 Subjects -> ANTHROPOLOGY (Total: 398 journals)
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- Introduction
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Abstract: Welcome! It is our pleasure to present to you the latest issue of JOTSA. The centerpiece of this issue is a special section on "Rum Geographies" guest edited by Christine Philliou. This special section includes a brief editorial introduction followed by four articles, each of which touch upon a different topic related to the experiences of Rum—Orthodox Greek Christians—populations in the Ottoman period. Together, these contributions bring to an Ottomanist audience invaluable historical, architectural, ethnographic, musicological, and geographic perspectives on a vibrant and multifaceted community that has long been overlooked in our field. As Christine Philliou notes in her introduction to this section, part of the ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- President's Note
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Abstract: The "President's Note" briefly summarizes recent news from the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association (OTSA). Time-dependent news and information are sent to members by email and/or posted to H-Turk, our H-Net network (https://networks.h-net.org/h-turk). We also share our announcements, including those for our monthly "What is up in Ottoman and Turkish Studies'" (W'OTSAp) Zoom meeting series and occasional Zoom meetings in the series Turkey Now! and The OTSA Co-Op, with non-members through monthly e-mails. If you would like to receive these announcements, please send an e-mail to our web editor, Selin Onuk, at otsa.webeditor@gmail.com.OTSA is a membership organization. OTSA holds its regular members' meeting ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Introduction: Rum Geographies
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Abstract: When the board of the then Turkish Studies Association (TSA) discussed extensively, and then voted to add "Ottoman" to the name of the organization in 2014, it seemed like a straightforward, and perhaps even logical move to most of us. More and more of the organization's membership were scholars researching aspects of Ottoman history that diverged from the dominant Turkish nationalist narrative, and from the Turkish-dominated military-fiscal core of the empire's history. While "decentering" the word "Turkish" in the name of the organization may or may not have reflected the past historical and political reality of the Ottoman Empire, it made sense given where studies of that empire were heading. Turning TSA into ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Rum Communities of Istanbul in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries : A
Historical Survey-
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Abstract: This study focuses on the history and development of the Rum communities (κοινότητες/communes) of Constantinople/Istanbul during the late Ottoman period and especially the years 1821–1924—a period which is bookended by the Greek Revolution on the one hand and the Treaty of Lausanne and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey on the other. It aims to present a general survey of the formation and evolution of the Rum communities of Istanbul. The refererence to Rum communities in the plural, as we do here, as opposed to the singular Rum community of Istanbul, is intended to underline the fact that the nearly fifty administrative communes/communities of Istanbul were never united into a single, centralized ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Greeks, Jews, and Music Sociality in Late Ottoman Istanbul
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Abstract: Recent discussion about local agents of modernization and their impact on the formation of Ottoman modernity has prompted a new, critical consideration of urban Ottoman music in the nineteenth century.1 This turn in the study of the modernization process in Ottoman music challenges the traditional view, which approached music modernization as a centralized top-down process and identified its source, almost exclusively, in Western models and institutions. It also draws attention to the fact that this process of musical change and reform, whether driven by foreign or local forces, was a long-term phenomenon in the history of Ottoman music that preceded the "Westernization" of the nineteenth century.2 In this respect ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- The Architecture of Constantinople/Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth
Century: The Work of Periclis D. Fotiadis-
