JournalTOCs

Armed Forces & Society
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.29

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 22

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 0095-327X - ISSN (Online) 1556-0848
Published by Sage Publications

[1176 journals]

Welcome to the U.S. Army: A Qualitative Examination of the Army’s
Reception of New Soldiers
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  Authors: Sara Kintzle, Leslie P. Schnyder, Eva Alday, Lindsey Alas Gonzalez, Michàlle Mor Barak, Carl A. Castro
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Joining the Army, a new installation or a new unit are times of significant stress for Soldiers. Support provided during these transitions can affect unit cohesion, Soldier well-being, retention, and mission readiness. This research aimed to explore how Soldiers experience the Army onboarding process as well as perceptions of the welcome experience. Nineteen focus groups were conducted with 120 Soldiers using a semistructured interview protocol. Thematic analysis of focus group transcripts revealed two major themes, varied welcome experience and an inconsistent Total Army Sponsorship Program. Soldiers reported varied transition experiences ranging from positive, neutral, nonexistent, to negative. Results indicate that Soldiers welcome experience was dependent on the specific installation, leaders, and unit. Findings demonstrate that at the installation and unit level, the Army currently lacks standardized processes for onboarding new service members. We note the research limitations and offer several recommendations that can be drawn from the present findings.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-05-13T06:09:44Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231170837
“Mom Calling the Commanding Officer”: The Changing Relationship
Between Mothers and Their Sons Serving in Israel Defense Forces
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  Authors: Orit Bershtling
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Anchored in feminist theory, this article examines the relationship between mothers and their sons serving in Israel Defense Forces. A review of the feminist literature reveals that the military is one of the main sources of gender inequality and reproduction of traditional gender roles. The military plays a pivotal role in male socialization and encourages soldiers to distance themselves both physically and psychologically from their mothers and deny any feminine traits that may be attributed to them. Yet this qualitative study, which is based on 28 interviews with mothers and sons, reveals a more complex picture. Although the military does serve as a gatekeeper that distances mothers and reinforces hypermasculinized culture, the participants depict the mothers’ active involvement in the daily life of their soldier sons without any sense of inferiority in confronting the military apparatus. The mothers assume the role of psychologists, save the sons from entanglement with their direct commanders, and even organize their sons’ service route. The extension of maternal practices into the military realm blurs the binary conceptualization of “men in arms and women at home” and sheds more light on contemporary changes that have taken place in military–family relations in Israel.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-05-12T11:02:36Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231172778
If You’ll Be My Bodyguard: Presidential Guard Units and Leader Capture
During Coups d’état
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  Authors: Austin S. Matthews
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Coup “handbooks” emphasize the capture the incumbent leader as a key objective for plotters to enact successful regime change. However, the literature has yet to empirically assess this relationship. We also lack a robust understanding of how leaders prevent their own capture during coups d’état. Using novel data on leader statuses during coups from 1950 to 2017, I find evidence that incumbent leader capture has a positive and significant relationship with the likelihood of coup success. The findings also suggest that leader capture will be less likely if the regime pre-emptively creates a counterweight presidential guard unit, responsible for providing proximate security for the core leadership. These data and findings provide new insights into the dynamics of in-progress coups, focusing on the operational strategies employed by both sides. It also demonstrates the diversity of independent effects that specific types of counterweight forces have on specific coup outcomes, encouraging further study in this area.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-05-10T09:29:53Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231169480
The Relationship Between Military Service and Legislative Behavior for
U.S. Representatives in Recent Congresses
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  Authors: David J. Tier
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military veterans serving in the U.S. House of Representatives during the 113th–115th Congresses (2013–2019) exhibited distinct legislative behavior on selected defense-related topics compared with their nonveteran colleagues. Examining 208 House roll call votes on issues salient to military veterans in which more than 90,000 individual Representative votes were cast as well as by categorizing more than 19,000 bills sponsored, this study finds that there was a small but distinct veteran voting trend that opposed Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) troop reductions. In addition, younger members exhibited a trend that suggests future Congresses may be more willing to approve use of military force than in previous decades. Finally, this study empirically demonstrates the tension in conservative fiscal policy preferences between increasing defense spending versus restraining total government expenditure.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-05-09T05:15:06Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231168321
The Rise of the Militarized State' African Developmental Militarism,
Public Works Projects, and Praetorian Politics in Kenya
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  Authors: O.A. K’Akumu
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article analyses the civil–military relations in Kenya in the context of civilian-activated politicization that is taking place the same way it happens in Latin America and the United States under the former Trump administration. In Kenya, this involves the use of the military in noncombat internal missions such as infrastructure development and management of public institutions especially where such institutions are perceived to be inefficient due to corruption both in public and private sectors. Judging from the outcomes of public works undertaken by the military, corruption and inefficiencies cannot be ruled out. This is demonstrated by the Kenya–Somalia Border Securitization Project where 34 million dollars was used to erect a 10-km fence in the war against terrorism. The outcomes of this study negate the logic of the proponents of developmental militarism in Africa who have been vocal in advocating the deployment of the soldiers to solve noncombat social challenges in the continent. Based on three case studies examined, deploying the military to engage in public works projects brings the military into a political minefield, is not productive, and proves to be an unreliable way to combat internal political corruption.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-29T01:22:38Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231169013
Stabilization of Anti-U.S. Military Bases Sentiment: Japan’s Evolving
Compensation Policies and Base Politics in Okinawa
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  Authors: Ryota Hiyane, Long Piao
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The comparative literature on base politics often suggests that stable base politics in Okinawa were achieved, thanks to Japanese compensation politics. These claims mostly focus on the central government’s strategic use of compensation politics toward Okinawa from Tokyo’s perspective, ignoring the influence of local decision makers. Through a case study of the Futenma relocation process and in-depth interviews with the decision makers at the Henoko relocation site, this study highlighted the role of the local district government (Henoko) under the framework of Tokyo’s strategic use of compensation politics for multilevel local governments (Okinawa Prefectural Government, Nago City Government, and Henoko). The study not only adds to the importance of local Henoko decision makers in strengthening compensation politics but also provides more nuanced views of base politics in Okinawa, which is essential to understanding how Japan managed to stabilize Okinawa’s base politics in the context of anti-U.S. military bases.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-26T11:34:28Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231167772
How (Not) to Win a Medal: Military Professionalism, Gallantry Awards, and
the Problem of Fraud
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  Authors: Anthony King, Patrick Bury
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Gallantry medals are invested with deep significance not only by the armed forces but also by civilian society. In the last decade, there has been a debate in sociology about whether the medallic regime has become post-heroic or whether it has professionalized. This article contributes to these debates by focusing on the topic of fraudulent medals. Fake medals are very rare; there has been one proven case in the United Kingdom in the last 20 years. However, precisely because fake medals are the exception, their pathologies illustrate the processes by which medals are actually awarded with particular clarity. This analysis of the fake medal shows that gallantry awards have professionalized; in the UK medals have become more meritocratic, recognizing skill not status. The awarding process is also more objective. Yet, its very professionalism is ironically vulnerable to a specific type of fraud by skilful but cynical citation writers.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-24T04:50:54Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231160104
Building Resilience Against Hostile Information Influence Activities: How
a New Media Literacy Learning Platform Was Developed for the Estonian
Defense Forces
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  Authors: Andreas Ventsel, Sten Hansson, Merit Rickberg, Mari-Liis Madisson
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Modern societies are characterized by unprecedently broad and fast diffusion of various forms of false and harmful information. Military personnel’s motivation to defend their country may be harmed by their exposure to disinformation. Therefore, specific education and training programs should be devised for the military to systematically improve (social) media literacy and build resilience against information influence activities. In this article, we put forward a useful methodological approach to designing such programs based on a case study: the process of developing a media literacy learning platform tailored to the needs of the Estonian defense forces in 2021. The approach is grounded in data on (a) the current needs and skills of the learners, (b) the kinds of influence activities that the learners may encounter, and (c) the learning design principles that would enhance their learning experience, such as learning through play and dialogue through feedback.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-19T06:18:36Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231163265
Moral Coping or Simply Uncomplicated Soldiering' How Soldiers Avoid Moral
Injury Through Simplification, Justification, Rationalization, and
Compartmentalization
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  Authors: Tine Molendijk
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  A substantial number of soldiers develop moral injuries, yet just as many do not. Therefore, it is important to explore the question: How do military service members generally interpret and cope with moral challenges related to their profession' This article analyzes the accounts of 80 (former) soldiers, examining how they perceived their profession and the coping strategies they tend to use in the face of moral challenges. The findings show that they generally did not experience as much moral tension as one might expect. Yet, when they did, they used coping strategies of simplification, justification, and rationalization, including doing good, rules and instructions, reciprocity, numbing, and compartmentalization. This leads to a middle position between the view that military personnel never experience moral challenges and the position that they find violence actually highly problematic, with important implications for research on moral injury, trauma, and soldiers’ experience.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-18T10:05:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231165910
The Reactivation and Reimagination of Military Conscription in Sweden
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  Authors: Sanna Strand
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The post-Cold War tendency of abandoning conscripted for volunteer forces appears to be reversing, and many countries have recently expanded or reintroduced mandatory military service. This article offers insights into the contemporary “return” of draft models by exploring how the reactivation of (this time gender-neutral) military conscription was justified and made possible in Sweden. The study, based on a discourse analysis of political and policy documents and interviews with defense officials, shows how Sweden’s new conscription was envisioned as “modernized” in its reimplementation phase; a system distinguished from the familiar republican citizen-soldier model. Instead, the article shows how conscription was reimagined when linked to characteristics of (neo)liberal government and citizenship: voluntarism, individualism, and gender equality. The study’s unique contribution to knowledge is thus an improved understanding of how conscription is ascribed meaning, legitimacy, and appeal and consequently how its return and retainment is enabled, across national contexts.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-18T09:59:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231164740
Militarism and the Politics of Covid-19 Response in Uganda
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  Authors: Moses Khisa, Sabastiano Rwengabo
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Within the broader context of securitized responses to Covid-19 globally, Uganda experienced an oversized military role, ranging from law-and-order and lockdown enforcement, to managing food-relief supplies, medical operations, and partisan political repression. What explains this excessive militarization' To address this poser, the article draws on secondary sources and key-informant interviews to test the hypothesis that military involvement in pandemic responses depends on pre-pandemic militarism. The findings reveal direct links between pre-crisis militarism and Covid-19 responses, contrary to the view that exceptionality and novelty of Covid-19 informed overly militarized responses. Through pandemic framing and institutional morphing, pre-pandemic militarism foregrounded military roles because Covid-19 provided Uganda’s ruling elites with a public health pretext to heighten militaristic rule, clutch the political arena in the context of elections, and deepen military presence in civilian public health realms. This excessive militarization of public health seriously impacts civil–military relations, specifically command and control, reporting and accountability, and resources management.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-17T12:26:52Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231162848
Exploring Why Police and Military Commanders Do What They Do: An Empirical
Analysis of Decision-Making in Hybrid Warfare
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  Authors: Jostein Mattingsdal, Roar Espevik, Bjørn Helge Johnsen, Sigurd Hystad
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  In this study, a total of 102 high-ranking commanders from a military and police background were included in a simulation involving hybrid attacks on Norway. The aim was to explore the commanders’ decision-making in the context of hybrid warfare and changing threats. Data were collected in a simulated national headquarters and analyzed by a multinominal logistic regression method using a scenario that transformed from peacetime into war and returned to peace. The results demonstrated significant differences in the commanders’ preferences for unilateral or interagency forces depending on whether decisions were made in peacetime, war or the post-conflict phase. The results also showed how the commanders’ level of operational experience was associated with an increased preference for interagency forces. The current findings are new empirical insights into a thus far neglected aspect of decision-making research and have implications for improving police-military interoperability in major security crises.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-15T12:16:35Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231160711
