 Subjects -> ANTHROPOLOGY (Total: 398 journals)
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- Statistical classification methods for estimating sex based on five skull
traits: A nonmetric assessment using 3D CT models-
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Abstract:  Statistical classification methods for estimating sex based on five skull traits: A nonmetric assessment using 3D CT modelsShim, Yun taek; Kim, Deog-Im; Aum, Nahyun; Choi, Seung gyu; Lee, Young Seok; Koo, Hyung Nam; Kim, Yi-Suk
HOMO, (2023), p. - AbstractFive cranial nonmetric traits for sex estimation for sex estimation are classified by score according to geometry. The population of origin is one of the factors influencing cranial nonmetric traits. Moreover, among the five cranial traits, the robust traits for estimating sex varied across population. The aim of this study is to suggest the most useful method for sex estimation and demonstrate the need of a suitable method for each population. One-hundred thirty-five three-dimensional skull images from 21st century Korean autopsy cadavers were evaluated using the ordinal scoring system of five cranial nonmetric traits as outlined in Buikstra & Ubelaker (1994). All scores of each trait were analyzed by linear discriminant and decision tree analyses for sex estimation. The frequency of each trait was analyzed and compared to populations from other studies. The accuracy for both sexes was 88.1% by discriminant analysis and 90.4% by decision tree. The traits with the highest accuracy were the glabella and mastoid process in both discriminant analysis and decision tree. Sex estimation in modern Korean cadavers using the cranial nonmetric method was shown to be highly accurate by both discriminant analysis and decision tree. When comparing the pattern of frequency scores in this study with those of other populations, the pattern of trait scores for estimating sex was different for each population, even among populations in the same Asian region, which suggests the need for methods suited for specific populations.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Mar 2023 00:00:00 +000
- Sex- and site-specific, age-related changes in bone density – a
Terry collection study-
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Abstract:  Sex- and site-specific, age-related changes in bone density – a Terry collection studyKorpinen, Niina; Oura, Petteri; Junno, Juho-Antti
HOMO, (2023), p. - AbstractAs modern populations are living longer, age-related health issues have become more common. One growing concern is the age-related bone density loss that increases the individual’s risk for fractures, which unfortunately seems to disproportionately afflict women. These fractures are not only detrimental to the individuals’ lives but also come with a great economic burden to the societies. Although age-related bone loss is a normal phenomenon, studies on archaeological individuals have demonstrated that the pattern how this occurs has experienced changes due to our changing lifestyles. Hence, to add to our understanding of secular trends in age-related bone loss, we studied age- and sex-related differences in vertebral and femoral bone densities of a recent past population of late 19th and early 20th century Americans. We used a sample of 114 individuals (55 males, 59 females) from the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Skeletal Collection. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to scan the dry bones. We took one scan from the 4th lumbar vertebra and three scans from the femur. The associations between the age, sex and bone density were analyzed. We were able to detect age-related bone loss in both vertebra and femur. It was observed that men tended to lose more bone density on the vertebra, whereas bone loss in women was more pronounced in the femur. We speculate that differences to modern and earlier archaeological populations are related to the major lifestyle differences between the periods.
PubDate: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +000
- Reproductive behaviour and longevity: Evidence from Chinese centenarians
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Abstract:  Reproductive behaviour and longevity: Evidence from Chinese centenariansZhang, Shuo; Zhang, Si-qing; Yang, Hua-lei; Wang, Jia-hao; Wu, Yuan-yang
HOMO, (2023), p. - AbstractWith the implementation of the three-child policy in China, the debate between fertility and health and longevity has again become a hot topic in the era of increasing ageing. This study aimed to explore the association between reproductive behaviour and longevity of older women and men in China. Based on data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2014 to 2018, a total of 1428 deceased older people were enrolled in the study, including 421 centenarians and 1007 non-centenarians. The analysis of the association between fertility and longevity was conducted in the multivariate logistic regression. Compared to women aged 99 years and below, centenarian women had significantly fewer children (p < 0.01), fewer sons (p < 0.01) and fewer daughters. Centenarian men had more children, more daughters and fewer sons. For both men and women, centenarians were significantly characterized by later age at first birth (p < 0.01) and later age at last birth (p < 0.01). Centenarians were significantly characterized by having children and having a daughter, however, non-centenarians were significantly characterized by having a son (p < 0.01). The association between fertility and health of both men and women should be taken into account in the development of fertility policies and supporting policies. Fertility levels should be increased without compromising the health benefits of individuals in their later years.
