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- The impact of cities’ transportation network connections on regional
market integration: the case of China’s urban agglomerations-
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Abstract: Abstract Despite growing scholarly attention on the role of urban networks for understanding regional dynamics, there has been limited research examining the impact of cities’ transportation network connections on regional market integration. This paper analyzes China’s four major urban agglomerations: the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and Chengdu-Chongqing. Applying a spatial Durbin model to cross-sectional datasets for 2019, we provide insight into the role of cities’ transportation network connections in promoting regional market integration, considering both the potentially heterogeneous impact of network connections and the interplay between network and agglomeration externalities. Our results indicate that: (1) cities’ transportation network connections have an inverted ‘U’-shaped effect on regional market integration; (2) transportation network connections have spatial spillover effects; (3) the positive impact of transportation network connections on regional market integration becomes more pronounced as city size decreases; and (4) there are neither complementary nor substitution effects between network and agglomeration externalities. We reflect on the broader implications of our empirical findings for regional development strategies and discuss possible avenues for further research.
PubDate: 2023-11-29
- Special issue: Geospatial data analysis through artificial intelligence:
editorial column-
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PubDate: 2023-11-25
- Small cities: Regional motors or sponges' The case of Inland County,
Norway-
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Abstract: Abstract In the innovation and regional development literature, regional areas that lie between prosperous core regions and struggling peripheral areas have been largely neglected, both theoretically and empirically, in recent innovation and regional research. In this paper, we analyse the role that small cities play as agents in regional development in their hinterland. Are they catalysts for growth, or do they drain the surrounding cities and villages' One concept or analytical tool that deals with this issue more explicitly is ‘sponge cities’, which refers to small and medium-sized cities that appear to ‘soak up’ talent and resources from the surrounding hinterland. By adopting and expanding this largely unexplored concept, we analyse the role of regional cities in the Norwegian context. Building on the original concept, we believe that adding commuting to migration patterns provides a more nuanced and precise assessment of whether small cities and regional centres are a blessing or a curse for their hinterlands. Using regional data, we classify cities as ‘motors’ (those that positively affect the hinterland thanks to well-balanced commuting and migration patterns at various spatial scales) or ‘sponges’ (those that soak up people from surrounding areas through migration). Further expanding our analysis, we label a third group of municipalities as ‘local mobilizers’, as they seem to have the potential to influence positively the growth of adjacent areas, and a fourth group as ‘moderate attractors’, which show moderately positive external commuting and migration flows.
PubDate: 2023-11-25
- Organizational arrangement of coffee growers in the Garça Region: a
perspective of the localized agro-food systems approach in Brazil-
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Abstract: Abstract Coffee production has been present in Garça region for over 100 years, with a historical, social, and economic relevance for the region. It began around the Peixe River, and the first agricultural properties were established there. Nowadays, the Garça region is formed by 14 cities with strong coffee production. Through Council of Garça Coffee Growers (CONGARÇA), these 14 cities elaborated a Geographical Indication (GI) project to protect the local coffee production. This project is now under evaluation by the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI). GI is used as a strategy to add value to a product and/or service, promoting awareness and the development of the territory responsible for its production. The Localized Agrifood System (LAFS) approach was used to analyze the Garça region. This article aims to understand who are the authors that form the organizational arrangement for coffee production and marketing in the microregion of Garça/SP. Through semistructured interviews, it was possible to evaluate the current relationship between coffee growers and support institutions. It was noticed that the LAFS structured among social actors seeks to establish, through collective actions, the recognition of the specialty coffees production, the territory, and add value to the product. It is possible to conclude that the relationship between coffee farmers and local institutions were fundamentally important to the local production of specialty coffee, as well as the current process of registering a GI.
