 Subjects -> MILITARY (Total: 106 journals)
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- Tasks of the Finnish Defence Forces – where are You Going'
Abstract: The Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) are tasked with the military defence of Finland, supporting other public authorities, both providing international assistance and participating in international activities, and participation in international military crisis management. The Act on the Making of Decisions Concerning the Provision of and Request for International Assistance is essential for the execution of the third of these tasks. This Act has been amended following the lessons learned from the evacuation operation in Afghanistan – but is it still necessary to understand the FDF’s provision of international assistance and participation in joint operations and other international activities as an independent task' Should these functions, rather, be seen as means to an end in their own right, and be integrated appropriately into the FDF’s remaining tasks' Published on 2023-01-11 10:45:00
- Længererækkende præcisionsmissiler i Flyvevåbnet: Joint Strike Missile
til F-35 og de taktiske, operative og strategiske konsekvenser
Abstract: With modern warfare growing increasingly technologically advanced, legacy weapon systems and platforms lose their level of potency and thereby their effective deterrence in the eyes of the enemy. The 21st century has introduced a new generation of aerial warfighting; the so-called 5th generation (gen) weapons systems and platforms now include low-observable characteristics, high-precision weapons, as well as high levels of data sharing and implementation whilst conserving the same capabilities as legacy 4th-gen platforms. This article examines the strategic, operational and tactical consequences for the Royal Danish Air Force of acquiring the Norwegian 5th gen air-launched cruise missile – the Joint Strike Missile (JSM) – for its soon-to-be implemented F-35A fighter jets. The findings highlight that the Royal Danish Air Force will have to operate in a new and partly unknown way with cruise missiles on their F-35, as the Danish Air Force never previously operated with such a capability. The findings also show that the tactical and operational consequence of this new weapon system is the ability to neutralize targets located much deeper within enemy territory, targets that may be guarded by some very capable air defense systems. This will enable the Danish Air Force to contribute to a broader operational spectrum and much earlier in a future campaign than before, resulting in a military strategic advantage. Furthermore, acquiring the JSM for the F-35 means a higher level of credible threat to Russia and the potential to use the F-35 as a valid means of deterrence. However, such deterrence continues to be dependent on other NATO alliance partner capabilities to deter the larger military forces of Russia as a combined coalition. This strategic deterrent capability may result in the Royal Danish Air Forces potentially being inserted earlier and broader in a NATO coalition campaign and therefore having the potential to influence political negotiations, agreements and operational plans within the NATO command structure. ResuméSom en konsekvens af moderne teknologi mister ældre våbensystemer og platforme deres relative styrke og dermed deres effektive afskrækkelse overfor en potentiel modstander. Det 21. århundrede har introduceret en ny generation af luftmagtsplatforme og -våben. De såkaldte 5. generation (gen) våbensystemer og platforme inkluderer lav-observerbare egenskaber, højpræcisionsvåben samt høje niveauer af datadeling, mens de bevarer de samme muligheder som ældre 4. generations platforme. Denne artikel undersøger de strategiske, operative og taktiske konsekvenser for Danmark. hvis Flyvevåbnet anskaffer det norske 5. generations luftaffyrende missil - Joint Strike Missile (JSM) - til Flyvevåbnets F-35A kampfly. Analysen viser, at Flyvevåbnet bliver nødt til at operere på en ny måde med langtrækkende missiler på deres F-35, da det Flyvevåbnet aldrig tidligere har opereret med en sådan kapacitet. Analysen viser også, at den taktiske og operative konsekvens af dette nye våbensystem er evnen til at neutralisere mål placeret meget dybere inde i fjendens territorium, som kan være bevogtet af meget kapable luftforsvarssystemer. Dette vil sætte det danske flyvevåben i stand til at bidrage i et bredere operativt spektrum og meget tidligere i en fremtidig kampagne end nogensinde før, hvilket resulterer i en militærstrategisk fordel. Ydermere betyder erhvervelsen af JSM til F-35 et højere niveau af troværdig trussel mod Rusland, og det kan derved potentielt fungere som et gyldigt middel til afskrækkelse. Denne afskrækkelse er dog fortsat afhængig af andre NATO-alliancepartners kapaciteter for at afskrække de store militærstyrker i Rusland som en kombineret koalition. Denne strategiske afskrækkelsesevne kan resultere i, at Flyvevåbnets potentiale bliver indsat tidligere og bredere i en NATO-kampagne og derfor har potentiale til at påvirke politiske forhandlinger, aftaler og operationelle planer inden for NATOs kommandostruktur. Nøgleord: Flyvevåbnet; Joint Strike Missile; JSM; F-35; Rusland; længererækkende præcisionsmissil; strike kapacitet Published on 2022-12-23 10:47:37