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Abstract: Many prominent buildings that continue to mark the landscape of Istanbul date from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and were built for and/or by members of the Rum (Greek Orthodox) community of the city. And yet, the details of the life, social networks, and political-cultural sensibilities of Rum architects at the turn of the twentieth century are all but overlooked in mainstream historiography of the built environment in the Ottoman capital.1 This article offers a modest contribution by situating the life and career of Pericles Fotiades, an architect whose work includes the Zographeion Lyceum in Beyoğlu, adjacent to Galatasaray Lisesi, within a broader history of urban transformation. After ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- The Cappadocian "Songs of the Expatriate's Wife"
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Abstract: This article demonstrates the impact of male expatriation on women left behind through an examination of female testimonies and songs. In doing so, it centers the voices of ordinary women in the production of historical narratives. The Cappadocia folders of the Oral Tradition Archive at the Centre for Asia Minor Studies (CAMS) in Athens constitutes the key source base for this article.1 In the nineteenth century, a substantial proportion of the Orthodox Christian male population of Cappadocia migrated to coastal areas, financial centers, or overseas. Merchants and manual laborers were among those migrants who started a new life in big port cities like Istanbul and Izmir. In the first phase of migration, men ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Unraveling a Medical Mystery: The Identity of 'Geredeli' İshak b. Murad,
a Physician of Late Fourteenth-Century Rum-
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Abstract: Following the crumbling of the Rum Seljuk dynasty in the mid-thirteenth century, numerous Turkmen principalities (beyliks) emerged onto the political scene to partly fill the power vacuum. After the fall of the Ilkhanids in 1335, these principalities and numerous local governors and commanders broadened and strengthened their rule over much of the Anatolian peninsula. At their various capital cities, such as Konya, Kütahya, Birgi, and Antalya, many (if not all) of these principalities maintained active, lively courts that were populated by learned individuals, such as scholars, dervishes, astrologers, calligraphers, and physicians. Amidst this intellectual and cultural efflorescence, medical writing was produced ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Kanun and Kanunname in Ottoman Historiography
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Abstract: Ottoman kanun plays an important role in shaping perceptions of the Ottoman state, the sultan's authority, and the empire's unique combination of Islam and secularity. Much ink has been spilled on the subject of Ottoman kanun, but there is still considerable confusion in the scholarship. Kanun was Ottoman dynastic law; it shared space in the Ottoman legal constellation with shari'a (Islamic law), the yasa of the Mongols, the töre of the Turkish tribes, Jewish law, Byzantine law, and the laws of the Balkan kings, the Akkoyunlu, and the Mamluks, as well as local custom. In this heavily populated legal field, kanun embodied the ruler's effort or power to decide among laws, to establish authoritative rules for his ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Gülhane contra Islahat: A Conceptual Approach to the Tanzimat
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Abstract: The nineteenth century has been called the Ottoman Empire's longest century, primarily because it is associated with the narrative of the Tanzimat, understood as a drawn-out process of modernization of state and society, inexorably pulled by the rising global hegemony of Europe. At long last, the story goes, realizing their backwardness vis-à-vis the West, enlightened technocrats of the Ottoman elite slowly but surely began to impose foreign but modern innovations that led to the gradual liberalization, bureaucratization, and rationalization of governance in the recalcitrant traditional empire.This generic tale of human emancipation famously begins with the imperial edict of Gülhane in 1839, builds apace with that ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Journals of the Plague Year: The Ottoman Press and the Istanbul Cholera
Outbreak of 1871-
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Abstract: At first glance—and it has rarely been granted more than one—the outbreak of cholera in Istanbul in the autumn of 1871 seems to have been something of a non-event. It did not, for example, "durably transform previous structures and practices,"1 to use the definition of a historical event provided by William H. Sewell, Jr., nor was it in Alain Badiou's more poetic terminology "a rupture which opened up truths."2 Indeed, the outbreak has remained almost entirely absent in the historiography of the city, with even studies focused specifically on cholera tending to consider it of little scholarly interest.3 Reports published in its aftermath, such that of the Istanbul-based medical journal Gazette Médicale d'Orient ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- "We Do Not Want Spies Anymore": The Abolition of Spying after the Young
Turk Revolution-