PubDate: 2023-11-25
- Urban–rural gap and regional inequality of local household income in
Jiangsu Province, China-
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Abstract: Abstract This paper examines the update patterns of urban–rural gap and regional inequality within Jiangsu Province from a perspective of local household income. A comprehensive model is proposed to quantitively analyse the contributions of socioeconomic factors to the household income level at local areas. We find the household income level is rising rapidly in Jiangsu Province and the urban–rural gap shows a convergence trend over the past decade. Hotspot analysis indicates the low-income clusters at the north and two high-income clusters at the south. The high-income clustering regions cover Greater Nanjing Area and the Sunan region including Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou which are geographically around the Tai Hu Lake. A range of socioeconomic factors play roles in the local household income. Population urbanization is a key variable, and highly educated labour make contributions particularly. Output of the service sector proves a significant correlation, while that of the manufacturing sector is not distinct. Multinational companies can also exert positive effects on the household income level at local areas. Urbanized construction, talents attraction and greater market opening benefit the increase of local household income.
PubDate: 2023-11-23
- Unveiling the complexity of urban poverty: Exploring spatial and
multidimensional deprivation in slums of Varanasi, India-
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Abstract: Abstract Urban poverty is a complex phenomenon and people experiencing poverty suffer from various deprivations. Multidimensional poverty measurement has been one of the best indicators of this deprivation. In general, slum dwellers are considered homogenous groups, but it is not valid in multidimensional deprivation. This paper aims to find out the correlates of multidimensional poverty in slums. Spatiality and correlates of poverty in Varanasi City have been tapped using statistical modelling. The paper is based on primary data collected from 384 households through an interview schedule from 12 slums across three geographical zones of the city. The MPI index for slums, based on global MPI, was used to compute MPI for each geographical zone. Further ANOVA and hierarchical regression analysis were performed to find spatiality and correlates of multidimensional deprivation. The paper reveals that socio-religious categories, occupation and geographical location are significant determinants or at least correlates of multidimensional poverty in slums.
PubDate: 2023-11-23
- Exploring spatial variations and determinants of child malnutrition in
Indian districts-
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Abstract: Abstract This research paper aims to examine the spatial heterogeneity of malnutrition across districts in India and identify the contributing factors. Previous studies have focused on individual and household determinants of malnutrition, but limited research has explored the spatial distribution of malnutrition and its association with diverse factors at the district level. This study utilizes data from the National Family Health Survey round five (NFHS-5) and creates a district-level dataset with relevant socio-demographic, economic, and nutritional indicators. The analysis employs descriptive statistics, spatial autocorrelation measures, bivariate analyses, and regression models to assess the spatial patterns and determinants of malnutrition. The results reveal significant spatial variations in the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight across districts in India. Economically disadvantaged states such as Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh have higher rates of malnutrition, but certain districts in relatively affluent states also exhibit elevated malnutrition rates. The analysis identifies factors such as asset ownership, BMI, women's education, institutional birth, and access to basic amenities as important determinants of malnutrition. The study highlights the spatial clustering of malnutrition indicators and provides insights for targeted interventions and policy formulation to address malnutrition at the district level in India.
PubDate: 2023-11-23
- Women migrant workers from the backward remote districts of West Bengal:
life of utter miseries-
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Abstract: Abstract The study analyses the impact of lockdown on the socio-economic condition of female migrant workers of informal sector. A field survey is conducted on 107 female migrant workers in four underprivileged districts of West Bengal, India. The study evaluates the effect of lockdown on their employment status, financial instability and degree of violence suffered in households and workplace comparing their pre-pandemic and post-lockdown condition. The methodologies considered are regression to study the impact on employment scope, t-test for studying the effect of pandemic on their income, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Effect size to check the increase in violence and exploitation. The derived result implies a significant impact of independent variables on their employability, social security and violence committed on them. Hence, the research provide insights to the policy makers on the kind of reforms required to be introduced presently to upgrade the condition of the female migrants as they are one of the most neglected segments of the society. Moreover, the study proposes formalization of labour market and proper registration of these women so that they can utilize the desired social security-healthcare services, pension schemes, relief packages, and employment opportunities.