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Military, Veteran, and Civilian Families
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  Authors: Melanie Sberna Hinojosa, Ramon Hinojosa, Josalie Condon, Sarah DaSilva
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Adverse childhood experiences are traumatic early life experiences that can lead to poorer mental, physical, and social outcomes. Children in military and veteran families can face unique challenges compared with civilian families. This study utilizes data from 2017–2019 National Survey of Children’s Health to examine 56,655 children living in military, veteran, and civilian families to predict the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences. Findings indicate that children living in veteran families (compared with civilian families) have higher odds of witnessing parents use violence and witnessing parents with alcohol or substance use problems. Children in military families had higher odds of divorce and lower odds of experiencing parental death. It is also noted that children living in military, veteran, and civilian families are similar across other ACEs including the incarceration of a parent, child as victim of violence, living with family with mental illness, unfair treatment because of race, and difficulty covering basics like food and housing.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-07T06:20:22Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231161365
Risks and Fallacies of Expanding New Roles to the Military: The Case of
the Spanish Emergency Military Unit; A Research Note
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  Authors: Alberto Bueno, Rafael Martínez
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article responds to the analysis about the Spanish Emergency Military Unit in the research note by Pérez et al. in Armed Forces & Society, which emphasizes the efficiency of the Spanish Emergency Military Unit and how it has enhanced the image of the Spanish Armed Forces. We believe that a more critical understanding of the development of this military unit is necessary, as its deployment pitfalls and the literature on civil–military relations were neglected. Consequently, four policy traps are identified: response to civilian emergencies has become a central task of the armed forces rather than an auxiliary role; behind the pragmatism of its employment, there is potential for a worsening of civil–military relations, as highlighted by the scholarly literature; there are serious inefficiencies in its organizational design, related to human and financial resources; and image improvement is an illusion, strongly conditioned by political cleavages, with potential long-term counterproductive results.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-06T06:33:47Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231164594
The Empirical Determinants of Violent Nonstate Actor Drone Adoption
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  Authors: Kerry Chávez, Ori Swed
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Commercial drone advancements have enabled terrorists with crude airpower, challenging states’ aerial dominance. Today, many groups skillfully use drones for propaganda generation, surveillance and reconnaissance, command and control, and attacks. Despite their obvious value, there is wide variation in adoption begging questions about who is using drones and why. Prominent in practitioner and security provider circles, academics are just skimming the surface of this important phenomenon. The small existing literature suggests that violent nonstate actor drone use is little more than Iran-sponsored jihadist terrorists with territory in the Middle East. Using an original data set on characteristics across 998 armed nonstate groups from 1995 to 2019, we explore the empirical determinants of drone adoption. Although Iran-sponsorship is a significant factor, we find that network affiliations are the strongest predictors of adopting a drone program. We also demonstrate that groups with more intensive attack profiles and narco groups are more likely to pursue unmanned aerial systems. Our study provides the first quantitative probe of the drivers of armed nonstate drone use, putting academic assertions and policy prescriptions on firmer empirical ground.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-04-05T04:58:19Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231164570
The Moral Career of Soldiers’ Identity: A Norwegian Case
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  Authors: Iselin Silja Kaspersen
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military service can require soldiers to act beyond their moral beliefs, something that can impair soldiers’ mental health. However, little is known about the shaping of soldiers’ moral identity within their institutional context. This article explores how the moral identity of 20 experienced Norwegian soldiers is (re-)shaped in the Army. Findings from unstructured interviews suggest that they accept compromising their moral beliefs and give priority to an institutional obligation to follow orders. They present three mediating arguments justifying such a compromise and one effort to reduce the potential burden of carrying out illegal or immoral orders. I argue that these compromises are made possible through a shared belief they are socialized into through interactions in their military context. The study complements our knowledge of socialization processes in the military and identifies two theoretical concepts useful to gain knowledge about the (re-)shaping of soldiers’ moral identity.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-03-28T12:34:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231162019
Military Duty during Mission Deployment: Exploring Local Relations and
Dynamics of Cohesion—The Case of Swedish Troops
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  Authors: Lisa Ekman
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article explores contemporary understandings of military duty and dynamics of cohesion during deployment with a focus on host–citizen relations. Duty is treated as a perception-based dynamic construct shaped, in part, by operational experiences. Traditionally, Western military duty is defined by conventional obligations of loyalty to the military unit and mission in the context of combat operations, in these ways linked to military cohesion. However, in response to increasingly “population-oriented” military operations, I argue the need to broaden the study of military duty and cohesion beyond interpersonal bonds of the military organization to include the role of host–citizen relations. In-depth interviews with Swedish service members reaffirm the centrality of conventional duty to the mission and military unit, yet also indicate varying levels and forms of obligations to local actors. Overall, understandings of duty matter to cohesion both as a unifying force and source of tension within the mission.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-03-28T12:33:42Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231160424
Sexual Misconduct, Civil–Military Relations, and the Canadian Armed
Forces
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  Authors: Rachael Johnstone, Victoria Tait-Signal
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), like most gender-integrated militaries, has a serious issue with sexual misconduct. However, despite the ubiquity of this form of violence, civil–military relations (CMR), arguably the dominant theory for addressing the politics of the civilian control of the armed forces, has paid little attention to gendered power relations. In this article, we utilize Canada as a case study to question the utility of CMR to address sexual misconduct. We find that major changes to the approach are necessary if CMR is to remain relevant to the study of emerging and increasingly complex challenges faced by militaries, like sexual misconduct. To this end, we suggest three strategies to develop the theoretical and analytical foundations of the CMR approach.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-03-16T06:35:41Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221148498
Perspectives on the Afghanistan War: Commentaries on a Misadventure
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  Authors: Donald S. Inbody, Patricia M. Shields
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article introduces the Symposium on the Afghanistan War. During and after the American withdrawal from Afghanistan, emotions ran high. This special issue responds to public calls for further in-depth study of the Afghanistan War. We assembled an international array of interdisciplinary scholars who address reasons the mission became a misadventure. Additional papers focus on the consequences borne by the people who served and the institutions that fought America’s longest war.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-03-10T11:23:27Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231155220
Perceptions of Espoused Versus Enacted Culture Around Sexual Misconduct
and Other Offenses Among U.S. Military Service Members
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  Authors: Jeffrey W. Lucas, Paul J. Hanges, Kelly Beavan, Jordan Epistola, Emily Forgo, Debra L. Shapiro
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Interviews and focus groups with active-duty U.S. military service members and students at military service academies investigated relationships between espoused and enacted culture in perceptions of sexual assault and harassment versus other types of offenses. Results show that participants widely understood and accepted an espoused culture that is intolerant of sexual misconduct. The enacted culture included tolerance of some forms of sexual misconduct, differences in conduct in private versus public settings, and widespread resentment of frequent trainings. Results also showed cynicism about service treatments for all types of offenses, but especially for sexual misconduct. Of note is that participants tended to perceive inconsistencies in consequences for sexual misconduct in terms of who faced punishment, whereas for other offenses, they tended to see inconsistencies in what types of consequences were administered. Results demonstrate the value of efforts to align trainings with cultures that consistently discourage behaviors trainings are designed to eliminate.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-03-10T11:22:17Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231153434
The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan’s Coup
Politics
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  Authors: Salah Ben Hammou
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This study explores the varieties of civilian praetorianism or the different ways in which civilians enable and support military coups. It specifically argues that by shaping their access to different sets of resources, civilians’ proximity to the political establishment and their level of social capital influence their method of support. Civilians linked to the political establishment wield resources better suited for enabling praetorianism through tactics like initiating or plotting coup conspiracies with military officers. Conversely, civilians with high levels of social capital hold resources valuable for consolidating praetorianism through tactics like providing post-coup support and neutralizing anti-coup opposition. Qualitative evidence from three coup episodes in Sudan demonstrates the argument’s plausibility. By explaining the important variation in civilian capabilities and resources, this study advances research on civilian coup involvement, which—although understudied—is critical to understanding coup politics.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-02-28T12:56:53Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231155667
Emergent Veteran Identity: Toward a New Theory of Veteran Identity in
Israeli Society
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  Authors: Uzi Ben-Shalom, Itamar Rickover, Abira Reizer, Vincent Connelly
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Israeli society has seen a gradual decrease in the proportion of compulsory and reserve soldiers amid growing criticism of the military from those who have previously served. This criticism is connected to a willingness on their part to organize collective action for postservice benefits and influence other postservice-related issues. We argue that a new theoretical concept of an “emergent veteran identity” could explain this new social phenomenon for both the Israeli military and others. In this study, 248 Israeli veterans completed questionnaires designed to investigate emergent veteran identity. The results reveal that emergent veteran identity was explained by the perception of the role of the military in society, by the organizational dimensions of veterans’ transition into society, and, to a lesser extent, by combat experiences. Female veterans had a higher emergent veteran identity and exhibited higher transformation limbo. The article also discusses the utility of this new concept for the study of veterans in general and the results’ implications for threats to and the loss of military identity.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-02-24T06:50:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231153043
Food Insecurity Among U.K. Veterans
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  Authors: Paul B. Stretesky, Margaret Anne Defeyter
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This research compares food insecurity for U.K. veterans and nonveterans using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 10-item Adult Food Security Survey Module (AFSSM) for a sample of 1,492 participants. We find 1 in 10 veterans are living in a food-insecure household but that veteran status is not related to food insecurity. In addition, income and housing benefits are correlated with food insecurity for veterans and for nonveterans, but disability benefits are correlated with food insecurity among veterans only. Specifically, veterans with disability benefits averaged 1.12 (95% confidence interval, [0.42, 1.82]) more points (indicating more food insecurity) on the AFFSM than veterans without those benefits. These findings raise concerns that low-income disabled veterans with housing needs are a unique population at risk of living in food insecurity. Given the absence of research on food insecurity among U.K. veterans, it is necessity to study this population in greater detail and implement screening protocols where possible.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-02-20T09:22:10Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221151078
The State of Knowledge on Female Veterans Experiencing Homelessness: A
Scoping Review of the Literature
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  Authors: Heba Hassan, Jonathan Serrato, Cheryl Forchuk
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The primary goal of this scoping review was to assess and summarize existing research on homelessness among female Veterans to understand their unique experiences. A total of 52 relevant studies were found and included. All identified studies had been conducted in the United States, with one in the United States and Puerto Rico. The findings provided important insight on services access/utilization, indicating that homeless female Veterans with substance abuse, physical health conditions, and mental health issues have high rates of accessing services; however, there is a lack of housing services available for female Veterans with children. Although the findings revealed many studies conducted in the United States, research investigating the issue needs to be conducted across the international community. In doing so, alternative methods and policies for supporting female Veterans experiencing homelessness can be identified and transferred. In particular, exploratory qualitative studies are needed to further understand the experience of homelessness for female Veterans.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-02-07T06:57:19Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221150819
Stolen Valor: The Legal Story Behind Impersonating Military Personnel
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  Authors: E. R. Weisz
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military impersonation, or stolen valor, is an understudied topic. Military impersonation can be committed by civilians and service members alike. Military service misrepresentation is adjudicated under civilian federal law (for civilians and veterans) or the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ; for service members). In the legal field, the main literature concerns the constitutionality of the Stolen Valor Act (SVA) of 2005. However, since the SVA of 2005, many developments have occurred. The same applies to the UCMJ, which underwent a large revision that went into effect in 2019. The scarcity of research has led to this legal study covering the federal statutes and state statutes that apply to military impersonation. Not only are financial motives found, mitigation of sentences in court cases is also a motive. Both demonstrate a need for military history verification.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-02-07T06:57:08Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231152622