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Abstract: On 30 June 1909, the Second Court Martial (İkinci Divân-ı Harb-i Örfî) sentenced Emsaleddin Efendi, a low-ranking military officer, to exile. A communiqué dispatched by the Ministry of Interior to the Ministry of Public Order reveals that he had been found guilty of spying.1 Only four days later, Emsaleddin Efendi was banished to the district (sancak) of Kayseri, a remote town in central Anatolia.2 Once there, until his death in 1935, he ceased to exist in the eyes of the Ottoman imperial administration and, after 1923, the Republic of Turkey.3 His exile remains a puzzle given that he had been decorated with two imperial orders and had never been promoted to the higher ranks of the army. On the one hand, we could ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- The Idiosyncratic Case of Archaeology in Istanbul under Occupation
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Abstract: In this article, I will focus on the archaeological activities of the Allied forces during the occupation of Istanbul after World War I. I will address three questions: Why did the Allies engage in archaeology' Why did the Allies not ship their archaeological finds in Istanbul to Europe, given that they did so from elsewhere in the empire' Indeed, all parties that fought on Ottoman lands carried out archaeological activities during the war.1 Lastly, why would they do this in the midst of a brutal global conflict and an occupation' I argue that we can answer these questions by looking at what they sought to gain. Firstly, to stake territorial claims or at least to delineate a zone of influence; secondly, to ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Politics of Archaeology in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Case of a British
Aristocrat-
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Abstract: Mark Sykes was an eminent British diplomat and agent, known today largely for the Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), which led to the partition of the post-Ottoman Middle East. Indeed, he was an active figure in the creation of the Mandate regimes in the region after the end of the First World War. He was also known as a member of Parliament and specialist on the Middle East due to his frequent travels, although he was a lay scholar. He had attended diverse schools, both in Britain and abroad, and he had dropped out of Cambridge University. Nevertheless, he was passionate and curious about history, politics, archaeology, geography, and linguistics. His aristocratic background provided him with numerous opportunities ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- German-Ottoman Negotiations for the Sale of the Müze-i Hümayun,
1913–1914-
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Abstract: The German archaeologist and museum director Theodor Wiegand (1864–1936) visited the Müze-i Hümayun (Imperial Museum) in Istanbul on 2 July 1913. The Director of the Berlin Royal Museum's Department of Antiquities was aware of gossip "that the Turks wanted to pledge the museum's collection to America."1 As Zeynep Çelik noted in her book About Antiquities, the rumor about the possibility of selling the collection had already reached the United States in November 1912.2 While New York's Metropolitan Museum feared rival stakeholders in Berlin and Vienna, the Berlin Royal Museums, together with German diplomats, politicians, and financial representatives, took action. There were three impediments to the Royal Museums' ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- "1952–1956/Turkish Letters": Local Communities and Archaeology in
Turkey-
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Abstract: Writing from the town of Polatlı in Ankara, near the archaeological site of Gordion, Cemal Dinçer, a fourth-grader at the time, described his day, his studies, and his desire to go to the United States the following year.1 The letter was addressed to Machteld Mellink, a professor of archaeology who was originally from the Netherlands but was then teaching in the U.S.2 Known for her erudite scholarship, Halet Çambel, a contemporary of Mellink, described her accessible attitude by noting that "not only with her students, but with all those who are genuinely interested, excited, and serious in their undertaking, Machteld would generously give her time and her immense knowledge and share her thoughts with them."3 ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- "The Science of Beauty": Aesthetics and Ottoman Orientalism
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Abstract: "We are bound, whether we like it or not, to Europeanize. […] The modern science of history is to come from Europe not from the Arabs."1 Ussama Makdisi rightly reads these sentences from Hüseyin Cahit's 1898 essay "The Sciences to Be Gained from the Arabs" [Arap'tan İstifade Edeceğimiz Ulum] as reflecting the "racial" and "secularist" face of Ottoman Orientalism. Cahit's essay, on the other hand, was part of a larger debate on "the Arab sciences" [ulum-ı Arabiye] that has even more compelling implications for late Ottoman epistemological transformations. In this essay, I will discuss the underexplored themes of the 1898 debate on "the Arab sciences" in tandem with Cahit's Servet-i Fünun essays to make a case for ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Looking for Love and Loss on the Margins of an Ottoman Timekeeping Manual
