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- Brothers in Arms' Estonia’s Defense Forces and the Trojan Horse
Dilemma-
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Authors: Christofer Berglund
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
In countries that enclose disgruntled minorities linked to hostile powers through culture or location, defense planners face a Trojan horse dilemma. Can recruits from these groups be counted on to defend the state' This article is the first to examine the ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-05-31T04:11:20Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251339663
- The Military-Industrial Complex in Turkey: Myth or Reality'
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Authors: Can Donduran; Enes Kurt
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This study examines Turkey’s national defense industry through the lens of the military-industrial complex (MIC), a concept predominantly analyzed in the American context. Using five criteria—scope, roots, leadership dynamics, autonomy, and influence—it ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-05-29T05:42:38Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251339737
- Armed Non-State Actor-Perpetrated Civilian Victimization in Armed
Conflict: An Opportunity Cost Argument-
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Authors: Emily Naasz
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Civilian abuse and targeting are as old as war itself and are often presumed to be an inevitable consequence of conflict and militant barbarity. Existing studies have most often attributed civilian victimization rates to conflict and non-state actor-...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-05-26T04:32:11Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251337066
- Women in the Military: Navigating Through Female Life Stages and Military
Career by “Acting Normally”-
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Authors: Nadia Diacone; Elena Bendien, Eva van Baarle, Petra Verdonk
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Recruiting and retaining female military personnel remains a challenge in most military organizations. This study explores how female-specific transitional stages in life (e.g., maternity and menopause) relate to the career development of women in the ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-05-23T08:14:44Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251336195
- Book Review: The Changing Dynamics of Civil–Military Relations in
Pakistan-
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Authors: C. Christine Fair; Edmund A. Walsh
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-05-15T08:29:23Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251341801
- U.S. Combat Medicine and Military Morale
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Authors: Tanisha M. Fazal; Jane L. Sumner, Jessica Korona-Bailey, Tracey Perez Koehlmoos
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
While a number of studies have argued for a relationship between military morale and military effectiveness, analyses of the sources of morale have overlooked the possible role of military medicine. We suggest that military medicine may be an important ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-05-03T06:18:58Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251334585
- Navigating Change From Within: The Impact and Challenges of a Women’s
Virtual Community in Transforming Gender Dynamics in the Israel Defense
Forces-
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Authors: Orly Ganany-Dagan; Zeev Greenberg, Michal Leizerovitch
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This case study of professional military women examines the impact of women-based Virtual Communities of Practice (VCoPs) on changing gender dynamics in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Through interviews and focus groups with 14 community members, we ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-04-30T10:52:39Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251337716
- Officers and Civilians: A Civil–Military Gap in Canadian National
Security'-
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Authors: Holly Ann Garnett; Christian Leuprecht, Sofia Caal-Lam
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This research note measures the political attitudes held by Canadian Military Colleges (CMC) graduates, as compared with the general population on issues related to Canadian democratic life. It employs survey data from a sample of over 1000 alumni of CMCs,...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-04-30T10:49:59Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251331545
- A Militarization of German Defense Politics'
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Authors: Ina Kraft
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This article examines the evolving dynamics of civil-military relations within Germany’s executive branch since 1990. Germany’s constitutional framework traditionally ensures robust civilian control over the military through a strict separation of ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-04-25T04:56:40Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251334313
- Army Wives: Exploring the Social Determinants of Health in a Population
With Universal Health care in the United States-
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Authors: Jessica R. Dodge; Kathrine Sullivan, Julie C. Merrill, Kristina Clarke-Walper, Lyndon A. Riviere, Whitney Wortham, Carl Castro
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Guided by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Social Determinants of Health (SDH) conceptual framework the purpose of this study was to explore the SDH among military spouses, who have universal access to health care. Two research questions guided this ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-04-25T03:24:52Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251333077