Predicting Loyalty: Examining the Role of Social Identity and Leadership
in an Extreme Operational Environment—A Swedish Case
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  Authors: Torbjörn Engelkes, Magnus Sverke, Torun Lindholm
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military organizations often emphasize the importance of loyalty. It has been suggested that loyalty enhances motivation to take great risks and strive to accomplish a mission. However, research into what influences loyalty among military personnel is scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine how leadership and social identity fusion relate to loyalty, using data from a sample consisting of a Swedish military unit on a United Nation mission (N = 152) in Mali. Hierarchical multiple regression results generally showed that social identity fusion and leadership were positively related to a willingness to show loyalty to the closest workgroup, one’s own unit, and the mission. The findings indicate that leadership and high levels of social identity fusion may influence the willingness to be loyal to organizational goals. The practical implication of this study is increased knowledge about the importance of leadership and social identity in developing relevant loyalties.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-02-03T09:05:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221150948
Rural Military Veterans of Color and STEM Occupational Outcomes
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  Authors: Justin T. McDaniel, Harvey Henson, Bruce DeRuntz, Daniel Brown, Yvonne Hunter-Johnson, David L. Albright
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Although the literature on veteran differences in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupational outcomes by gender is established and veteran/nonveteran differences in STEM outcomes are well studied, we fill a gap in the literature by examining the following two research questions in this study: (1) are rural veterans less likely than urban veterans to be employed in a STEM occupation and how does race/ethnicity modify this relationship; (2) among veterans in a STEM occupation, does total income vary by rural/urban location and race/ethnicity' We retrieved data on employed military veterans (n = 845,467) aged 18 to 65 years from the 2008–2020 American Community Survey. Results showed that rural-dwelling Black and Hispanic veterans were less likely than Whites to be employed in a STEM field. Among veterans employed in a STEM field, rural-dwelling Hispanics had lower annual incomes than Whites. As such, future STEM education programs should target rural-dwelling veterans of color.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-02-01T12:16:03Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X231152265
Military Service and Health Outcomes of the Elderly in China
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  Authors: Chunkai Zhao, Jianhao Guo, Jinchen Yan
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article investigated the effects and mechanisms of military service on health outcomes of Chinese elderly men aged 60 and older. While numerous studies explored the effect of military service on health in developed countries, we still knew little about the relationship between military service and later health outcomes in developing countries such as China. Using the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we found that military service is positively associated with better health outcomes of the elderly, in terms of physical health, cognitive abilities, and self-rated health. In addition, results of mechanism analysis show that, compared with nonveterans, elderly veterans had healthier habits, better education, higher individual and household income, and more favorable social medical security.Moreover, heterogeneity analysis indicates that this effect is more pronounced for older, rural, and spouseless elderly people. This article provided insights into elderly veterans’ health security measures in developing countries.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-01-27T07:05:30Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221149423
A Comparative Study of Military Communication on Instagram: A Research
Note
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  Authors: Guillermo López-Rodríguez, Francisco Castillo-Eslava
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military organizations have adapted to the logic and dynamics of social media to transmit their institutional narratives. Instagram is the most popular social network, but one of the most understudied in relation to the Armed Forces. This research note presents a comparative study of the content of the official accounts of the Spanish, French, the United States, Israeli, and Australian armies throughout 2021 (n = 1,922). The specific objectives are to describe and analyze the hashtags, the accounts mentioned, and the main topics of the post. Results show that armies can convey multiple messages in a single post, and reveal that armies make similar use of Instagram, notwithstanding the various differences between Israel and the other armies due to organizational and contextual elements.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-01-24T10:10:18Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221149419
A Tale of Two Clocks: A Framework for Assessing Time Pressure and
Advantage in the Russo-Ukrainian War
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  Authors: David V. Gioe, Tony Manganello
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article assesses the role and understanding of war’s most inflexible factor—time—and its associated pressures and advantages in the Russo-Ukrainian War. While there seems to be no consensus on who might prevail (and of course the elements of what constitutes victory itself can vary), the passage of time—frequently understood in military terms as endurance and exhaustion—is a useful framework to assess the direction of the war, relative advantage at various stages, who may ultimately prevail, and under what conditions that may be possible. Although timetables and schedules have played an enormous role in military history, there appears to be no systematic assessment of the role of time in relation to strategy and victory in the Russo-Ukrainian war. This article sets out the fill that gap through a systematic comparison of time’s passing and time pressures facing the combatants.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-01-13T01:37:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221145690
Book Review: Embracing senior leadership: Three critical factors needed to
reach the C-suite and thrive
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  Authors: Sandra Harley Carey
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2023-01-12T07:01:14Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221147959
Book Review: Rough draft: Cold War military manpower policy and the
origins of Vietnam-era draft resistance
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  Authors: Brandon J. Archuleta
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-12-13T06:38:59Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221141891
Homecoming as a Gendered Practice in Danish Military Families
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  Authors: Morten Kyed, Ann-Dorte Christensen, Helene Oldrup, Anni Brit Sternhagen Nielsen
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article explores the complicated process of post-deployment homecoming in military families in Denmark. Based on qualitative interviews with spouses and children of formerly deployed soldiers, the article analyses some of the main challenges related to homecoming and military-to-family transitions in military families. It illuminates how deployment affects family practices and social relations by especially focusing on gender equality, fatherhood, and masculinity. Based on interviews with spouses and children, the article outlines three masculinity positions available to Danish homecoming veterans: gender equality masculinities, militarized masculinities, and troubled masculinities.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-12-01T05:32:27Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221137937
Mental Health of Canadian Children Growing Up in Military Families: The
Child Perspective
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  Authors: Ashley Williams, Heidi Cramm, Sarosh Khalid-Khan, Pappu Reddy, Dianne Groll, Lucia Rühland, Shannon Hill
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  A recent scoping review indicated military-connected children face stressors that may increase mental health issues. However, the majority of the included literature was American. To examine the experiences of Canadian military-connected children, we conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of Canadian military-connected youth using a qualitative description approach. We conducted a content analysis on interview data, supported by qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA), with coding done by two researchers who met regularly to discuss coding agreement. Thirteen children in military families participated and described the mental health impact of frequent mobility, parental absence, and risk of parental injury. The experiences of our participants were consistent with the results of an earlier scoping review on this topic. Our results suggest improving military cultural competence among health care providers and enhancing parental support may positively impact child well-being. More research is needed to understand resilience and vulnerability among Canadian military-connected children.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-30T06:26:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221128837
The Parliament and Cooperative Oversight of the Indonesian Armed Forces:
Why Civil–Military Relations in Indonesia is Stable but Still in
Transition
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  Authors: Jefferson Ng, Yudha Kurniawan
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Parliamentary oversight is a cornerstone of democratic control of the armed forces, but its influence on civil–military relations (CMR) remains underexplored. We argue that parliaments in transitioning democracies face unique structural challenges in developing robust oversight of the military compared to advanced democracies. We developed a typology of three distinctive types of parliamentary oversight and proposed that cooperative oversight potentially offers a solution to structural challenges faced by parliaments in transitioning democracies. In our case study of Indonesia, cooperative oversight promoted harmonious working relations between the Parliament and the military/executive, stabilizing CMR. However, cooperative oversight also stalled civil–military reforms, eroded democratic management of the defense sector, and reinforced an unhealthy dependence on the military to self-regulate and the President’s appointment power of the armed forces’ commander. Over the longer term, we believe that the Indonesian Parliament needs to incorporate a mix of oversight strategies and raise its institutional capacity to strengthen oversight of the defence sector.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-26T07:47:56Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221137281
Putting on the Blitz: Urgency and Department of Defense Communications in
Times of Budget Shortfall
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  Authors: Leah Matchett
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The existing theories of interaction between Congress and the Department of Defense (DOD) focus on elite-level principle-actor problems. However, the Department, as one of the most popular institutions in the United States, also has significant public appeal and maintains an active public affairs arm. This article builds on theories of bureaucratic reputation to argue that the DOD uses its public communications to advocate for its own budget. I leverage computerized text analysis to examine over 40,000 public facing documents published by the DOD since 2005. I find evidence that the DOD changed both the timing and the content of its public-facing communications to strategically argue for its budget. This is true during large budgetary shifts (like the U.S. budget sequester) and during the period of the year that the budget is under debate.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-15T05:05:57Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221134323
Visualizing the Ties That Bind Us: A Cross-Sectional Thematic and Visual
Analysis of Cohesion Across Three British Military Formations
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  Authors: Stefan Schilling
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military unit cohesion has been associated with team performance, combat motivation, and positive mental health outcomes. Scholarship of military cohesion has been dominated by the Standard Model of Cohesion and the Task Cohesion Approach. Recent shifts in the character of conflict alongside a range of sociopolitical changes require these models to be reevaluated. This article aims to empirically compare these models using a deductive exploratory approach to assess their utility for present-day military formations. Seven construct variables were operationalized as deductive themes, coded against 26 focus groups with personnel from three military formations. Thematic analysis was supplemented by graph modeling, allowing to visualize interactions of constructs. Findings show that military formations develop cohesion in different ways. Teams low in occupational similarity emphasized leadership and shared experiences, while those with high levels emphasized professional competence. This novel approach provided a powerful tool to analyze, visualize, and model qualitative data about cohesion.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-07T11:15:37Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221134644
Civil–Military Relations in the Season of Military Populism: Czechia
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  Authors: Pavol Frič, Bohuslav Pernica
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The influx of populism in Europe revived the values of illiberal, authoritarian government. This affects the democratic character of Civil–Military Relations (CMR) in the post-communist countries in particular. We analyzed the development of CMR in Czechia (1992–2022) under the influence of populism (2010–2022). Applying the CMR concept of the shared-democratic-values-perspective, our study provides empirical evidence that persistent shortcomings in formal institutional and informal socialization of Czech officers by values of democracy open a dangerous back door for spreading the values of military populism in the Czech Armed Forces. We argue that such development in the last 10 years has resulted into a formation of illiberal alliances between populist leaders and the military elite and poses a risk of the army being misused to politically support the authoritarian populist government.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-01T11:24:20Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221131917
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Reproductive Health Outcomes Among Women
Veterans: A Research Note
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  Authors: Katherine Collison, Jessica P. Naftaly, Kathleen Colangelo
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  There are a growing number of U. S. women veterans. The goal of this study was to examine the frequency of reproductive health conditions, as well as racial/ethnic disparities within reproductive health concerns, among a sample of women veterans who were referred by their primary care providers for a psychiatric evaluation. Cross-sectional data were collected from 701 women veterans in a Women’s Health Clinic at a VA Medical Center. The most commonly reported reproductive health conditions were dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Other reproductive health conditions reported by women veterans included endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and osteoporosis. Black women veterans had significantly higher rates of endometriosis compared with the other racial/ethnic groups. Prevalence of PCOS, dyspareunia, osteoporosis, STIs, pelvic pain, perinatal loss, and infertility treatment did not differ across race/ethnicity. Health care providers working with women veterans should engage in regular screening of reproductive health conditions for women across all demographic groups.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-01T11:08:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221131357