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Abstract: An 1824 manuscript housed at the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul presents the reader with dense walls of instructional text on the proper uses of the quadrant: the method by which celestial altitudes are measured, and how to calculate time accounting for the changing seasons. Yet, on the margins of the manuscript, something else appears: "Do not have intercourse on top of your possessions for [your child] will turn out an unbeliever; and if you go to your wife on a Tuesday, the child will grow to be a martyr, will have a pleasant smell, be carefree, with a tender heart, and eloquent tongue."1This piece of marginalia, offering astrological advice on the right time to procreate, is found in Süleymaniye Yazma Bağışlar ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Temporal Scales: Understanding Change in a Medical Institution
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Abstract: Time and space are central to historical inquiry. Of the two, we are most familiar with discussions about the importance of space in history, partly due to what is called the "spatial turn;" a methodological interest in space that has had, and continues to have, an impact on the increasing number of digital projects that we produce. While time, as a dimensionality, has been discussed extensively and critically, its representation in historical methodology has received relatively less attention. We often mediate time through space and its familiar representations; accordingly, we are aware of the "passing of time" through seeing changes in space. Is this why we see it as deceptively easy to model time'1When ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Mapping the Racial Terrain of Ottoman Sephardic Travelogues
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Abstract: But one should have mercy on a city like this and poor people like these … that they should have the peace and blessing to go every Sabbath to pray, and to teach their sons Torah and how to write. Because without this, they will grow up like savages in the desert.1In 1866, Abraham Rosanes, a Sephardic rabbi from Ottoman Bulgaria, embarked on an extended expedition in Palestine, dispatching reports of his travels to be published as a serial in the Prussian Hebrew newspaper Ha-Magid. Like many nineteenth-century travelogues, Rosanes's account provides ethnographic and racialized depictions of those he encountered on his journey. Here, in describing the impoverished Jews of Nablus, he fears that "they will grow up ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Aziz Efendi's Muhayyelât: Adaptation and Literary Modernity
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Abstract: Muhayyelât (c. 1796), a collection of mystical and fantastic tales by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi (d. 1798), is a title often mentioned in scholarship aiming to trace the beginnings of Turkish literary modernity before the Tanzimat period. Today commonly considered a proto-novelistic narrative heralding some of the formal transformations of the second half of the nineteenth century,1 in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Muhayyelât was considered a somewhat objectionable and outdated work. As such, its reception and appraisal over the centuries have been intimately tied up with developing conceptualizations of literary modernity in the Ottoman-Turkish context. In the following article, I will briefly ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- What We Talk About When We Talk About Armeno-Turkish
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Abstract: In the last decade or so there has been a heightened interest in Armeno-Turkish (hayataṛ t'rk'erēn/Ermeni harfli Türkçe), or Turkish written in the Armenian alphabet.1 The Armeno-Turkish written tradition was a rich one, comprising myriad genres in both manuscript and print, and lasting roughly six centuries alongside Karamanlıca, Judeo-Arabic, and other such literary forms in the Ottoman Empire. Over an even longer period, there are many examples of the Armenian script being used to write other languages—such as Kipchak, Greek, Arabic, Syriac, Kurdish, Georgian, and Latin—but Armeno-Turkish is the best-studied and most culturally significant of these, at least for the early modern and modern periods.As observers ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Ahmed Rıza Bey's Positivist and Anticolonial World Order