PubDate: 2023-11-22
- Role of key labor market indicators affecting the demographic dividend in
Pakistan by using GIS-
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Abstract: Abstract Key indicators of labor market (KILM) play an important role for the realization of demographic dividend. A geospatial assessment of key indicators of labor market affecting on demographic dividend is the main purpose of this study. This study aimed to trace the spatial pattern of key indicators of labor market at district level and finding the effect on demographic dividend. Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2020–21 has been used as secondary data source. Kriging, a geostatiscal analysis has been used to draw the spatial pattern of KILM. The findings revealed that a very low proportion of almost 43.9% of the working age population constitutes the labor force whereas the proportion to be employed part of the labor force is quite high i.e. 93.6%. Only 15.5% districts lies in the range of about 60–20 as a high index of KILM contribution towards demographic dividend. 29.3% districts lies in the range of 20–10 as a medium index of contribution to demographic dividend whereas 55.2% districts lies below 10 as a low index of contribution to demographic dividend.
PubDate: 2023-11-22
- Evaluating Landsat-8, Landsat-9 and Sentinel-2 imageries in land use and
land cover (LULC) classification in a heterogeneous urban area-
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Abstract: Abstract Land use and land cover (LULC) mapping is important for sustainable land management and has received great attention from researchers over the years. Classifying satellite imagery within urban environments poses challenges due to the spectral similarity among various LULC features. This study aims to evaluate Landsat 9, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 imageries in LULC classification in a heterogeneous urban area, using the city of Johannesburg as a case study. The objectives of the study were to examine the effectiveness of Random Forest (RF) and k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) in the classification of Landsat 9, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 imageries in the study area. The benefits of integrating ancillary data and using post-classification correction (PCC) to generate precise LULC maps in the study area were also assessed. The performance of the multispectral bands for the satellite imageries was evaluated. The RF classifier performed better than kNN in LULC classification with high overall accuracies of 96%, 92% and 94% for Landsat 9, Landsat 8, and Sentinel-2 imageries, respectively. The kNN classifier produced overall accuracies of 95% (Landsat 9), 91% (Landsat 8) and 90% (Sentinel-2). The integration of additional data and the application of the PCC method led to enhanced accuracies in all three satellite imageries. For Landsat 9, both the RF and kNN classifiers exhibited a 1% improvement in accuracy. Notably, all overall accuracies demonstrated enhancements, with the maximum increase reaching 2%. The NIR, Red, and SWIR bands were the most influential with values of 100%, 94%, and 85%, respectively, in the LULC classification. The results of this study provide valuable information to land managers, municipalities, and stakeholders in understanding the spatial distribution of LULC classes, data, and classification methods to use in a heterogeneous urban environment.
PubDate: 2023-11-22
- Proactive sustainable decision-making and climate change awareness: a
Canadian study-
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Abstract: Abstract In the contemporary climate change era, it is paramount to comprehend the impact of individual attitudes and behaviors on their environmental footprint and adaptive capacity. This study examines the correlation between proactive decision-making and ecological awareness among Canadian engineering practitioners amidst climate change's persistent and escalating challenges. Through a thorough literature review and survey of 100 respondents, this study established the existence of a positive, statistically meaningful correlation between proactive decision-making and environmental awareness. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing environmental consciousness to foster proactive behavior and adaptive coping mechanisms. The concluding remarks of this study carry significant implications for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers invested in advancing climate change adaptation and mitigation endeavors. Further investigation is crucial to probe the underlying determinants of these attitudes and their consequences for effectively implementing sustainability initiatives in engineering institutions
PubDate: 2023-11-22
- COVID-19 in the neighbourhood: the socio-spatial selectivity of severe
COVID-19 cases in Sweden, March 2020–June 2021-