Expanding the New Roles of the Military—The Case of Spain’s Military
Emergency Unit: A Research Note
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  Authors: Virgilio Pérez, Cristina Aybar, Jose M. Pavía
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This note illustrates some of the new roles that armed forces are taking on in developed countries, highlighting the structure, capabilities, and missions developed by the Spanish Military Emergency Unit (UME). The note describes some of these new roles assumed by UME, such as its response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and shows, using official temporal and georeferenced data, the growing use of the military to support civilian authorities in response to natural disasters, man-made disasters, and other emergencies alike. In addition, we also analyze public opinion survey data to argue that this is helping to improve society’s perception of the armed forces even in a country like Spain where, due to its recent history, a significant part of its population is reluctant to the military. In short, the military is taking on more emergency roles as needs arise and these new roles can help to improve its perception by citizens.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-01T11:04:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221130360
Nomos, Hostis, and War: State-Building Process and Armed Forces in Africa
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  Authors: Bohumil Doboš, Branislav Mičko
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  State-building process in Africa appears in different conditions to those experienced on other continents. It is primarily characterized by the presence of fixed borders. The article repurposes evolutionary and identitarian theories on the development of political communities for the African realities. It highlights the necessity to develop policies creating territorial division between the population of the state and the external environment and utilizing armed forces for the protection of the state against such an environment for the state-building process to succeed. In cases of Eritrea, Senegal, and Burkina Faso, three hypotheses are being tested with an outcome that state-building process connected to the creation of Nomos does not have to be violent but requires a connection of the armed forces to the society. Once the division between the Nomos and the hostis develops inside of the state, such entities are not able to develop power projection capabilities inside their borders.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-11-01T11:02:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221130136
Interracial Marriage and the U.S. Military: A Test of Status Exchange and
Own Race Preferences
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  Authors: Christina A. Houseworth
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  What roles do racial social distance and individual identity play in determining intermarriage among Black and White individuals in the U.S. military' This research uses interracial marriage as a measure of social distance and hypothesizes that the military lessens the social distance between White and Black individuals. More specifically, this article examines the relative education levels of Black and White married individuals in the military to test theories of market and dyadic exchange using the 2015–2019 American Community Survey (ACS) data. Evidence of weaker racial group boundaries is found for Black male and White female pairings where at least one spouse is in the military. There is also evidence of stronger own race preferences among Black women in the military.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-10-08T10:09:59Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221123811
Perspectives on Military Culture Among Veterans With a Recent Suicide
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  Authors: Kyla J. Tompkins, Brandon Roth, Tiona Y. Wu, Vanessa C. Somohano, Lauren M. Denneson
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article aims to expand our understanding of military culture as it relates to gender and veterans’ mental health, drawing from rich qualitative data. Fifty in-depth interviews (25 men, 25 women) were conducted with veterans who had a recent suicide attempt (within 6 months). Interviews revealed major themes of unequal standards and a hostile environment in the military. Women strived to fit in and experienced differential treatment in their physical training, professional expectations, and family life; men recollected masculine bonds and camaraderie through drinking. Women described the hostile environment of the military through their experiences of sexual violence and both genders described a culture of silence where signs of weakness were shamed. Findings support a cultural shift toward equitable gender norms for military members. Policy should focus on increased transparency institutionally—and between members—as well as improving protection and response to reported abuse.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-17T06:38:25Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221123375
Hardships at Home: The Portrayal of Military Families in Traditional,
Military Community, and Military-Focused News Publications
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  Authors: Scott Parrott, Nicholas Eckhart, Kirsten Laha-Walsh, David L. Albright
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Scholars have described a divide between military and civilian culture, often focusing on the relationship between civilian communities and the Armed Forces and its veterans. Equally important are the families of military personnel. News media are an important source of information about military society for many U.S. civilians. This study examined how three types of news publications portrayed military families on Twitter between 2010 and 2020. News content was drawn from 21 outlets that cater to (1) general audiences, (2) military communities, and (3) military personnel. News outlets often associated military families with terms related to hardship, including substandard housing, financial problems, and other issues. In 1,052 posts, news outlets used five frames to describe military families: hardship, support, education, honor, and politics. General news outlets focused on politics, covering PR events staged by politicians. News outlets in military communities focused on support and providing readers resources to help navigate life in a military family. News outlets catering to military personnel focused on hardships.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-17T06:34:25Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221122702
Vladimir Putin’s Russian World Turned Upside Down
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  Authors: David V. Gioe, William Styles
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  What will the long-term impact of President Vladimir Putin’s decision to invade Ukraine be upon the Russian state' This article assesses the likely outcomes of the Kremlin’s war of aggression in Ukraine across a spectrum of economic, military, political, and social factors to evidence the scale of Russian miscalculation regarding its disastrous decision to invade Ukraine, and argues for the inevitability of Russian strategic decline as a direct consequence of its reckless military adventurism.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-16T07:28:46Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221121778
Virtuous Shirking and Social Distance: Concept Measurement in the Context
of Militarized Response to Nonviolent Revolution
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  Authors: Paul Lorenzo Johnson
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  As a concept-measurement exercise, this article explores social distance in the context of confrontations between soldiers and pro-democracy protesters. While existing work has applied this concept in terms of structural, mostly static factors, this article explores the use of potential dynamic measures for this concept. To show these situational factors at work and highlight their potential contribution as new measures for social distance, this article uses a research design that holds relatively constant the traditional, structural measures while varying the social-distance outcome experienced in each campaign. The cases employed are East Germany 1989, Romania 1989, and South Korea 1980. The article particularly focuses on the protest tactics of fraternization and messaging, as well as regime tactics affecting opportunities for each, confirming both as useful additional measures of the concept of social distance. It also nominates other potential measures based on evidence that emerges inductively in the case reviews.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-14T12:52:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221120817
Boko Haram, security architecture and counterinsurgency in North-East,
Nigeria
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  Authors: Nsemba Edward Lenshie, Chikodiri Nwangwu, Christian Ezeibe, Louie Marie A. Ifem, Godwin O. Okafor
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  While previous studies have interrogated the motivations of Boko Haram and the role of security agencies in counterinsurgency, explanations of the escalation of Boko Haram attacks on Nigerian security agencies have received limited academic attention. This study re-examines the dynamics of counterinsurgency operations in Nigeria within the context of the fragile state thesis. It argues that fragility of relevant state institutions has compromised the military-led counterinsurgency operations by flipping out strategic intelligence to the terrorists, embezzlement of arms procurement funds, sabotage and deplorable welfare condition of combatants, among others. Thus, the relevant state institutions should be strengthened to proactively respond to the maladies bedeviling the military-led counterinsurgency operations in the North-East region.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-13T09:09:54Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221121656
Military Competence-in-Use in the Expeditionary Era: A Swedish Example
From Missions Abroad
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  Authors: Lotta Victor Tillberg, Matti Kaulio, Peter Tillberg, John Haglund
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  In Swedish military policy, the concept of kompetens (competence) describes the skills and capability of military personnel. Furthermore, “competence-in-use,” a multidimensional conceptual tool, has been used for decades in Swedish military instruction and training without having ever been empirically proven. In this pilot study, designed as an exploratory case study, we will try to connect theory to practice by examining the actual situations in which military competence is used. This article has two aims: First, to examine the relevance of the concept of competence-in-use in Swedish military practice abroad, and second, to combine and evaluate two methods in an exploratory case study. To capture firsthand experiences of real combat situations, we selected a sample of 28 firsthand narratives from Swedish service members. Our mapping identifies the blurred transition between combat and noncombat situations. By way of conclusion, we suggest that our analysis tool is further tested, for example, in comparative studies between nations.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-09T06:11:47Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221118928
“Tokowa po ya ekolo”: The Military Body Within the Congolese
Army
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  Authors: Dostin Lakika, Ryan Essex
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article explores the conceptualization of the body among former Congolese soldiers living as refugees in Johannesburg. The article draws on extensive fieldwork in Johannesburg, South Africa and employs the concept of deterritorialization and reterritorialization to explain the bodies of those who have decided to join the Congolese Army. The article reveals the complex ways in which the army manipulates soldiers’ bodies to generate diverse lines of connection, coalition, and removal (or disconnection). We support that the soldiers’ bodies are not necessarily owned by the country, but that soldiers’ bodies become owned by military institutions, who employ nationalist rhetoric to justify their existence and actions. The act of joining the army could be considered a way of cutting ties with civilian life and joining a new world in which the individual is socialized into military culture. Through initiation, the soldier’s body is reterritorialized; it becomes a national asset. While this study focuses on former Congolese soldiers, it has broader relevance, giving insight into how soldiers perceive their body shifting from individual possession to be reterritorialized as the body of the nation.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-07T05:36:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221120055
Citizenship, Enmity, and the Normative Theory of Domestic Military Use
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  Authors: Avishay Ben Sasson-Gordis
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Historical and legal accounts of domestic military and militarized use abound, but there is no systematic normative treatment of the issue. This article argues that an important normative principle that governs domestic military use is that citizens ought not to be treated as enemies. Using examples drawn from the United States, it shows that apart from any instrumental considerations such as fears of military coups and excessive violence, domestic military use is prohibited in principle when it relates to citizens as enemies. To treat citizens as enemies undermines their standing as members of the state’s political community, and so violates governments’ duty to not commit expressive harms against them. This principle has implications for current dilemmas regarding domestic military use, as well as militarized domestic law enforcement. The latter gain the normative commitments of militaries as they militarize, and in so doing lose permissions to operate domestically.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-07T05:35:30Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221120048
Income Security for Vietnam-Era Veterans: A Research Note
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  Authors: Elizabeth Bass, Heidi Golding
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Little is known about the financial security of Vietnam-era veterans now that most are over 65 and have left the labor force. Using 2018 survey data, we found that, on average, Vietnam-era veterans aged 63 to 78 had slightly less income than nonveterans of their ages: US$63,500 and US$65,000, respectively. Those veterans received more money from Social Security and retirement plans; nonveterans had more earnings and investment income. About 1.3 million Vietnam-era veterans collected an average of US$17,600 in disability compensation from the Department of Veterans Affairs, lifting their average total income above other veterans’ by about US$5,000. Overall, veterans were less likely to be poor or very wealthy than were nonveterans. Information on income provides insight to Congress and the public about the economic stability and, by extension, overall well-being of Vietnam-era veterans as they age.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-06T06:26:06Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221118391
Arrests, Mental Health Outcomes, and Discharge Status in U.S. Military
Veterans: A Latent Class Analysis
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  Authors: Nicholas Barr, Sara Kintzle, Justin Jaesung Lee, Savannah Mercado, Carl A. Castro
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Most U.S. military service members are discharged routinely, but about 15% receive non-routine discharges. Little is known about how patterns of arrests prior-to and in-service relate to neuropsychological symptoms acquired through military service, or how these symptoms and patterns are associated with discharge type. We investigated latent group differences in post-9/11 era veterans’ patterns of arrests; examined mental health-related predictors of subgroup membership; and modeled associations between latent class structure and non-routine discharge. Veterans with traumatic brain injury, alcohol misuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder, had greater odds of belonging to a high-risk vs. low-risk class with the highest probabilities of arrests in-service. The high-risk class had a 45% chance of non-routine discharge compared with 35% for a stable-risk class and 6% for a low-risk class. Veterans with increased probabilities of arrests in-service compared with pre-service showed the highest odds of mental and behavioral health problems and non-routine discharge.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-02T05:55:48Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221118065
Public Attitudes Toward Diversity, Promotion, and Leadership in the U.S.