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Abstract: Ahmed Rıza Bey (1858–1930) is famous for being a statesman and early leader of the Committee of Union and Progress, as well as a positivist thinker. He has often been studied as such: indeed, a considerable amount of literature focuses on his scientific political thinking and his efforts in domestic politics. Here, however, I would like to present an understudied aspect of his thought: that is, his anti-colonialism. Ahmed Rıza's thought was characterized by his sharp criticisms of European colonialism and by a broader critique of the capitalist world order. In the field of Ottoman studies, he is often characterized simply as a positivist who merely followed his main influences, Auguste Comte and Pierre Laffitte. In ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Imperial Resilience: The Great War's End, Ottoman Longevity, and
Incidental Nations by Hasan Kayalı (review)-
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Abstract: This is an important book that reflects Hasan Kayalı's decades in the field and the exceptional breadth and depth of his engagement in the historiographical debates concerning the late Ottoman and early post-Ottoman era in the Arabmajority former provinces. Imperial Resilience can be thought of as a much awaited follow up to Kayalı's first book, Arabs and Young-Turks, taking his argument against the nationalist telling of the history of the first decade of the 1900s, through the First World War, and the post-war period up to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. He argues that the potential for post-war Arabo-Turkish political unity endured, reflecting an "Ottoman longevity" lasting even past the end ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Imperial Mecca: Ottoman Arabia and the Indian Ocean Hajj by Michael
Christopher Low (review)-
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Abstract: This excellent work is an important landmark publication in both Ottoman and Indian Ocean studies. Low has painstakingly mined the Ottoman archives, alongside extensive investigations into British archives, to provide us with not just a missing piece of the puzzle in the study of the Hajj, but something akin to the riches of the Ottoman surre sent to the Hijaz every pilgrimage season. This is a book that significantly enhances our understandings of Ottoman, Indian Ocean, imperial and global histories. While Ottoman and Turkish historians are notably omnivorous in their intellectual grazings, they are encouraged to recommend this book to their colleagues as a model of scholarship and research.One of the book's major ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Negotiating Empire in the Middle East: Ottomans and Arab Nomads in the
Modern Era, 1840–1914 by M. Talha Çiçek (review)-
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Abstract: The same features that made it difficult for agrarian states to govern pastoral societies continue to frustrate scholars in their efforts to study them. Mobility, for instance, makes nomads more difficult to trace in the archival records and obstructs attempts by historians to adopt an explicit geographical framework in their narrative. Nomads, in addition, preserved their past largely in oral form. As a result, historians today, blinded by their bias toward contemporary written sources, often resort to imperfect sources about nomads, mostly written by their literate and hostile neighbors.Çiçek's Negotiating Empire in the Middle East overcomes these and other research perils with dexterity. Through a rare synthesis ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Caught in a Whirlwind: A Cultural History of Ottoman Baghdad as Reflected
in Its Illustrated Manuscripts by Melis Taner (review)-
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Abstract: Remarkably little attention has been paid to the history of the Ottoman frontier province of Baghdad from its conquest in 1534 through the eighteenth century. This historiographical gap is intriguing. It may be attributed, at least in part, to the difficulty in classifying this province in the historiographical scheme that has shaped specialization within Ottoman studies. In the very rough classification of the Ottoman Empire's provinces, which to a large extent follows the modern nationalist categories, the province of Baghdad is typically described as one of the Arab provinces. Ottoman sources, too, often refer to it as Arab Iraq rather than "Persian Iraq" (ʿIraḳ-i ʿacem). However, this classification of Baghdad ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- An Ottoman Era Town in the Balkans: The Case Study of Kavala by Velika
Ivkovska (review)-
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Abstract: Velika Ivkovska has written a fascinating book rich in interesting findings about the town of Kavala in northern Greece, how its history compares to that of other urban centers in the Ottoman Empire, and the city's role as an example of Ottoman urban and residential development. She does so by delving into the history of Kavala's expansion during its five centuries under Ottoman rule (1391–1912). The book builds on the author's previous and well-established studies, most notably on Ottoman domestic architecture in the Balkans. The author uses Kavala as a case study to demonstrate its uniqueness as an Ottoman-era town, albeit one influenced by pre-existing settlements, investigating the historical, architectural ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Saraybosna Havası: Bir Gündelik Hayat Etnografisi by Halide