- Integration is the New Black: Thoughts on Future Warfare in Academic and
Military Discourses
Abstract: Western military policy-formation and doctrine seems to be gravitating towards the idea of integration, reflected in concepts such as integrated campaigning, Integrated Operating Concept, and Multi-Domain Integration – among others. Despite the increasing use of the term within military doctrines and concept papers, there is little scholarly writing on what “integration” actually means. This study contributes to the small but growing body of research on joint operations with a novel analysis on how the term “integration,” and its sister term “interoperability,” are used within academic and military discourses. The results show that the terms are given different meanings both across and within discourses. It can be deduced that “integration” is generally understood as the merging of domains and services towards joint goals while “interoperability” is often presented as the ability to combine systems, forces, and planning across services. These findings are used to create a conceptual model which distinguishes between operability, interoperability, and integration as preconditions for the conduct of joint operations. The model is in turn useful for both scholars and practitioners when discussing or assessing capabilities to perform joint operations. Published on 2022-11-16 12:56:35
- What Military Commanders do and how they do it: Executive Decision-Making
in the Context of Standardised Planning Processes and Doctrine
Abstract: In this article, I explore how contemporary military commanders understand command in the context of standardised planning processes, doctrine, and a supporting staff organiation. The article is based on 30 interviews with former and current NATO commanders and senior staff officers. I describe the interplay between commanders and their staff, including its clear division of labour, authority, and responsibility. I argue that commanders make key decisions in the planning process based on professional judgement. Commanders recognise the usefulness and limits of structured decision-making processes and doctrine while acknowledging also the need for surprise, creativity, and risk-taking. Left unattended, the military staff tends to develop mechanical behaviour by following a bureaucratic logic of rationality, control, and optimisation. In this context, command is a distinct and necessary function for the making of key decisions that allow for creative applications of doctrine, while avoiding any succumbing to predictable textbook solutions. Finally, the article points toward the importance of developing future commanders and their staff officers to understand the limits of doctrine and procedural approaches and develop professional judgement. Published on 2022-11-15 12:14:20
- Why Fighter Pilots are Leaving the Swedish Armed Forces – and how to
Retain them
Abstract: The number of fighter pilots in Sweden retiring from service, many prematurely, currently exceeds the number of those being trained to replace them. This article examines the factors and circumstances related to the work motivation of pilots and what the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) can do to retain them. It examines the perspectives of fighter pilots serving today and those who have chosen to leave the SAF since 2013, providing descriptions of different ideal professional types and what might provoke them to leave the profession, or motivate them to stay longer. Four ideal types of pilots are identified. These ideal types are (a) the extrinsically motivated; (b) the high-performing; (c) the family-oriented; and (d) the specialist. This article supports the idea that there is no single inducement for fighter pilots to leave the SAF. Our recommendations for retaining pilots differ depending on type and experience level. While increased salaries and better retirement agreements are essential, local career opportunities, less time away from family, more administrative support to squadrons, long-term career planning, rewarding challenges, and opportunities to study are also important. Some uniquely positive aspects, such as serving a higher purpose, flying experiences, and squadron community, motivate fighter pilots to remain. Published on 2022-11-01 10:54:39
- Swedish Coastal Defence Over Four Centuries: War as a Changing Institution
of International Society
Abstract: This is an article on Swedish coastal defence over four centuries. It seeks to understand the changes in Swedish naval policy over time by exploring how the understanding of the nature of war visible in defence planning varies over time, due to both changing norms and changes in harder factors, such as geography, resources and adversaries’ capabilities. Its primary aim is to account for the development of Sweden’s naval capacities from the mid-seventeenth century onwards. For this, the article draws on sea power concepts. Its secondary aim is to explore the development of war as an institution of international society by studying only one – albeit historically very central – aspect of one state’s warring capacity over time, namely its navy. Published on 2022-10-26 10:46:48
- High Profile, Low Availability: The Emerging US Maritime-Strategic
Approach to NATO’s Northern Flank