Military
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  Authors: Robert Ralston, Jennifer Spindel
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article explores how the public understands military service and diversity. Using a conjoint survey experiment, we ask respondents to select between two candidates for promotion. We randomly present respondents’ two profiles, which vary the candidates’ gender, race, sexual orientation, marital status, number of years served, number of deployments, combat experience, and branch of the military. We find that respondents do not discount candidates based on their branch of service, gender, race, or marital status. However, respondents do weigh the candidates’ combat experience, number of years served, and number of deployments favorably. Finally, respondents penalize candidates based on their sexual orientation: Homosexual individuals are less likely to be selected for promotion. Furthermore, respondents especially discounted transgender individuals for promotion. Important differences, we show in this article, also exist between conservative and liberal respondents, as well as between male and female respondents.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-09-01T12:19:45Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221117609
Socioecological Model of a Military Family’s Health and Well-Being:
Inside a Slovenian Military Family
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  Authors: Janja Vuga Beršnak, Bojana Lobe
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The purpose of this article is to analyze the ecosystem of a military family, focusing on the risk factors that influence their health and well-being on various socioecological levels (individual, micro, meso, and macro). We develop a theoretical model of health outcomes and risk factors and test it empirically using quota sampling of 460 respondents from military families in Slovenia. Thirty-three regression models were calculated to measure the impact of theoretically defined risk factors on the health outcomes of military families. Surprisingly, a long daily commute, one of the most military-specific factors in Slovenian society, is viewed more positively than negatively. Moreover, risk factors related to the family on the micro and individual levels, such as poor financial situation or parental stress, are responsible for the greatest impact on military family health. Meanwhile, spouses report that military work-related stress affects the servicemembers’ overall health and increases the possibility of intimate partner violence.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-25T05:37:00Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221115679
Conscription and Political Participation: How Conscription Policies Affect
Voter Turnout
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  Authors: Min Jae Choi, Seung Wook Yoo, Zack Bowersox
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article reports the results of an empirical research design testing the relationship between a state’s use of conscription and the public’s level of political participation. Although few previous studies have investigated conscription’s influence on political levels in times of war, none have yet to analyze conscription’s impact on political participation during peacetime. We, therefore, study the relationship between voter turnout and military conscription using a global sample with the expectation that citizens in states that practice conscription will be more politically engaged during times of no conflict. We perform logistic regression models on a global sample (1982–2008) and find that those states that do practice conscription see their citizens participate in the electoral process at a higher level.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-19T06:22:35Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221112028
Multinational Military Cooperation in the Global South
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  Authors: Matías Ferreyra Wachholtz, Joseph Soeters
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  In the 21st century, three international military organizations with standing headquarters in the Global South have emerged in the field of military operations. These are the Southern Cross Peace Force in Latin America, the Africa Standby Force, integrating five subregional African forces, and the Peninsula Shield Force in the command structures of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This article examines interorganizational differences and similarities in these three important cases, aiming to provide a deeper understanding of their organizational forms within the global diffusion phenomenon of multinational military cooperation. The article uses a novel comparative framework that bridges a gap in systematic studies of multinational military organizations. It aims to provide a gateway for theoretical growth now and for future studies, in the Global South and elsewhere.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-12T12:25:54Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221114928
Identifying Service-Related Predictors of Community Reintegration
Difficulties in Northern Irish Military Veterans
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  Authors: Eric Spikol, Jana Ross, Emily McGlinchey, Cherie Armour
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military-to-civilian community reintegration in Northern Irish (NI) veterans has not been previously examined. The existing reintegration studies indicate that post-military service life can be challenging for many veterans. The current exploratory study aimed to identify service-related predictors of community reintegration difficulties in a sample of 749 NI veterans. Data were collected through a cross-sectional self-report survey of UK Armed Forces veterans residing in NI. Service-related variables were examined as predictors of overall and subdomain-specific reintegration difficulties. Combat exposure, time spent deployed in NI, length of service, being medically discharged, and being physically injured during service were significant predictors of reintegration difficulties. Receiving a mental health diagnosis since discharge and having been medically discharged were the two strongest predictors. Further results and implications are also discussed. Post-service adjustment to civilian life is affected by service variables, with implications for military/post-military interventions aimed at mitigating difficult transition experiences.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-12T12:22:00Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221112963
The Best They Could Do' Assessing U.S. Military Effectiveness in the
Afghanistan War
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  Authors: Risa Brooks
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article explores shortcomings in military effectiveness in the war in Afghanistan. It focuses on three sets of problems: the failure to resolve internal contradictions in the training effort, the failure to integrate political considerations with military activity, and poor strategic and operational/tactical integration.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-10T09:48:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221116876
NATO’s Struggle for Intelligence in Afghanistan
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  Authors: Sebastiaan Rietjens
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  What role did North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the coalition (International Security Assistance Force—ISAF) it led play in the failure of the West in Afghanistan' This essay argues that the ISAF intelligence community’s inability to come to grips with the complex operational environment in Afghanistan contributed to the problem. Using three concepts from the complexity literature, requisite variety, learning, and enactment, I analyze critical flaws in NATO’s approach. ISAF’s weak cross-cultural competence, its inconsistent relationships with international civilian organizations, and its absence of double- and triple-loop learning are identified as key drivers of NATO’s weak intelligence performance.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-10T09:47:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221116138
Who Lost Afghanistan' Samuel Huntington and the Decline of Strategic
Thinking
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  Authors: Will Atkins
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Numerous reflections exist regarding who should be held accountable and what lessons should be learned from the military withdrawal and political collapse of Afghanistan. This essay argues that the failures in Afghanistan are second- and third-order effects of a failure of strategic thinking on behalf of civilian and military leadership alike. I argue that this failure of strategic thinking is caused, in part, by the overreliance on concepts of civil–military relations espoused by Samuel Huntington. These concepts have been inculcated by a professional military education system that has subsequently developed a generation of officers with an atrophied appreciation for the political aspects of war, and an inability to link operational prowess to the achievement of strategic objectives. This dilemma is aggravated by a similar overreliance on systematic thinking, which further obscures the linkages between the military and political aspects of strategy.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-10T09:45:36Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221116129
Battling Defense Austerity Cuts With the COVID-19 Crisis Response' The
Czech Army’s Online Public Perception
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  Authors: Jan Kleiner
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The COVID-19 pandemic has forced militaries worldwide to join the fight. Numerous (e.g., British or Czech) armed forces seized the opportunity to propagate their domestic pandemic mitigation activities to improve their public image. However, defense budgets are usually cut first in times of crisis. Such cuts, or the mere threat of them, can have severe strategic and national security ramifications. This research, both exploratory and explanatory, investigates how military crisis-relief activities and their online propagation can muster public support against austerity cuts. It employs mixed-methods analyses of more than 160,000 posts and comments from the Czech Army’s Facebook page case study from January 2011 to January 2021. The study concludes that the Army’s propagation of information about its participation in pandemic mitigation induced positive feelings significantly more than the other content. Moreover, despite unpopular measures (e.g., lockdowns and policing), the Army’s efforts mobilized online public opposition to the austerity cuts.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-08T06:55:36Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221114654
Adjudicating Competing Theories: Does Civilian Control Over the Military
Decrease Conflict'
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  Authors: Edward Gonzalez
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  What explains variation in the propensity for conflict involvement and initiation among states' In the study of international security, a debate remains between those who argue stronger civilian control of the military lowers the likelihood of interstate conflict, and those who argue that states with stronger civilian control over the military will be more conflict-prone. This article adjudicates between these competing theories through the use of a newly published measure of civilian control over the military. The theory is tested via Poisson regression using a large-N country-year data set. Ultimately, the results support theories of military restraint, showing that states with stronger civilian control over the military are more conflict-prone than states with weaker civilian control of the military. The article contributes to our understanding of war and interstate conflict and the study of civil–military relations by showing that increased civilian control increases the likelihood of interstate conflict.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-08-05T05:25:31Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221112026
“She Clearly Thought That Something Bad Had Happened to Her”: How
Military Lawyers Construct Narratives of Victim Legitimacy and Perceived
Harm in Sexual Assault Cases
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  Authors: Samantha A. Tosto, Stephanie Bonnes
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  It has been well established that survivors of sexual assault are revictimized as they navigate the civilian criminal justice system. Significantly less is known, however, about how sexual violence is navigated within the military justice system. In this study, we use qualitative interviews with military lawyers about sexual assault cases to explore their constructions of victim legitimacy. Lawyers create a distinction between perceived and actual harm done to a victim and perpetuate the notion that victims falsely accuse men of sexual violence. Through these discursive strategies, lawyers suggest that the issue of military sexual violence is inflated. Finally, lawyers blame the institutional structure of the military for teaching victimization to young women. This helps them explain why victims who they do not perceive as legitimate report sexual violence. These findings emphasize the need for further inquiry into how those working in the military justice system perceive and interact with victims.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-30T06:47:37Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221108526
Narratives Around Civil–Military Cooperation: How Institutionalized
Discourses Influence Learning in Peace Operations
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  Authors: Nicole Jenne
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article is concerned with narratives about the relation between the military and civilians. Narratives, dominant institutionalized discourses, influence how individuals learn by providing frames of reference which moderate the acquisition of new knowledge. Although the importance of narratives for institutional behavior has been recognized in the field of security studies, little attention has been paid to how they influence learning. This article presents a framework to analyze narratives in the context of learning based on the case of peace operations. Using qualitative case studies for theory-building, I argue that narratives on the closeness between the military and “the people” ease pressures to improve the military’s engagement with civilians and render peacekeepers less inclined to learn. All else equal, the absence of entrenched ideas about military–society relations facilitates the acquisition of new knowledge and skills in civil–military cooperation.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-25T10:08:05Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221108527
Military Professionalism, Power, and the Division of Labor: The Case of
the Reintroduction of NCOs in the Swedish Armed Forces
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  Authors: Christopher Dandeker, Karl Ydén
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  While noncommissioned officers (NCOs) are hailed as the “backbone” of the world’s armed forces, relatively little scholarly attention has been paid to them compared with the officer corps. NCOs have been at the margins of social scientific literature, largely because of Huntington’s officer-centric concept of the military profession, which was based on a sharp division of roles and which excluded NCOs as well as reservists and soldiers. This article holds that the officer–NCO relationship is not a functional, timeless universal in military organizations and thus merits scholarly attention. The (re)introduction of NCO-style “Specialist Officers” in the Swedish Armed Forces is used to highlight how organizational and technological factors affect the division of labor between officers and NCOs and the text ends with a call for comparative research efforts on the category of NCOs.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-21T01:03:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221108761
Power Sharing and Coups d’état in Postconflict Settings: Evidence From
Burundi and Guinea-Bissau
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  Authors: Erica De Bruin