Velioğlu (review)-
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Abstract: As a young anthropologist just beginning her ethnographic fieldwork in Sarajevo only a couple of years after the Bosnian War, Halide Velioğlu initially set out to research the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, which was to be created after the war. The commission never came into being, leaving the author stuck in the ordinary life of Sarajevo. Velioğlu manages to turn this seemingly disadvantageous situation into a highly important research subject, and tells the story of the familiar obscurity of post-war Sarajevo in Saraybosna Havası. In this ethnography, she investigates the afterlives of war through the everyday ways of being a survivor, where the mundane becomes fueled with affect. These affective ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Virtue, Piety, and the Law: A Study of Birgivī Meḥmed Efendī's
al-Ṭarī al-muḥammadiyya by Katharina Anna Ivanyi (review)-
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Abstract: Katharina Ivanyi's study aims to rehabilitate the image of Birgivi Mehmed Efendi and his seminal work Al-Tariqa al-Muhammadiya. Birgivi is often considered a precursor to the "fundamentalist" Islamic movements of the modern period. Ivanyi argues that this "caricaturistic" depiction of Birgivi does not do justice to the scholar and his work. Thus Virtue, Piety, and Law attempts to contextualize al- Tariqa al-Muhammadiya within the broader political, social, and economic currents of the early modern Ottoman Empire and provides a close reading of the important themes and concepts of the work.Ivanyi argues that Birgivi cannot be considered a reformist (mujaddid) like Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida were, though one ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Bound Together: The Secularization of Turkey's Literary Fields and the
Western Promise of Freedom by Barış Büyükokutan (review)-
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Abstract: In Turkey's early republican period, various critics argued that the poetic sphere manifested formalist attributes and social functions for constructing a particular readership community that aligned with the political goals of the hegemonic power in place. In that context, the birth of the Second New (İkinci Yeni) movement in Turkish poetry was consequential since it symbolizes the coexistence of divergent poetic patterns branching off from different constituents of Turkish society. Several critics have commented on and discussed the Second New's distinctive position in Turkish literature, including Muzaffer Erdost, Asım Bezirci, Attila İlhan, Ahmet Oktay, Hüseyin Cöntürk, Memet Fuat, and Orhan Koçak. Barış ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- Ah Bu Sevda!: Türk Edebiyatında "Öteki" Cinsellik Öyküleri
1872–1928 by Serdar Soydan (review)-
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Abstract: Published in 2020 by Sel Publishing in Turkey, Ah Bu Sevda! is a collection of excerpts from various narratives from 1872 to 1928 compiled by Serdar Soydan. The collection covers the period from the Tanzimat era in Ottoman history to the early republican period. Including works by some mainstream Turkish authors and featuring some narratives in the Latin alphabet for the first time, this collection, in Soydan's own words, traces the sexual "other" in Turkish literary history (7). Therefore, the book presents literary examples of queer sexualities from a queer lens. It is significant to consider queer as "[t]he open mesh of possibilities, gaps, overlaps, dissonances and resonances, lapses and excesses of meaning ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
- The Power of the People: Everyday Resistance and Dissent in the Making of
Modern Turkey, 1923–1938 by Murat Metinsoy (review)-
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Abstract: If one word could signal the breadth of historiography covering Turkey's early republican history, it is modernization. It is perhaps self-evident, but most histories of this period contend with the massive effort expended by the Kemalist state to modernize—economically, culturally, politically—the Ottoman's Anatolian successor from the rubble left following a decade of war, deprivation, genocide, and ethnic cleansing. It has become normal to depict the Kemalist era as a revolutionary one in which social change was radical, where the state sought to transform its subject's relations with its own past, with its language, with its dress, to see itself as secular, western, and modern as a response to real and imagined ... Read More
PubDate: 2023-01-24T00:00:00-05:00
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