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Abstract: Abstract In this paper we analyse spatial and temporal variation in the risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission for COVID-19 in Sweden. The analysis is based on geocoded and time-stamped data from the Swedish Intensive Care Registry (SIR). We merge this data with a classification of Swedish neighbourhood cluster types constructed from multi-scalar measures of socio-economic and country of birth segregation (Kawalerowicz and Malmberg in Multiscalar typology of residential areas in Sweden, 2021 available from https://doi.org/10.17045/sthlmuni.14753826.v1). We examine 1) if residence in more socio-economically deprived or diverse neighbourhood cluster types was associated with a higher risk of ICU admission for COVID-19, 2) if residence in more affluent neighbourhoods was associated with a lower risk of ICU admission for COVID-19, and 3) how these patterns changed over time during the three first waves of the pandemic. While the highest overall risk was associated with residence in urban disadvantage coupled with diversity, models where neighbourhood cluster types were interacted with waves reveal that the highest risk was associated with living in a neighbourhood cluster type characterised by rural town disadvantage coupled with diversity under the 3rd wave (February 2021–June 2021). Residence in such a neighbourhood cluster type was associated with a four times higher risk of ICU admission, compared to the reference category of living in a homogeneous rural neighbourhood cluster type with average levels of deprivation under wave 1. Looking at disparities within each wave we found that residence in most affluent urban areas was at first associated with a slightly higher risk of ICU admission for COVID-19 as compared with the reference category of living in a homogeneous rural neighbourhood cluster type, but under waves 2 and 3 this risk was no longer statistically significant. The largest inequalities between different neighbourhood cluster types could be seen during the 1st wave. Over time, the risks converged between different neighbourhood cluster types.
PubDate: 2023-11-21
- Spatial analysis of slum areas on the riverbanks of Palembang City using
the Anselin Local Moran’s I analysis-
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Abstract: Abstract Slums are closely associated with riverbanks. The same situation can be found in one of the urban regions in Indonesia, that is, Palembang City. This research was intended to spatially analyze slum areas along the edge of the river traversing the city using the Anselin Local Moran’s I statistic. In the quantitative method used, samples of slum houses were taken by area-proportional random sampling, and data on their locations were collected with a GPS and then spatially analyzed using the Anselin Local Moran’s I. Results showed families living on flood-prone riverbanks in two districts, non-flood-prone banks in 15 districts, and flood-prone areas outside the banks in one district. Most slum areas are located in one district, Kertapati. Slums with the highest number of houses, i.e., more than 1000, are spread across Jakabaring, Kertapati, Seberang Ulu II, Plaju, and Gandus, and the most occupied slums with more than 1000 families are found in seven districts: Seberang Ulu I, Ilir Timur I, Kertapati, Ilir Timur III, Seberang Ulu II, Plaju, and Gandus. The Anselin Local Moran’s I analysis found high-low (HL) outliers in six districts and low-low (LL) clusters of slums in five districts. The Local Moran’s I index values were positive for neighboring population densities and negative for farther-spaced population densities. In addition, this analysis produced z-scores and p-values that suggested the riverbank slums in Palembang formed a clustered and random pattern.
PubDate: 2023-11-20
- Pedestrian movement patterns in historical urban fabrics
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Abstract: Abstract The current study seeks to investigate the relationship between the distribution of pedestrians and the integration/connectivity of the street network and land uses in the historical urban fabrics of Iran. In this regard, three historical neighborhoods from the cities of Gorgan (representative of northern Iran), Qazvin (representative of the middle part and west of Iran) and Yazd (representative of the central plateau) were chosen as case studies. In the first step, the integrity and connectivity of the street network of each case were analyzed using the Space Syntax technique. In the second step, the pedestrian intensity was assessed via extensive gate observations at the neighborhood scale. Lastly, the land use patterns in all the above-mentioned cases have been explored. Analyzing the results using statistical methods, it was concluded that the overall spatial configuration of the streets in the historical fabrics of Iran is not a meaningful variable for describing pedestrian movements. On the other side, it seems that the pedestrians' distribution is mainly influenced by land use patterns. Our research suggests that this part of the "Natural Movement" theory which indicates the spatial configuration of the street network influences the flow of human movement is not applicable to the historical fabrics of Iran. Considering that the results in all three cases are quite similar, it can be argued that the findings could be generalized to similar cases of complex street patterns. The results should provide an appropriate reference for urban designers/planners, architects and policymakers dealing with traditional urban fabrics.