- Shooting Saviors' Military Relations With Humanitarians
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Authors: Uchenna Hillprieston Okwara
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Why do militaries obstruct relief operations in some conflicts but facilitate them in others' This article examines how nationalist sentiment—the strong identification with and prioritization of a nation’s interests—influences military attitudes toward ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-04-21T03:12:34Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251334628
- Family Welfare During the Deployment of Ghana Armed Forces in Peacekeeping
Missions: Exploring the Role of “Military Surrogacy”-
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Authors: Maggie Dwyer; Humphrey A. Agyekum
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This research focuses on the place of soldiers’ families and family life while on deployment, using the case of Ghana’s regular deployments to international peacekeeping missions. We advance the concept of a “military surrogate” to explain the ways in ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-04-10T04:29:20Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251331537
- Book Review: Training and deployment of America’s nuclear cold warriors
in Asia: Keepers of Armageddon-
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Authors: Masamichi (Marro) InoueUniversity of Kentucky; Lexington, USA
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-04-04T04:39:29Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251331060
- The Growing Conservatism of White Veterans Since the 1970s
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Authors: Alair MacLean; Steven P. Cassidy
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
In this article, we assess how the political attitudes of veterans compared to those of nonveterans have changed historically. We draw hypotheses from research and theory suggesting that veterans are relatively conservative due to either selection or ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-03-31T01:58:44Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251326043
- Soldier Retention in the Indian Military: Unraveling the Role of Pay,
Promotion and Job Satisfaction-
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Authors: Sudhir Kumar
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
The Indian military is facing challenges in retaining its enlisted soldiers, primarily attributed to the soldiers’ reluctance to continue their service beyond the initial term of engagement. This shortage weakens military cohesion and reduces operational ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-03-24T02:31:17Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251326081
- The Potential Benefits of a Military to Prison-Work Pipeline: A Study of
Newly Hired U.S. Prison Officers’ Self-Efficacy-
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Authors: Allison Escobedo; Alexander L. Burton, William T. Miller, Cheryl Lero Jonson
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
For years, U.S. prison systems have struggled to staff their prison officer ranks. As such, many agencies have increased advertisements and incentives to specific populations of prospective employees. Particularly, military service member and veteran ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-03-22T04:33:29Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251323179
- Killing in Combat as a Potentially Morally Injurious Event: The Diverging
Psychological Impact of Killing on Peacekeepers and Combat-Oriented Troops
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Authors: Andreas Espetvedt Nordstrand; Laura K. Noll, Ann Hergatt Huffman, Christer Lunde Gjerstad, Tore Tveitstul, Jon Gerhard Reichelt, Lars-Petter Bakker, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Ronny Helmersen Kristoffersen, Hans Jakob Bøe, Robert E. Wickham
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
The impact of killing in combat (KIC) on veterans’ long-term psychological health is multifaceted and influenced by deployment contexts. This study compared two samples of Norwegian veterans from combat-oriented (Afghanistan 2001–2011,N= 4,053) and ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-03-13T03:19:25Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251321389
- A Mediated Model of Female Navy Personnel’s Personality Traits, Sexism,
and Bystander Attitude Toward Sexual Harassment in Taiwan-
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Authors: Chia-Chun Wu; Pei-Shan Lee, Zuway-R Hong
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This study investigated the mediating effects of personality traits, sexism, and bystander attitudes toward sexual harassment (BASH) among female navy personnel in Taiwan. A cluster sampling method was used to recruit 281 participants, with data collected ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-03-12T12:22:31Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251318710
- The Impact of Military Sexual Misconduct on the Deployment Experiences of
Woman-Identifying Canadian Veterans-
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Authors: Sarah Lade; Andrea Brown, Kim Ritchie, Heather Milman, Rosemary Park, Alexandra Heber, Ruth Lanius, Karen D. Davis, Heather Eva McNeely, Margaret McKinnon
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
The present research examined how military sexual misconduct (MSM) impacts the perceived experiences of unit cohesion in a sample of woman-identifying Canadian military Veterans. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 veterans, asking questions ...