PubDate: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +000
- Sexual dimorphism and ancestral variation in the pectoral and pelvic
girdles of modern humans-
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Abstract:  Sexual dimorphism and ancestral variation in the pectoral and pelvic girdles of modern humansHudson, Daphne R.; Langdon, John H.
HOMO, (2023), p. - AbstractDiscussions of the evolution of sexual dimorphism in torso shape and the pectoral region assume that this dimorphism exists independently of body size. We test this assumption in two human populations and further examine what is needed to understand sexual dimorphism in the pectoral region. Modern human males have broad shoulders and narrow hips relative to females, lending males a more triangular torso. The wider female pelvis is commonly attributed to obstetric pressures while the broader male pectoral girdle has been argued to be an adaptation that improves hunting or intrasexual competition. While sexual dimorphism in the pelvic girdle is known to exist after adjusting for body size across human populations, most studies of sexual dimorphism in the pectoral girdle have not adjusted the data to account for sexual size dimorphism or compared different ancestral groups. The aforementioned hypotheses explaining sexual dimorphism in the clavicle and scapula as products of natural selection are predicated on the untested assumption that sex differences do not scale with body size. This study tests this assumption by comparing various measurements of the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, and six pectoral-pelvic indices of black and white South Africans of known sex and height to test whether the sexes and ancestral groups will differ in these values after adjusting for differences in body size. Comparisons of ancestral groups reveal that white South Africans have larger pectoral and pelvic dimensions than black South Africans, but that blacks have larger index values than whites. Regardless of differences in ancestry and body size, males have significantly broader pectoral regions as indicated by comparisons of both individual pectoral measurements and pectoral-pelvic indices. This pattern of sexual dimorphism is reversed in the pelvic region where females have larger skeletal elements. In addition to finding both absolute and relative differences in mean values for the pectoral and pelvic skeleton, females and males and blacks and whites differ in the scaling relationship of these traits, suggesting different allometric trajectories for these bones that may be explained by their distinct evolutionary functions, their adaptations to specific environments, or by changes in lengths due to age. These results suggest that sexual dimorphism in the pectoral region is not a product of scaling and that differences in this region reflect adaptive forces acting in unique ways on each sex, consistent with the assumptions of earlier evolutionary explanations.
PubDate: Wed, 04 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +000
- Prevalence of taurodontism: meta-analysis in recent humans and
evolutionary perspectives-
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Abstract:  Prevalence of taurodontism: meta-analysis in recent humans and evolutionary perspectivesDecaup, Pierre-Hadrien; Couture, Christine; Colin, Mathieu; Garot, Elsa
HOMO, (2022), p. 1 - 11AbstractTaurodontism is a continuous anatomical variation of permanent and primary posterior teeth represented by an enlargement of the pulp cavity. A high prevalence of the trait is reported in Homo neanderthalensis remains. Exploring and refining epidemiology of taurodontism in actual populations could strengthen the hypothesis of a selective advantage for a high attrition diet (as heavy tooth wear in Homo sapiens evolution changed little until recently) or favour pleiotropic or genetic drift effects to explain the high frequency of the trait in Neandertal remains. Prevalence ranges between 0.1% and 48% in the literature. The aim of the present study is to assess the prevalence of taurodontism in recent populations by means of meta-analysis, that is, is the prevalence of taurodontism lower or higher in modern human living populations, where the selective advantages of high attrition diet are still expected? From 90 potentially eligible studies, 15 were included in the meta-analysis. Only cross-sectional studies were reported, and 14,771 participants were included. The meta-analyses were performed with a random model, calculating a weighted-mean prevalence of 11.8%. Gender was found to be unrelated to the prevalence of taurodontism (OR = 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05), p> 0.05). Taurodontism occurs in approximately 11.8% of the living population. This result questions the status of taurodontism as a “typical trait” in Homo neanderthalensis and allows a possible common evolutionary mechanism in Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis for the trait. Further studies should include more accurate and standardized methods to assess the condition.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +000