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  In postconflict settings, peace agreements often include power-sharing provisions that integrate formerly warring parties into the state. The aim of such provisions is to prevent conflict from resuming. At the same time, however, they can inadvertently increase the risk of coups d’état. Existing research identifies a correlation between peace agreements and coups, but the causal mechanisms underlying this association remain underexplored. This article argues that power sharing affects the motives of incumbent elites to intervene in politics via a coup and the opportunity for former rebels to do so successfully. Evidence from coup attempts in Burundi and Guinea-Bissau illustrates the plausibility of these arguments and suggests ways to extend them in future work. While debate remains over whether power sharing prevents civil war recurrence, this article shows how it can create incentives for other forms of political violence.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-18T04:30:10Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221108370
Civil–Military Relations: Through a Perilous Lens
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  Authors: Vasabjit Banerjee, Sean P. Webeck
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Since Huntington’s seminal work The Soldier and the State, the scholarship on civil–military relations in the American context has often emphasized the need for a professional military to maintain an apolitical stance and let the civilian principals lead. In this article, we ask, what can we learn about civil-military relations by seeking to better understand the relationship between political institutions and the politicization of the military' We argue that this literature insufficiently accounts for the perils that exist within separation of powers (i.e., presidential) systems. Consequently, the existing scholarship cannot distinguish when politicization happens because of or despite civilian principals. We use long-standing arguments from Comparative Politics to explain why problems of separation of powers systems are endemic to these institutions. We then present five questions and two examples to facilitate a theoretical reframing of the subject. Our argument suggests more work is needed to understand how American political institutions shape civil–military relations.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-18T04:28:50Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221108198
The Limit of American Public Support for Military Intervention
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  Authors: Songying Fang, Jared Oestman
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Under what conditions is the American public supportive of U.S. military intervention in foreign crises' We argue that the public assesses three key dimensions of an intervention: the motivation for an intervention, the form an intervention can take, and the tasks an intervention may be mandated to fulfill. Through a survey experiment, we test several hypotheses in the context of a potential U.S. military intervention in a civil war. Comparing different motivations, we find that the strategies (forms and mandates) matter much more for public support. Regardless of motivation, the American public is generally more supportive of multilateral forms of intervention and prefers mandates that focus on the protection of civilians and peaceful conflict resolution.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-18T04:27:06Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221107700
Making Ends Meet: Employment, Cash Transfers, and Poverty in Post–9/11
Era Wounded Military Veterans
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  Authors: Nicholas Barr, Vicky Albert, Amanda Peterson, Lara Berghammer, Sara Kintzle
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Over 36% of post–9/11 era veterans have a disability, but little research has examined wounded veterans’ finances. We investigated main and interaction effects of income sources and demographic, military, and mental health characteristics on household poverty and deep poverty to better understand wounded veterans’ financial outcomes. Data were drawn from the 2018 Wounded Warrior Survey (n = 33,067). Two logistic regression models investigated direct associations between independent variables and poverty outcomes; predictive margins and average marginal effects were calculated for employment and cash transfers on outcomes. 56% of respondents reported full- or part-time employment, and 17% met criteria for household poverty. Of those, 75% met criteria for deep poverty. Cash transfers were negatively associated with poverty and deep poverty, and part-time employment was positively associated with poverty compared with not working. Employment was insufficient protection against poverty in this sample of wounded veterans—transfers were a critical bulwark.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-18T04:25:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221107392
Air Power, International Organizations, and Civilian Casualties in
Afghanistan
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  Authors: Susan Allen, Sam R. Bell, Carla Martinez Machain
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Can the presence of international organizations reduce civilian deaths caused by aerial bombing' This commentary examines this question in the specific context of the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan. We evaluate this based on interviews conducted with members of international organizations that were present in Afghanistan during the conflict, existing intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and government reports, and with quantitative data on civilian casualties between 2008 and 2013. We conclude that there is tentative evidence from Afghanistan that international organizations can in fact reduce the severity of civilian killings that result from the use of air power. However, there is much need for greater data sharing to more fully answer this important question.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-14T06:43:29Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221100780
Civil–Military Relations During the Trump Administration: Rejection of
Military Professionalism and the Deterioration of Civil–Military
Relations
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  Authors: John C. Binkley
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The period of Donald Trump’s term in office was one of the most contentious periods of American civil–military relations. Both active-duty and retired officers rebuffed and castigated the president’s actions, policies, and character. Such public criticism of a sitting president has no real parallel in American history. This breakdown in civil–military relations was caused by the president’s lack of respect and in fact disdain for the contours of military professionalism. Those contours are expressed by the attributes of expertise, corporateness, and responsibility. The military’s notion of commitment to the Constitution, an apolitical ethos, as well as its willingness to sacrifice for the national good were all part of the military’s own sense of professional values. In this case, the sitting president shared none of those values and tried to politicize the military, ignored their expertise, and disparaged their selfless sacrifice.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-14T06:40:05Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221106783
Overturning the “Risk Rule” of 1988, Opting for New Risks: U.S. Women
Servicemembers and the War in Afghanistan
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  Authors: Connie A. Buscha
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The evolution of the status of American women as warriors between Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm in 1990-1991 and the War in Afghanistan, beginning in 2001 [and simultaneously the Iraq War in 2003] is explored. This era of American civil-military history included rescinding the ‘Risk Rule’ of 1988, the formal ban on women serving in ground combat units. This generation of women’s legitimate military service as warriors began. The Afghanistan War period also exposed, however, the physical and emotional risks military women often face from their own colleagues on a global scale in the form of sexual violence. As a society, we purposefully must eliminate such risks inherent in the contemporary All-Volunteer Force (AVF) and clean up the resulting messes before we even consider taking the risk of conscription and mass mobilization of American women in our next war.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-11T05:47:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221103295
The Military Covenant, Contractual Relations, and Social Cohesion in
Democracies: Estonia as an Exploratory Case Study
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  Authors: Kairi Kasearu, Eleri Lillemäe, Eyal Ben-Ari
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The military covenant is a set of morally binding expectations marking the exchange between military, society, and the state. Its base is the military’s duality: like other large public institutions delivering services and its uniqueness in holding the monopoly over the use of legitimate organized state violence. The covenant is a form of relational (not transactional) contract based on trust between, and a long-term orientation of, partners; it both orders and displays these relations thereby offering both prescriptions for action and discursive means to legitimate them. The covenant can be used as an analytical (not normative) concept for theoretical development in three areas: social change and society-military ties, processual aspects of agreements between individuals and groups and the armed forces, and links between society-military ties and the social contract and social cohesion. We use the case of Estonia to illustrate the theoretical potential of the military covenant.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-11T05:45:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221100769
Why the U.S. Military Lost Afghanistan
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  Authors: Donald S. Travis
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Why did Afghanistan falter as a U.S. partner' America’s war in Afghanistan was lost for many reasons, but the U.S. military contributed to its downfall in two ways. First, U.S. combat units, trained to fight conventional battles, conducted counterterrorism operations (aka “search and destroy” missions) against guerilla forces that resulted in hardening the resolve of the enemy while causing widespread and senseless civilian casualties. Second, the Afghan military could not exist without U.S. logistical and material support. Because the Afghan Army was trained and equipped to fight a conventional-type war, they were incapable of operating independent of U.S. support, and could not survive on their own against guerrilla forces in a protracted civil war. Therefore, the Afghan security forces were not properly trained and equipped, demonstrating that the U.S. military repeated mistakes of the Vietnam War. It is argued that the United States must temper its conventional warfare mindset and re-direct resources toward improved ways to conduct limited wars against irregular adversaries. The constabulary forces concept described by Morris Janowitz is a feasible way to improve the chances that U.S. forces will succeed in such limited wars.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-07T11:05:09Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221100584
Military Propensity Among Israel Defense Forces’ Potential Conscripts: A
Re-Examination and Differentiation by Personal Preferences of Enlistment
Motivation
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  Authors: Anat Waldman, Roni Tiargan-Orr, Reuven Gal
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Israel, a unique case in the Western world, maintains a whole-mandatory military service, thus maintaining a “People’s Army” model. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) enjoys a law-based compulsory recruitment system. Despite many significant changes occurring in recent decades, the motivation of Israeli youth to fulfill their military service has remained quite high and stable throughout the last decades. To understand the issues affecting the perpetuation of this trend over the years, this study suggests a new perspective of analyzing military motivation and its components. Utilizing a large survey sample of potential candidates for mandatory conscription, we analyzed both conscripts’ general willingness to enlist and their propensities toward and preference for specific types of service. The findings of the present study query Moskos’ original thesis of the Institution/Occupation (I/O) model and show the “coexistence” subsisting among Israeli youth between two seemingly conflicting propensities—the “Self-actualization” and “Contributing to nation’s security.”
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-07T10:08:15Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221101331
The Afghanistan War’s Legacy: The Reimagining of the Outsourcing of
War and Security
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  Authors: Ori Swed
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The two decades of war in Afghanistan left a mark on the American armed forces and redefined the American ways of war-making. One of this war’s legacies is the reimagining of the role of private military and security contractors in contemporary warfare. Due to the massive involvement of the private sector in the American war machine, this industry transformed from a marginal participant into a central partner. The privatization of military and security functions became a norm, an integral part of security architecture and military operation. In this study, I provide a brief review of this development and its implications.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-07T09:59:55Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221101340
An Exemplary Defeat: The West in Afghanistan, 2001–2021
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  Authors: Jan Willem Honig, Ilmari Käihkö
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The Western defeat in Afghanistan was due to an inadequate process of strategic reflection informed, first, by an overestimation of the attractiveness of the Western political agenda to Afghans and, second, by overconfidence in the effectiveness of its military approach. As a corollary, popular support for the Taliban was underestimated. The insurgents possessed a degree of what we term strategic cohesion—a sociopolitical and military embeddedness within society—that produced a far stronger strategic effectiveness than we could replicate in our Afghan allies. Furthermore, a military-professional mindset underestimated the degree to which political considerations permeated the battlefield. The political effect of military actions was insufficiently integrated into strategic practice. Specifically, the linchpin officer in staff planning and field operations in Western armies struggled to act as what we term strategic colonels. In both respects, the war continues to offer important lessons for Western involvement in future conflict, including with Russia and China.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-07T09:50:04Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221101364
Reflecting on America’s Withdrawal from Afghanistan: The View From
Southeast Asia
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  Authors: Terence Lee
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This essay reflects on the broad contours of the war in Afghanistan from Southeast Asia’s perspective. While the United States’ withdrawal from Kabul was calamitous, the pessimism about America’s role in Southeast Asia has been overstated. The United States’ withdrawal from Afghanistan was largely inconsequential for the region. Southeast Asian states deftly mixed their support for America’s campaign in Afghanistan and the broader war on terror without being seen as too sympathetic, including, in some instances, condemnation of America’s attacks on Islam. Regional governments balanced their domestic political interests with their foreign policy objectives. The abrupt Afghan withdrawal may instead have positive outcomes, as the United States boosted its courtship with countries of Southeast Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific region through new security arrangements such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) and the Australian, U.K., and U.S. trilateral pact (AUKUS).