PubDate: 2023-11-14
- Environmental justice: geostatistical analysis of environmental hazards
and socioeconomic factors—the case of Italy-
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Abstract: Abstract The analysis of environmental issues and the pursuit of environmental justice have gained significant attention in modern times. While progress has been made in understanding environmental impacts and establishing the right to access environmental information, the need to examine environmental inequalities persists. This study aimed to propose a methodology to identify and analyse potential ‘sacrifice zones’ within a region of interest using: (i) Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA), (ii) Municipal Risk Indicators, and (iii) Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) models. The relationship between environmental hazards and social disadvantage in the Campania region of Italy was estimated and the findings of this preliminary study in this area are presented. Our preliminary results: (i) reveal a non-random distribution of contaminated sites and waste management plants (ii) localize the ‘sacrifice zones’ that are predominantly located in municipalities between the provinces of Naples and Caserta, (iii) show a disproportionately burdened with higher environmental risk and greater social vulnerability in some specific areas. Further investigations are required to replicate the results of this study under different environmental conditions. Additionally, enabling more precise identification of affected populations and areas subjected to heightened environmental pressures that would enhance the potential of the proposed approach. The proposed methodology can be adapted to different spatial contexts and data sources.
PubDate: 2023-11-13
- A comparative study of inter-regional and intra-industry disparities
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Abstract: Abstract This paper investigates the inter-regional intra-industry disparity within selected Indian manufacturing industries and industrial states. The study uses three measures—the Output-Capital Ratio, the Capital-Labor Ratio, and the Output-Labor Ratio—to critically evaluate the level of disparity in average efficiency of labor and capital, as well as capital intensity. Additionally, the paper compares the rate of disparity of per capita income between six major industrial states. The study finds that underutilization of capacity is driven by an unequal distribution of high-skilled labor supply and upgraded technologies. To address these disparities, the paper suggests that policymakers campaign for labor training and technology promotion schemes throughout all regions of India. By doing so, the study argues, the country can reduce regional inequality and improve economic outcomes for all.
PubDate: 2023-11-11
- Terrorism in Egypt: a comprehensive spatial, spatio-temporal, and
statistical analysis-
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Abstract: Abstract Terrorist attacks epitomize a direct threat to the security of Middle Eastern citizens as well as global stability. As one of the Middle Eastern countries, Egypt suffers from terrorism in terms of human life and economic loss. Studying the spatial distribution of terrorist attacks and factors that may affect their frequency is critical for understanding this violent behavior and helping decision-makers fight terrorism. This study examines the spatial distribution of terrorist attacks in Egypt between 2004 and 2019 and its correlated factors. To fulfill this aim, spatial and spatiotemporal analyses were applied to analyze terrorist attack hotspots in the country, and 14 geographical, natural, social, and economic factors were tested for significant correlation to terrorist attacks by utilizing statistical and geographical weighted regression (GWR) analysis. Spatial distribution analysis results for the whole study period revealed two main hotspots: one in Greater Cairo, the capital of Egypt, and the second in the North Sinai Peninsula. There were additional small hotspots in Alexandria City, the Nile Delta region, and the northern part of the Nile Delta. The statistical analysis concluded a significant positive correlation between terrorist attacks and the fragile state index, education index, precipitation, distance to the land boundary, population density, poverty index, economic freedom index, and unemployment rate. Whereas, freedom index and distance to maritime boundaries had a significant negative correlation with terrorist attacks. GWR revealed significant positive correlations between terrorist attacks and NTL, population density, precipitation, and temperature in the North Sinai Governorate. The same governorate showed a negative correlation between terrorist attacks from one side and topography and drought index from the other.