- The link between prenatal stress and indicators of fatness in children
– literature review-
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Abstract:  The link between prenatal stress and indicators of fatness in children – literature reviewBryl, Ewa; Hanć, Tomasz
HOMO, (2022), p. 13 - 32AbstractBackground: There are indications that the occurrence of metabolic diseases in children may be conditioned by factors experienced already in the utero. Aim of the study: The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the studies that examined the effects of stress experienced by a pregnant woman on the child’s adiposity rates in postnatal life. Methods: The review includes 20 articles published before March 2020 in Scopus and Medline databases with the use of following keyword combinations: /maternal or mother/, /prenatal or pregnant/, /stress or distress/ and /BMI, body mass index or overweight or obesity or body composition/. Results: The results of the research were inconsistent. Nevertheless, most articles confirmed the positive association of prenatal stress with fatness indicators in children. The review raised a question of the role of the methods applied for stress measurement (objective vs. subjective indicators) and adiposity assessment, as well as the time of prenatal exposition to stress. Conclusion: Most studies have proved that prenatal stress is related to the children adiposity in postnatal life.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Tarsal metric trends over the Medieval-Post-Medieval transition in London
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Abstract:  Tarsal metric trends over the Medieval-Post-Medieval transition in LondonAlbee, Malorie E.
HOMO, (2022), p. 33 - 47AbstractThe Medieval-Post-Medieval transition in England was an important shift in the human biocultural environment. With urbanization and industrialization came resultant changes in living and working conditions and subsequent effects on the skeleton. In addition, the Post-Medieval period ushered in changes in footwear and activity patterns, with potential consequences on foot bone morphology. The objective of this study is to compare calcaneal and talar lengths between the Medieval and Post-Medieval periods to determine whether there are quantifiable differences that correspond to shifting footwear and activity patterns. T-tests and ANCOVAs (and their non-parametric equivalents) were used to compare calcaneal and talar lengths of 1086 adults from 14 London cemeteries (Medieval n = 8, Post-Medieval n = 6), available in the Oracle Wellcome Osteological Research Database (WORD) curated by the Museum of London. Males and females were also analyzed separately. In the total sample, tali and calcanei are longer in the Medieval period (p < 0.001 for both tarsals). When males and females are analyzed separately, male talar length is greater in the Post-Medieval period (p < 0.001). The difference in talar length between periods is not statistically significant for females (p = 0.093). These differences in talar and calcaneal lengths between periods likely reflect differences in footwear between the Medieval and Post-Medieval periods. The magnitude of these differences varies according to sex, indicating that the change in footwear had differential impacts on men and women. Together, these results suggest that Medieval and Post-Medieval tarsals physically incorporated their respective cultural environments and gendered differences in cultural practice, particularly related to the footwear characteristic of each period.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Teeth macroabrasion for determination of dental age and diet in the
Illyrian population from the Kopila necropolis on the Island of Korčula,
Croatia-
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Abstract:  Teeth macroabrasion for determination of dental age and diet in the Illyrian population from the Kopila necropolis on the Island of Korčula, CroatiaMarić, Marina; Radić, Dinko; Dumančić, Jelena; Vodanović, Marin; Birimiša, Minja; Radovčić, Davorka; Brkić, Hrvoje
HOMO, (2022), p. 49 - 60AbstractThis paper presents the changes caused by macroabrasion of teeth on skeletal remains found in tomb No 4 in the west necropolis of the archeological site Kopila near Blato on the island of Korčula. The site archeologically dates back to the Late Iron Age, when the island was inhabited by the Illyrians. The aim of this study was to assess the dental age of the buried individuals at death and determine the type of their diet, which could give us a preliminary insight into the socio-economic standard of the inhabitants of the settlement. The analyzed sample is part of the collection of excavated skeletal remains kept in the Vela Luka Cultural Center on the island of Korčula. 