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-07T07:57:24Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221102475
Civil–Military Relations and Education of Military Elites in Türkiye:
Lessons Learned From the Past
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  Authors: Barış Ateş
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This article analyzes the relationship between civil–military relations and professional military education (PME) in Türkiye before the 2016 coup attempt. Its main argument is that an effective PME system could not be realized due to the problematic nature of civil–military relations. The dominant role of the military in politics turned PME into a domain reserved solely for soldiers; however, this autonomy did not help the officer corps to create an effective PME system. Based on historical analyses, this article concludes that civil–military cooperation is necessary for developing a successful PME system, and it endorses Mukherjee’s integrated model. Moreover, it shows that civil–military cooperation for the development of PME is a requirement regardless of the nature of civil–military relations.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-07T04:52:23Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221103294
American Civil–Military Relations and Presidential Power of Removal
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  Authors: Neil Snyder
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Under what conditions are presidents more likely to remove senior defense officials from office' Using a novel data set of all senior U.S. defense officials, both civilian and uniformed military from 1947 to 2021, this article explores whether anticipated support in Congress, partisan factors, or institutional protections for the military affect observed patterns of removal for defense officials. The results suggest that presidents are more likely to remove their own appointees (or their co-partisans’ appointees), but provide little evidence that presidents premise removal on anticipated partisan support for a replacement nominee in Congress. Moreover, the results suggest that military officials may have some insulation from politicization by strong forms of removal, though that protection may weaken an important aspect of civilian control of the military, the threat of punishment by removal, raising profound questions for how civilian control endures.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-07-05T05:21:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221100270
LGB Service Members’ Relationship Status, Satisfaction, and
Well-Being: A Brief Report
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  Authors: Elizabeth N. Savarese, Jessica Collazo, Wyatt R. Evans, Kimberly F. Balsam
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Recently, the legal landscape for sexual minorities in the United States has changed dramatically, prompting empirical research on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) couples and LGB service members. This study examined the relationship characteristics and mental health of LGB service members in couple relationships and compared partnered and single LGB service members. A total of 238 LGB service members completed an anonymous survey, including questions about demographics, identity, military experiences, and mental health symptoms. Results of descriptive and exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in mental health between partnered and single participants. However, partnered individuals reported higher outness and lower internalized homophobia compared with their single counterparts. Analyses also revealed negative associations between relationship satisfaction and mental health symptoms among partnered participants. Among the first to examine LGB service members’ romantic relationships, the results of this study have important clinical and policy implications and inform next steps in researching this population.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-06-27T12:46:24Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221098455
Why Did the Taliban Win'
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  Authors: Anthony King
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  On October 7, 2001, 3 weeks after 9/11, U.S. forces attacked Afghanistan; bombers struck Taliban headquarters and Al Qaeda training sites. By early December, the Taliban and Al Qaeda have been defeated and had fled. However, a war that began so successfully in 2001, eventually ended ignominiously on August 30, 2021, almost exactly 20 years later, with a U.S. withdrawal and a total Taliban victory. The speed of the Taliban’s triumph shocked everyone. The entire campaign, costing US$2.3 trillion and 2,488 U.S. lives, had failed—utterly. The United States had lost its longest-ever war. How is it possible to explain a defeat of that magnitude' This article seeks to address this question. Although numerous factors played a role, this article identifies three principal factors: the environment, the local politics, and the Taliban. Afghanistan is a very difficult place to conduct large-scale military operations. The West never came to terms with the local politics and consequently undermined their own efforts. Finally, although they were not militarily sophisticated, the Taliban were politically astute and very resilient.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-06-20T12:59:44Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221096702
Gender Disparities in Active Duty Air Force Parents’ Childcare Access:
Pre-Pandemic Costs, Utilization, and Career Impacts
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  Authors: Erika L. King, Hla Myint, Tawney R. Gardner, Morgan R. Mitchell, Kristin A. Beitz
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Past reports indicate that enduring Department of Defense (DoD) childcare shortfalls may disproportionately affect women, but details regarding gender effects are unknown. This exploratory study sought to uncover the military childcare system’s pre-pandemic state by analyzing two Air Force (AF) survey datasets—the 2017 AF Community Feedback Tool and 2020 AF Childcare Survey—to examine gender gaps in active duty AF parents’ childcare access, cost and utilization, and perceptions of childcare impacts on career progression and retention. Results reveal that women—particularly those in the lowest ranks with less time on station—report more difficulties accessing childcare than male counterparts. Furthermore, fathers paid nothing for childcare and relied on spouses for childcare at higher rates, while mothers paid for care, relied on DoD childcare programs, were on DoD waitlists, reported childcare-related career impacts, and reported childcare affected their retention decisions at higher rates. Policy recommendations to improve childcare across the force are discussed.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-06-13T10:59:13Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221094646
Veterans Affairs Hospital Productivity Change and the Policy Implications:
A Research Note
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  Authors: Dongjin Oh, Ahreum Han, Keon-Hyung Lee
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  As a reaction to the Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital scandal in 2014, the Veterans Choice Act of 2014 was enacted to enhance veterans’ access to health care. This study evaluated the productivity change of a panel of 102 VA hospitals from 2011 through 2019 to examine how the Act influenced the overall VA hospital productivity. The results revealed that the overall productivity of VA hospitals declined over the period and VA hospitals were not operating at an optimal scale to produce maximum outputs due to a decrease in the number of veteran patients after the Act was implemented. In addition, the technical change value less than 1 implies that VA hospitals produced fewer outputs with the given input resources over the period due to lagged adoption of innovative health care technology.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-06-06T11:13:07Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221094647
State-Building 101: Hard Lessons From Afghanistan
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  Authors: Michael Miklaucic
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The American war in Afghanistan was originally an act of retaliation and retribution. Over time it assumed the moral burden of state-building. The state-building effort however was undermined by inadequate planning, inadequate knowledge, and inadequate understanding of the complexity and difficulty of the state-building process. Ultimately, the Afghanistan state-building effort failed. The commentary assumes the premise that even in an era of great power competition, the West cannot escape the challenge of state-building as fragile and failing states will continue to threaten global security. The commentary suggests a set of considerations for those responsible for the inevitable state-building challenges of the future.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-05-23T11:38:16Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221088873
How Afghanistan Influenced the Content of Armed Forces & Society: An
Editor’s Reflection
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  Authors: Patricia M. Shields
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This commentary examines the influence of the Afghanistan war on the content of Armed Forces & Society. My 20-year tenure as editor of Armed Forces & Society overlaps completely with the war. Using the lenses of the postmodern or post-Cold War military, I reflect on how the articles of this journal were influenced by the war. The postmodern military relies more heavily on volunteers, is more likely to engage in unconventional missions, and more likely to use multinational forces. I found an increase in articles devoted to reserve forces and contractors. In addition, many articles investigated the unique management challenges of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The multiple deployments and brutal nature of the war led to a large increase in health/mental health articles and also contributed to changes in the scope of the military family and veterans’ literature. The limited civil–military relations literature was affected indirectly.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-05-16T10:20:43Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221088024
My Commander in Chief is Black! The Mental Health Significance of Barack
Obama’s 2008 Presidential Election for Military Veterans
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  Authors: Quintin Gorman, Tony N. Brown, Julian Culver
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This study investigated the mental health significance of Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential election for military veterans. Many believed his election signaled a progressive shift in race relations and crucial challenge to White supremacy. Furthermore, many argued his election generated hope, especially among Blacks. We therefore hypothesized Black and Hispanic veterans would experience improved mental health after installment of the nation’s first Black commander in chief. We also hypothesized White veterans would experience no change in their mental health. With nationally representative survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), we tested these hypotheses by predicting poor mental health days self-identified Black, Hispanic, and White veterans experienced preelection and postelection in fall 2008. Net of established social determinants of health, we estimated Black and Hispanic veterans, respectively, experienced approximately 2.01 and 2.17 fewer poor mental health days postelection, whereas White veterans experienced no significant postelection change. Sensitivity analyses seemed to corroborate these findings.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-05-09T03:53:17Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221082211
Psychological and Sociological Profile of Women Who Have Completed Elite
Military Combat Training
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  Authors: William J. Tharion, Karl E. Friedl, Elizabeth M. Lavoie, Leila A. Walker, Susan M. McGraw, Holly L. McClung
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  More than 75 women have successfully graduated from the U.S. Army Ranger Course since the integration of women into elite military combat training. This study sought to identify the psychological characteristics and sociological variables that contributed to their motivation and success. A guided interview and demographic and psychological questionnaires were used to assess characteristics of 13 women who successfully completed elite military combat training. Collectively, these women were college graduates and had well educated fathers, possessed high levels of grit and resiliency, and described themselves as self-competitive challenge seekers. These women all had a strong male influence in their lives. The characteristics of these pioneer women may be unique from subsequent cohorts as female participation in elite military combat training becomes the norm and as attitudes and experiences change for graduates of female combat training over time.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-05-02T01:54:38Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221076555
Examination of the Relationship between Self and Choice of Coping
Strategies among U.S. Active Duty Military Wives
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  Authors: Amy P. Page, Abigail M. Ross, Phyllis Solomon
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Previous research indicates that one’s identity relates to one’s use of specific coping strategies. Exploring the relationship between self and coping in military wives is crucial to understanding how they manage military lifestyle-related stressors. The researchers hypothesized that identity status, self-concept clarity, self-monitoring, mastery, and role conflict will be related to choice of emotion-focused coping or problem-focused coping strategies. Two hundred two participants completed an anonymous online survey containing standardized scales. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses revealed that emotion-focused coping had positive relationships with achieved identity status and role conflict. Problem-focused coping had positive relationships with moratorium status, self-concept clarity, self-monitoring, and mastery. Findings provide preliminary support that sense of self is important in understanding how military wives choose to cope with particular challenges.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-28T09:47:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221081222
Training for Heat-of-the-Moment Thinking: Ethics Training to Prepare for
Operations
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  Authors: Deanna L. Messervey, Jennifer M. Peach, Waylon H. Dean, Elizabeth A. Nelson
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Military ethics training has tended to focus on imparting ethical attitudes and on improving deliberative moral decision-making through classroom instruction. However, military personnel can be exposed to extreme conditions on operations, which can lead to heat-of-the-moment thinking. Under stress, individuals are more likely to engage in automatic processing than deliberative processing, and visceral states such as anger and disgust can increase a person’s risk of behaving unethically. We propose that military ethics training could be improved by reinforcing classroom ethics training with interventions to counteract these risk factors. As training interventions, we recommend incorporating affect-labeling, goal-setting, and perspective-taking into realistic, pre-deployment training to make moral decision-making more robust against stress and other emotional experiences typical in combat. We outline steps researchers and trainers can take to test whether these interventions have the desired impact on ethical behavior.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-25T12:47:40Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221088325
Engagement of Military Peacekeepers in Brazilian Politics
(2011–2021)
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  Authors: Rafael Duarte Villa, Anais M. Passos
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Peacekeepers are seen as a UN tool for promoting domestic changes in host countries, but little is known about the political consequences when officers return home. During the last 10 years, Brazilian presidents appointed a significant number of former peacekeepers to key political functions. How and why do former peacekeepers end up so involved in government affairs' To answer this question, this paper focuses on the array of skills acquired by peacekeepers in domestic missions and reinforced abroad. Drawing on a set of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to military, former political decision-makers, and researchers, as well as other primary and secondary sources, this paper details how political articulation, experience in conflict management, and prestige empowered Brazilian military officers to resume their tradition of intervention in politics. This paper also shows that peace operations can produce deleterious outcomes for troop-contributing countries in the Global South.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-22T11:29:23Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221087254
“Leaning In” or “Taking a Knee”: Career Trajectories of Senior
Leaders in the Canadian Armed Forces
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  Authors: Julie Coulthard, Justin Wright
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Less research has examined the extent to which external contexts and factors that influence an organizational member’s life choices also influence their career trajectories within the military, and particularly among those who advance to leadership positions at the General Officer/Flag Officer level. Interviews were conducted with 20 select General Officer/Flag Officers in the Canadian Armed Forces. As part of a secondary analysis of an exploratory qualitative study, we applied a Life Course Theory lens to better understand the intersections between the sociohistorical and cultural context of senior leader development, and the individual choices that the participants made that led to their ascent to their rank. This study provides insight into how the historical time and place, the timing in their lives, the linked lives they share with family, and the degree of agency they maintained over their life choices led participants to “lean in” rather than “take a knee.”
