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- South African Journal of Military Science
Authors: Evert Kleynhans
Abstract: No abstract
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- “From spoiling natives to no work, no food”: Food scarcity and the
controversy of food rations during the South African War
Authors: Mpho Manaka (née Maripane)
Pages: 1 - 23
Abstract: Food became scarce during the South African War (1899–1902), which led to large numbers of the population dying from starvation or diseases related to hunger. This was due to certain towns in the country being under siege, while farms and homesteads were burned down. The study on which this article is based, examined three main causes of food shortages during the South African War: the unequal distribution of food rations during the siege of Mafikeng, particularly in the concentration camps; complaints by white communities about the “spoiling of natives”; and the introduction of the “no work, no food” policy. The study further reviewed the use of food during commemorations following the establishment of the so-called relief of Mafeking dinners.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- A positive psychology perspective on pre-deployment fitness-for-duty
evaluations for external deployments: A proposition for the South African
National Defence Force
Authors: Piet Bester
Pages: 25 - 45
Abstract: The aim of this article is to introduce the reader to a psychological well-being orientation for soldiers in pre-deployment fitness-for-duty evaluations by screening for psychological risk rather than pathology. This aim is reached firstly, by discussing the existing process of pre-deployment fitness-for-duty evaluations, then conceptualising the assessment for psychological risk rather than psychopathology only, followed by linking pre-deployment assessment of fitness-for-duty evaluations to the positive psychology paradigm and proposing an integrative military model for soldiers’ psychological well-being in the
external deployment context. The discussion is concluded by recommendations for military decision-makers to consider this approach of psychological risk assessment as a feasible process.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Examining support of South African Defence Force conscription by the
mainstream Afrikaans sister churches (1968–1991)
Authors: Will Gordon
Pages: 47 - 67
Abstract: From the 1950s to the 1990s, white men were conscripted to serve in the South African Defence Force (SADF). Although it varied in its application and duration, conscription was an undeniable, and often unavoidable, part of life for white South Africa. While it was not universally accepted, and certainly not universally popular, resistance was largely confined to English-speaking citizens. Objection was often seen as cowardly or treacherous. Conscription had an influence on the psyche of white South Africa and was viewed in a serious light by various religious denominations. Ecclesiastical positions varied and often changed over the course of time. In the main, Afrikaans churches were sympathetic towards conscription, while English churches were likely to oppose it. The latter position has been extensively documented, but the former remains neglected. This article analyses the role that mainstream Afrikaans sister churches played in supporting the National Party policies of conscription and ensuring their congregants’ compliance. It also presents a discussion on the relationship between those churches and the SADF, inter alia by referring to changes in conscription legislation and the reaction of the churches to those changes.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Knowledge of, attitudes toward and practices of ethics of war of the
officers and soldiers of the Zambia Army
Authors: William Sikazwe, Eustarckio Kazonga, Evance Kalula
Pages: 69 - 87
Abstract: Since the end of the world wars, the demise of the Cold War and the end of liberation wars in Africa, the changing character of warfare has given birth to uncertainties about how states will respond to acts of aggression in the face of ethics of war, or the moral rules of war. It has become difficult for states to conduct permissible self-defence and other-defence against non-state actors or sub-state groups, which do not have a sovereign (political and territorial integrity) to protect. In the face of this reality, it is not known how much knowledge military personnel world over have on ethics of war, what their attitude towards ethics of war is, and how they practice these ethics of war during war and operations other than war. Research was therefore conducted to assess knowledge of, attitudes toward and practices of the ethics of war of officers and soldiers of the Zambia Army. A mixed method research was undertaken using explanatory sequential approach. A sample of 420 participants was drawn from officers and soldiers serving in the Zambia Army. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data, while focus group discussions and interviews were undertaken to collect qualitative data. The findings from the focus group discussions and interviews provided depth and understanding about how the officers and soldiers felt about ethics of war. The findings of focus group discussions and interviews also helped to explain the findings from the quantitative data. Quantitative data were analysed at two levels. The first level of analysis comprised descriptive statistics in the form of frequency distribution tables, means and percentages. The second level involved inferential statistics by applying the chi-square test in order to determine the relationship, if any, between the independent variables and the dependent variables using the Statistical Packaging for Social Sciences. Further, the research used Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to measure the strength and direction of association between two ranked variables. Analysis of qualitative data begun during the data collection exercise by arranging the field notes according to salient themes in relation to the objectives. This was followed by pinpointing, examining and recording patterns within the data collected The conclusion of the study showed that, at the time, the majority of the Zambia Army officers and soldiers were reasonably acquainted with the knowledge of ethics of war. The study further concluded that Zambia Army officers and soldiers held very strong and positive attitudes towards the ethics of war at the time. In addition, the officers and soldiers also widely accepted and supported the ethics of war, as they considered them beneficial. It was evident from the research that the Zambia Army soldiers and officers practiced the ethics of war extensively and regularly during both local and international operations. However, more needs to be done to increase knowledge levels.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- The intelligence battle in the Gulf of Guinea: Espionage and
counter-espionage operations in Spanish Guinea
Authors: Saliou Abba
Pages: 89 - 102
Abstract: The study, on which this article is based, focused on the redistribution of geopolitical maps that took place in sub-Saharan Africa after the advent of the Third Reich, which resulted in the institutionalisation of the practice of intelligence in the Gulf of Guinea. This historical plot testifies to the clash between the colonial branches of the British,
German and United States intelligence services through clandestine operations in the Spanish Guinean colony. Addressing the issue of the perception of Spanish Guinea by the intelligence services of the various belligerent European powers, this article highlights the factors behind the apprehension of sub-Saharan Africa as a theatre of operations in the Second World War. The archival sources and the bibliographic data analysed from the perspective of Intelligence Studies, revealed the consideration of the colony of Spanish Guinea as a target of paramount importance by the German, French, British and American units in charge of the underground war, an offensive strategy, which inaugurated a new paradigm from military and security view points for Cameroon under the League of Nations trusteeship.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Historical reflections on the deterrent effect of the death penalty on
capital crimes in South Africa: Lessons from 1917–1995
Authors: Chris Derby Magobotiti
Pages: 103 - 119
Abstract: The death penalty was long practised in South Africa as one of the sentence options for capital crimes such as murder, rape, treason, terrorism, and robbery with aggravating circumstances. Its practice has a matching effort for its abolishment or restricted application. Reflecting on some specific historical periods of the practice of the death penalty in South Africa, the author sought to contextualise the article, namely to understand the socio-political experience and perception of the death penalty in order to gauge its current relevance. The goal of the study on which this article reports was to determine whether the death penalty had a deterrent effect on capital crimes in South Africa during the pre-1996 constitutional period. In order to achieve the goal of the deterrence of serious crimes by the death sentence in South Africa, the author discusses legislation, case law, execution patterns and deterrence literature in its context.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- A Russian on commando: The Boer War experience of Yevgeny Avgustus
Authors: Mpho Manaka (Maripane)
Pages: 121 - 124
Abstract: No abstract
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Rhino War: A general’s bold strategy in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Ashwell Glasson
Pages: 125 - 127
Abstract: No abstract
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Across the border: Surviving the secret war in Angola
Authors: Gert van der Westhuizen
Pages: 129 - 130
Abstract: No abstract
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Out of Quatro: From exile to exoneration
Authors: Kongko Louis Makau
Pages: 131 - 134
Abstract: No abstract
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Faces from the front: Harold Gillies, the Queen’s Hospital, Sidcup and
the origins of modern plastic surgery
Authors: Anri Delport
Pages: 135 - 138
Abstract: No abstract
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
- Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in South Africa
Authors: Evert Kleynhans
Pages: 139 - 142
Abstract: No abstract
PubDate: 2023-01-04
Issue No: Vol. 50, No. 3 (2023)
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