284 permanent teeth, 19 fragments of the maxilla and 20 fragments of the mandible were found in the tomb, which were classified into 32 individuals and by sex. Teeth were analyzed by metric and non-metric methods of determining dental status in order to assess the dental age at the time of death and the diet of the inhabitants. The dental age of individuals was determined by the Lovejoy method and the degree of tooth wear by the Smith-Knight method. The analysis of the stable isotope 14C determined the exact time of death of the analyzed individuals. The tooth wear changes were very pronounced and present on 92.9% of teeth, equally on incisors and molars (p = 0.236). There is no significant gender difference (p> 0.05 for all teeth and jaw parts). There was no difference in the degree of tooth wear of the teeth of the mandible and maxilla (t = –0.266, p = 0.791), nor in the degree of tooth wear of the teeth of the maxilla right and left (t = –0.392, p = 0.702) or in the degree of tooth wear of the teeth of the mandible right and left (t = –0.889, p = 0.390). The average age of the analyzed population sample was 35.6 (±3.1) years. They were buried between 360–40 BC. Tooth wear changes observed on the analyzed teeth indicate a diet rich in hard, weakly cariogenic food with particles that were probably of inorganic origin, which caused an increased wear of tooth structures. The population was sedentary, agricultural type and the life expectancy was normal for the Late Iron Age. Besides, their socio-economic status was good. The age at the time of their death was between 30 and 40 years. Further studies should include more accurate and standardized methods for assessing the condition.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Physical disability in Late Antiquity Milan: slipped capital femoral
epiphysis with severe secondary joint disease in the Basilica of San
Dionigi-
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Abstract:  Physical disability in Late Antiquity Milan: slipped capital femoral epiphysis with severe secondary joint disease in the Basilica of San DionigiBiehler-Gomez, Lucie; Mattia, Mirko; Piccolo, Elisabetta; Maderna, Emanuela; Fedeli, Anna Maria; Messina, Carmelo; Slavazzi, Fabrizio; Cattaneo, Cristina
HOMO, (2022), p. 61 - 67AbstractThe paper presents the skeletal remains of an adult male of 30–40 years with bone lesions and deformity on the left hip, recovered during the archaeological excavation below the former Basilica of San Dionigi, dated to Late Antiquity (3rd – 5th century AD) Milan. Biological profile and paleopathological analysis were performed following standard references and the bones underwent radiological examination. Differential diagnosis included congenital anomaly, active rickets, infectious diseases, femoral neck trauma, Legg-Carvé-Perthes disease, Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SFCE), osteogenesis imperfecta and osteoporosis. While the lesions were highly consistent with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, they were typical of SFCE, complicated by an avascular necrosis and secondary osteoarthrosis. The alteration of the femoral head led to a 7.8% leg-length discrepancy, causing gait alteration with partial compensation though increased muscular activity on the right leg, reduced mobility of the joint and potentially hip pain, difficulty in walking and running and even limping. This paper explores a case of physical disability from the Roman era found near a Christian place of worship and represents a rare case of SFCE in the paleopathological record.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Sexing the sternal rib end in modern Greeks: A virtual osteometric
approach using high-resolution 3D surface models-
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Abstract:  Sexing the sternal rib end in modern Greeks: A virtual osteometric approach using high-resolution 3D surface modelsKaragiorgou, Ioanna; Anastopoulou, Ioanna; Karakostis, Fotios Alexandros; Kranioti, Elena; Moraitis, Konstantinos
HOMO, (2022), p. 69 - 76AbstractSex determination is one of the first biological attribute to be assessed when unidentified remains surface. In material of forensic interest, being able to use every skeletal element available for identification purposes is of paramount importance. The osteometric method from the sternal rib end has been found to generate accurate sex estimates, but as various studies have proved, all osteometric methods should be population-specific, as one equation does not fit all. The aim of this study is to assess sexual dimorphism in a contemporary Greek population sample of 68 males and 43 females, with the use of discriminant function analysis. The superior-inferior height (SIH) and anterior-posterior breadth (APB) from the third to fifth sternal rib ends of both sides were taken from 3D models created with the use of a hand-held 3D scanner. The results demonstrated that SIH is more sexually dimorphic than APB (alpha value of .05) while the application of İşcan’s (1985) formula on the contemporary Greek sample, provided results of low accuracy, ranging from 48.6–52.4%. The cross-validated discriminant functions equations for the current sample, produced results ranging between 74.0–82.9% indicating that population-specific formulas produce results of higher accuracy, that are vital in cases of forensic interest.
PubDate: Wed, 09 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +000
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