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-19T12:45:58Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221078331
“We Don’t Negotiate with Terrorists”—Afghanistan, Bargaining, and
American Civil–Military Relations
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  Authors: Adam Barsuhn
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The United States government’s inability to view the conflict with the Taliban through the lens of the bargaining model of war was a fundamental element of its failure in Afghanistan. This problem was reinforced by a dysfunctional civil–military relations shaped by Samuel Huntington’s theory of objective control, resulting in the military pursuing campaigns of attrition that fit its organizational preferences but did not advance civilian political goals. These issues are evident in three different moments during the War in Afghanistan where the U.S. failed to seize an opportunity that could have changed the result of the conflict.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-13T10:49:30Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221077299
U.S. Veterans and Civilians Describe Military News Coverage as Mediocre,
Think Stories Affect Others More Than Themselves
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  Authors: Scott Parrott, David L. Albright, Nicholas Eckhart, Kirsten Laha-Walsh
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The news media often portray military veterans in stereotypical ways, providing audiences narrow representations in which veterans are traumatized heroes. What happens when a veteran sees these storylines and assumes they affect how the public thinks about veterans' This question informs this study, which used a two-prong approach (online, telephone) to survey 1,047 American adults about news media and veterans. Respondents, including veterans and civilians, were asked to recall news stories about veterans, assess the quality of news coverage of veterans, and offer opinions concerning whether news coverage affects themselves and other people. When respondents could recall a news story about veterans, they described stereotypical stories related to victimization/harm, heroism, charity/social support, mental illness, and violence. Respondents, both civilian and veteran, described news coverage as mediocre and felt the news affects other people more than themselves.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-11T10:43:49Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221080944
The Link Between Conscription Experience and Conscripts’ Attitude Toward
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  Authors: Merle Parmak, David A. Tyfa
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between the experience of conscripts in their training period and their subsequent attitude toward national military service immediately after training. Self-report questionnaire is used to measure the experiences of Estonian conscripts (n = 518) in three categories: perceived stress, applied coping strategies, and evaluation of training as important. Attitude toward national military service is measured as a critical versus neutral/positive answer to an open-ended question. We found that a perceived reduction in general quality of life, concerns about what is happening at home, and experiencing/expressing negative emotions were associated with a critical attitude. In contrast, taking a proactive outlook toward training and finding military-specific aspects personally important were associated with a more neutral/positive attitude. Our findings emphasize the importance of improving the conscription training experience in order to foster less critical attitudes toward service and are discussed from a person-environment perspective.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-06T11:31:57Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221078883
Book Review: Urban Warfare in the Twenty-First Century
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  Authors: Rene Moelker
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-21T06:56:34Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X221074330
Factors Related to Exclusion in the U.S. Army
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  Authors: Sara Kintzle, Eva Alday, Adrianne Clomax, Michàlle Mor Barak, Carl A. Castro
  First page: 231
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The promotion of inclusion in the U.S. Army requires an understanding of how and why exclusion occurs. As exclusion can have deleterious impacts at both and individual and organizational level, reducing exclusive behaviors can have positive effects on Soldiers and the Army. To explore exclusion in the Army, 19 focus groups were conducted with 120 active-duty enlisted Soldiers. Two rounds of thematic analysis revealed four themes related to exclusion. Participants indicated exclusion to be often based on low or bad performance, personality factors that were identified as different or toxic, cliques within the Army unwilling to welcome others, and gender, with both men and women identifying exclusionary behaviors toward women within and outside of the work environment. Research findings offer insight into how and why exclusion occurs and how such behaviors can be addressed in the U.S. Army including training and addressing cultural and systemic barriers to inclusion.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-27T09:06:00Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211068875
Nigerian Troops in the War Against Boko Haram: The Civilian–Military
Leadership Interest Convergence Thesis
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  Authors: Temitope B. Oriola
  First page: 275
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  This study interrogates the experiences of Nigerian troops in the war against Boko Haram. The paper’s contribution is bi-dimensional. First, it adds to the empirical literature on Boko Haram by analyzing the perspectives of rank-and-file troops. The study finds 10 forms of corruption affecting troops. These have contributed to the inability to defeat Boko Haram. Second, the paper adds to theoretical scholarship on civil–military relations and persistence of small wars. It challenges the bureaucratic-organizational model and the focus of civil–military relations theory on civilian control of the military. The study emphasizes the need to focus on the texture of the relationship between civilian and military leaders. The paper argues that the bureaucratic-organizational model has limited relevance to militaries in the postcolony and proposes a civilian–military leadership interest convergence thesis. The findings are relevant for understanding the spread of terrorism in sub-Saharan Africa and the persistence of small wars in non-Western, illiberal quasi-democratic societies.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-29T10:39:03Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211072894
Are the U.S. Military’s Nonpartisan Norms Eroding'
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  Authors: Trent J. Lythgoe
  First page: 310
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The U.S. military’s nonpartisan norms are an important part of healthy civil–military relations. Some research, however, suggest these norms are weakening. This study examines the evidence for eroding nonpartisan norms by analyzing U.S. military servicemembers’ partisan affiliations and political activism levels from 2008 to 2018. It finds that since 2008, military servicemembers have become more likely to identify as partisans. Servicemembers have also become more politically active than civilians, although this is due to decreasing activism among the American public. It also finds that longer-serving service members have stronger nonpartisan norms, but that newer servicemembers are more politically active than both longer-serving servicemembers and civilians. These findings provide a firmer empirical foundation for previous claims of eroding norms and suggest more research is needed to understand how increased partisanship and political activism impacts military readiness and civil–military relations.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-25T09:47:18Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211072892
The “Supermen” Club: Organizational Secrecy and Masculine Identity in
an Israeli National Security Organization
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  Authors: Aluma Kepten
  First page: 330
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  How does secrecy shape narratives of militarized hegemonic masculinity' This article assesses a gap at the intersection between theories of masculinities and organizational secrecy. Supported by 15 interviews with current and former male workers of a covert section of an Israeli national security organization, it argues that secrecy is experienced as both an external hurdle and a central component to the way that men internalize masculinity. Unable to access social capital outside the security organization, the respondents of the study construct a social field inside it through which they can assert their masculinity. They do so by conceptualizing their jobs, themselves, and the organization through a prism of sacrificial warriorhood, and actively incorporate secrecy’s constraints into a narrative of “super-men”. This study thus examines secrecy in the context of a militarized environment, showing the experience of masculinity and a perceived lack of power-access among members of a dominant group.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-08T04:49:33Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211064917
Domestic Military Deployments in Response to COVID-19
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  Authors: Peter Erickson, Marko Kljajić, Nadav Shelef
  First page: 350
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Militaries are commonly deployed in response to domestic disasters. However, our understanding of this phenomenon remains incomplete, partly because the particulars of disasters make it hard to generalize about deployments used in response. This article leverages the COVID-19 pandemic’s global reach to systematically evaluate common hypotheses about when and how militaries are used to respond to domestic disasters. It presents original global data about domestic military deployments in pandemic response and uses it to assess common theoretical expectations about what shapes whether and how militaries are used in such contexts. The results suggest that decisions about whether to deploy militaries stem from the securitization of domestic disaster relief rather than being responses to specific disaster-related features, state capacity shortcomings, or other social or political factors, even as some of these elements shaped how militaries were used. The article concludes by outlining some hypotheses for future research about the impact of this securitization on civil–military relations.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-03-26T12:46:12Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211072890
Military Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis in Latin America:
Military Presence, Autonomy, and Human Rights Violations
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  Authors: Igor Acacio, Anaís M. Passos, David Pion-Berlin
  First page: 372
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The military in Latin America has been extensively involved in pandemic relief operations. This paper analyses the impact of militarization of pandemic relief operations on human rights. It argues that not all militarization is equally harmful to individuals in the region. When troops assume responsibilities regarding medical care and logistical support, human rights violations do not follow. When involved in policing the stay-at-home orders, the extent of human rights violations is explained by the level of operational autonomy the military has in public security operations. The more autonomous the military, more likely abuses are to occur. Additionally, military exposure to judicial prosecution for human rights offenses contributes to the explanation. After gathering original empirical evidence from 14 Latin American democracies on military presence in pandemic relief, we draw our inferences from process tracing on four comparative case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and El Salvador.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-02-11T11:56:23Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211070035
Just Paying Lip Service' Public Trust and Public Support for Armed
Forces in Germany
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  Authors: Heiko Biehl
  First page: 395
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The article presents an empirical analysis of whether, how, and why people are active to either support or protest against the Bundeswehr. Public opinion polls consistently report high levels of trust in the military. According to the social-psychological approach of participation theory, this trust should lead to corresponding actions. However, the literature on civil–military gaps claims that the majority of people pay mere lip service to soldiers rather than actively support the armed forces. No active support despite high levels of trust' In an effort to empirically test the level and the determinants of the public’s support for and protest against the military, an activity scale was included in a representative opinion poll in Germany. The analyses show that a fairly large part of the German population engages in activities that support the Bundeswehr and that public trust in the military predicts that supportive behavior. Importantly, trust in the armed forces remains a strong predictor of citizens’ activities related to the armed forces even when controlling for numerous other factors. Taken together, these findings contradict the widely shared view of a civil–military gap and instead provide empirical evidence for the social-psychological approach of participation theory.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-02-05T08:16:10Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211043917
How do Sociodemographic Characteristics Influence UK Civilian Opinions of
UK Armed Forces Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans' A Mixed-Method Approach
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  Authors: Rita H. Phillips, Vincent Connelly, Mark Burgess
  First page: 419
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Evidence suggests that UK veterans are seen as victims with concern for their perceived mental health needs. This study examined sociodemographic factors that contribute to victimizing conceptualizations of British Army Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. UK participants (N = 234) provided three word associations to “British Army Iraq Veteran” and “British Army Afghanistan Veteran” and answered sociodemographic questions. A multiple linear regression outlines that low national pride, mission opposition and higher levels of education predict elevated victimizing word associations. Narrative accounts from UK interviews (N = 21) suggest that participants who perceived the recent conflicts as illegitimate conceptualize veterans as passive, naïve actors who had to submit to the agency of the anthropomorphic described government. This allowed holding overtly appreciative though belittling attitudes toward veterans, while opposing the missions. To dissociate veterans from victimizing perceptions, better knowledge about service and justifications for deployments need to be provided. Study limitations, including over sampling of young adult females, are discussed.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-27T11:23:43Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211070321
Band of Brothers or Band of Others': Rhetoric, Veterans, and Civil Rights
Fights in Germany and the United States
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  Authors: Joseph Paul Vasquez, Walter W. Napier
  First page: 446
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Research suggests that marginalized groups can use military service to win greater governmental and social acceptance by using civic republican rhetoric, however, conditions in which claims-making rhetoric is coercive are underspecified. Because rhetorical effectiveness requires sympathetic ears, we examine the influence of (1) expectations and political efforts of marginalized group members seeking greater acceptance, (2) whether majority group economic status is outpacing marginalized groups seeking improved treatment, and (3) whether marginalized groups have influential military veterans from majority groups as allies. We apply these factors to explain the claims-making failure of German Jews following the First World War and the success of African Americans after the Second World War. From the African American case, we also conclude that military service led to greater socio-political inclusion and rights based on development of future political actors through leadership development processes and inter-group contact, especially regarding Presidents Truman and Eisenhower.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-08T08:58:10Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211065490
The Missing Piece of the Puzzle: The EMASYA Protocol and Civil-Military
Relations in Turkey
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  Authors: Ayfer Genç Yılmaz
  First page: 470
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The civil-military relations literature on Turkey focuses predominantly on the guardianship role of the Turkish military, its interventions, and the role of the National Security Council as the main institutional mechanism of military tutelage. Yet, the existing studies lack a much-needed focus on the law enforcement or policing missions of the Turkish military. To fill this gap, this study discusses the EMASYA Protocol (Emniyet Asayiş Yardımlaşma or Security and Public Order Assistance), a secret protocol signed in 1997. Emerging in the context of political instability and military tutelage of the 1990s, the Protocol enabled the military to conduct internal security operations without permission from the civilian authorities. This paper argues that the EMASYA Protocol provided a sphere of “reformulated new professionalism” for the Turkish military, enabled it to specialize in the war against rising internal threats such as reactionary Islam and Kurdish separatism, and created anomalies in civil-military relations in Turkey.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-01-04T03:18:33Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211066570
How to Handle Offending Troops Overseas: The U.S. Military’s Legal
Strategy During the Cold War
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  Authors: Asif Efrat
  First page: 489
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  The peacetime deployment of U.S. forces in foreign countries goes against traditional notions of sovereignty. How did such deployment become legitimate following World War II' This article examines the legal strategy that the U.S. military employed to make American troop presence more palatable to foreign publics and to critics at home: granting certain legal authority over offending troops to host countries, while seeking to shield troops from trials in host-country courts. The military also used local, informal ties with hosts to guarantee fair legal treatment for troops and worked to convince skeptics that U.S. troops faced no legal threat. The mitigating of legal tensions helped the military create conducive political conditions for its presence abroad and likely contributed to the durability of U.S. deployments. The Cold-War practice contrasts sharply with the contemporary desire of the United States to maintain complete jurisdiction over its troops.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-04-09T09:20:11Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211061423
The Culture of Alcohol in the U.S. Military: Correlations With Problematic
Drinking Behaviors and Negative Consequences of Alcohol Use
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  Authors: Sarah O. Meadows, Robin Beckman, Charles C. Engel, Diana D. Jeffery
  First page: 531
  Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
  Excessive alcohol use, especially binge and heavy drinking, represents a serious threat to force readiness across the Department of Defense. Though these behaviors are a matter of individual service member choice, they are influenced by perceptions of the culture of alcohol use in the military. This paper uses data from the 2018 Health Related Behaviors Survey of Active Duty service members to explore associations between perceived alcohol culture and excessive alcohol use, any serious drinking consequences, risky driving behaviors, productivity loss due to drinking, absenteeism, and presenteeism. Results from multivariate logistic regression reveal a strong, positive correlation between positive perceptions of drinking culture in the military and all outcomes. Targeting perceptions of the drinking culture is one way the military can reduce excessive and unhealthy use of alcohol and negative sequelae.
  Citation: Armed Forces & Society
  PubDate: 2022-02-05T08:01:54Z
  DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211069162