PubDate: 2023-11-09
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on livelihoods of informal workers in Kolkata:
from sustainable livelihood perspective-
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Abstract: Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic was not only a global health emergency but an economic crisis, adversely impacting global economic activities and posing a long-term impact on human livelihood. The pandemic also disturbed the earning competencies of the population, among which the marginalized communities were tremendously affected. In this respect, informal sector workers are marginalized and badly affected by the pandemic. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of informal workers in the Kolkata, the third most populated urban agglomeration in India, which was one of the epicenters of COVID-19 in the country. The study mainly based on primary field survey data collected through a well-designed questionnaire and in-depth interviews. A total of 90 participants were selected using purposive sampling, which consisted of six groups of informal workers, i.e., train hawkers, street food vendors, domestic helps, workers in medicine shops, vegetable sellers, and fish sellers were selected. Out of the six groups of informal workers, the first three are from non-essential services, and rest of three are from essential services. For measuring the impact of the pandemic on the livelihood of informal workers, a Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) was prepared by modifying the DFID’s Sustainable Livelihood Framework. The LVI is a cumulative outcome of three sub-indices, i.e., Adaptive capacity Index, Sensitivity Index and Exposure Index, comprised of sixteen variables. The results reveal that workers engaged in non-essential services suffered more due to the pandemic, and their livelihood became more vulnerable in comparison to the workers engaged in essential services. Another striking observation is that female informal workers are more vulnerable than their male counterparts, irrespective of the nature of services. The study emphasizes the need for livelihood security policies to protect informal workers from similar future crises.
PubDate: 2023-11-07
- Exploring climate change perceptions, climate trends and the level of
knowledge on the subject in farmers from Guasave, Mexico-
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Abstract: Abstract Climate change has adverse consequences for socioeconomic activities such as agriculture, as it can affect crop yields and production costs. Farmers' adaptation to the impacts caused by this phenomenon may be limited because they do not perceive the problem, have limited knowledge of the subject or by lack of willingness to change certain behaviors. In this way, the objectives of this research were to know the farmers’ perception of climate change, if what they perceive match with the trends of the climate records of temperature and rainfall, as well as to assess the level of knowledge that farmers have about climate change. This with the purpose of laying the foundations for the adaptation to climate change in the municipality of Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico. A structured survey was applied in 1111 agricultural households selected at random and proportionally in 153 communities. The results show that 43% of respondents have an acceptable level of knowledge about climate change and that 89.4% perceive changes in climate, mainly in temperature, but this is not statistically corroborated with climate records. Likewise, 52.2% attribute the problem to anthropogenic causes, mainly pollution. They point out that this phenomenon could decrease agricultural production; generate higher electricity consumption and a higher incidence of diseases. The vast majority of respondents is willing to implement actions to minimize the problem and its impact on the region; however, an awareness-raising program is needed about the problem (causes, impacts, and the way to face it).
PubDate: 2023-11-04
- Negotiating exclusion in a multi-ethnic environment: problems of social
security among the Lodha tribe of Eastern India-
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Abstract: Abstract The present study demonstrates that multi-ethnic environment—a socio-culturally diverse space which is considered an important arena for social inclusion— ironically scales up insecurity for a tribal community which during the colonial times was officially labelled ‘criminal’. The poverty stricken Lodha community, found largely concentrated in a small forested tract of the Rarh region of West Bengal and the Northern Plateau region of Odisha in Eastern India continues to suffer from this stigma despite serious efforts made by them to overcome its humiliating past. One such effort has been to break their spatial isolation and integration with the neighbouring communities by resorting to a movement away from forest dwelling and settling in multi-ethnic agricultural areas. Evidences of an extensive field survey covering a total of 49 Lodha villages, however reveals that these efforts by the Lodhas has met with little success and has often produced results quite to the contrary. The study finds that ethnic othering of this stigmatized community has only exasperated through the act of an apparent, insidious apartheid practiced by the dominant castes leading to increased social insecurity and exclusion of the Lodhas. The traditional caste identity driven social structure of rural India, as this empirical study reveals, has asserted itself to nullify the attempted strategy adopted by the tribe find a place in the caste hierarchy by changing their socio-spatial context. The study however finds that the identity oriented social mobility is no longer confined to the castes in the lower hierarchy of the Hindu varna system. Subaltern tribe too use this strategy to hide their stigmatised social identity however unsuccessful they might have been.
PubDate: 2023-10-30
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