preferred direction in daily use and the other regarding evacuation cases. The second stage involved field experiments on two different staircases in the rotational direction, which were applied to 53 participants to measure the efficiency of the staircases in four cases (slow descent, slow ascent, fast descent and fast ascent). The counter-clockwise staircase during the field experiments showed better results and was more efficient. The heart pulse rate (pulse/min) in the clockwise case showed a clear increase compared to the counter-clockwise case by 12.89% for slow descending, 6.91% for fast descending, 21.51% for slow ascending, and 18.27% for fast ascending. Therefore, the theoretical and practical results of the study validated the hypothesis on the impact of the staircase rotation on user comfort and evacuation speed. Moreover, it was concluded that counter-clockwise staircases provided faster evacuation with less physical effort. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Rahul Singh Dheeresh Kumar Nayak Rajesh Kumar and Veerendra Kumar The use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is one of the best solutions to mitigate the problem of ecological instability created by concrete waste. RCA has less crushing strength, impact resistance, specific gravity, and more water absorption capacity than the natural aggregate (NA). To overcome the compromised properties of RCA, a comprehensive study supported by the experimental investigation is required. This paper prescribes a methodology based on experimental investigation for the use of coarse-RCA (C-RCA) of size (4.75-20mm) as 100% replacement of coarse-NA in fresh concrete. A "remodified two-stage mixing approach (R-TSMA)" supported by a physical treatment method is proposed here to increase the bond strength between RCA and new mortar. Micro-structure of RCA-C has been studied via optical microscope as well as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Effect of parent concrete quality is influential only at early curing age (7 and 14 days), but after 28 days of curing its influence reduced, such that RCA-C sample showed 5% higher compressive strength and about 4% higher in flexural strength than NA-C. At 90 days of curing, all RCA samples showed higher compressive and flexural strength than NA-C. Similarly, carbonation curing enhanced the strength of RCA-C by higher margin than NA-C. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Budi Rahardjo Indrasurya B. Mochtar and Hera Widyastuti Changing the railway line from single track to double track will increase the railway line capacity, which means there is an additional number of train trips. Even though it has become a double track, the train trip still passes through a level crossing. If the number of train trips increases, it will result in more frequent level crossing gates being closed, or it can also result in more extended gate closing times. When the level crossing gate is closed, there will be a road traffic conflict; the traffic will stop and form a queue. The more often the level crossing gate is closed, the more road traffic conflicts will increase. By using the Indonesian method for calculating the railway line capacity, the change from single track to double track will increase the railway line capacity by 2.35 times. However, this calculation has not considered the existence of a level crossing, so this study aims to determine the amount of the railway line capacity that can be achieved, which is influenced by the level crossing without significantly increasing road traffic conflicts. The research method was carried out by taking data on train trips and road traffic at the level crossing that exists today, which is still a single line, then simulating the conditions when it has turned into a double track. Simulations are carried out by adding the number of train trips according to the double track capacity. Simulation results showed that at the level crossing, the factor affecting the increase in the railway capacity line is the headway time between the closing of the level crossing gate. For headway time values below or equal with 2.5 minutes, the line capacity increases by 1.5 times the single-line capacity. As for the headway time value above 2.5 minutes, the line capacity increases to 2.35 times the capacity of the single line. From this research, it can be concluded that the level crossing affects increasing the capacity of the railway line. To achieve maximum railroad capacity, the headway time between closing the level crossing gate must be more significant than 2.5 minutes. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Shiwanshu Shekhar Medha Jha Manvendra Singh Chauhan Pranav Kumar and Santosh Kumar Groundwater is an important source of water worldwide due to its wide availability and generally good quality. Earlier groundwater was easily accessible to meet various domestic demands, but recently, it is vulnerable depletion in many areas due to over exploitation and mismanagement of groundwater resources. This study used the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to forecast groundwater (GW) level near Varanasi. ANN is a way to develop a prediction model based on the human brain's functions. This research provides a flawless prediction using the LM (Levenberg-Marquardt) and GDX training algorithms (Adaptive Learning rate with back Propagation). Data from eight wells, annual precipitation, the maximum and minimum temperatures, and relative humidity are all accepted as inputs, while the output is expected groundwater levels. The R (regression coefficient) and RMSE (root mean square error) values were used to measure model competency and precision. The observed R and RMSE values for the majority of the wells were heading towards unity using the LM technique. This LM technique is effective when we have a limited amount of data, and it is believed that this strategy will produce a precise result for a large amount of data. When there is a data constraint, the LM approach is found to be appropriate for determining any forecast of water fluctuations. This technique produces accurate results when the river location is used as an input in the artificial neural network (ANN). PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Piyadech Arkarapotiwong and Sumavalee Chindapol In the period of traditional Lanna in 19th century, Chiang Mai was a major city in Lanna region and was a vassal state of Siam. Under traditional custom, a vassal state only sent a tribute to the supreme power which was Bangkok and had a full rightfulness to govern their own territories. However, in the second half of the reign of King Rama V, there was the establishing of new governance system which tried to centralize the country. Consequently, there were many centralization policies enacted in the country. The modern prison of Chiang Mai City was constructed under the Siamese centralization policy. The transition of such style greatly impacted the concepts of punishments under the correctional system in the country. This research aimed to study the development of prisons from the customary system to the modern one in terms of physical changes, utilizations and relevant concepts. The research conducted by using empirical study in the actual site, gathering information from relevance documents and interviews, the conclusion of this research came from comparing both sources. It found out that Siam and Chiang Mai had developed some correction methods related with architecture. The impacts of administrative reforms on the architectural styles took part in corrections in terms of both punishment and confinement. Apart from the obtained results to achieve the study purposes, it was found that modern prisons in Bangkok and Chiang Mai represented different signs regarding their construction and existence. The modern prisons in Bangkok indicated an attempt to create equality in parallel with the Western nations during the colonial era. Meanwhile, the modern prison in Chiang Mai signified its surrender to the Siamese powers influencing Lanna since it imitated the architectural style from Siam. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Saqer M. Sqour This paper discusses the ignored social costs and profits in cooperative housing schemes. These projects focus on monetary costs and benefits. These projects ignore the social side, which is an important part that housing projects must consider. This study is necessary because of the importance of housing projects, and their contributions to the problems and solutions to the problem of different societies. Housing projects also play a significant role in supporting the construction industry nationwide. The importance of the study lies in the fact that cooperative housing projects often ignore the social costs of housing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to shed light on social expenses and profits in cooperative housing projects, and to make suggestions for improvement. Literature is reviewed on the available research work that has previously been done on housing schemes in Jordan. However, the focus of this study is on examining the housing schemes conducted by the Jordanian Engineers Association. The review takes care of the different opinions of architects and thinkers on the issue of housing in Jordan as well as a case study to help address the problem. The cooperative housing schemes in the Jordanian Engineers Association aim to grant a plot of land each to members of the association to enable them to build their own independent homes. Further, the study helps to understand the neglected social expenses and social profits, and to revive those benefits in housing projects, because these projects depend on the financial side while ignoring the social part of these projects. The study ends by recommending more government power in planning and designing private cooperative housing schemes, because government's role is necessary to support and monitor these projects to ensure the existence of social benefits in them. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Arijit Kumar Banerji Pijush Topdar and Aloke Datta Clayey subgrade soils are considered to have a lower bearing capacity, which may develop early pavement failure due to diverse axle loading. To avoid such failure issues, these soils must be treated prior to the beginning of the construction work. In the recent past, soil stabilization with plastic waste has become popular to reduce waste and improve soil behaviour. The current study aimed to use polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste bottles to improve clayey subgrade soil for pavement construction. The PET fibre content varied between 1% and 5% by weight of the dry soil to investigate its influence on compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and tri-axial shear strength. The modified soil matrix with PET was further stabilized using Terrasil (0.1%) in order to improve the strength properties of the treated soil with ageing. Overall, the influence of the addition of the PET fibre on the structural behaviour of flexible pavement under diverse axle loading conditions was evaluated using Finite Element (FE) techniques. The pavement model is computationally implemented in ANSYS to study pavement structural behaviour in terms of surface deflection, vertical stress and strain on the subgrade layer, maximum shear strain in the bituminous layer, and tensile strain at the base of the bituminous layer under standard loading and overloading by 1.25 and 1.5 times. The test results indicated that the addition of PET fibres in subgrade soil significantly increases the CBR, UCS, and internal friction angle and decreases the compaction characteristics. The use of PET fibres in subgrade stabilization can result in a significant reduction in pavement thickness. FE analysis results compare pavement rutting performance and show that overloading reduces rutting life. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Senja Rum Harnaeni Falikhatul Hijra Diva Almara Benina Budi Utomo Sri Sunarjono Agus Riyanto Muhammad Abdurrohim Afizah Ayob and Nik Zainab Nik Azizan This paper aims to determine the Marshall properties of Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) and Hot Rolled Sheet-Wearing Course (HRS-WC) with the utilization of concrete waste and also to determine the percentage of concrete waste added into AC-WC and HRS-WC as the substitute for coarse aggregates. During the manufacture of asphalt mixtures, coarse aggregates, and fine aggregates are required in large quantities. To reduce fresh aggregates in the manufacture of asphalt mixtures for road pavement, concrete waste has become an alternative. This study used 60/70 penetration asphalt, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and concrete waste of 0%, 20%, and 40%. The test was conducted using Marshall test tool, which consisted of two stages of testing. The first stage, Marshall test, was performed to determine the optimum bitumen content of asphalt mixture with a concrete waste variation of 0%, 20%, and 40%. The second stage of Marshall test was conducted to determine the Marshall properties (stability, flow, Marshall Quotient, VMA, VFWA, and VIM) by performing in the asphalt mixture with concrete waste variations of 0%, 20%, and 40%. The results showed that as a performance indicator of asphalt mixtures that acted as the variation addition in concrete waste in AC-WC and HRS-WC asphalt mixtures, Marshall properties decreased in Stability values, Marshall Quotient and VFWA, whereas the values of Flow, VIM, and VMA experienced an increase. The utilization of concrete waste up to 20% as the substitute for coarse aggregate was acceptable for respective AC-WC and HRS-WC asphalt mixture. The maximum acceptable variation of concrete waste was 35% for AC-WC asphalt mixture and 29% for HRS-WC asphalt mixture. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Raushan Amangeldikyzy Aiman Assylbekova Talgat Jumagaliyev Mariya Derbissova Ardak Nigmetova Saltanat Myrzahmetova and Zhanerke Imanbayeva Industrial buildings occupy large areas and are one of the main city-forming elements of the urban environment. In recent decades, the renovation of industrial buildings has become a special and widespread creative direction for designers. The aesthetic features of the industrial facilities renovation process are of great interest not only for designers but also for users of buildings and citizens. The results obtained by evaluating the aesthetic aspects of the renovation of a large industrial building in Kazakhstan are presented in this article: the Almaty Cotton Mill (ACM). Three large buildings of the former industrial site have been converted into a commercial facility. The study is based on an assessment of new use from the point of view of users and citizens. The study's methodology is based on conducting a sociological survey to analyze the aesthetic qualities of the interiors and exteriors of ACM buildings. Interior spaces were analyzed using the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method. The exterior assessment will be based on the theory of visual perception of the city according to the method of K. Lynch. The result of the study is the final concept of a sociological survey and recommendations for improving the aesthetic characteristics of the interiors and exteriors in "Armada" and "Grand Park" buildings. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Rania Raouf Sedky and Georges Awadalla The digital revolution and globalization have sorted out the philosophy of what is now known as digital forms, which has been spread widely in various fields. There are many interpretations about the definition of digital architecture, but we can say that it is a different type of architecture as a result of digital techniques and architectural approaches that produce a form that achieves functionality. In this research, we try to present the theoretical features of the impact of the digital and technological revolution on the field of architectural formation between Genetic Mutations and Xefirotarch's Design. Therefore, we will liberate from the spatial determinants, which the technological revolution does not care about, and discuss the relationship between architecture and the technological revolution, and analyze influences that currently affect and will affect more in the future on the formation trends. Xeforotarch design obsession is a micro technique that appreciates the perversity of elegant shape, a taste that has been learned from the films and is designed for architecture. The problem of the research on the possibility of using the Xefirotarch's design approach as a tool and strategy for Xefirotarch's Vision of future sustainability was studied while studying its applications in the areas of design and architecture. However, there is an evident knowledge deficiency in this field at the academic or professional level, especially our modern local community. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Nelson M. Siahaan Samsul Bahri and Nicolaus Simamora This study explores sources related to the Toba Batak vernacular architecture, particularly the concept of an ecological site plan for housing sourced from its indigenous knowledge. By analyzing numerous pieces of literature and Sait Nihuta as a specific site, this study describes an ecological site plan derived from the Toba Batak architecture which focuses on two main aspects: site planning, building form and orientation. Considering these unique aspects, the site planning tradition in a form that follows the characteristics of vernacular architecture can be applied as a basis for infilling design solutions of the most common types of site plan occurring in Toba urban areas. Using a qualitative approach, this study provides an in-depth knowledge of the ecological site plan through stages of description, elemental analysis; function, space and form, and interpretation of all three simultaneously. The intrinsic value of this observation is to define the process of adjustment of Toba Batak vernacular dwelling as an ecological site plan model for the purpose of infilling urban development in Toba Regency. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Nurul Hidayati Rajaonarivelo Ranto Harimanana Sri Sunarjono and Helmi Dhia Al Ghalib The number of motorcycles in Surakarta has been increasing dramatically since several years ago. This condition was engendering several phenomena such as bottleneck and congestion including around an intersection. This research aims to determine the repercussions of motorcycles from the viewpoint of the traffic flow, timing signal, and the driver's behavior. The traffic flow was analyzed based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual, the bottleneck analysis was determined using the Yuan model, and the behavior analysis was based on descriptive statistics. The traffic flow data consisted of secondary data sourced by a Local Government and primary data from a field survey at Kerten Intersection. Behavior data were obtained from questionnaires using Google Forms and the field survey reached 300 participants. The result of the research shows that from the traffic flow and driver's behaviors point of view motorcycles are causing bottleneck and traffic congestion. It is because when motorcycle volume is added to the flow the bottleneck often exceeds 1, and the motorcycle's behavior and habits are affecting the driving's way of other riders and drivers. This research is expected to be a source of information as well as a basis for comparison for further research for authors and other researchers. This shall provide a viable data source with viability and advantages for those interested in the same subject of research. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Ina Helena Agustina Irland Fardani Riswandha Risang Aji and Mochamad Ghiffary Cirebon, in the Indonesian province of West Java, is a culturally and historically significant city. The past's culture is still alive and well today. One of these is the Aboge concept of space embodiment, which is still alive and well today. The goal of this study is to describe the Aboge philosophy in the creation of a space, such as a house. The research is carried out by collecting data through field surveys. Interview activities with respondents were carried out in a snowball manner. Field observations were used to record empirical phenomena. The analytical approach employs a qualitative descriptive data collection method, followed by synthesis and conclusions. The findings demonstrate that aboge is an old philosophy that regards humans as integral members of the universe. This old aboge ideology has grown among the Cirebon people as an intangible heritage. Its evolution is passed down from generation to generation through folklore, or "getok tular," as it is known. The findings of the study indicate that the location of a house is necessary to attain harmony with its owners' energy. These findings can be utilized as evidence for the preservation of Cirebon's intangible heritage. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Abdul Mufti Radja Afifah Harisah and Mohammad Mochsen Sir One of the problems in dense environments such as Barrang Lompo Island is the lack of public space that islanders use for various activities. Due to the lack of public space, they use the space around them as a gathering place. The purpose of this study is to know the pattern of public space in Barrang Lompo Island and the factors that shape this pattern. The island is located at Makassar in Indonesia and is one of the islands in the Spermonde archipelago group. It has an area of 0.49 km2 and 4,793 inhabitants, of which 2,442 are male and 2,351 are female. To answer the research questions, qualitative research methods are used by observing the activities of the islanders in public spaces. The result of the research is that the public spaces on Barrang Lompo Island are scattered around the house, such as in the street, aisle, street corner, courtyard, under the houses on stilts (Siring), courtyard, square, around the cemetery, seashore and pier. The bale bale is the most important urban furniture as a meeting place in the public space. The proximity of houses to each other, the gatherings known as Tudang Sipulung and the dense environment are factors in the pattern of public space. This study provides benefits to local authorities in Barrang Lompo Island as a guide for public space planning. For example, comfortable bale bales or benches should be placed as gathering places in many places, especially along the street, so that the local wisdom of gathering can be maintained. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 A. Swetha Suguna K. and Raghunath P. N. An experimental study conducted to evaluate the hardened and durability characteristics of ternary blended concrete containing Nano-Silica and Zeolite along with steel fibers to act as micro- reinforcement has been presented in this paper. Nano-Silica and Zeolite were included in different dosages and the optimum combination of the above two materials (Nano-Silica -1% and Zeolite- 10%) has been obtained through trails from the viewpoint of workability and strength. Steel fibers have been added in varying volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.0% & 1.5%. Tests have been performed on cubes, cylinders, and prism specimens to evaluate the impact of steel fibers on various hardened and durability parameters of the ternary blended concrete. The test results clearly exhibit that inclusion of steel fibers significantly influences the material characteristics of the ternary blended concrete which includes compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, elasticity modulus, water absorption, Sorptivity and porosity. Nano silica and zeolite supplied the voids in the micron size of cement particle and formed a denser concrete which enhanced the improvement of the concrete. Based on the results obtained, the optimum compressive, splitting tensile, flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity of ternary blended concrete with micro reinforcement were obtained by 24.95%, 21.16%, 23.56% and 13.72%, respectively. The results suggested that cementitious materials, including ternary blended concrete with micro reinforcement, were the most influential factors on the mechanical properties. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Hatem H. Almasaeid and Donia G. Salman The structure of permeable concrete has been the primary reason for its use in construction. Permeable concrete is composed of water, cement, aggregate, and little- to no-fines resulting in the presence of a significant number of voids. This makes permeable concrete an ideal solution to water accumulation issues as it acts as a drainage system. This study employs a feedforward backpropagation artificial neural network model that combines experimental laboratory data from previous studies with appropriate network architectures and training techniques. The purpose of the analysis is to develop a reliable functional relationship, based on water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, and density parameters, with which to estimate the compressive strength, porosity, and water permeability of permeable concrete. Multiple linear regression correlations are also established to predict and correlate these inputs and outputs. The two derived methods are then compared and discussed. The results reveal that ANN is better to anticipate the permeable concrete properties than regression analysis. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Nur Hadiyatun Nabawi Kristanti Dewi Paramita and Yandi Andri Yatmo This paper explores the understanding of architectural spaces driven by the knowledge that animals communicate by modifying the environment, in which they live. The way that animals communicate by modifying the environment forms an interaction, which is referred to as stigmergy, a mediated form of animal interaction. The paper elaborates on the process of stigmergy, in which animal colonies communicate with their living environment and leave different kinds of spatial traces. The paper argues that the stigmergy process can be potentially used as the basis of architectural programming. This writing explores multiple scenarios of the process of stigmergy in several insect colonies, highlighting the mechanism of stigmergy that is driven by three main components of stigmergy, namely Agent, Medium, and Traces. The writing focuses on how in stigmergy the agent interacts within a particular medium and creates traces in spaces. Findings on such mechanism of interaction are utilized to inform architectural programming that is based on the interaction between humans, animals, and the environment as integrated ecological systems. The development of the programming using the stigmergy method appropriates the social mechanisms of insects, in composing the spatial development of architecture, producing architectural systems for soil fertilization and revitalization of the environment. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Pramukh Ganapathy C. G. Sarangapani and H. S. Prasanna Manufactured Sand (M Sand) has become a viable alternative for the river sand in the construction industry as a potential fine aggregate. The M Sand poses environmental implications as it is produced by crushing natural resources like stones. The extensive use of M Sand may also lead to a reduction in availability due to the depletion of natural rocks in the days to come. Hence, this study attempts to assess the feasibility of utilizing the clayey soil containing Kaolinite – Montmorillonite (KM) as a predominant clay mineral, as a replacement to the Manufactured sand in the preparation of cement mortar and cement block that are used in masonry construction. In the case of concrete block masonry units, the M Sand is replaced by 25%, 50%, and 100% with KM Soil, and an attempt is also made to produce the mortars by completely replacing the M Sand with KM soil. Further, the properties of the concrete blocks and mortars prepared with KM soil are assessed and compared with the ones prepared with M Sand. Also, the performance of the stack bonded masonry prisms like compressive strength and bond strength in shear is assessed for the various masonry prism prepared with combinations of the Concrete block masonry units and mortars. The results indicate that the stack bonded masonry prism assemblies with KM soil both in cement mortar and concrete block have performed moderately well in compressive strength and shear bond strength in comparison with the one prepared with M Sand. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Muhammad A. Seddeek and Maha M. Elsayed The northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea is considered the most seismically active region in the world where a tsunami can occur at any moment. Alexandria is one of the biggest and most populated cities on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and it is threatened by the tsunami. By reviewing most of the planning studies that targeted the future of Alexandria and its region, the paper finds the missing piece of an integrated planning framework that needs to be applied. The deductive method is used to infer the missing parts in the different studies to produce an integrated planning framework which consists of three phases illustrating timing response named as during, before, and after the disaster. The seven processes representing the three phases can be defined as vulnerability, assessment, planning, coping, mitigation, response, and recovery; the previous process detailed into eight stages which are named background research, communication, risk determination, command, forecasting, prediction, emergency relief and rehabilitation. The interview technique is used to get the suggestions and the feedback from urban planning experts to improve the framework. The proposed framework will be sustained and increase awareness at the institutional level about the coastal communities at risk and put forward suggestions on how to withstand natural phenomena like tsunamis and mitigate their destructive effects. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Nov 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 6 Pavan Kumar Diddi Pushpendra K Sharma Amit Srivastava Sri Rama Chand Madduru and E. Sreenivas Reddy Cement, used for engineering the concrete structures has become the most demanded construction material, the production of which consumes enormous quantity of raw materials and thereby emits approximately 7% of greenhouse gas emissions into the environment. Determinations are being made to use, as much quantity as possible, the supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), like ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBFS), flyash (FA), metakaolin (MK), silica fume (SF), rice husk ash (RHA), etc., which are industrial by-products and hold pozzolanic properties, and are capable to be used as a part replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC). The consumption of OPC has significantly increased all over the world due to construction of infrastructure facilities on massive scales. Also for the aged infrastructure, constructed decades before, necessities maintenance and repairs thereby further increase the demand of OPC and thus cause higher impact on the environment. Researches all over the world are trying experimentations in finding out suitable combinations of various proportions of potential materials like finer SCMs viz. FA, GGBFS etc. and ultrafine SCMs like SF, MK, RHA etc. which are being investigated along with different types of fibres to produce fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete for use in fast track constructions and repair works. In this study on ternary blended SCC and FSCC (fibre reinforced SCC), concrete mixes were established with OPC ranging from 64% to 74%, combinations of proportions of MK (as ultrafine SCM), as a part replacement of OPC, varying from 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%; Fly ash (as fine SCM) fixed at 25%, without fibre and with 1% of Alkali resistant (AR) fibre. The established concrete mixes were set a target to achieve maximum final setting time of 10 hours, 1 day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2 and flexural strength of 2.5 N/mm2 besides meeting SCC characteristics of slump flow of 550mm-650 mm (SF1), V Funnel flow 9-25 Seconds (V2 class) for use in fast track concrete construction and repair of infrastructure facilities. PubDate: Nov 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Sahar Alharbi and Hind Basaad The connection and exchange between the architectural plan and human brain psychology are noteworthy. However, they still persist largely unnoticed or overlooked both within and outside the architectural design field. Thus, this paper presents a discussion on the relationship between architecture and psychology from indoor to outdoor and urban level. The paper begins with a brief discussion on the architecture psychology and indoor spaces. Next, the paper proceeds to discuss the psychology of building's exterior. The paper then presents a discussion on psychology and the design of city buildings. Thus, based on the discussion, the paper has found that the connection between architecture and psychology is not only noteworthy; it is related in two directions. From one point of view, the effective structure of architecture appears to have clear mental and physiological effects. On the other hand, in terms of psychology, human experience on the architecture design, and the capacity of neurological frameworks, all assume a remarkable role in determining a person's psychological outcome. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Alia Abdulmalik Eradah Kanori and Rawan Marei A huge amount of the world's population resides in the slums around the globe, and this number will increase to three trillion in the near future, which will lead to the finding of cities within cities. These settlements are the result of the gap between demand and the legal and formal supply in the housing market, as well as the enormous differences between the economic status of the city's population and the overcrowding of these cities. Thus, this paper has presented a brief overview on the condition of slums within the cities. The research method used in this study is the review method, in which data are collected and analyzed from previously published articles. The aim of this study was to explore and uncover all aspects of slum life from the point of view of its existence, the different types and its social and architectural aspects, in addition to examining its evolution. The different types of slums are optimistic slums with escalator groups (A), optimistic slums with non-escalator groups (B), miserable slums with escalator groups (C) and poor with non-escalator groups (D). Meanwhile, the social and architectural aspects of slums cover the urban development cycle. Furthermore, this paper has also discussed regarding the future of slum life, its hidden beauty, and tried to change people's perspective on this unique way of life. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Fauziya Isa Hamsa Al-Aggad Lujain Al-Quthami and Nouf Wazna Colonialism has had a major impact on civilizations around the world. British colonialism and French colonialism have spread their influence throughout the world, and have become one of the world's major powers. In addition, these powers have influenced many countries in terms of culture, education, art, architecture and urban planning. The influences continued, however, even after independence. Thus, this paper presents an overview on the architecture of colonialism. This paper has explored the effects of colonialism on the architecture point of view among the nations, which were colonized, by the French and the British. This paper has looked into the history of colonization whereby the traces of French and British colonization were presented. Likewise, the architecture aspects of the French and the British on the colonized countries were also discussed. Thus, it is concluded that the countries, which were colonized, by the French and the British have adapted the architecture aspects of the colonizer. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Menatalla Ghazaly Deema Badokhon Naelah Alyamani and Sarah Alnumani The healing environment is one of the indispensable things for humans. It could be fulfilled through different means; one of them is in the hands of an architect. Healing through design has existed for a very long time, but now it is developed with new techniques. This paper discusses this topic in terms of spiritual, psychological and physiological health recovery for people because it is so important for a person to live in balance and mind safety. The aim of this study is to examine the diversity of aspects, in which the healing could be reached through. It also focuses on the essential design strategies for architects and other specialties. This study includes the healing elements of buildings, healing in the urban-scale and healing through biophilic design. The healing elements of architecture describe the integration of light and color, circulation and spatial organization, form and building system, building envelope and the application of healing architecture in medical buildings. The urban-scale healing will cover circulation and open areas, followed by outdoor spaces and healing gardens. At the same time, healing through biophilic design will include biophilic effect rules, biophilic design strategies, design considerations and design culture of biophilic versus biophobia. All in all, the main objective of this study is to develop a set of design recommendations, by which designers can design healing environments. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Ghaliya Zaneb M. Aziz Suzan I. Nadeem and Mathar B. Munshi Movies represent society's dream, which is to tell a story; characters interact with each other to create this story, their mere presence on screen creating space. Thus, filmmakers become architects in their effort to communicate these spaces, whether they are interior or urban, to enhance and add to their story telling. They are not constrained by the limits of the architect nor, especially in the case of Sci-fi and Fantasy movies, even by the constraints of reality, imagining and creating architecture from a wholly different perspective: a story perspective. The characters interact with their hypothetical spaces and this shows what they require of the architecture to convey their story. Thus, the hypothetical spaces represent people's aspirations and their deepest fears for architecture. Part of an architect's job is making dreams a reality. However, in the architectural industry, design is accomplished in a step-by-step process that has undergone little change since its establishment. While this makes the job easier, it also leads to recycling, putting limits on architects' imaginations. This research analyzed an array of fantasy and sci-fi movies from an architectural point of view and explored the inspirations behind them. Patterns were found in the arrangement of spaces and the urban characteristics in the films. Then, the themes and messages behind the architecture were explored. Findings indicate how the cinematic architectural designs have played off of real life architecture and inspired one another since the creation of moving pictures. From a practical lens, these findings reignite architects' imaginations, proposing new tools to achieve the fulfillment of society's dreams. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Sara Al Zahrani Reaal Babonji and Heba Alhalabi In the field of architecture, in the modern corners of life, new technologies and science have been used for the futuristic society to create a perfect community where they can improve the quality of life and to achieve "brave new world" for everyone in next generations. The architects had always dreamed of building a better world using utopian approaches. As a consequence, the architecture's dimension of utopian especially during the nineteenth century, turned upside down to expose a surprisingly regular capacity to introduce the form of dystopian. In an effort to start thinking of ways out of the current impasse, this research aims to examine the roots of architecture's dystopian transition, the human and global warming effects and the contemporary failure development in architecture. As a result of these phenomena, resilience architecture has been discussed as a suggested solution. The objective of this paper is to challenge the built environment to achieve different solutions to the 21st century problems that were caused by architectural movements with a possibly utopian agenda while it is actually turned into the opposite: a dystopian wasteland. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Sema Refae Jeddah city has a great relationship with art and sculptures since 1973 after the economy booming as an outcome from the oil industry. Since then, Jeddah has been branded as a "City of Art" where famous international artists display their sculptures around the squares and streets. Municipalities and private authorities manage the maintenance of these artifacts due to the environmental and weather conditions. After four years of implementing a massive project and creating an open space, the cultural park museum now displays 20 sculptures. The objective of this paper was to find and investigate a smart global practice in museum, parks and find potentials of adapting smart cultural vision towards Jeddah open park Sculpture Museum as an intelligent platform. Searching for the optimum solution will add value to the social and public communities by communicating and sharing a smart social platform, especially in the open sculptural museum in Jeddah and uplifting the social and cultural impacts. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Basma Mustafa Al Hamed The children's library is a vibrant and attractive place designed to stimulate developing ideas. It provides children with educational, entertaining and cultural resources, including a large number of picture books, story books, non-fiction books and multimedia materials in multiple languages. Users can relax and read together in the outdoor children's garden, because it is a center of entertaining. The main purpose of the children's library is to increase literacy, share knowledge and obtain books, and then lend these books to the community for education and entertainment. It also allows children to share the book together instead of everyone having to buy their own copy. The main areas of the proposed project include the Discovery Center, the library, the administrative area, the skill area and the entertainment area. The site evaluation criteria considered include site capacity, accessibility, noise level, security and safety, visibility, location and environment, public facilities, shape/proportion, and future development plans. Therefore, the site of the project is located in the Al Nahda district of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. All in all, the project developed facilities and environments, and created opportunities to learn skills and spread culture. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Nora Saleh Al Merdas The pensioners' center is generally defined as a center designed specifically for the gathering of retirees from various fields, providing services for them, including places to spend their leisure time in a pleasant way, workshops, consulting and public services. The center aims to improve the culture, awareness and knowledge of the affairs of retirees, their status and abilities, and the importance of respecting and maintaining their rights. This study proposed four main zones for the project, namely administration, entertainment, cultural, and services. The site evaluation was conducted and the most appropriate site is located on King Abdulaziz road, one of the major streets in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In addition to this, the center also promoted their responsibilities, corrected the stereotypes of retirees and emphasized the importance of their past achievements and their expectations of the present and the future. Their contributions may be inexhaustible experience that can be used for future development. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Ahad Ibrahim Raghad Aljuhani and Abdel-Moniem El-Shorbagy Door is a simple rectangular opening in a wall that could be a way to the start or the end of any journey. As human, they feel the space through walking around cities and architectural creation, yet there are certain elements which direct their movement and discussions. Doors are everywhere in buildings, rooms, vehicles and aircrafts. They are used to block or allow access and act as a barrier between an internal space and the external world. This paper aims to define the hidden meaning of doors and what doors mean to the human; is it just a rectangular hole or more than that' Moreover, the objectives of this research are to highlight the factors of a door, reasons behind shaping the doors, and analysis the characteristics of doors in Saudi Arabia. A number of themes identified appeared to influence people perception about doors, the used materials in constructing a door, superstitions and door image. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Raneem Hossam Faidah Ahmed M. Reffat and Aida Nayer The Aviation Hub and Expo, in addition to the School of Aircraft Engineering, is a timetable that can preview the history of aircraft to date, and develop or plan air navigation technologies or foundations, and develop the air transport industry to ensure its safety, security, and growth. This study collects different types of information and studies about Aviation Expo around the world and in Saudi Arabia. In specific, this study investigates case studies and analysis, identifies project components for zoning, provides space program as well as determines the appropriate project location based on the site evaluation criteria. This project is under the category of education and entertainment building. The proposed zoning plan includes the main lobby, administrative areas, education areas, museum and gallery areas, Skydome cinema and service areas. Based on the site assessment, the proposed location for the project is in the Obhur Al-Shamaliyah area of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Aviation museums vary in size from housing just one or two aircraft to hundreds. They may be owned by national, regional or local governments or be privately owned. A lot of aviation galleries focus on military or civil flight, or on aircraft history of a particular period, for example, pioneers flight or the succeeding golden age among the World War I and II, or a specific sort of aircraft. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Lena Negm and Aida Nayer Refugees are people who are forced to leave their countries due to various circumstances. However, these groups of people need help to overcome their hardship, which has taken a toll on their physical and mental state of life. As a result, a proper environment is needed for refugees to recover and lead a normal life. Hence, this work presents a proposal on developing a refugee therapy center. This work has examined two case studies in relation to rehabilitation center. Thus based on the analyzed case studies, the estimated area required for the refugee center is 15000 m2. In addition, this center is comprised of four zones, which are clinical zone, cultural and educational zone, social zone and administration zone. In this work, the proposed site for development was attained through site evaluation analysis. Accordingly, the proposed site is located in Amman, Jordan. The development of this center is expected to enhance the living quality of refugees and to change the current global idea of refugees and to provide them with the basic necessities to lead a normal life. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Lina Abdullah Alamodi Tarek Abdulsalam and Ahmed Refaat Hospitals are an important aspect of a community where the user is seeking the assistance and use of medical facilities to ensure their well-being. Moreover, the role of the hospital is very critical when it comes to facilitating emergency situations. The government of Saudi Arabia has introduced a vision for 2030, which aims to achieve a well-developed nation status and seeks to establish a world-class medical facility for emergency situations. In order to support the government's initiative, this paper proposes the development of an emergency trauma hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In this work, 4 case studies were analyzed to comprehend the design requirement for the proposed hospital. Based on the case studies, for the proposed hospital, the total estimated area is 9228 m2. In addition, the hospital consists of a few zones, which are main entrance, inpatient ward department, outpatient ward department, emergency department, operation theatre, radiology, pharmacy, intensive care unit, physiotherapy, occupational and psychological therapy, laboratory department, and support facilities. The hospital will be developed at the proposed development area at Al Marwa District in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The hospital is designed with modern features and is expected to meet the vision 2030 requirement. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Tamara Bajaber and Mohammed M.F. Mohammed Jeddah Cultural Hub is a place to represent the modern and the traditional culture of Jeddah by establishing museums, galleries, and open spaces to the activities that are related to the culture and art. Therefore, it will include an open library and a center for literary arts. The targeted stakeholders are youth, families and expats. Also it is a place to enhance the social interaction. The goal of the project is to introduce the cultural value of Jeddah, to enhance the communication, and to let the people get more socialized. The suggested space program for the project is made of galleries and exhibition halls, library, arts and culture center, recreational zone internal, recreational zone external, administration, auditorium, and services. The site is chosen based on the site evaluation criteria, which is located on Kurnaysh road, Alshatea district, in front of Alnawras roundabout. In general, this project creates a cultural hub at a lively area in Jeddah, which promotes the importance of Jeddah culture and create social hubs through established learning centers that have different art fields such as music and poetry. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Manal A. Alamoudi Rahma Doheim and Mohammed F.M. Mohammed Even though planet Mars is considered the most similar to earth, it still differs in some aspects. The gravity is lesser. Its atmosphere, climate and geology are a bit different from Earth. Thus, several robotic missions were conducted on the Mars surface to find the way to make the planet habitable and safe for human. This project aims to design the first human colony on the planet Mars. This would be a new home for humans to live, work and explore. This colony will establish the first humanized research center out of Earth. It will also provide a sustainable habitat for future explorers, by providing living dwellings along with all the other needed facilities for humans to live. The considered space program in this project includes the living quarters, common social zone, health zone working zone, and utilities zone. Several key elements were considered during the project design such as water and oxygen, planting (soil), temperature, radiation, pressure, wind, power (energy source), surface (construction), materials, and psychological aspect. This project will provide a comprehensive study to design a suitable settlement that can support a safe daily human life in an extreme environment location. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Alanood Alqurashi Alshaymaa Abu Tabel Meera Alhalabi Mohjah M. Bahaj and Abdel-Moniem El-Shorbagy Lately, modern modification in the social and economic conditions all over the Middle East has become more essential. The region is inhabited with the transition from the ancient societies and economies to a well-developed modern region that is still in motion to seek its stability in which architectural and economical points of view are taken into consideration. In the nature of master planned communities or town planning, many modern planning and operating had been done. Nonetheless, the developments of the Arabs cities have caused many issues to surface which are related to the town designers and planners who were accounted for designing and developing these cities without the effective and efficient concept of culture, constraints, and region. Their shortfall had led to major mistakes which were conducted in the process of planning and developing of most Arab Cities. Thus, this paper collected the information from articles and addressed the Arabs cities in the past; entail the origin and development of ancient cities, urban planning, ancient architecture innovation and lastly ancient skyscraper. This study also discussed the Arab Cities after the industrial revolution and technology. Moreover, this study covered the modern cities and technology, as well as the impact and adaptation towards climate change. Finally, a case study from Saudi Arabia is used to identify the architectural revolution under global change. By 2030, the economic advancement and rise of the educated young generation is expected to gradually shift towards modern architecture and change the whole face of Saudi Arabia as a country. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3A Reem K. Hussain and Ahmed M. Refaat Kids and children are the core of a community in terms of its future development. Thus, it is very significant to provide the best possible environment for the kids to develop their growth intellectually, physically and mentally. The government of Saudi Arabia intends to attain a well-developed nation status through its vision 2030, and it has placed the focus on kids development. Hence, this paper suggests the development of kid's kingdom in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in order to achieve the goal set by the vision 2030. A case study method is used to gather information to come up with development plans. This study examined 4 case studies related to the kid's center. From the case studies analyzed, it is found that the proposed children's kingdom will require only a few areas, such as education, entertainment, administration and open space. The total estimated area for the kid's kingdom is 8762m2. The selected development site for the kid's kingdom is located at Alshatee district on the northern side of Jeddah. The design concept of children's kingdom is to provide children with a space to imagine a new world, attract their attention, and let them freely express their feelings, learn in new ways, and build their own kingdom. The kid's kingdom is expected to facilitate the development of the younger generation of Saudi Arabia and achieve its vision 2030 as a developed nation. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Mohamad Haszirul Mohd Hashim Azlan Shah Ali Farid Wajdi Akashah and Nurul Izza Abdul Ghani Inspection is the basis of building structure to obtain assessment information. Assessment is used to get evidence and study the current condition of structure. This is because any structural failure can endanger the safety and health of building occupants. Through inspection, important information can be provided for consistent budget planning. The purpose of this paper is to identify the list of components and subcomponents for pitched roof system to inspection maintenance. The list of components has been reviewed by 3 stakeholder experts consisting of architects and engineers in Malaysia for consideration of the real component in the pitched roof design. The research confirmed the importance of the entire identified component pitch roof based on the 30 experts in roof fabrication. This paper serves to promote awareness among the various building inspections about the list of pitched roof components to identify components quickly. This inspection checklist has been validated by the expert to get feedback on the development. This checklist is aiming to design standard inspection for pitched roof and to reduce bias comparison inspection between various inspectors and provide effective service to building owner. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Siti Nurulain Mohd Rum and Niventhiraan Rajaratinam A pothole is a flaw that can be discovered on the road surface and it is one of a major contribution to the road accident. The impact of a vehicle on a potholed road is not just making the ride uncomfortable. It can damage the vehicle's suspension system as well as the wheel of the vehicle, resulting in costly repair. Therefore, a regular road maintenance activity and assessment are very important to ensure that it is safe to be used. However, due to the limited number of expensive inspection vehicles, the inspection is performed manually. In this study, we present a mobile pothole detection system, namely HOLETRACKER using VGG16, a deep learning model architecture. The built model is trained using a collection of images taken from Kaggle and Internet in a variety of settings. The experiment used 739 numbers of training images and 144 numbers of testing images. The experimental result achieved the accuracy level rate at 90%. This paper also presents the development of two versions of the HOLETRACKER system, the mobile and web application that can be used by the public users and authorities. With the HOLETRACKER system, people can make a complaint of potholes via their mobile phone at anytime and anywhere. The validation checking of the potholed and location tracking through the GPS are the two main features provided by the system that will be performed before the information reaches the authorities for immediate action. The system is a cost-effective solution as an alternative to the manual pothole inspection management in facilitating the authorities as a measure to reduce accidents caused by potholes. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Manjunatha B. B. Chaithra M. and Avinash A. R. High-rise buildings are essential for providing the necessary space for both residence and offices due to the lack of large areas in an urban setting. However, these multi-storey buildings are prone to lateral loads such as earthquake loads due to their large mass. Often, columns of such multi-storey buildings are truncated at some level either due to some obstructions or some architectural restrictions. Such columns that do not directly rest on the foundation are called floating columns. The floating columns are generally considered harmful, especially for buildings constructed in seismically active areas. Their existence creates a discontinuity in the path to transfer the load resulting in an inadequate structure performance. Hence, this study focuses on reducing the risk factor due to seismic effects by strengthening buildings with floating columns using the shear walls, bracings, and masonry infills. A typical building with floating columns located at two different seismic zones was considered for the study. This building was strengthened by considering various approaches such as diagonal bracings, shear walls and infill walls. The equivalent static method is used in the study to carry out the seismic analysis. The results indicate that using any strengthening methods mentioned above can significantly reduce storey displacements. However, providing a shear wall is found to be more effective in reducing the storey displacements in both the directions of earthquake forces when compared with other methods. Though infills and bracings can reduce storey drifts, it was also found that at lower storey levels, there is a considerable increase in the storey drifts when bracings and infill walls are considered. This is mainly attributed to the presence of the open first storey. However, the storey drift values reduce at the higher levels. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Nacima Chikh Hacini Travel and transportation are seen as a necessity for our society and an essential component of social, economic and environmental development. In order to control the use of cars, especially in the city centre, urban planners and researchers are currently considering the question of the interaction between the public transport station, the train station and the city. Supported by the development and improvement of public transport networks, their importance is vital to reduce the ecological footprint of cities. To this end, the city of Annaba (located in the northern-east of Algeria) was chosen to study the relationship between service areas around public transport stations in the city centre. The development and growth of Annaba's agglomeration has had a major impact on travel levels and volumes. Field results state that the urban public transport station "Souidani Boudjemaa", which provides the link between the city centre and the outskirts, is certainly an asset thanks to its location in the heart of the city, but it does not meet the requirements of a bus station infrastructure. This work will take into account the observation supported by questionnaire surveys and supplemented by the analysis of planning tools, whether in the field of town planning or that of transport. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Sugito Sofia W. Alisjahbana and Hery Riyanto The need for environmentally friendly concrete that has above average compressive strength continues to be pursued to meet the infrastructure needs of humans. The availability of materials derived from organic waste such as clamshells is thought to be used as an aggregate from concrete which is more environmentally friendly when combined with previously known inorganic materials. The purpose of this study was to optimize the compressive strength of concrete-filled with clamshell powder (CSP), iron sand, and epoxy resin. An optimization approach based on response surface methodology (RSM) was used in this study. Iron sand used is 10% (w/w). The CSP used is in the range of 1 to 4% (w/w). The epoxy resin used is in the range of 10.5 to 14.40% (w/w). The temperature and time of curing were carried out in 301 to 333 K and 4 hours, respectively. The age of concrete is measured in the range of 1 to 28 days. The cylindrical molded concrete has a diameter and height of 100 mm and 200 mm, respectively. All samples were measured for compressive strength using the UTM RTF-1350 (capacity of 250 kN). The concrete composition with epoxy resin (11.93%, w/w) to the standard concrete aggregate mixture produced the highest compressive strength (71.49 MPa). However, the addition of CSP as a filler in concrete has provided a compressive strength (31.18 MPa) above concrete by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The combination of CSP and epoxy resin under high-temperature curing conditions is possible to increase the compressive strength of concrete to 45.65 MPa. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Mariam Shaker Ingy El-Baramelgy and Dalia Aboubakr Formal stops aroused the interest of many researchers. Many of these studies focused on calculating the walking distance to transit station. However, only few researches studied paratransit stops. The current study focuses on the phenomena of informal paratransit stops in Greater Cairo. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the parameters causing the formation of informal paratransit stops in existing urbanism. Investigating these parameters helps to build a knowledge base for this phenomenon and support future researches which could help in solving the problem of the formation of informal paratransit stop. The review of related literature leads to propose five main parameters affecting the formation of informal paratransit stops (quality of life, mobility and quality of public transit, transit station, built environment, and transit user). The researchers choose Dokki district in Giza as an example for studying paratransit stops in Egypt. The study then uses qualitative and quantitative methods to validate the proposed parameters. The methods include specialist questionnaire, user's questionnaire and field survey. Research results confirmed the importance of all the parameters especially, mobility and quality of public transit, and the importance of sub-parameters such as (land use – number of served routes – accessibility – reliability – etc.) on the informal formation of paratransit stops in existing urbanism. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Anggoro Putro Yusuf Latief Afrizal Nursin and Budi Susilo Soepandji The study aims to determine and develop the following, (1) the components of standard and non-standard costs, as well as miscellaneous expenses related to financial accuracy, (2) the percentage standard of the works component, (3) the technical specification, (4) the range of costs per meter square and seat, and (5) the connection model between cost planning and accuracy through Indonesian design and build contract, to diminish the potential disputes among related stakeholders. The methods used included analytical, validity, reliability, and descriptive-analytical tests, through four steps of data collection, namely (1) pilot survey, (2) questionnaire, (3) expert validation, and (4) final expert validation. Furthermore, the data analysis was conducted using SPSS and SEM-PLS software, with the result showing that, (1) the components of standard and non-standard costs, as well as miscellaneous expenses were determined by the literature study and the validation of experts. These were also used as the identification sources of cost planning standard, (2) the percentage of the works' component was derived from the previous stadium construction projects and the utilized literature review, (3) the technical specification in the cost planning process differed with the needs of each stadium classification, (4) the cost/m2 and cost/seat were used as the reference of the project owner to determine the estimation of each stadium classification, and (5) the standard cost and the miscellaneous expenses were positively related to the budget accuracy. Meanwhile, the non-standard costs had a negative effect on this accuracy. Based on this study, several implications were observed towards the global audience, as the guide to enhance the cost accuracy in the stadium's planning process through the design and build contract. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Gopinath Chakkarapani Prahlad Prasad and Arvind Kumar Lal Srivastava The probability of failure associated with drift criterion exceeding certain performance levels for the intensity of earthquake record ground motions has been necessitated for the development of fragility curves in the recent past as a better performance check tool. In the recent past, the reappraisal of fragility curves formation due to incremental dynamic analysis has been possible because of modeling and simulation of structures under varying earthquake ground motions. The content of this paper is the formation of fragility curves using drift as the output of steel building frames under varying earthquake ground motions. The fragility curves were developed through nonlinear time-history analysis assessments of selected ground vibrations with varying magnitudes, distances from the source, and site circumstances. The entire process given in this paper can be utilized to develop probabilistic fragility curves for structural buildings of various layouts. As an illustration, fragility curves for two steel building structures for various performance levels: Collapse prevention (CP), Life Safety (LS), Immediate occupancy IO), & operational performance (OP), were developed using Ram Perform 3D, using a set of 20 earthquake ground motions. The fragility curves formed using drift for different performance levels reveal a robust damage index for evaluating building structures under the high level of seismic hazards. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Aniruddha Jogdande and Abir Bandyopadhyay This research aims to identify the various ways public parks are used, which are assessed using multiple tools and methods used in extant literature. In this endeavor, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of research papers published in the last two decades was conducted. Public parks are mainly used for recreational, social, physical, economic, and ecological purposes. It is observed that various researchers have assessed the recreational, physical, and social uses of parks through direct observations surveys, and mixed-methods approaches. Further, the researchers have assessed the economic and ecological uses by studying the changes in the city dwellers' quality of life, and their surrounding environment. Interestingly, both the ecological and economical uses of parks seem to have an indirect impact on the users, while recreational, social, and physical uses have a direct impact. The findings also suggest that observations, surveys and mixed methods were indeed the appropriate ways to assess the parks' usage. The goal is to find an appropriate research direction and strategy for the assessment of uses of parks that may help the city planners/ policy makers to optimize the park uses. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Aditya Kumar Jha Amartya Sinha and Ritu Raj Through numerical simulations based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), this study examines the effect of wind load operating on a pitched roof and a circular arch roof of an identical plan area of a storage structure with one wall opening. Many numerical simulations have been performed by other researchers for other types of roofs to understand the behavior of wind flow associated with them. Also, the wind standards of multiple countries have provided the Coefficients of Pressures for standard building shapes. However, there is lack of similar work for structures having one wall opening. Ansys CFX fluid flow software has been used to carry out the simulations using a standard k-ε turbulence model. The simulations have been carried out for 7 wind incidence angles at an interval of 30ᵒ. Pressure, Force, Moment, Drag and Lift Coefficients generated on the roofs were compared. It was found that, although variation in these coefficients w.r.t the wind incidence angles are similar for both the roofs types, the sharp-edged rooftop of the pitched roof contributes to higher magnitudes of these coefficients as compared to the smooth arch roof. Mathematical modules between the face average of pressure coefficients and the wind incidence angles were established in a polynomial form which could be used to find the face average of pressure coefficients and corresponding pressures and forces for arbitrary wind incidence angles. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Ahmad Sameer Alsaleh The asphalt paver must fulfill a set of basic requirements, from a sufficient bearing capacity for the expected loads, stability and good resistance to deformations resulting from the passage of large loads at high temperatures, and also securing an impermeable surface that achieves adequate and good drainage of water. Hence, it is necessary to search for permanently and continuously improved materials that are resistant to the influence of factors affecting the flexible paving in its upper layers, consisting of bituminous composites. Polymer-modified bitumen has been used to improve the performance of bituminous paving. I have designed asphalt mixtures using asphalt cement without modification, polymer-modified asphalt cement (polyethylene), and asphalt cement modified with a mixture of (polymer-sulfur). Next, I performed lab experiments simulating the effect of investment, weather and climatic factors during operation and investment (conditioning test). It is concluded that the change in the value of indirect tensile Strength for the Asphalt samples formed using an asphalt cement which modified with a mixture of /polymer-sulfur/ was (4%) of its value after the conditioning test, and as for Asphalt samples formed using an asphalt cement which is modified with polyethylene (PE), the value was (14%) after the conditioning test cement which is modified with polyethylene (PE) the value was (14%) after the conditioning test. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Piyadech Arkarapotiwong During the education reform period, Siam had changed Lanna under the former's policy to create a nation-state. Education reform was used as an instrument for unifying a new country. The new education policy had affected the perception of Lanna architecture, since traditional Lanna buildings did not fit with modern education function, which was more complex than the traditional one. Research showed that the educational buildings of Lanna changed through its unification with Siam and that Lanna's adoption of the western model from Siam was due to the pressures of the colonization period. For some, Western architecture created a more civilized atmosphere in Lanna as well as in Siam. After the Siamese coup d'état (1932), the typical school buildings had been gradually developed to meet "Thainess" policies. Therefore, the buildings' appearance was changed again with the introduction of a new policy from the government in Bangkok. This research shows that policies implemented by the Siam transformed traditional buildings. As a result of these policies, Lanna buildings began to have less local character, especially educational buildings. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Rusul Latteef Naji Hesham Mahmoud El-Badry and Ahmed Ezzat Abdel-Rahman Spillway associated with flip bucket structure is a famous way to evacuate the floods at dams and dissipate the flood destructive energy in order to protect the dam structure. Several spillways suffered from damages where most affected zones were located downstream the flip bucket along the flow path towards the plunge pool. Poor geometrical design is a very important main reason of the damages occurring at the downstream of the spillway. It mainly occurred when the water jet failed to achieve safe impingement location. This study proposes solutions to damages that occurred in an existing dam. These proposed solutions were tested through numerical investigations of the existing and modified spillway configuration. This investigation was originated with the aspiration of decreasing the damage of real Spillway. From the literature, previous experimental results of spillway modelling were extracted and analyzed. The results were replicated numerically by ANSYS FLUENT software. The experimental results were contrasted against the simulated results. The contrast reflected that DES results are reasonably applicable. Confident with its results, it was applied to real spillway (Base case) and results were obtained. Firstly, the existing conditions were simulated to ensure that the model mimic the existing conditions accurately. Secondly, several modifications to the existing conditions were introduced to the model and then simulated to define the most applicable solution. Detached eddy simulation is used for accurately simulation of the flow physical model. The criteria of the modification properties are developed in the way of avoiding the existing erosion problem. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Antonis Michael Christos Ntamotsidis and Demetris Nicolaides The use of fiber composites in structural strengthening applications has been implemented for many years. Among others, this type of material has been employed as means to confine concrete and achieve superior material behavior. Confinement can be achieved either by wrapping the concrete with FRP fabrics or by embedding FRP stirrups or spiral (helical) reinforcement in concrete. Although FRP spirals have been used as reinforcement in concrete members, this was primarily in the form of FRP bars used as shear reinforcement in RC members under flexure. Some studies have been conducted using FRP spiral strips that were bonded on the outside face of cylindrical specimens and their confinement effect on concrete under axial compression was evaluated. This study deals with the experimental testing of concrete cylindrical specimens that utilize embedded carbon FRP (CFRP) composite spiral reinforcement, a unique application with limited investigation as to its effect on concrete confinement. Standard (300 mm x 150 mm) concrete cylinders were cast both with and without the embedded CFRP spiral. The cylinders were tested in axial compression to determine the effect of the CFRP spiral on their strength and ultimate deformation. This study contributes to the field of concrete confinement and in an area that is not well investigated especially when the FRP spiral is embedded into concrete. Experimental results indicate very significant improvements in ultimate strength and strain with more the enhancement reaching 116% for the strength and 147% for the strain. Comparing energy absorption capacity of the CFRP spirally confined concrete with the unconfined concrete, the improvement is even higher and reaches 320%. Therefore, the use of embedded CFRP spiral to confine concrete is effective and provides significant confinement and enhances concrete properties. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Asnun Parwanti Slamet Imam Wahyudi and Moh Faiqun Ni’am An increase in seawater that experiences high tides can cause tidal flooding. Tidal flooding in the Semarang area requires quick and precise handling, so an emergency dam is needed to deal with seawater overflow or tidal flooding. This study discusses the Knock-Down weir as a practical emergency weir. This study also aims to test the shear stability of the Knock-Down weir model against wall roughness based on variations in soil types, namely: masonry, gravel, sand, and clay. The Knock-Down weirs can be arranged vertically, horizontally, and as needed. The method used is descriptive qualitative. There are four forms of Knock-Down weir arrangement and the safest against wall roughness in various types of soil is prioritized. They are (1) L shape filled with sand + water, (2) Form I filled with sand + water, (3) Form I filled with water, and (4) Shape L filled with water. The results of the research on the safest Knock-Down weirs on shear stability are (1) L shape filled with sand + water, at a height of 1m weirs, shear stability against masonry (3,13), shear stability of gravel (2.09), shear stability to sand (1.67), shear stability against clay (1.25). PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Rashmi Mahajan and Darshan Mahajan Due to consistent development, economic as well as infrastructural, and a lot of lucrative opportunities in the cities, the need for transportation has become very essential. India being a developing country where the population is on the rise, there is a serious traffic issue. The problem of traffic congestion is being faced by most metro cities. In a metro city like Pune, where a lot people converge to every day for their livelihood and for a better standard of living, the traffic problems are even bigger. Hence, it is imperative to study the traffic and transport infrastructure to find out the various causes so as to identify the probable solutions to have a better planned, designed and cost effective road transportation system. This paper attempts to analyze the various causes of the traffic congestion so that suitable improvements can be made to overcome these problems, thereby providing solutions for effective transportation and infrastructural management through the city. The methodology used was a survey of literature and observation and the researcher has tried to identify the factors causing the traffic congestion. The factors identified are categorized in three broad areas namely; people problems, infrastructural problems and implementation and management problems. The researcher has also established relationships between the factors of the three broad categories and how one factor influences the other factors negatively, thereby aggravating the overall Traffic Congestion. Since there is interrelationship among the factors, right policies from the Govt., better planning and implementations on the ground and over all better discipline by the citizens can improve the state of affairs leading to a better traffic and infrastructure management. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Tengku Anita Raja Hussin Rohana Hassan Ali Awaludin Muhd Norhasri Muhd Sidek Nor Hayati Abdul Hamid and Mohd Sapuan Salit Mechanical joint and adhesive joint are the two most common types of timber connections. In the case of timber construction, bonded-in rods offer a long-term, aesthetically acceptable alternative to some of the more conventional steel moment connections. Bonded-in rod connections in timber need many desirable attributes inefficiency, manufacture, performance, aesthetics and cost. This paper presents pull-out experimental testing for glued-in rod made of Mengkulang (tarrietia javanica) glulam joints. Hundred and seven (107) specimens were prepared, each with a single glued-in rod parallel and perpendicular to the grain. The steel treaded rod with a diameter of 12 mm, 16 mm and 20 mm with three numbers of adhesive (Sikadur-30) thicknesses of 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm were used in this experiment. The pull-out tests observations were on the effects of adhesive thickness, parallel and perpendicular grain directions and modes of failure of the specimens. The result obtained that 4 mm adhesive thickness was the strongest and parallel specimens showed better results than the perpendicular specimens. The pull-out failure modes are affected by the selected factors, i.e. the adhesive thickness, rod diameter and grain directions. Most of the specimens show failures in the timber besides the adhesive to timber interface. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Saqer Sqour Abdelmajeed Rjoub Rami Alshawabkeh Safa Al Husban M.A.SH. Al-Taani and Ahlam Eshruq Labin Western architectural thought ruled and formed architectural practice throughout the last century. It introduced theories that reflected the inconsistencies of human lives and resulted in numerous complications in the built environment. This paper aims to present a view of the fundamentals of Muslim architectural theory, the basics that can control theory and practice in architecture. Thus, it recommends and examines a set of principles that rise from the Muslim thought; these principles highlight the need of fulfilling human needs by architects and designers. This research assumes the following assumptions: 1. Recreating buildings calls for re-forming human life. 2. The unity of social and built environment gives environmental relaxation. 3. Values gained from Islamic principles bring up general rules that can organize practice in architecture. Further, foundations extracted from these fundamentals can regulate architectural work worldwide. Based on humanity in the Muslim thought, this paper aims to develop a new theory to govern the present-day architecture. It concentrates on human parts in architecture. Further, its implementation side explains how buildings fulfill human needs. The research examines twelve human needs taken from Muslim fundamentals. However, the existence of these needs shows how close buildings are to humans. To achieve that goal, this research studied those needs in three Jordanian local houses. Two Jordanian architects designed those houses: Architect Ayman Zuaiter designed Al Tabbaa Villa and Family House and architect Bilal Hammad designed Dajani Villa. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Zhaina Zhanaikyzy Tolegen Galym Abdykaimovich Issabayev Ardak Kenesovna Yussupova Gulshat Buharbaevna Murzalina and Dina Abilmazhinovna Amandykova The architectural and composition concepts of the environment arrangement play an important role in environmentally safe urban formation. In the modern era, there are some actual environmental problems in many of world's great metropolises. The aim of the study is to identify the existing environmental problems on the example of the city of Almaty and to make conceptual proposals for solving these problems. The article deals with the problems of architectural and compositional methods of solving environmental problems associated with the natural and climatic features of the urban environment. Also, the problems of insolation of residential houses and yard spaces that have appeared as a result of new high-altitude facilities construction close existing buildings are considered. In the study of this problem, the experimental method of the architectural and composition solutions study is proposed. As a result of the study, design models and theoretical concepts are proposed for the reconstruction of existing urban spaces, taking into account environmental safety and natural and climatic features that form the identity of the urban environment. The key conclusion of the study is the expansion of conceptual methods of conducting research activities in educational programs in the training of architects and designers. The main goal of conceptual methods should be: mindset formation and professional training of designers from the standpoint of moderators of human behavior in space. The mindset and professional education of designers is a driving force in solving problems related to improving the quality of life of people in an urban environment. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Pushpalatha R Gadag Vaishali G Ghorpade and H. Sudarsana Rao The two most important attributes of concrete are strength and durability. The concrete durability crisis has attracted and compelled engineers to focus on concrete performance. Considerable research and attention go into creating reinforced concrete buildings, which face challenging surroundings and are intended to last for a prolonged period of time with minimal maintenance. To accomplish this requirement, one material that has attracted a lot of attention is Nano material combined with SCM's. The researchers looked at partial cement replacement with Metakaolin levels of 10, 20, and 30% and Nano Silica levels of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 percent by weight of cement in this study. W/B ratios of 0.3, 0.35, and 0.4 were used with A/B ratio of 1.75. Cubes were cast for different mix proportions and immersed in 5% concentrated HCl, H2SO4, and MgSO4 solutions for 30, 60, and 90 days. The residual compressive strength obtained after 30, 60, and 90 days of immersion in different acid solutions were compared to controlled concrete. According to ongoing research, concrete prepared with a combination of 10% Metakaolin and 3% Nano silica is the best for achieving the highest durability properties in concrete and improving its performance. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 I M Kariyana P A Suthanaya D M P Wedagama I M A Ariawan and T H Pamungkas A very high proportion of motorcycles affect the saturated flow and motorcycle behavior in synergy stores in developing countries such as Indonesia. The Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) and previous research have not adopted motorcycle behavior to determine the efficiency of passenger cars in synergy. This study aims to assess PCE based on the behavior of motorcycles in synergy with and without Exclusive Stopping Space for Motorcycles (ESSM). The synergy reservoir's location was a junction with a high motorcycle volume, low side obstacles, and traffic characteristics at an approach width of 3 meters, 5 meters, and 7 meters in Denpasar City. The survey method divides the lane virtually, the size of a motorcycle to determine the headway in the field. At the same time, the saturated flow was analyzed using the discharge headway method of both normal distributed data and log normal. Linear regression analysis was used to determine PCE based on motorcycle behavior on synergy junctions both with ESSM and without ESSM. Based on motorcycle behavior, the highest PCE value is obtained beside flow behavior (0.1-1.2) and the lowest in front behavior of the stop line (0.06-0.8). In determining PCE, it is recommended to adopt the motorcycle's behavior. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Yazan Adnan Alatoum and Mazen Ali Musmar Steel plate shear wall systems are currently utilized in resisting seismic loading in multistory buildings within seismic prone regions. They consist of infill plates that are bounded by a surrounding frame. Nonlinear push over and cyclic analyses were carried out to study different forms and configurations of horizontal trapezoidal corrugated steel plate shear walls, namely singly corrugated, doubly corrugated as well as perforated corrugated steel plate shear walls. A finite element model was developed for a horizontal trapezoidal corrugated steel single plate shear wall (OPSW) using Abaqus software. It was validated. Thereafter, while maintaining the original overall properties, a parametric study was carried out to investigate the effect of changing plate thickness, plate width/height ratio, deeper corrugations, providing double plates, as well as perforations on the seismic behavior of steel plate shear walls. The paper aims at achieving a better understanding of the main parameters that control the optimum performance of the horizontal trapezoidal corrugated steel shear walls. Few studies have discussed this matter, so the current study comes to fill the gap. It is concluded that double horizontal trapezoidal corrugated plate shear walls (DPSW) are very efficient shear wall systems. They experience stable hysteretic cyclic loops. They have higher shear stiffness, higher buckling load, and higher ultimate strength as well as higher residual strength than OPSW. They also experience higher ductility and more energy dissipation compared to OPSW. Perforations were found to reduce the contribution of the corrugated plate shear wall in resisting the seismic forces, as well as the subsequent reduction of the wall strength and stiffness. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Osama Adnan Nasrallah and Rami A. Maher This paper presents an enhanced heuristic method based on five major heuristic indices used in project scheduling and leveling. Many researchers used some of these indices in project management, but few researchers combined multiple indices and used them in scheduling and leveling. The main purpose of this work is to find which of the five indices is the most important in leveling resources using the proposed method where the five heuristic indices were used together, and the method was applied using MATLAB software. The five heuristic indices are: Resource moment about the x-axis (), Resource moment on the y-axis (), Rate of Resource usage (), Resource Improvement Coefficient (RIC), and the Maximum Value of the used resource (). Moreover, every index has weight, which is referred to as importance weight. The method was tested on two projects. One of them is a hypothetical project consisting of 24 activities, and the other is an actual project where every index had an extremely bigger weight compared with the others. Also, a parameter () which refers to a partial value of the total float for the noncritical activities was used to enhance the heuristic method. It is found that the best () which gave the best possible resource histogram in the first project was =1.0 and =0.87 for the second. Also, it is found that the resource improvement coefficient () is the most important for the first project, while for the second project the Rate of Resource usage () was more important and gave better results. However, changing the value of () gave different results that are not related to a fixed relationship in terms of its increase or decrease. Finally, choosing the most important index depends on the nature of the project and its resources. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Asmaa Mohammed Ali Akram Farouk and Mohamed Ezzeldin As is well known, the cost of insulation riser linearly with thickness, obtaining the optimal thickness would result in a reduction in energy costs, lowering the building life cycle costs. Therefore, this study offers an excellent road map on the determination of the most economical nano-insulation material and its thickness. This study was applied in two existing buildings case studies located in Germany and the USA by using different nano insulation materials. Firstly, validate the degree-day approach by comparing actual and estimated energy consumption, then select the optimum thickness of used nano insulation, after that select the optimal nano insulation type and its thickness. Finally, calculate the payback periods. Results show that the nano insulation optimum point for the Seitzstraße building is 0.006 m of used nano insulation (VIP). The optimal nano insulation is expanded polystyrene with graphite with a thickness of 0.12 m. The Pentagon building is 0.007 m of used nano insulation (Aerogel Blankets), and the optimal nano insulation is expanded polystyrene with graphite with the thickness of 0.065 m. Furthermore, the optimal insulation and its thickness were estimated in the condition of considering the effects of space savings by comparing nano insulation materials to traditional insulation materials (PUR) and accounting for the expenses of renting the saved spaces. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Restu Faizah Henricus Priyosulistyo and Akhmad Aminullah The existence of masonry walls in structures is very useful in increasing the structure's resistance to lateral loads. The role of the walls is more important in providing adequate stiffness and damping than in resisting axial forces. The use of rubber tire crumbs (RTC) mortar on masonry walls is to increase the ductility and damping capacity of the wall. This study examines the application of RTC mortar on masonry walls, in particular for increasing the damping ratio of the wall. This study aims to determine the optimum RTC content in mortar by observing its dynamic properties using the shake table test. The specimens were 4 scaled models with mortar containing 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% RTC. The prototype is a 3D half-brick wall 2.5 m high and a 2.5 x 2.5 m2 plane, with a scale of 2 to provide a miniature model. There are 2 types of loads, namely sinusoidal loads and Yogya earthquake loads. The sinusoidal load has an amplitude of 0.1g with a frequency range between 4 Hz and 20 Hz, while the Yogya earthquake load has an amplitude between 0.1 g and 0.9 g. The results showed that the use of RTC mortar on the masonry wall structures can increase the damping capacity of the walls and reduce the drift ratio. This study recommends that the optimum RTC content is 30% of the sand volume. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 V Goloshubin and V Pavlova Modern cities face a range of problems, such as the need to redevelop inefficiently used former industrial territories, traffic congestion in cities, air, water and soil pollution and the disappearance of cities' last remaining natural areas. These issues require rethinking methods for the redevelopment and renovation of city districts. The campus model for the formation of sustainable territorial units in a city is set to replace conventional zoning (residential area, industrial area, city centre, recreational area). In campus structures, like in university campuses, everything is grouped together: residential and recreational facilities, schools and workplaces. Meanwhile, the environment, with elements of an individually-branded design code, is an area for likeminded people (residents of the campus) to interact. New social and economic models, as well as new global ideas, contribute to the appearance of new campus city blocks and micro- and macro-structures that are comparable to smart cities – the showcases of contemporary intellectual communities. In such urban areas, nature also plays a different role: it ceases to be a passive background, a means of featureless landscaping based on standard principles. The present research offers a description, analysis and classification of campus urban structures, based on the preliminary study of historical types of landscape organization in university campuses. Based on comparative historical analysis and experimental modeling, it distinguishes five types of the architectural and landscape organization of campuses: the enclosed model, the communicative model, the podium model, the nature-oriented model and the nature-equivalent model. In nature-equivalent campuses, nature becomes the main participant in the environment. Such urban structures become natural elements themselves, as they become parts of the ecosystem: environmentally safe, sustainable and self-regulating components of the natural and anthropogenic global landscape. The material laid out in the present research is of practical importance for students of architecture and campus designers. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Norhaslinda Zainal Abidin Khairah Nazurah Karim Rosshairy Abd Rahman and Azatuliffah Alwi Urban traffic congestion has worsened in many countries today. This problem is getting worse for most urban areas globally, including Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's capital city. It is predicted that the demand for mobility will increase tremendously as the city grows at a faster rate in terms of population, infrastructure, and economic activities in the next ten years. This paper aims to develop an integration of system dynamics (SD) with genetic algorithm (GA) approaches known as SD-GA model aiming to optimise the congestion index and mode share of transportation values in the year 2030 in Malaysia. The developed SD-GA model results show that the best level of congestion index is 0.41367 while the percentage of mode share is 78.41% in 2030. From all the tested travel demand variables, bus fare subsidies and bus route expansion rate emerged as the two highest increment percentages in achieving the best minimal value of mode share and congestion index. From the managerial perspective, this research contributes to the transportation industry by suggesting strategies to mitigate the high congestion index and optimise mode share in Kuala Lumpur. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Rusnardi Rahmat Putra Novriadi Iskandar G Muvi Yandra and Totoh Andayono Geographically, the Mentawai Islands are located between two earthquake sources, and either of them could trigger a tsunami. In the eastern part of the Mentawai Islands, one earthquake source is the fault line along Sumatra. Mentawai Island had experienced some great earthquakes; the latest earthquake occurred in 2010 and produced a liquefaction event distributed along Sipora Island. This research proposes a seismic microzonation and liquefaction potential based on mictotermor observation results. We performed 53 microtremor single observations, and the observation sites were distributed across all districts with a population in Sipora Island, including north Sipora and south Sipora. The results show that the predominant period for mainland Tua Pejat in north Sipora and the whole of the south of Sipora Island (regions 1 and 3) have a large predominant period value>1 (long period), which indicates that the soil characteristic is soft soil. This result has correspondence with liquefaction potential Kg>5 while for the rock condition in region two the predominant period is less than 1s. These results provide crucial information for making seismic microzonation maps based on predominant period of soil and liquefaction potential map based on microtremor single observation, improving current hazard maps, and designing disaster prevention countermeasures in the north and south of Sipora Island, Indonesia. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Irina Bulakh Tetyana Kashchenko Maryna Harbar Valentyna Praslova Yuliia Riabets and Viktor Divak This article is a continuation of the study on the problems of forming an artistic image of the urban environment. The article proposes the author's original concept of constructing an artistic image based on symbolization, which is based on the fundamental works of famous philosophers. The purpose of the article is to determine the general provisions and principles of symbolization as the basis for the formation of a holistic artistic image of the urban environment, which has the potential for the philosophical content of architecture and allows you to design modern architecture, taking into account the historical context and heritage. Methodology: the study consists of a systematic, integrated and comprehensive analysis of the artistic image and symbolization of architecture and urban planning. The study used the analysis of literature, regulatory, information sources, graphic-analytical methods, photographs, and field research. The theoretical basis for the study was the works of outstanding philosophers and art historians (Plato, Plotinus, Aristotle, Hegel, Areopagite, Kant, Schelling, Goethe, etc.). The research was influenced by the symbolic trend in the visual arts, which was developed by Aurier, Gauguin, Moreau, Redon, Malevich, Kandinsky, etc. The views of the Symbolist poets were investigated (Mallarme, Rimbaud, Ivanov, Blok, Mandelstam, etc.). Studies of artistic imagery and symbolization in the theory of urban planning and architecture have been carried out in the works of Alberti, Ledoux, Bull, Lynch, Venturi, Jenks, Tange, Alexander, etc. The main components of the symbolization processes (analogy, scheme, allegory, symbol) are stated and characterized, as well as the principles of symbolization (communication, transformation, commutation, and metamorphism). All the proposed principles of symbolization are illustrated by the example of the formation of a holistic artistic image of the urban environment in Dnipro, one of the largest cities in Ukraine. The modern architecture of the city was studied and analyzed from the point of view of the use of symbolization in the creation of large urban ensembles. Conclusions: the proposed principles for creating an architectural and artistic image of the urban environment have a hierarchical essence of their generality, as well as the continuity of construction in relation to the general processes of architectural and urban symbolization. Their application will allow the architect to form new design solutions, which, on the one hand, are aimed at preserving culture, heritage, and history, but at the same time allow generating something new - the architecture of the future. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 I Made Rai Ridartha Putu Alit Suthanaya Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama and Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra Transportation problems are caused by many factors. In addition to factors directly related to the transportation itself, such as traffic density, the availability of adequate public transportation, it is also influenced by other factors outside of transportation. The phenomenon of student shuttle activities using motorbikes is one of the causes of transportation problems. This phenomenon appears in almost all of Indonesia, including in Gianyar Regency. The frequency of these activities is influenced, among others, by the time schedule for teaching and learning at school (half day school) and the behavior and habits of the community in traffic. The habit of picking up students by motorcycle is getting stronger along with the low quality of public transportation services. Data collected from 14 junior high schools in Gianyar district showed that almost 48% of students were picked up by their parents using motorbikes. Meanwhile, 17.80% of students ride their own motorbikes for school activities. The consequences of these problems include congestion and the possibility of experiencing traffic accidents, inefficient use of time and costs and air pollution. On the other hand, the Gianyar Regency government has operated free student transportation #AMAN to serve students in 43 junior high schools, although its operations have not covered the entire region. The purpose of this study was to find how do push and pull strategies affect student's shuttle activities using motorbikes' The study was conducted in 14 junior high schools with 400 respondents from parents of students. The analytical method used is SEM-AMOS. The result of this study is that there is a fairly strong influence of the pull strategy on the willingness to move using student transportation. Meanwhile, the pull strategy has a less strong influence on behavioral changes in the use of motorcycle for student's shuttle activities. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Jimmy Adora Nebrida and Ronald Orale This study aimed to assess the construction operations practices of three contractors; apply the construction operations practices for each company to a hypothetical construction project; and use an operation research tool in the hypothetical construction project. The results showed that the majority of contractors have similar organizational delivery systems with functional departments such as business development, finance, human resources, and construction operations, and they fall into the PCAB group. According to respondents, efficiency in resource use, avoidance of non-conformance works, elimination of wastes or non-value-added activities, value engineering, bulk order discounts, listing of different suppliers, double shifting of work scheme, prioritizing activities suitable for weather conditions, delegating work packages to subcontractors, resequencing the project schedule, application of value engineering are all important factors in optimizing project costs. The study concludes that operations research methods are important in project management, particularly in terms of reducing construction costs and increasing project profit. The findings indicated how the operations research tool, in conjunction with the QM for Windows application, made determining project schedule priorities to manage large and complicated project operations appear simple. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 P. P. Prasoon and M. S. Ravi Kumar The innovative findings that exploiting Identity reinforced concrete (RC) compression members can be stiffened with basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) textiles are shown in this research paper. It illustrates how to use BFRP to stiffen RC members. BFRP fabrics are less cost-effective, have a higher fracture strain, and are more durable than other fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials. Self-compacts are a new type of concrete, which can be able to place without the use of vibration. If the reinforcement is congested, it can flow freely under its own gravity, thoroughly filling the formwork and maximising compaction. Materials such as to increase the load capacity of decreased concrete as a reinforcing agent for columnar, basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) is employed. The test matrix is strengthened by using BFRP fabrics. The column gets tested with increasing layers of BFRP fabrics. The increasing of two to nine layers of BFRP fabrics was used. It shows a significant strength increase in the maximum load bearing capacity, shear capacity, and ductility of concrete column. Ultimate load bearing capacity has been found to have increased by 92%. This technique of restoring and strengthening existing RC structures in place saves money and helps the environment of countries seeking to repair and maintain old infrastructure. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Idawarni Asmal Baharuddin Hamzah and Happy Ratna Karamak in North Galesong is a fishing village located adjacent to Makassar Strait. Temperatures can reach more than 40℃; as well as in the house units, temperatures can reach up to 37℃ during the day in the dry season. From the thermal comfort aspect, it is then far from comfort to do activities. It has an impact on changes in the occupant's attitude in choosing the activity space. The research objectives are to find the differences between indoor and outdoor temperatures that affect community response to the transfer of their activities from indoor to outdoor during the daytime with the aim of finding a comfortable activity atmosphere so that activities can be more optimal. The method used was to conduct thermal measurements on the macro and micro scale, including temperature, humidity by the HTC-2 to measure temperature and humidity, while for wind speed using an anemometer. Macro scale climate measurements were carried out in outdoor and micro-scales in indoor of the stage house units. Data collection was carried out simultaneously in the rooms in the sample house. The measurement results were presented in the table. The analysis was used in a comparison between outdoor and indoor climates. Measurements also take off people's perceptions of indoor-outdoor thermal as supporting data measured by the tool. The study has given information about the coastal climate effects on microclimate conditions (residential units) so that it became hot during the day. This study also provided insights for planners and policymakers going forward in response to heated conditions. The microclimate made the residents move the activity space to outdoor that was more comfortable and able to support their activities. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Putu Doddy Heka Ardana I Wayan Redana Mawiti Infantri Yekti and I Nengah Simpen Accurate and reliable groundwater level prediction is a critical component in water resources management. This paper developed two methods to predict forty-six months of groundwater level fluctuation. The approaches of Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were compared for predicting groundwater levels. MLR and ANN approaches were performed at two monitoring wells, Ubung and Ngurah Rai, in the Denpasar region of Bali, Indonesia, considering all significant inputs of hydrometeorological time series data: barometric pressure, evaporation, temperature, wind, bright sunshine, rainfall, and groundwater level. The model's performance was assessed statistically and graphically. The ANN-predicted groundwater levels agreed better with the observed groundwater levels than the MLR-predicted groundwater levels at all sites. The results show the ANN performs better than MLR in terms of statistical errors, notably mean square error (MSE) value of 0.6325; root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.7953; mean absolute error (MAE) value of 0.6122 based on the MLR in the Ubung monitoring well, while ANN models got an MSE value of 0.143; RMSE value of 0.379, and MAE value of 0.311. For the Ngurah Rai monitoring well, the MSE value is of 1.3406, RMSE value of 1.1579, and MAE value of 0.9152 for MLR, while ANN models obtained MSE value of 0.0483, RMSE value of 0.2198, and MAE value of 0.1266. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Nishkarsha Koirala Suttisak Soralump and Sartsin Phakdimek In the modern world of Civil Engineering, challenges arise during the various phases of construction, starting from the project development phase to the completion of the project. One of the main factors to be considered before commencing any infrastructure project is the foundation of where it is to be built. Without a strong foundation, it's not possible to proceed further to subsequent stages and in some cases, significant improvements may be required before starting the construction process. Although there are several different available methods for soil improvement in Civil Engineering, preloading using vacuum pressure with prefabricated vertical drains (Vacuum Consolidation Method) is one of the commonly applied techniques. Nowadays, it is widely used in countries having soft soil settlement problems. This paper presents the observations made from a soil improvement project using VCM including the site conditions and methodologies adopted during the process. The field data related to parameters such as pore pressure, settlement and shear strength improvement in natural soft clay have been presented and discussed. The degree of consolidation in the field has been back-calculated from settlement data and compared with values obtained from the 1-D consolidation equation. Field investigation tests, such as borehole tests and field vane shear tests, were performed before and after the soil improvement and it was found that the soft soil properties can be enhanced using vacuum consolidation without the use of any surcharge loading as well. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Chee Fui Wong Fang Yenn Teo Anurita Selvarajoo Ooi Kuan Tan and See Hung Lau The construction industry is a main contributor to Malaysia's economy and yet some construction projects are considered being extremely unsafe, unhealthy, and exposing to a lot of hazards and risks to worksites. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) is a process commonly used to determine and evaluate both existing and potential hazards on a worksite and an effective control action plan used to reduce the identified hazards. HIRARC risk management is a fundamental to the business operation, planning and management. This study investigates the implementation of the HIRARC Risk Management Plan and Risk Registered Matrix for the construction project of the Mengkuang Dam in Malaysia, which involved the scopes of raising and extension of the existing dam. Construction of the dam upgrading and expansion was subjected to severe risks factors such as potential impact to the existing dam, project schedule delay, exceeding the project budget and contractual dispute. The Risk Register Matrix based on HIRARC was initiated for this project and was also implemented during the construction of the dam. The risk management plan framework and process involved in the risk identification, risk assessment, risk control, and mitigating measures are discussed for further assessments of risk control and action plans. The findings have shown that the construction project risk in term of the relative risks can be reduced by implementing an effective control action plan to mitigate the risks significantly. The HIRARC risk management that applied in this study can also be adopted in other dam construction projects to provide an effective safety management system and reduce the project relative hazard risks. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: May 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 3 Sunalini Esther Devadas and Sheeba Chander The pedagogy for Theory of Architecture in many Schools of Architecture is primarily oriented towards lecture-centric classes, even in cases of engaging the student with exploratory physical models and supplementary hands-on activities. There is a clear demarcation between the realm of theory classes and the design studio. The main onus of theory classes in architecture is to support and facilitate the design process in the design studio. In reality, this is seldom true. This research aims at pedagogy that familiarizes learners with the process of design with a specific focus on design ideation, thereby bridging the knowledge transfer gap between lecture halls and design studios. This article explores a pedagogical model that layers the crucial elements that lend authenticity to design, derived from an exercise for students of architecture, executed over a webinar. The authoritative elements explored have been acquired from architectural theories. The subsequent model can be used effectively in courses at universities pertaining to Theories in / of Architecture. Consequently, this model will pragmatically support and complement the design process in the design studio of a practicing architect as well. The objectives of the study are to investigate exploratory pedagogical models in architectural education in order to improve theoretical and creative cognition as well explore concepts and ideas in taught modules that will ease the burden of seeking them out in design studios. PubDate: May 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Irdinal Arief and Harifuddin Thahir The Province of Central Sulawesi has an interestingly attractive potency of tourism beaches for tourists, such as white-sand beach, sunset spots, tropical beach forest, and the beauty of an underwater landscape, mainly coral reefs located in Tanjung Karang, the Regency of Donggala. The typographic preservation of this tourism destination is mostly still well-maintained, but some abandoned areas are also found due to tourists or inhabitants exploitation. It can be seen from buildings layout exceeding the beach border, garbage stacking in the coastal area up to the sea, careless clear-water consumption, and unmanaged and uncontrolled waste management system. Based on these circumstances, a strategy to maintain existing natural preservation is highly required by the utilization of environmentally friendly energy. The sustainable strategy integrates hotel resort areas with its surroundings, viewed from biomimetic architecture, and contains climate, biology, architecture, and technology, collectively. The research, then, discusses how to respond to the natural condition of Tanjung Karang beach, by considering its surroundings in terms of adaptation to nature and evolution [1], and also utilizes regional climate-supported energy, optimally, such as the solar energy and heat, wind, and surroundings-sourced water. Further, the adaptation of a coastal-traditional architecture was also performed by duplicating (mimetic), a transformation was relevantly conducted. In this research, a biomimetic approach was not comprehensively done, but it was limited to a simple simulation process, consisting of site management, site analysis via environment interaction, the concept of the hotel resorts design considering traditional principles such as building style, the mass form of buildings, and a schematic and simulated management of partly renewable energy. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Saleh M. Alogla and Ahmed I. Almusayrie Concrete industry produces high carbon dioxide emissions that are harmful to the environment. As cement is the primary artificial component of concrete, most of the past studies focused on reducing the cement content in concrete manufacturing. To enhance the sustainability of concrete production, generally, cement is partially replaced with waste materials with similar characteristics such as silica fume and fly ash. One of the sources of such waste materials in date-producing countries is palm trees since each palm tree produces approximately 23 kg of waste annually. Currently, very limited use of palm tree waste exists in the concrete industry; specifically, palm tree leaves ash (PTA). This study is intending to evaluate the potential of adding PTA to concrete as a cement replacement by evaluating the compressive strength of PTA concrete. Several concrete cylindrical specimens were cast with variable percentages of added PTA. Three dosages of PTA (5%, 10%, and 15%) were added to the concrete as a substitute for cement by weight. The palm tree ash added to concrete was collected from burned palm tree branches and filtered based on its fineness. Assessment of the compressive strength of PTA-based concrete was performed at ages of 7, 28, and 56 days. The results of evaluating the compressive strength of the specimens showed that the concrete mixed with only 5% PTA possesses around 12% higher compressive strength than that without PTA. Further, increasing the dosage of added PTA to concrete yielded unfavorable results in terms of increasing the compressive strength. The addition of more than 10% of PTA to concrete as a replacement for cement triggered a significant reduction in compressive strength of the concrete. The findings of this study encourage partial replacement of cement with PTA in concrete up to 5% to reduce concrete carbon footprint and enhance sustainability of concrete manufacturing process with maintaining desired mechanical properties. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Mohd Nizam Shakimon Rohana Hassan Mohamed Ali Hassan Nor Jihan Abd Malek Norshariza Mohamad Bhkari and Mohd Sapuan Salit The adequacy of timber joints determines how much load it can sustain, commonly called load-carrying capacity. European Yield Model (EYM), also known as Johansen yield theory, has been widely adopted in the design of timber joints for predicting load-carrying capacity. In EC5, the pulling out capacity is known as the 'rope effect' and becomes one parameter that governs the load-carrying capacity in a dowel-type timber connection. Due to the high cost of preparing the timber specimen, computer modelling always becomes the alternative in measuring the load-carrying capacity for timber connections. However, the computer modelling results need to be validated with the experimental laboratory test before being extended to different sizes and materials of fasteners. This study presents a finite element method (FEM) for numerical modelling and analysis to validate the experimental performance of timber's 12mm, 16mm, and 20mm bolt withdrawal capacity. This method adopted Abaqus 6.14.4 software package to create four (4) FEM models consisting of a bolt inserted into a glulam timber block at a different insertion depth, parallel and perpendicular to the timber grain direction. The axially inserted bolt was subjected to a pull-out force while the glulam timber block was held in position. The mild steel bolt and tropical Mengkulang glulam timber blocks were used. The validation showed an acceptable agreement between the FEM and the experimental results. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Charinee Limsawasd and Nathee Athigakunagorn Construction activities generate a significant number of airborne pollutants. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the important emissions arising throughout construction, especially in large-scale projects due to the utilization of heavy-duty equipment. Nevertheless, there is no competent approach that is capable of quantifying PM emissions from construction equipment operations at the pre-planning stage. Therefore, the development of a sufficiently accurate and simple quantification model is pressingly needed as the first step to help construction planners in identifying potential mitigation opportunities toward sustainable construction. This paper introduces a PM emission estimation model in an integrated application with a discrete-event simulation (DES) technique, namely EZStrobe. The model is developed with the aim of improving the current body of knowledge in the aspects of simplicity and practicality to address the restriction of input data availability in the initial phase of construction projects. A case study of a real highway project in Thailand is used to demonstrate the use and performance of the developed model in evaluating the environmental impacts in terms of diesel exhaust emissions. The findings identify critical construction activities and factors potentially affecting the environment. This approach enables construction planners to obtain a holistic, sustainable viewpoint in efficiently managing existing construction resources. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Mimi Arifin Shirly Wunas Pratiwi Mushar Wiwik W. Osman Gafar Lakatupa and Jayanti Mandasari Indonesia is a maritime country where most of the population depends on marine resources, including settlements in Lero. However, geographical conditions are often unsafe. Coastal communities must adapt to the climate, geographical conditions, and prosper with marine resources. So far, the reality is that fishermen's settlements are always identified as slums, undeveloped residents, and difficult to get out of poverty. This research aims to determine the coastal settlements characteristics in Lero, participation level in mitigation, mitigation-based infrastructure development strategies, and fisheries economic resilience. The method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative. The analysis used includes: spatial, scoring, and IPA analyses. The research results show that the residents of Lero Village must be adaptive to disasters because of their geographical location. Community participation in disaster mitigation is strongly influenced by external factors. Meanwhile, internal factors have no effect. Regarding infrastructure development, there are four priority scale aspects that require handling, namely improving pier facilities, ship repairing facilities for fishermen, management of residential waste systems and waste management of Lero settlements. The development of Lero as a coastal tourism village must be supported by the development of local potential-based community skills to improve the socio-economic sustainability of the surrounding population. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Amani M. Al Hadidi and Osama T. Al Meanazel This study analyzed the factors of the Occupational Health and Work Safety (OHS) implementation and Risk Management (RM) implementation that affect the performance of site construction workers. It also examined the mediation role of RM between OHS and site construction workers' performance. A quantitative [1] survey method of self-distributing questionnaires was employed using simple random sampling of 600 site construction workers on a site-widening project in Jordan, with a 99% response rate. The results of the questionnaire [1] were used and analyzed for the validity test, reliability, f-test, and t-test for each item of statement. The method of analysis [1] used for testing the hypothesis is Partial Least Square-Structure Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) which utilized AMOS for the descriptive analysis test results. The results of this study show that the Work Safety (WS) variable was the most dominant element as there are 82% of health and safety devices in my workplace. However, in case of any [1] accident on the construction site, there was 81% of the practical result of the Occupational Health variable which was Emergency treatment. The dominant result was Workers [7] for the RM variable assigned for likely hazardous or serious tasks, which was 87% and controlled regularly by the internal audits for testing if they follow the set of procedures and instructions for the safety and health of the workers in my organization. The results of PLS-SEM concluded that the [0] implementation of OHS and RM had a positive and significant effect on the performance of site construction workers. Moreover, the RM plays a partial mediation role between Site Construction Workers' Performance and OHS. [1] The findings show that the application of OHS in the construction projects affects the achievement of the company's work. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Alan M. Qaradaxi and Hafedh A. Yahya Privacy refers to the control of how much information about an individual should be allowed into the public domain. Individual privacy in an apartment building refers to the blockage of information within an individual room within the family apartment. Previous studies have given less attention on the privacy of residential apartments which this study focuses on. This research paper aims to explore the role of interior design in providing individual privacy in residential buildings. With time, more demand for apartment buildings is experienced and people are preferring more private places as physical connections become rare. As such, the question of how to maintain individual privacy with the population increase and reduced need for physical connections prompted the study. To assess the interior design privacy of the apartments, an observational case study was applied. Eight residential buildings in Erbil formed the research sample and they were assessed using a Likert scale to obtain average values of each variable. The findings show that interior design elements tend to influence visual and acoustical privacy to a great extent. The choice of the interior design materials has an impact on the overall rating of building on protecting both acoustical and visual privacy. Results show no correlation between visual and acoustical privacy for the individual for the same project. The interior design of Shahan city apartment presents the worst regarding to individual privacy. The study concludes that in order to increase the value of housing unit, it should maintain the individual privacy within the limitations of the societies. It is recommended that privacy achieved by controlling architectural elements of interior design of the apartment should raise its value. It is also recommended that the local and national governments strengthen policies regulating interior designs norms to reduce the lack of individual privacy. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Youness Tlidi Lahcen Bahi Latifa Ouadif and Anas Bahi The seismic activity in northern Morocco is largely due to an intense tectonic activity Plio-Quaternary and current generated by the approach of the two lithospheric plates Africa-Eurasia. Certainly, the liquefaction of soils is a phenomenon that presents a potential risk and a major challenge for the construction of foundations of engineering structures. The objective of this work is the realization of test plates to decide on adequate treatment in a soil liquefiable. For our case during the construction of a double bridge on a liquefiable soil and in a seismic zone, we were confronted with two technical problems, on the one hand the choice of the method of treatment of the soil in place and on the other hand the verification of this improvement by the results of the CPT tests (Cone Penetration Test) carried out before and after the densification of the soil. Many types of liquefaction remediation methods have been developed. However, for our case, the results indicate the effectiveness of the vibrocompaction method in improving the in-place soil compared to the dry method in eliminating the risk of soil liquefaction. It should be noted that the wet columns were lowered to 22m/TN, and the dry columns were stopped at varying depths between 2 and 14m/TN, and the results of the CPT (Cone Penetration Test) confirm the effectiveness of vibrocompaction and that the bridge foundations are protected against the phenomenon of soil liquefaction. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Dina Bakir Yasser Mansour Shaimaa Kamel Yasser Moustafa and Marwa H. Khalil Design has long focused on the visual sense, with the neglect of other human senses. Currently, there is a growing body of literature that presents how perception is actually multi-sensory in nature. The visually impaired and blind rely on their other senses which make them appreciate other spatial qualities. The aim of the study is to understand how they experience and perceive the built environment through their compensatory senses. More specifically, the study intends to determine the spatial qualities that can enrich the multisensory experience in the built environment. A phenomenological research approach is adopted. The study relies on two different types of narratives. First, the autobiography of Taha Hussein "The Days" as a past experience of a blind person was selected. Second, in-depth semi-structured interviews and guided tours with visually impaired and blind informants were conducted. Instead of looking at what they are limited to, the study identifies their sensory capabilities that were enhanced by the surrounding environments. Through the exploration of such capabilities, the paper extracts multi-sensorial spatial qualities that cater for such capabilities. The paper identifies specific physical characteristics that were perceived by the visually impaired and blind informants regarding the surrounding spatial envelope. Findings of this study also show that sensory perception of physical characteristics acted as a dominant theme helping in cognitive processes such as constructing mental imagery, cognitive maps, and operating in the built environment. The findings of the study were discussed in light of previous research and literature. Such findings are expected to provide relevant insights for a multisensory design approach that engages all the senses, and helps designers provide users with richer experiences. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Yusur Raed Mohsen and Basim Hasan Hashim After the development of technology and the technological participation into the world of architectural design instead of the traditional methods that designers used to create shapes, the trend began to use the computers and architectural design software programs instead. This leads to a flaw in the architectural design rather than limiting it to the artistic side to generate architectural forms characterized by aesthetics and uniqueness. The glitch reveals a new opportunity and a spark of creative energy indicating that something new is about to be created. Therefore, the research problems are lack of knowledge in the in-formed glitch and the tools that are invested by architects to generate the architectural forms. The aim of the research is to find the tools that generate digital architectural forms through the in-formed glitch, as well as, study the two types of glitch (given and in-formed) and the glitch in architecture design. The practical application on some projects shows that one of the most important glitch tools designers relied on to reach architectural forms with unique aesthetic shapes that are characterized by dominance, transparency and balance. It expresses the aesthetic aspects in unexpected way that makes the recipient feel shocked when he sees the output for the first time, then multiple interpretations explaining the beauty in the eyes of the beholder depending on his cultural background. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Nenny Fenti Daud S. Sukmasari Antaria and Hamzah Al Imran This experimental study discusses flow velocity around concrete wings for the reduction of scouring on bridge pillars. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the flow velocity around the bridge piers before and after the concrete flange curtain by using iRIC (International River Interface Cooperative) software Nays2HD 3.0. A soil channel model with trapezoidal cross-section, cylindrical pillar and concrete wing curtain model was used in this study. The observation objects were flow discharge (Q), flow velocity (v), flow depth (h), and scour depth elevation (ds) in each time interval. Furthermore, the simulation results showed that the lowest and the highest flow velocity were 0.000 m/s and 0.998 m/s, respectively. The flow velocity that occurred around the bridge piers and concrete wings was relatively small due to the changing direction of flow after the concrete wings. Meanwhile, the scour that occurred around the bridge pillars was relatively small due to the presence of concrete wings in front of the pillars. Based on the validation results between the analysis of the iRIC software, Nays2DH 3.0 and a physical model at the output velocity (ms-1), there was an insignificant difference of 4.61%. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Petrit Pasha and Mohd Tajuddin Bin Mohd Rasdi The purpose of this research is to restructure information management in the building design and construction process by using the BIM management platform. BIM has appeared in the scene of the architecture and construction chain by addressing multidisciplinary inefficiencies, incapabilities, disorganizations, and delays that have been rooted in the structure of architecture and building chain for over decades. However, the German architecture and construction chains are experiencing huge difficulties in accepting, endorsing, and understanding the BIM benefits, because there is no clear guidance and best practices in BIM implementation that comes as a reliable example. This research aims to present, explain, and analyze the differences between projects that have been designed and built in the traditional way and those which have utilized assets of the BIM management software. The investigation is based on two case studies - one project managed in the traditional non-BIM manner and the other one utilizing BIM as the main platform. The results reveal clearly that the BIM-involved project achieves higher accuracy, better design quality, effective team collaboration, and satisfying cost and time-efficiency compared to the traditional design and build project. Nevertheless, the results also reveal that the BIM software is underused or misused among the teams involved in the building chain. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Shifana Fatima Kaafil Rehumaan Disaster mitigation in developing countries calls for use of locally available composite materials and technology for faster implementation. The behavior of concrete with composites at vulnerable locations is considerably improved in non-linear form. The focus of the study is to provide design inputs for rehabilitation of damaged beam using locally available composite materials based on nonlinear static analysis. The study models are the tensile zone of a beam structure using finite elements and pre-assigned crack widths and crack depth. By non-linear material analysis, the stiffness variation is found out, approximated in a bilinear form then given as an input to get stiffness and displacement of the models before and after modulus of rupture for concrete. The model developed in this paper involves a lot of uncertainties and thereby fuzzy logic has been used to handle these uncertainties. The percentage increase in stiffness and percentage reduction in displacement for undamaged, damaged concrete model and concrete rehabilitated with composite are found using fuzzy logic then compared with the results obtained from finite elements analysis. The method developed in this paper is validated with an example, showing the percentage increase via load carrying capacity of the beam and the different types of repairs and rehabilitation. The equations developed in this paper are recommended for design implementation of cracked, uncracked and damaged specimens using locally made different composites. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Syed Emad Uddin Ahmad Khalid Moin and Rehan Ahmad Khan Seismic isolation is effected by providing an interface between the foundations of the building and superstructure which may consist of stories above the ground level by inserting devices. Those are meant to reduce the effect of ground motions generated by an earthquake or/ and wind load. In this process, the period of the whole structure including base isolators is elongated so that ground waves containing large energy contents in the horizontal components of the earthquake may be deflected conveniently. An updated state-of-art review of isolation techniques and the design of isolated buildings is presented in this paper. The research findings in the comprehensive form are extracted out of the large volume of research papers published during the last five decades, where only some limited quality papers are selected for the preparation of this manuscript. The review generally covered papers on the analysis and design of structures with base isolation. Review is not confined to buildings with friction pendulum isolators only, but also includes the study of structural response to some other types of base isolators and dampers to seismic attacks. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Ratthaphong Meesit Patraphorn Phornthepkasemsant Rojjanast Rattanawan and Thitinan Ruamsab Railways are becoming the main transportation mode in Thailand. Thus, maintaining the optimal service level to passengers is one of the significant issues that need to be addressed. This makes the way to manage railway assets extremely important, especially with the essential assets on a railway network such as switches and crossings (S&C). This study presents how the risk of switch and crossing failures could be assessed and managed. The process of the risk management is based on ISO 31000, and the method used to analyse the risk is the Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA). In detail, the switches and crossings on the Airport Rail Link city line (ARL), Thailand, are considered as a case study. The interview data from six experts, engineers and technicians who are responsible for the maintenance of S&C were used to determine the risk of each S&C component. The results show that the point machines, check and wing rails are the most critical components of S&C in the case study, and the least critical components are heel blocks, slide chairs and closure rails. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the current S&C maintenance program of the ARL may need to be improved. The priority of the inspection and maintenance activities of each S&C component could be adjusted according to the risk evaluation results presented in this study. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Rudi Waluyo Subrata Aditama K. A. Uda Rizki Fajrianur Akbar and Muhammad Irsyad The construction sector is the largest contributor to carbon emission, especially from housing development activities, which has been on high demand due to the continuous increase in the population. This study aims to analyze the amount of carbon emission produced from house building materials on peat soil, using the Building Information Modeling method. The construction of houses on peat land is different from that of hard soil, because it requires to strengthen the foundation and to minimize the load on the superstructure of the building which was performed by choosing the type of material that is suitable for the location, and is also environmentally friendly. The carbon emission was calculated using a quantitative approach, where the volume of the material used was multiplied by its emission coefficient. The volume of material was obtained using the Building Information Modeling method, while the emission coefficients were acquired by utilizing the inventory data from ICE University of Bath and several literature studies. The results showed that the types of materials that produced the largest emissions were cement, mild steel, and wood, which had 14,051.90 KgCO2eq/house, 9,565.89 KgCO2eq/house, and 7,865.75 KgCO2eq/house, carbon value respectively. After redesigning the building and replacing light steel with wood, the emission reduction was 5.01% from a total of 42,523.33 KgCO2eq/house or 2,109 KgCO2eq/house with a saving of Rp. 154,397.04 or 10.87/house. Based on data from Central Bureau of Statistics of the City of Palangka Raya, the number of houses built in Palangka Raya City reached 918 units with an average building area of 45 - 70 m2, it is estimated to save Rp. 141,397,482.72 or $ 9,978.66. It shows the importance of environmentally friendly innovations in designs and the selection of low-emission materials, which has a positive impact on finance and climate sustainability. This finding is expected to provide insights for the government in the implementation of housing construction policies that prioritize environmental factors which reduce the level of carbon produced during the construction process and its operation. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Safaaaldeen Hussein Ali and Marwa Mohammed Kassid AL-Zaid Building methods have advanced because of technological development. So-called contemporary construction technology techniques have made construction processes faster, less expensive, and better performing, especially in the case of low-cost contemporary housing projects in Iraq, where these techniques have been developed by planning engineering solutions that fill the housing need in Iraq. This research aims to improve the formal, functional, and environmental requirements through contemporary construction technology techniques in housing complexes in Iraq. Solving the problem necessitated the adoption of a multistage analytical and descriptive approach. The first stage was to extract and create a theoretical framework for the subject. In the second stage, we applied it to the Bismayah housing project in Iraq to determine the most important terms approved in it. Finally, we analyze and discuss the results of the practical study. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Aditya Kumar Singh Vinay Mohan Das Yogesh Kumar Garg and Mohammad Arif Kamal The Architectural image of Indian traditional temples has been fascinating the scholars since their discovery, maybe due to their mystic sensorial experience. Historians, archaeologists, artists, anthropologists, astrologists, numerologists, and exclusively architects have been exploring the mysticism either linking myths or textural tenets. The sea change has been witnessed in the architectural language of temples since the beginning of their existence to date. Since the late medieval period, this language has been deciphered in majorly Sanskrit and manifested with due authenticity. It is the colonial period wherein the various scholarships have initiated attempts to decode the mysticism of architectural language through translations & visual transformations. Through a close review of the past researches, the paper has discerned the various constructs and approaches through which scholars have conceptualized and interpreted the architecture of Indian traditional temples. It has focused on contemporary visual frameworks for analysis of Indian traditional temples employed by scholars and the outcomes of the same. The comparatives between the building & text put forth by scholarships were often found constructed on shaky grounds while the visual interpretations had revealed either faltered dimensional transformations or implausible geometrical propensities. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 I Nyoman Sutarja and I Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra Ergonomic requirements in a building must be reliable. They must meet the safety, health, comfort and convenience requirements specified in the building rules, including the ergonomic safety requirements in a traditional Balinese building. Traditionally, the Balinese utilized their body size to gauge their building's size. However, changes in technology and people's lifestyles have already influenced building techniques. To what extent are ergonomic aspects still used in novel Balinese architecture and building structures' This article examined recent buildings in Bali, integrating architecture, construction, advanced technology and traditional building components. This article analyzed the proper building design and structural system that addresses the ergonomics of the house, the indigenous knowledge of the people, and the advancement of technologies through fieldwork, literature study, interviews and structural analysis using SAP 2000. This study discovered that, traditionally, Balinese people utilized their bodies to determine the scale of their buildings, both in terms of space and structural components. As living standards and technology improved, they have begun to forsake the usage of body parts in measuring buildings. Nowadays, buildings have been designed using meter basis measurement, removing the ability to identify the building's owner using the owner's body as the basic standard for measurement. They also abandoned conventional structural techniques in favor of reinforced concrete systems, especially for non-religious buildings, because reinforced concrete frame structures supported by brick walls are more secure than wooden frame structures. However, the integration during the planning process between architecture and structural design process has still been performed. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 John Cedierick P. Abarca Ar. Jocelyn A. Rivera-Lutap Raydett Kelly C. Ronquillo and John Dence S. Suizo In the Philippines, some ethnic minority-built heritages are frequently misunderstood, and most are not given adequate attention in assessing their cultural significance. Consequently, people often lack adequate knowledge in the proper conservation and preservation of remaining cultural treasures. This may further result in the degradation, if not the oblivion, of key Filipino cultural values. It is with the use of the Pilot site procedure that we approached the architectural practice of Heritage conservation as we diagnosed the traditional dwellings of Egongot people of Aurora province in giving light to their traditional architecture as a vital built heritage in the country. The pilot site approach made use of historical documentation and surveys as well as present architectural condition assessment through observation. The first phase of the pilot site is the historic data collection which provided the traditional construction process and the use of vernacular materials. The second phase which is the architectural assessment provided observational information of its current state after the intervention of conservation treatment. The last phase of the pilot site approach which is the diagnosis of conservation treatment, is the consequent analysis of both past and present. These two factors are utilized to formulate a comparative analysis of ‘how it used to be' and ‘how its current state is'. The results showed various manipulations of construction methods and integration of modern building materials that threaten both the identity and structural integrity of the built heritage. As a result, appropriate preservation and maintenance guidelines are formulated to better appreciate the heritage architecture's historic and cultural value. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Tito Castillo Marcel Paredes Alexis Andrade Valeria Arroba and Joselyn Guerrero The construction of prefabricated houses is a viable option to solve the problems of housing demand in the Andean region. The prefabricated concrete houses have been built in several countries in the region and will surely be developed in the future. Thinking about their constructability, information is required about this construction system, which is scarcely known by the main people involved in construction: governments, users and builders. The present work seeks to fill the knowledge gap on the production and assembly of prefabricated concrete housing (PFCH), as well as on its advantages and disadvantages. For this purpose, a search for providers of this type of housing was carried out in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru. Through an analysis of documentary information and interviews with the managers of the supplier companies, it was established that one of the main aspects in this construction system is the definition of the constituent elements of the house as this defines the need for equipment and hand of work for its assembly. The main advantage is the short execution time, while among the disadvantages is the poor adaptability of the designs. There are conflicting opinions as to whether its cost is an advantage. This research contributes to the constructability of PFCH in the Andean region, facilitating knowledge that can be integrated in the design and in the construction stage in order to improve the performance of the construction process. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Qazi U. Farooq Muhammad T. Naqash and Abdelkader T. Ahmed Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's green initiative program aims to plant ten million trees across the country. The kingdom mostly has a desert climate with constrained water resources. The sand dunes and sheets spread across hundreds of square kilometers in the country. The plantation of trees and saplings in these harsh conditions cannot be achieved without an efficient irrigation system. Native desert trees have deep roots and smart irrigation techniques can be intrinsically applied to irrigate these plants, even in the wild. In this study, a smart irrigation system for deep-rooted trees has been numerically assessed for the sandy desert conditions. The partially saturated, subsurface flow analysis has been done by using FEM modeling. The study results exhibit the possible placement of smart irrigation diffusers along with the depth. The method can be used to irrigate only the target root zone and oblige in water conservation. The field installation of a smart irrigation system in deep strata and its long-term maintenance will be some of the prospective challenges for field engineers. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 I Gusti Agung Putu Eryani Made Widya Jayantari and I Kadek Merta Wijaya WEAP or Water Evaluation and Planning is a model that is used to simulate integrated water resources management. To get a model that is able to represent the real condition, a calibration process is needed. This study aims to determine the optimum parameter value through sensitivity analysis and to determine the parameter value to obtain the optimum model reliability value during the calibration process. Based on the sensitivity analysis process for several calibration parameters of the WEAP model, it is found that some parameters have similar characteristics. Change in Z1, DWC, RRF, RZC value is directly proportional to the RMSE value, the greater the parameter value, the greater the RMSE value obtained. Whereas change in Z2, DC, SWC, PFD value is inversely proportional to the RMSE value, the larger the parameter value, the smaller the RMSE value obtained. After the sensitivity analysis was carried out, the efficiency coefficient of the Nash Sutcliffe model was obtained 0.512 which was satisfactory. The Index of Agreement and the correlation coefficient of calibration also show good results with values of 0.848 and 0.743. From these results, it can be concluded that the WEAP model for the Unda watershed is satisfactory. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Raminder Kaur and Mahendra Joshi Purpose – In success of brick and mortar (B&M) retail markets, pedestrian friendly urban design plays a pivotal role. Variables affecting walkability have significant social, economic and environmental benefits in B&M retail markets. Through qualitative analysis from field and public agency survey, this paper evaluates the walkability index of retail markets in and along, Chaura bazar road, Ludhiana. Design/ methodology/ approach – Safety, Comfort and Convenience are three important pillars for sustainable urban design for pedestrian in B&M retail markets. Multiple methods including Global walking Index (GWI), Pedestrian Environment Data Scan (PEDS) and Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) are available to measure urban environment related to walking in particular region. For analysis of selected market, GWI method was chosen owing to the fact that it is the best worldwide applicable method to perform walkability qualitative analysis. Findings – Irrespective of the fact that pedestrians are the most important users in B&M retail markets, Walkability Index of study area is 27, which is minimal walkable range. Thus, to increase walkability, it is much needed for architects, planners and policy makers to implement actions to improve safety, comfort and convenience of pedestrian in all potential B&M retail markets. Originality – Walkability is one of the important concepts in urban planning and this paper highlights influencing factors to promote walking in B&M retail market. Indeed, in cities like Ludhiana, huge potential in retail industry is available, thus qualitative analysis of B&M retail markets is needed to attain a sustainable urban environment. Under scope, in terms of walkability, existing markets in Chaura bazar, Ludhiana have been analyzed. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Omar Mostafa Alomari The problem of building defects is one of the common problems that occur throughout the lifecycle of the building. The construction stakeholders consider it a critical issue that led to costs and time implications of reworks. Mostly, repairing construction defects requires a cost approximately ranging from 2.4% to 3.15% of the total cost of building. Therefore, the current study looks forward to discovering and classifying the common factors contributing to construction defects. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a qualitative method to collect and analyze the needed data through deep review of several previous studies that focused on the causes of building defects. Accordingly, this study identified 57 common contributing factors of building defects, which are classified into five groups according to their sources. These groups are Factors related to design, Factors related to construction, Factors related to materials, Factors related to human and External factors. Understanding the contributing factors of the building defects can help construction stakeholders take and develop various strategies to reduce the existence of defects in newly constructed buildings. Positively, the findings of this study could upgrade the management efficiency of the building defects assessment process in the future, which will help to avoid them as much as possible. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Raghuveer Narsing and K. Karthikeyan Groundwater is present under Earth surface within soil pore spaces and rock formation. It is recharged via surface and typically discharged. Water pollution affects the quality of water and troubles human health, economic growth as well as social wealth. The groundwater quality identification is essential to maintain freshwater resources for sustainable development. But, the existing methods failed to improve the groundwater quality and minimize time consumption. To address these problems, an Electric Profiling Ground Water Identification based Fully Recurrent Deep Neural Learning Classification (EPGWI-FRDNLC) Method is designed to achieve efficient quality analytics by higher accuracy and minimum time consumption. In EPGWI-FRDNLC Method, electric profiling process is carried out for ground water identification. After that, a fully recurrent deep neural learning classification process is carried out for ground water quality prediction analytics. Fully recurrent deep neural learning classification process includes more than three layers for performing the ground water quality analysis. In EPGWI-FRDNLC Method Model, a lot of data were measured for input and given to the input layer. After that, input data were given to hidden layer 1. In that layer, softmax regression is used for performing the input parameter analysis like temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity, nitrates and phosphates. Then, the regression coefficient value is transferred to hidden layer 2. Tanimato similarity function is employed for identifying the similarity between the regression coefficient value of training data and threshold value. Tanimato similarity value ranges from 0 to 1 and the results are sent to the output layer. By this way, EPGWI-FRDNLC Method improves the ground water quality prediction analytics. Experimental evaluation of EPGWI-FRDNLC Method was performed with various metrics by an amount of data. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Roz-Ud-Din Nassar Danish Saeed Muhammad Sufyan-Ud-Din and Shumayal Nassar This article investigates the use of powder waste glass (PWG) as partial replacement of cement for the production of Concrete Masonry Units (CMU) using a lab experimental program. Initially, an optimum level of partial replacement of cement with PWG was determined in the preliminary experimental tests on mortar mixtures incorporating PWG. Mixtures with 100% cement were also produced for comparison with the PWG modified mixtures. Test results of the main experimental program confirmed the viability of 15 wt.% replacement of cement with fine PWG having median particle size of 18 µm towards production of CMU with enhanced strength and durability attributes. The use of PWG as partial replacement cement benefitted the later-age strength and durability of the resulting cementitious mixture. At 56 and 90 days of ages, the PWG mixture-based CMU achieved about 12% higher strength than that of control CMU. Furthermore, eight-day cumulative water sorption of PWG-based CMU was recorded to be 43% less than that of normal CMU. Similarly, a 10% reduction in the dry density of the hardened CMU produced with PWG was recorded in comparison to that of control CMU produced with 100% cement. The inclusion of PWG as partial replacement of cement was observed to increase the initial and final setting times and slightly reduce the flow characteristic of the resulting cementitious mixtures. The use of PWG for the production of CMU blocks is viewed as an excellent practice for the production of strong, durable, light, economical and eco-friendly masonry construction. PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Mar 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 2 Rolando Mamani-Huaman Hernan Chavez Rojas and Mariel P. Ramos Inche Archaeological buildings are part of our national cultural heritage, have a legacy of historical significance, and are generators of economic benefits, due to tourist movements. Three-dimensional models have become a useful and significant tool for monitoring records, virtual reality, and structural analysis of architectural monuments. Aerial photogrammetry is the most employed method, it provides a complete model of the monument, incorporates a digital camera that can be used manually, placed on a drone, or on top of tripod instruments. Therefore, this method is versatile and can generate complete 3D models at the expense of longer processing times. This study proposes the 3D modeling and structural monitoring of the archaeological complex of Puka Pukara, to characterize the general state of damage of the monument, including inaccessible areas. The data generated from the area acquisition provided a thorough identification of the pathologies in the facades and walls. The results show highly deterministic 3D digital models that are then rigorously analyzed. The structural monitoring showed that the west wall and the east façade of the Puka Pukara enclosure show deterioration, cracks, deformations, and a high risk of decline, so emergency actions are recommended for their stabilization. The paper presented a single case study where a single 3D scanning technique was applied to the archaeological complex of Puka Pukara. The results generated by the methodology allowed complete digitization (exterior and interior) with a high level of detail of the structures, which can only be achieved by using one methodology (photogrammetry). PubDate: Mar 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Apoorva Dubey and Mohammad Arif Kamal School is not only a building or an assembly of students and teachers, but also can be defined as a space for children to grow and shape their thoughts. Children spend almost half their working hours of the day at school. The lessons and values learned here at school affect the perception of students in their lives. Surroundings of a person leave a great impact on him. Hence, schools need to be sustainable for better growth of students as well as the environment. On a national level, the GRIHA-PRAKRITI rating system is currently working on this concept. This paper includes a detailed analysis and assessment of Senior Secondary School, Aligarh Muslim University at Aligarh, India, based on seven major criteria under the GRIHA-PRAKRITI rating system by using both qualitative as well as quantitative research methods. All 15 criteria are not analyzed in detail. So, the rating of the building has been calculated out of 25 points. The points came out to be 14 out of 25 and the 2-star rating is achieved. This school building was established in 1987 but still, it came out as a green building. The incorporation of only passive design strategies and creativity can contribute to a green building, hence saving resources and the environment as well. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 M. Ebru Erdönmez Dinçer Süreyya Akyüz and Buse Açık Etike Public spaces are one of the main areas of urban life. They can be accessed and used by all individuals and groups in a city, and therefore lay the foundation for a common social life to thrive. The social, economic, cultural, and spatial diversity of a city develops in parallel to the diversity of its public spaces. The existence of an individual within the context of a city and the meaning of the city in an individual's mind are in direct relationship with the activities that take place in its urban spaces. This relationship becomes as strong as the capacity of urban spaces in supporting social life and collective events in both social and physical aspects. Today, the conception of physical urban space is unfortunately rather detached from the societal composition and the social construct of the city as it became a critical commodity in our market economy which leads to the creation of chunks of urban elements without any qualities and in-depth meaning for its users and can often easily become unsafe and unhealthy. The study aims to create a method for the increasingly commodified public spaces to become an element that improves the quality of life of the communities. For this purpose, PCA and CATPCA statistical methods were applied, and subsequently, a parameter set was formed. As a result, a data set that can be used in public space design has been obtained, and new parameters have been created through the method used in the formation of this data set. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Musab Abuaddous Anas Al-Hares A M Faten Albtoush and Ja’Far A. Aldiabat Al-Btoosh In any country, identifying high-intensity accident hotspots is essential in establishing effective techniques to minimize high-intensity accident sites. Because of Jordan's continual population growth in recent years, vehicle ownership has grown, leading to an increase in accident rates. According to many researches, Jordan suffers from damages caused by traffic accidents. As a result, the current study focuses on finding the black spots in selected Jordanian localities as a first step toward identifying the strategies to minimize traffic accidents in Jordan. To achieve this objective, the researcher started their investigation by collecting the accidents that occurred in Jordan during three years in 30 departments in Amman. The study area includes 30 segments in seven intersections in Amman city. Based on the collected data, the case study traffic sites were ranked based on their safety performance using several methods: accident rates, accident frequency, and accident severity index. The study's findings revealed that the high safety segment in the study area is from al-zamakhshre to interchange al-shfaa. In contrast, the high black spots are found from Jordan University to major streets. Results confirmed that identifying the high black spots segments contributes to reducing expected traffic accidents. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Osama Ragab This research compares the accuracy of Forecasting Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)-derived satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) for Wadi Ahin in Sohar area in Sultanate of Oman with Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM). To do so, GSMaP version 7 and TRMM data sets were evaluated at their regional 0.10 and 0.250 spatial resolution respectively. Both the wet and dry seasons were assessed on a monthly basis for each month. A grid cell with two gauges, one ground and the other GSMAP or TRMM, is calculated with the CC, the %RMSE, and the %B for all the considered datasets. Statistical measurements are provided here in more detail. The monthly analysis takes into account the whole period, dry season, and wet season separately for Mean regional and Mean spatial. Verification of monthly rainfall at a spatial level shows that GSMaP underestimates with a correlation coefficient, 0.704, bias -7.88% and RMSE 117.4%. Verification with the regional level shows that GSMAP performs well with a correlation coefficient of higher than 0.9. On the other hand, analysis of TRMM data sets shows a good verification in the spatial level and low accuracy in the regional level where the selected gauges are far from each other. The results indicate the need for improvement of GSMaP and TRMM estimates by doing some combinations between the datasets before application in this wadi. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Vladimir S. Goloshubin and Vera A. Pavlova This research aims to characterise and systematise ‘nature-oriented' movements in architecture and seeks to define the proposed term ‘nature-equivalent architecture'. The authors aimed to introduce readers to current global interdisciplinary relations between landscape architecture, environmental crisis and architecture in Russia, the discussion of which is closely aligned with global processes in these spheres. It is necessary to define and separate numerous related definitions of what is known as ‘green' architecture in Russia. For this purpose, the present research provides an overview of the Russian literature on this subject and analyses creative concepts related to nature-equivalent architecture. The research methodology is based on the study and comparison of the world experience and the experience of designing ‘nature-equivalent' architecture within the walls of the Moscow Architectural Institute. The results of this research are applied in design training in the Landscape Architecture department of the Moscow Architectural Institute. The proposed concept of nature-equivalent architecture, at a worldview level, sets an overarching goal for architects, landscape architects, urbanists, ecologists and other specialists: to create a truly ‘natural' city which is a geoequivalent to a natural landscape. Theoretical and historical prerequisites of this theory can be found when comparing numerous terms existing in Russia and evolutionary terms that define related concepts. Nature-equivalent architecture is defined as a theory that integrates numerous synonymous definitions. As its name signifies, it recreates the quality of nature in an architectural environment. A historical and theoretical basis for the development of what the authors call ‘the nature-equivalent' movement in architecture can thus be identified. The research proves that Russian architects perceive landscape architecture as a global creative method. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Semenyuk Olga Slyamkhanova Aida Yeraly Elmira Abdrashitova Tatyana and Butabekova Aida Currently, the issue of an integrated, interdisciplinary approach in the design of the urban environment is relevant, which is important to be taken into account when training specialists in the field of architecture. The purpose of this study is to introduce into the learning process the theoretical and methodological concept of the integrated organization of the spatial environment of the city, considering modern trends in the design of post-industrial society. The method of integrated design of urban environment model solves the problem of combining theory with practice in the training of architects. This method allows you to put science, arts and aesthetics, as well as the technical knowledge to the process of creative design. Integrated design implies application of fundamental and general knowledge of man, nature and society; and application of the theoretical foundations of urban planning science and landscape design. Integrated design implies selection and application in the creative process of new solutions in the field of construction physics, structures, materials science, planning and economics of design and construction; use of data on sociology, climatology, and environmental protection. This approach reveals the methods of design modeling, based on the peculiarities of the practical activities of the architect and offers effective ways to manage and organize the cognitive and creative activities of students. Updating previous experience when applying the integrated method of urban design helps to transfer the accumulated experience to solve the design problem, and better understand the architecture of the urban environment as a system with all its laws and patterns. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Malek Jedidi Concrete is a material whose properties depend on its initial formulation, its conditions of use, and its change over time depending on its environment and the different types of degradation that it is likely to undergo. Knowledge and monitoring of its various mechanical properties are therefore essential for the maintenance of civil engineering works. All of the concrete assessment methods, whether destructive or non-destructive, can then provide a valuable diagnosis to the operators of the structure. Depending on their precision, they can be used to easily detect an alteration in the characteristics of the materials, locate a damaged area, the extent of the damage, or even precisely quantify the evolution of this damage over time and predict future changes. This paper presents the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity technique (UPV) which is used by many companies to assess the compressive strength of concrete in situ and which allows measuring the speed and attenuation of elastic waves. The influence of the reinforcements on the ultrasonic pulse velocity has been studied and this is in the case of reinforcement perpendicular and parallel to the direction of propagation. The influence of several factors affecting the UPV, whether related to the properties of concrete or otherwise, was mentioned. Indeed, the porosity, the water/Cement ratio, the micro-cracks, the state of saturation and the temperature of concrete are parameters which strongly influence the values of UPV. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Amrita Shukla and Dr. Pankaj Chhabra India is a nation with a diverse culture, language, tradition, geography, ethnicity, and so forth. It is essential for keeping true happiness in the midst of this diversity. The capacity to balance the multiplicity of society is exceedingly challenging, but it may be handled by building community inclusion. Everyone, regardless of caste, culture, religion system, age, gender, or other factors, enjoys the same level of comfort. Inclusion acknowledges each person's uniqueness and may be publicly embraced by using their civic rights. Every individual's uniqueness can be adhered to by openly exercising their civic rights. The public space is one that is open to everybody. It gives a platform for numerous forms of social connection, regardless of social, economic, cultural, or gender barriers. Public spaces serve as a platform for promoting social inclusion by giving every citizen an equal chance to exercise his/her civic rights. Most Indian cities' per capita public open space ratios do not meet specified national and international requirements. As a result, there is an urgent need to comprehend the issue and issues surrounding public spaces, as well as the qualities for inclusive public space and the construction of an evaluation matrix, in order to devise development plans. The analysis is carried out in three different stages: initially, an exhaustive literature review is carried out in order to determine required characteristics for public places. Secondly, variables are defined based on field measurements and factors that have been discovered. Lastly, a public matrix that is all-inclusive is established. The inclusive public space grid is then tested on three Jalandhar local public spaces. The study's findings will aid in planning and retaining authority to take direct measures for the highlighted criteria that require improvement or control. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Asaiyl A. Alolowi Rahma Doheim and Aida Nayer Architecture plays an important role in shaping human lives and their needed human development. Deaf people are an important part of the society who deserve more attention and care. The main purpose of a sound of silence "deaf culture hub" is to accommodate the users and give them the ability of learning and interacting through workshops and educational facilities. This research uses a case study approach to collect design ideas and concepts, then determine and formulate spatial options and identify suitable locations or projects. Also, partitioning and 3D project designs are introduced at the end. The proposed center will be supported by learning and development spaces and social, entertainment and administration spaces. Learning communities are the most effective to represent their culture of deaf where they can find and develop themselves in different kinds of activities. Social and Entertainment space, a place to enter the public, is to help both to interact with each other, gain knowledge, exchange it and share it with the society. In addition to the administration zone, it includes a main part and is connected throughout the building. Also, the project focused on psychological counselling and safety of the deaf and the special needs. Based on the on-site assessment, the proposed location is at Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Rd, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the zoning of the project is arranged according to geographical aspects. Overall, the proposed project presents a conceptual design for a cultural center for the deaf in Saudi Arabia, focusing on three main areas: learning, knowledge and community. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Leena Al-Mohammedy Njoud Al-Nashmi Renad Baabdullah and Abdel-Moniem El-Shorbagy Place identity has become a significant issue in the last 25 years in urban planning and design. However, identity of a place is a phenomenon that has been present for as long as man used physical and psychological elements to recognize places. Human's identification to a place presupposes that places have a unique character, that is, attributes which distinguish each place from any other. The relation between a human and space is not merely that of being able to orientate himself in his surroundings, but it also has a deeper process of identification, which was described by Norberg-Schulz as "to become ‘friends' with a particular environment". In the twenty first century, the rapid emergence of contemporary played a major key role in the fluctuating of many place identities globally, some of which accepted and absorbed new identities, whereas others valued identities were lost. Typically, the physical environment's contribution to form the unique character of place dominates psychological elements. Thus, this research paper deals with architecture as a main drive for analyzing place identity. Particularly, the research aims at defining clear elements of emerging new identities through discussing the causes, process, and outturns of examples where identities evolved through architecture overtime. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Siti Aisyah Nurjannah Saloma Yakni Idris Arie Putra Usman Ika Juliantina and Christine Aprilia The joint of a beam-column is crucial due to the distribution of cyclic lateral loads. Therefore, the joint detail must meet the design requirements of earthquake-resistant structures. Casting work in joint zones where the steel reinforcement spaces are close requires concrete materials that are easy to flow. An alternative to overcome the difficulty is using Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) material. However, the properties of SCC for beam-column joint structures under earthquake loads still need to be studied further. This study aimed to analyze the behavior of the Interior Beam-Column (IBC) joint using SCC with variations of shear reinforcement subjected to cyclic lateral loads. Three types of shear reinforcement were modeled using numerical analysis. Variations of horizontal and diagonal shear reinforcements were compared to determine the best performance. The SCC-S3 IBC joint model with horizontal and diagonal shear reinforcements achieved the highest lateral forces and resisted compressive and tensile stresses in the largest stress contour and better stiffness degradation than other models of SCC IBC joints. The results showed that the SCC-S3 IBC joint with a combination of horizontal and diagonal shear reinforcements showed the best performance. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 SJS. Hakim MHW. Ibrahim M. Mohammadhassani D. Yeoh ZM. Jaini and TNT. Chik Modal parameters are functions of the physical characteristics of a structure and they are very sensitive to damage. Therefore, any alterations in the physical features can change the vibration parameters of a structure. Modal data such as natural frequencies and mode shapes are easy to acquire from the measurements of structural behavior. One method of structural damage identification is to apply natural frequency. Natural frequencies represent the global behaviors of a structure and are not too sensitive when detecting the damage in structures and cannot offer spatial information about structural changes, and thus, their application is considered as challenging. On the other hand, a mode shape is a vibrational deformation of a system and it represents the relative displacement of all parts of a structure and can provide spatial information as well as give a significant indication of the damage occurring in a structure. In this present research, an intelligent hybrid approach, namely adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), as a fuzzy-based artificial intelligence approach was developed and applied due to its ability to recognize patterns, strong computational features, and capability of locating defects in a scaled girder bridge using direct modal parameters. The experimental analysis and numerical simulations of a steel girder bridge provided mode shape parameter datasets under different positions and sizes of faults in the structure. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of this method and provided acceptable precision even when the input datasets contained errors or were corrupted with a certain level of noise. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Ahmad Halmi Faizol Mohamad Syuhaida Ismail Mohamad Syazli Fathi and Noor Irza Mohd Zaki Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a recent digital technology replacing traditional methods that assist the revolution of the construction industry into a digitised model full of information and an integrated computerised framework. The lack of BIM tertiary education and training in Malaysia leads to the need in developing BIM syllabus and training module for the establishment of BIM education knowledge and capabilities. Therefore, the BIM Industry Centre of Excellence (ICoE) for Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) (KKTM) places an endeavour to be established as the first BIM in Pasir Mas Kelantan. The aim of this paper is to examine the critical success factors (CSFs) of the development and implementation of the BIM ICoE for KKTM. This review paper employed scoping from the other researchers of BIM to the ICoE. The result reveals that the industry must introduce the BIM as soon as possible to encourage rapid improvement in the BIM adoption. Besides that, this BIM ICoE will be beneficial to industry players by enhancing more collaborations with MARA, which is eventually supporting the MARA Technical Vocational Education Training (TVET) strategic planning. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Rolyselra Orbintang Robin Mohd Yamani Yahya Azlina Md Yassin and Haidaliza Masram An organization must evaluate its internal ability to optimize the benefits of BIM. Hence, it is important to provide a set of numerical weights for each performance metric before starting the evaluation. Hence, this study applies the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique to assign weights for the organizational BIM performance evaluation. The AHP survey was collected using self-completion method and received feedback from twenty (20) respondents. Findings from AHP Survey were analyzed using AHP Excel Template. This analysis has set a weighting value for each metric. As a result of using the AHP technique, the consistency value (CR) of all metrics determined was less than 0.1, which indicates that the experts' decisions were consistent. In addition, the value of consensus also exceeds 50 %, which confirms that the agreement on the value of metric weights among the experts is acceptable. Subsequently, the AHP had successfully assigned the weightage to all BIM performance metrics, with five (5) Main Metrics as the most critical metrics; Policy (37%), Process (17%), Technology (16%), People (15%), and Organization (15%). PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Ermalyn DG. Galo Small farm reservoir (SFR) suitability analysis is useful in water resources management and development assistance of government and non-government agencies for farmers and farmer-groups. The researcher utilizes the geographic information system to analyze the suitable areas for the construction and management of small water impounding to store and conserve rainwater in rainfed areas. The factors on rainfall, soil texture, slope, land use, irrigation status, groundwater availability and distance from river were considered for the suitability mapping of SFRs. The following factors have their corresponding weights which are derived from using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) procedure. The testing of the model was done by determining the suitability value (S) of each sample SFR. The research findings showed the areas in the province potentially suitable for SFRs of the total land area of Tarlac: 47% are not suitable, 25% are marginally suitable, 13% are moderately suitable and 15% are highly suitable. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 A. Basha Jakupi V. Veseli and F. Grajçevci Kosovo has excellent potential for developing regular four-season nature-based tourism as a form of a more responsive and sustainable relaxation or recreation in a natural environment. However, it lacks a genuine offer of accommodation premises in almost all tourist hotspots, which affects the number of visitors compared to similar destinations in developed countries. A well-thought design approach and interventions are necessary to increase and strengthen tourism in these destinations. It is necessary to create a network of accommodation premises, respectively, the architectural design of eco-lodges prototypes for use by visitors, which in addition to the function would further enrich the landscape, and over time would become the reference and identifying elements of these areas. The research is based on identifying tourism potentials throughout Kosovo to create a viable offer of accommodation based entirely on ecotourism. The aim is to increase visitors' interest and awareness and strengthen ecotourism development. To realize this purpose of research and the theoretical study of the problem, methods and techniques of theoretical and empirical research were used. The analysis of this study revealed the potential of Kosovo's rich natural surroundings which are considered the positioning principle for ecotourism to progress. Ecotourism is about relationships between nature, the local community, and tourists, as the most critical value in planning, designing, and operating. All interventions will adapt to natural environments' preservations and sustainable development, creating higher awareness of visitors and the local community. As a result, this study aims to start the dialogue with something as trivial as the eco-lodge design, which could be seen as a tackling indication of a more significant initiative. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Galih Bhekti Sula Pratama Roh Santoso Budi Waspodo and Heriansyah Putra Landslide is a natural disaster often occurring in Indonesia, associated with the rainy season. The slope failure mechanism is the main challenge in the slope stability analysis due to rainfall. The changing of the soil engineering properties under the effect of water infiltration during the rain should be fixed. In this study, the experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the unsaturated soil parameters changes, i.e., suction, cohesion, and internal friction angle, in various degrees of saturation. The filter paper tests were conducted to evaluate the matric suction of soil and develop the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) using the Soil Vision software. Fredlund and Xing, Van Genucthen, and Brooks and Corey fit the SWCC: The fitting equation developed by Fredlund and Xing resulted in the highest coefficient of determinant with R2 of 0.91 and 0.97 for well-graded silty sand and silty sand curves, respectively. Thus, it was used to determine the correlation between saturation, cohesion, and matric suction. Shear strength parameters of soil samples were examined using a direct shear test method. The results show that the increase of the saturation degree reduces the soil suction and shear strength parameters. The result of this study is crucial to develop an understanding of the mechanism of slope failure. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Ilda Rusi and Llazar Kumaraku This paper is part of a research on innovative structural systems techniques in tall buildings and starts from the collaboration between the Department of Scientific Research and the Department of Architecture and Engineering at Polis University. The objective of this paper is to emphasize the structural differences between tectonic and stereotomic architecture by analyzing the different structural behaviors of both languages. The initial hypothesis is that an interaction field can be found where these two languages can be combined to propose a design method for a preliminary design process. The methodology goes through the following steps: the first step, analysis and determination of tectonic and stereotomic modelling approach; the second step, analysis of a single 10 story perforated shell structure by changing the openings ratio from a structural point of view and the third step, interpretation of results stating these two different architectural and structural profiles are intertwined. The instruments used are presented by a multivariate visualization method, an easy-to-use and as a key concept for generating the perforated pattern of the shell structure. They describe a visual and interactive, performance informed tool-using software of Rhino Grasshopper, Karamba 3D plugin, indicating the designer's preferences and concluding with the structural control of the model build. It is expected that the results will introduce a generative design method for architecture grounded on the stereotomic and tectonic modelling approach that can contribute towards the integration of structural rationality into preliminary architectural design process of tall buildings. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Avidha Shah and Suttisak Soralump Adequate knowledge of soil properties is crucial before commencement of any engineering project, for which, in-situ tests are mainly popular in recent days. Many of those field tests are labor intensive, time consuming, costly, bulky and next to impossible to perform in congested areas. In such scenarios, the automated and modified version of Swedish Weight Sounding machine i.e., Screw Driving Sounding (SDS) can prove to be a savior. However, since the SDS machine was unable to explore stiffer and denser soil layers deep below, researchers customized the machine for research and increased the capacity of machine to explore soil profile in deeper depths using a high power SDS machine. This research has attempted to strengthen the prospects of SDS technique, by development of correlation formulae, which can predict various vital clay properties in Bangkok clay directly from SDS parameters. These clay properties are natural moisture content, unit weight, overburden and vertical effective stress. The study is focused on Bangkok subsoil, which is dominantly clay and a high power SDS machine is put into operation. It is observed that the results are highly dependent upon the history of formation of Bangkok clay. In order to represent the accuracy of the developed equations, various statistical parameters have also been used in this research and included in this paper. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Thi Nguyen Dinh Nguyen Ninh Giang and Khai Mai Quang Thai Binh Province currently has 24 coastal villages in two districts, Thai Thuy and Tien Hai, and is one of the places most affected by strong winds and storms in the northern coastal area of Vietnam. On average, there are approximately 2.0 to 2.5 storms each year, with the average rainfall per storm being 150 to 200 mm. The strongest storm occurred at level 14 and had gust levels of 15 to 17. The storm surge caused by this storm was up to 3.5m (in the future, it could be up to 4.9 m), with tidal amplitudes ranging from 1.7 to 2.0m. In order to adapt to storms, people in the coastal villages of Thai Binh Province have used their own experiences in housing organization and construction to withstand strong winds and storms. Therefore, the authors would like to research and build a database on the architectural organization of coastal rural houses that resist strong winds and storms based on Thai Binh citizens' experiences. Three targets need to be achieved: identify the lessons learned from organizing the architecture of rural coastal houses resisting storms, develop a database on the architectural organization of rural coastal housing that can withstand storms, and propose an application solution based on the built database. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Sameh Monna and Mohammed Itma The rising energy demand for school's buildings in Palestine is one of the problems facing the energy sector. This paper aims to provide estimation for the potential production of electricity from the installation of PV systems on the roof of schools' buildings, to produce its energy needs and to provide electricity to its surrounding buildings. The most used school building types were selected for the installation of the photovoltaic (PV) system. The produced electricity from the installation of PV systems was estimated using PVSOL software. The energy consumption for the selected type of the schools was simulated using design-builder thermal simulation software. A comparison between energy production and consumption was done for two climatic zones, with different tilt angles and different scenarios for the school's building envelope and indoor systems. The results show that the PV systems on schools' buildings can supply their estimated consumption, and provide a surplus in electricity production. This surplus can be a base for the transition to renewable energy in the residential areas surrounding school buildings. The study concluded that the installation of PV systems should be combined with building envelope thermal improvements or a combination of envelope improvements and heating and cooling systems. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Konstantin Samoilov Bolat Kuspangaliyev and Gaukhar Sadvokasova The current state of World architecture is the result of the transition from strict Functionalism to multi-dark Symbolism. This process took fifty years and has a number of interesting features. The study of the individual stages of the past period allows us to identify the characteristic features of the architecture of each of them. The theoretical studies that appeared in the process of evolution, preliminary designs, and completed buildings vividly reflected the contradictions and consistency of the World Architectural process. Each time the idea that appeared as a contrast to the existing situation gradually adapted, becoming an integral part of the synthetic phenomenon. The chronological approach allows us to emphasize a number of interesting aspects, so the initial sharp denial of the principles of the "Modern Movement" in the 1960s gradually transformed into romantic nostalgia for the rigor of shaping in the 1990s. The protest "permissiveness" of the Formalism of the 1970s and 1980s lost most of its aggressiveness, becoming at the beginning of this century a harmonious process of unobtrusive accentuation of the existing compositional-spatial and historical-cultural features of the construction site. The technical and economic possibilities of the construction realization of the most expressive forms of Deconstructivism fans that appeared in the 2000s gave the world culture several interesting buildings. However, already in the 2010s, the rationality inherent in architecture as a process of forming a space for real life "softened" the emotional-semantic and compositional-plastic sharpness of the interpretation of the author's understanding of "the Design Assignment" received from the Customer. The review conducted in the presented article allows us to conclude that the development of the World architectural process, which has passed through a number of stages over half a century, has developed into an original phenomenon. The results of the analysis have a certain scientific, theoretical and practical significance. They deepen the degree of knowledge of the World Architectural process, detail important aspects of the interaction of various architectural forms in the process of evolution, allow to some extent predicting trends in the further development of architecture. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Jansen L. Mariano and Gilford B. Estores The spatial variation of ground motion (SVGM) may cause detrimental effects on extended structures such as bridges. The SVGM is mainly caused by three phenomena: the incoherence effect, wave passage effect, and the local site effect, which leads the structure to undergo multiple support excitation. In most cases, in the Philippines, the conventional response spectrum analysis per DPWH Bridge Seismic Design Specifications (BSDS) 2013 is used to perform seismic analysis of bridges. However, the method assumes that the ground motion is spatially uniform, thus ignoring the potential effect of SVGM. The study focuses on the seismic response analysis of a conventional existing highway bridge in the Philippines subjected to multiple support excitation accounting for the effect of SVGM. The researcher used the Bongo Bridge located in Ilocos Norte, originally designed using the conventional response spectrum. A method for generating a modified response spectrum that accounts for the effect of SVGM based on the fundamental principle of random vibration theory was also presented to provide guidelines for bridge engineers in the Philippines. Three cases were performed where each seismic response of the existing bridge was obtained and evaluated to determine if the application of multiple support excitation due to SVGM will cause a significant effect on the existing bridge. Based on the results, the effect of multiple support excitation to Bongo Bridge amplified the seismic response of some pier columns and de-amplified some. The study also shows that the effect of multiple support excitation decreased the displacement demand significantly on the Bongo Bridge. Since the study is limited to Bongo Bridge and the seismic response can be affected by many factors, the result may vary to other bridges. Therefore, it is still recommended to perform a parametric analysis accounting for multiple support excitation especially if the structure is situated on a varying ground type or bridges with multiple and longer spans, to determine if this phenomenon will cause a significant effect on the bridge. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Achutha Herur Gopalaiah and Chethan K. Contribution of infill walls to in-plane structural response of reinforced concrete (RC) frame is an important aspect that many researchers have studied using experimental and numerical methods. This paper presents the modeling of 3D RC unreinforced masonry infill (MI) frames using multiple nodes to one node constraint (MTOCO) with the independent node at the center of gravity of infill with mass and inertial properties of infill. This method of modeling is then compared with other macro and micro modeling methods. A macro model with equivalent diagonal strut using 1D element and two micro models, both with 8-noded brick elements with the interface between infill and RC frame modeled using node to surface tied interface in one and small sliding contact in another. All these four models are solved using a Virtual Performance Solution (VPS) implicit FE solver. Natural frequencies of the structure from these four numerical solutions are then compared with available experimental shake table [25] results. To assess the degree of consistency between the four numerical methods, Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) [29] is used. The Modal Assurance Criterion is a statistical indicator that is most sensitive to large differences and relatively insensitive to small differences in the mode shapes. This yields a good statistical indicator and a degree of consistency between mode shapes. From a functional point of view, the openings in the infills are a significant parameter to consider because they influence the lateral stiffness and strength. Having established its validity as explained above, this new methodology is then extended to RC frames with openings and partial fillings. A comparison of the results of both micro and macro methods shows a very good correlation. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Nor Haslinda Abas Improving occupational safety and health (OSH) performance in the construction industry is critical, because it reflects the quality of completed projects and, more importantly, the protection of workers' lives. The application of risk management concepts is one initiative for improving OSH performance in the construction industry. Effective risk management necessitates the cooperation and consensus of all stakeholders, but this is difficult to achieve. The goal of this study is to determine the extent, to which construction stakeholders share a common understanding of perceived risks. This was achieved by utilizing four case study scenario surveys which represent the risk exposures or consequences in the crushing of panels and vibration operations. Data was gathered from a sample of twelve construction professionals in Malaysia. Analysis of the data describes the various risk perceptions among construction industry stakeholders. The immediate-type of risk was rated higher than the expected scores, whereas delayed-effect risks like 'vibration' and ‘chemical' were rated lower. The findings obtained suggest that strategic steps to engage stakeholders in the risk management process are needed, and risk perceptions should be taken into account. PubDate: Jul 2022
Abstract: Publication date: Jul 2022 Source:Civil Engineering and Architecture Volume 10 Number 4 Nova John R Mercy Shanthi and D Tensing Over the last two decades, research on the use of Palm kernel shell (PKS) as a lightweight aggregate has shown that it can be utilised to make structural lightweight concrete. PKS concrete has a lower density than regular concrete, perhaps 20 to 25% lower. This review was presented as part of efforts to make efficient use of locally available materials by looking into the effects of replacing normal coarse aggregates with palm kernel shells on the density and compressive strength of concrete, as well as determining the suitability of palm kernel shell concrete as a structural material. The utilization of alternative binders like Metakaolin (MK) in Palm kernel shell concrete not only reduces the carbon footprint of conventional masonry products but also enhances the various properties associated with these products. In this review, the characteristics and properties of Metakaolin and Palm Kernel shell were discussed based on the literature survey. Also the application studies of metakaolin and Palm kernel shells in concrete mix to improve the compressive and flexural strength were described using the literature survey. The majority of research studies on the usage of palm kernel shells in concrete manufacturing have found that they may be employed in solid concrete masonry blocks for the construction of low-cost housing. PubDate: Jul 2022
Open Access journal
12, 
=20℃±1℃. Smart prestressing is accomplished by heating the Nitinol SMA cables to temperatures above their austenite finish temperatures, 
=28℃±1℃, and thus subjecting the concrete to compressive forces as the SMA cables attempt to regain their parent form. The study shows that SMA prestressed concrete beams have improved cracking behavior with fewer cracks, larger crack spacing, partial crack closure upon load removal, and an increase in cracking loads. The 35MPa beams prestressed with SMA had 24.2% and 6% higher cracking loads than beams prestressed with steel and CFRP cables, respectively. Meanwhile, SMA prestressed concrete beams had reduced failure loads varying from 4% to 34% in comparison with beams prestressed with steel and CFRP cables. The addition of steel fiber increased the magnitudes of the failure loads in SMA loaded beams. Further, SMA loaded beams possessed large load deflections accompanied with a unique shape retaining capability. This study adverts that SMA cables are attractive alternatives to steel and CFRP cables in post-tensioned beams and slabs, where the use of a complicated jacking system could be substituted by a self-prestressing cable.
, and the yield strength of steel 
. The degree of transverse reinforcement is another component that determines beam flexural behavior. A model of steel and restricted concrete under varying strain rates of loading was utilized to compute the curvature ductility factor. The reinforced concrete section is studied in this research to determine the confinement of the beam and the different strain rates of loading. The ratio of the volume of rectangular steel hoops to the volume of the concrete core, 
, represents the confinement. Six values of 
), Resource moment on the y-axis (
), Rate of Resource usage (
), Resource Improvement Coefficient (RIC), and the Maximum Value of the used resource (
). Moreover, every index has weight, which is referred to as importance weight. The method was tested on two projects. One of them is a hypothetical project consisting of 24 activities, and the other is an actual project where every index had an extremely bigger weight compared with the others. Also, a parameter (
) which refers to a partial value of the total float for the noncritical activities was used to enhance the heuristic method. It is found that the best (
) is the most important for the first project, while for the second project the Rate of Resource usage (