Abstract: In the 1990s and early 2000s, the United States held the Northern Flank a low priority in maritime-strategic considerations. Increasing Russian naval power, however, and a deterioration of the relationship between NATO and Russia following the 2014 invasion of Crimea, and the conflict in eastern Ukraine that followed, saw the Northern Flank return to maritime-strategic thinking around 2016. Given that the principal focus of US naval forces remains the Pacific, however, what are the central tenets of the emergent maritime-strategic approach of the United States to the Northern Flank' Describing these tenets, this article introduces the concept of High-Profile, Low-Availability (HIPLA). The core of the concept is twofold. First, the United States signals its enduring maritime interests through isolated operations and exercises sending a strong diplomatic message to all parties involved. This is the ‘high-profile’ aspect. Second, while the decisiveness of the initial phase of operations highlights the importance of swift and substantial reinforcement of the Northern Flank, US naval forces are not available for such a response. This is the ‘low-availability’ aspect. Further, as US naval forces become increasingly occupied in the Pacific, the availability of these forces is likely to continue to dwindle. Ultimately, HIPLA relates to the credibility of extended deterrence on behalf of the United States. This article describes the main characteristics of the HIPLA concept using NATO’s Northern Flank as a case study. Many issues outlined in this article are universal to the US Navy and may therefore be relevant to other regions. Published on 2022-09-26 09:36:39
- Foreword to the Special Issue on Military Exercises and Wargaming In
Professional Military Education
Abstract: This foreword provides the context for introducing the 11 articles constituting this Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies’ special issue on the topic of military exercises and educational wargaming. It does so by describing the subject matter and the research project that made this publication possible. It also brings to the fore two assumptions that underpin the project. First, how critical officer competence is to national defense; without it even the most well-equipped armed forces will crumble when put to the test. Second, it illustrates the educational value that military exercises and wargames provide in developing officer competence by situating military students within a professionally relevant, engaging and challenging learning environment that mirrors realistic scenarios they will encounter, but without the risk associated. Published on 2022-09-19 11:29:53
- Wargaming and The Cycle of Research and Learning
Abstract: Some thirty years ago, I coined the concept of the Cycle of Research, which described how wargaming, exercises and analysis, coupled with real-world operations and history, have worked together in concert to help the national-security community to understand better political-military reality and its past and future evolutions. When first proposed, I had in mind the uses of Wargaming in the analytical context, or what the community of professional wargamers most often calls research wargaming. Over the years, however, I began to recognize how much the same integration of tools and techniques can—and should—influence education and training for national-security professionals, both uniform and civilian: In essence, a Cycle of Learning. In this paper I explore these ideas more fully. I hope these musings can be of some help and inspiration for future researchers to probe deeper into the application of all our tools in the critically important task of educating future leaders. That task can be made more successful by using wargaming to help structure a framework for PME that integrates the inspiration, instruction, and application of the key knowledge and habits of mind—the mental muscle memory—required to operate effectively in the real world and to demonstrate those characteristics in the game, whatever form that may take. Published on 2022-09-19 11:06:29
- The Use and Misuse of Wargames
Abstract: Since 2015, there has been a resurgence in the use of wargaming in NATO states. But countries with smaller wargaming communities have not seen a corresponding revitalization of the technique. If the interest is there, the capability often lacks. The paper argues that a critical first step in stimulating the role of wargaming in these countries is ensuring that local practitioners know of each other, so they can exchange experiences on gaming results and practices; further, they need an understanding of what wargaming might (and might not) be, and the steps necessary to make the technique work in practice. The paper offers experiences from wargames conducted by analysts and researchers at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), for the most part games on the strategic and operational level. The experiences are structured as eight broad lessons on “dos and don’ts” to consider when planning and running wargames, based on recurring practical issues in past games. While the lessons are drawn from experiences within a small wargaming community, many of the issues discussed are universal for wargaming at large. Published on 2022-09-19 11:00:55
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