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-03-12T12:17:50Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X241312206
- Sexual Misconduct in the Military: The Impact of Situational Factors on
Bystander Intervention Strategies-
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Authors: Sara Rubenfeld, Manon Mireille LeBlanc, Deanna L. Messervey, Glen T. Howell, Simon A. Houle; Manon Mireille LeBlanc, Deanna L. Messervey, Glen T. Howell, Simon A. Houle
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Intervening is frequently encouraged to prevent or respond to sexual misconduct. However, due to the characteristics of military organizations (e.g., hierarchical structure), intervening may be challenging in military contexts. The aim of this study is to examine situational factors present in militaries (e.g., bystander’s rank relative to the perpetrator’s) that may impact the use of direct or indirect intervention strategies. A sample of Canadian Armed Forces members completed a scenario-based experiment. The results revealed that rank of the bystander, gender of the target, and severity of the situation impacted the use of direct intervention strategies, and the bystander’s rank relative to the perpetrator’s, gender of the target, and severity of the situation impacted the use of indirect intervention strategies. These findings highlight where direct and indirect interventions are unlikely to occur and situations that warrant greater focus in training programs and in communications from leadership.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-02-28T12:06:05Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251316266
- Book Review: Threat multiplier: Climate, military leadership, and the
fight for global security-
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Authors: Thomas H. Lillie; Encinitas, CA, USA
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-02-26T11:36:30Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251321838
- Shaping Future Leaders in Taiwan: The Impact of Personality, Parental
Emotional Blackmail, and Career Adaptability on Military Cadets-
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Authors: Chia-Chun Wu
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Eastern countries emphasize family relationships, where parents may use emotional blackmail—leveraging fear, obligation, and guilt through filial piety—to influence children’s career adaptability. Career adaptability involves proactive strategies to meet career demands. This study investigates the relationship among personality traits, parental emotional blackmail, and career adaptability among the military in a sample of 1,164 Taiwanese military cadets (884 males and 280 females; ages 18–22, M = 19.72, SD = 1.40). Results revealed that personality traits and parental emotional blackmail together explain 49.9% of the variance in career adaptability, with personality contributing most significantly (49.3%), particularly through traits like conscientiousness. Parental emotional blackmail contributed 0.7%, with obligation negatively and guilt positively influencing career adaptability. Some personality traits as a mediator between emotional blackmail and career adaptability. These findings highlight the interplay between family dynamics and personality in shaping cadets’ career adaptability, offering valuable guidance for future cadets in military academy selection.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-02-24T04:12:04Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251318702
- U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard Soldiers’ Motivations for Joining
the Military and Their Effects on Post-Deployment Mental Health-
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Authors: Rachel A. Hoopsick, Bonnie M. Vest, Mehreen Arif, D. Lynn Homish, Gregory G. Homish; Bonnie M. Vest, Mehreen Arif, D. Lynn Homish, Gregory G. Homish
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
The link between combat exposure and mental health among military service members has been well-established, and reservists are at increased risk. This study uses a subset of cross-sectional data (N = 239) from Operation: SAFETY, an ongoing study of U.S. Army Reserve/National Guard soldiers, to examine the moderating effects of reasons for joining the military on the relations between combat exposure and post-deployment mental health symptomatology. Soldiers who served for reasons associated with “wanting a military life” had an increasingly higher likelihood of anxiety symptomatology with greater combat exposure. Conversely, soldiers who served for reasons associated with “wanting material benefits” reported fewer mental health symptoms as combat exposure increased.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-02-19T03:55:04Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251317445
- Revisiting Military as a Total Institution: The Case of Conscript Service
in Estonia-
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Authors: Eleri Lillemäe, Kairi Kasearu, Eyal Ben-Ari; Kairi Kasearu, Eyal Ben-Ari
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This article revisits the concept of the military as a total institution through the lens of conscript service in Estonia. Employing a longitudinal qualitative methodology, it captures the dynamic experiences of conscripts. The findings reveal that tensions arise as conscripts face the totality of their service, leading to short-term situational negotiations and long-term goal adaptations. The study underscores the significant role of transitions between military and civilian life, with these movements serving as key moments of reflection and reshaping conscripts’ perspectives on their service. The findings show that the military has begun paying more attention to individual life courses and aligning its practices with civilian workplaces. While these adaptations align with societal expectations and aim to maintain the institutional legitimacy, they also contribute to the normalization of the military organization, potentially eroding the appeal of conscript service.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-02-19T03:52:35Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251317439
- How Political Ideology Shapes Military Spending' Political Determinants of
Military Expenditures in EU and NATO Member Countries-
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Authors: Łukasz Wiktor Olejnik
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
This article aims to test hypotheses regarding the nuanced influence of the political process on the level of disaggregated military spending in 29 European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries over the period 1999–2022. The results, based on the newly created dataset of election results in 510 municipalities or constituencies with military bases in the studied countries, indicate that governments with above-average support of military-related voters in previous elections spend more on the military during the entire term. This suggests that ruling politicians support their core voters. The results also indicate that right-wing governments tend to spend more on arms purchases, while left-wing governments tend to spend more on military personnel. It can be posited that government ideology may create compositional political budgetary cycles, due to the fact that in election years, left-wing governments significantly increase personnel expenditures, while right-wing governments spend more on arms.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-02-14T11:17:15Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X251315429
- Developing Effective Small Team Army Leaders: A Quasi-Randomized
Controlled Trial of the Squad Leader Development Course-
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Authors: Ian A. Gutierrez, Carl D. Smith, Amanda L. Adrian, Yvonne S. Allard; Carl D. Smith, Amanda L. Adrian, Yvonne S. Allard
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Effective leadership is critical to mission success in military organizations. However, instances of unethical and ineffective leadership remain an ongoing concern. To address the need for improved small team leadership, the U.S. Army developed the Squad Leader Development Course (SLDC) to provide junior non-commissioned officers (NCOs) with training and education on Army doctrine, ethical leadership, authentic leadership, and related competencies. Findings from a quasi-randomized controlled trial of SLDC conducted with NCOs (N = 219) found that trainees viewed SLDC as beneficial to themselves, their soldiers, and the Army. Trainees demonstrated improvements in knowledge and competencies related to leadership doctrine; fostering trust, cohesion, psychological safety within their units; and coaching and mentoring their subordinates. No significant effects of training were found with respect to ethical leadership, authentic leadership, or morale. We examine the utility of SLDC for leadership development in the Army and explore implications for military organizations globally.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-01-31T12:41:55Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X241313370
- Is Transformational Military Leadership Out There' An Exploratory Research
Study of Military Teams in Action-
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Authors: Jakob Rømer Barfod, Jonathan Clifton; Jonathan Clifton
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Transformational leadership has entered the doctrines of many militaries and has become a fundamental aspect of military training and an aspiration in military practice. However, prior research has not sought to analyze the in situ doing of leadership on combat zone service. To address this research gap, using video and audio-recordings of Danish soldiers on combat service in Afghanistan in 2018, this article takes an inductive and qualitative discursive approach to leadership. More specifically, it investigates the extent to which behaviors associated with transformational leadership are observable in the in situ practice of army teams. We present this article as exploratory research which analyzes what is happening in a limited number of cases to come up with tentative conclusions that suggest avenues for further research that may be investigated in more extensive studies.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-01-18T05:21:09Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X241309327
- Artificial Intelligence, Data Centers, Energy Capabilities, and
International Security: An Exploratory Analysis-
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Authors: Lance Y. Hunter
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Previous valuable scholarship has examined how data centers affect the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Additional research has analyzed how energy consumption and energy efficiency impact data centers. However, less scholarship has considered how data centers, energy capabilities (energy production and energy efficiency), and AI development interact to affect international security. Thus, this exploratory study considers the relationship between data centers, energy capabilities, and AI development and analyzes their potential impact on power distribution in the international system. In doing so, the study develops four indices to capture influential factors related to AI development and security. The study highlights the important role data centers, energy capabilities, and AI development may play in shaping the international balance of power and global security.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-01-16T07:26:00Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X241308839
- Navigating Moral Injury and the Search for Recognition: Dutch Peacekeeper
Veterans Return to Lebanon-
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Authors: Naomi Gilhuis, Tine Molendijk; Tine Molendijk
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
Moral injury (MI) not only impacts individuals but also damages relations between individuals and their communities. While conventional interventions focus on individual healing, veterans organize return trips to former deployment areas to mend these damaged relations. Drawing on fieldwork with Dutch UNIFIL veterans in Lebanon and life story interviews, the study examines how these trips address the relational dimensions of MI and trauma more generally. It employs a theoretical framework synthesizing MI and recognition theories, including an interplay between MI and transformative versus affirmative recognition. The analysis reveals relational breaches at political, societal, and interpersonal levels, both in the Netherlands and Lebanon, which profoundly impact veterans' lives, and motivate them to undertake return trips to Lebanon to mend these breaches. The return trips exhibit a complex dynamic of affirmative and transformative recognition, as well as reification, with both potential for healing and counterproductive effects.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-01-11T06:16:34Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X241311466
- Accountability, Bureaucratic Discretion, and Civil-Military Relations
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Authors: Sean Webeck, Vasabjit Banerjee; Vasabjit Banerjee
Abstract: Armed Forces & Society, Ahead of Print.
All democracies wrestle with the problem of representation. Most people intuitively understand this through electoral politics, but this connection is less clear when we consider bureaucracy. And when it comes to civil-military relations, many think about this problem in terms of “civilian control.” We present a different approach and contribute to this literature in three ways. First, we critique assumptions often used in thinking about civilian control. Second, we offer a classification system with three schools of thought on the problem of bureaucratic accountability. These are the (a) political control school (representation through the politics-administration dichotomy and compliance model), (b) responsiveness through institutional design school (representation through formal institutions), and (c) responsibility through values school (representation through informal institutions). We provide examples from scholarship and cinema for each school to aid in understanding and to facilitate teaching and learning. Third, using bureaucratic accountability as an organizing concept, we propose bureaucratic discretion as a different organizing problem or puzzle for civil-military relations scholars to consider. Furthermore, by providing an organizing concept for civil-military relations using insights from the field of public administration, we additionally lay the groundwork to encourage public administration scholars to conduct research on civil-military relations.
Citation: Armed Forces & Society
PubDate: 2025-01-09T04:44:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X241309097
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Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
