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Earth Systems and Environment
Number of Followers: 3

Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 2509-9426 - ISSN (Online) 2509-9434
Published by Springer-Verlag

[2468 journals]

Correction to: Spatio‑temporal Change of Glacier Surging and
Glacier‑dammed Lake Formation in Karakoram Pakistan
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  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Correction to: Dynamics and Characterization of Aeolian Dust Deposition
from a Burned Shrubland at Chubut Coastal Patagonia in Argentina
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  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Correction to: A Review of the Neoproterozoic Global Glaciations and a
Biotic Cause of Them
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  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Correction to: Bioplastic from Renewable Biomass: A Facile Solution for a
Greener Environment
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  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature Trends Under the Impact of
Climate Change Over Ten Districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia
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  Abstract: This study aimed to investigates the precipitation and temperature trends over ten districts of Jimma zone in the twenty-first century using observed and model simulation data sets. The precipitation and temperature trends are analyzed for the reference (1981–2010) and two future periods, namely, mid-century (2031–2060), and end-century (2071–2100) using Innovative Trend Analysis. For future period, we analyzed the ensemble mean of precipitation and temperature based on data from four high resolution models, namely, High-Resolution Hamburg Climate Model 5, Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO22T), Climate Limited-Area Modeling Community (CCLM4), and the Rossby Centre Regional Atmospheric Model (RCA4). Based on the analysis, the annual, summer and autumn rainfall trend during the reference period are − 4.079 mm/year, 2.147 mm/year, and − 1.639 mm/year, respectively. The winter rainfall reveals a negative trend (− 0.135 mm/year) during the reference period. However, the winter rainfall shows a positive trend (0.465 mm/year and 0.067 mm/year) towards the end-century period under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. On the contrary, the autumn rainfall showed consistent decreasing trend during the two future periods. The maximum increasing trend (1.376 mm/year) in annual rainfall was obtained during the mid-century period under RCP4.5 scenario, whereas the maximum annual decreasing rainfall trend was obtained during the mid-century period under RCP8.5 scenario (− 0.649 mm/year). The minimum temperature showed significant increasing trend throughout the study periods. However, the maximum temperature showed decreasing trend during annual and winter in the mid-century period under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The highest increasing trend of the minimum temperature was during winter and autumn, while the highest increasing trend of the maximum temperature was during the summer and autumn seasons. The result further indicate that the minimum temperature increment was faster as compared to the maximum temperature. The study can be used as a first-hand information to develop efficient adaptation policies and mitigation measures that aids to combat the adverse impact of climate change.
  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Shallow Groundwater Thermal Response to Land Surface Energy Dissipation
and Potential Implications on the Use of Heat as a Tracer
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  Abstract: This paper investigated and demonstrated the fundamental role of riparian and terrestrial zone heat balances on the use of thermal gradients to characterize and parameterize groundwater systems. The riparian area aquifer (RAA) includes vegetative cover, comprising a forest of lush Acacia karroo together with some reed, sedges, and forbs. On the other hand, terrestrial area aquifer (TAA) is non-forested. The result illustrated the riparian area suppresses groundwater temperature by an average of 2 °C compared to TAA during summer. These signals were found to uniformly dampen temperature anomalies resulting from lateral groundwater inflow from TAA in summer. The impact of lateral groundwater flow from the TAA was only observed in winter, where the effect of latent heat was cancelled out because plants had undergone dormancy. Consequently, the study concluded that the riparian groundwater temperature is more sensitive to the riparian energy balance. To this effect, riparian vegetative cover can considerably complicate the interpretation of the shallow groundwater thermal regime across hydrologic landscapes with varying surface vegetative architecture. Therefore, analyzing thermals signals may require correcting the “false” groundwater geothermal signals due to vegetative cover. The recommendation is that isolating the contributions of these signals should be independently constrained (e.g., introducing thermal data offset) to strengthen the plausibility of heat in parameterizing groundwater systems.
  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Evaluation of Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Guyana’s Mangroves Using
SAR and GEE
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  Abstract: Mangrove forests are vital in many ways to coastal communities. The forests prevent coastal erosion, produce nutrients and organic matter, serve as a sink for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, maintain water quality, and support food production for habitat biodiversity. However, these systems are threatened by urban development and have sea-level rise as a result of climate change. Such is evident in Guyana coastal areas where there had been a reduction of mangroves coverage from approximately 80,000 ha in 1980 to 22,000 ha in 2010 and 26,115 ha in 2019. One of the measures to restrict the depletion of this vital ecosystem is through an aggressive programme of mangrove replanting and restoration by the Government of Guyana. To monitor and measure the spatio-temporal effectiveness of this management effort require effective and advanced technologies, which remote-sensing capabilities can provide. In this study, the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery was used for the mapping of mangrove regeneration and dynamics. The producer’s accuracy of the mangrove classification for each year was 96%, 95%, 97%, 99%, and 99% in 1996, 2007, 2010, 2016, and 2019, respectively, and the users’ accuracy was 95%, 95%, 95%, 99%, and 99%, respectively, demonstrated that this can be used for the monitoring spatio-temporal response of mangroves. The analysis of diameter at breast height and the heights of the mangroves also show the spatial and temporal trend of gains and losses of biomass as derived from the allometric equations of the analysed SAR images. The findings show the effectiveness of the methodology used to monitor changes and to estimate the biomass. This study could be a useful guide for planning future coastal restoration projects at the sample study sites, assist in community resilience in the face of sea-level rise and climate change, and support policymakers in multi-policy coordination involving the management of the Guyana coastal retreat.
  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Evaluation of Desertification in the Middle Moulouya Basin (North-East
Morocco) Using Sentinel-2 Images and Spectral Index Techniques
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  Abstract: This article focuses on the quantitative assessment of desertification in the Middle Moulouya basin located in the North-East of Morocco. Indeed, this study aimed to map the degree of desertification at the level of the basin in 2018 using the Sentinel-2 image. To do this, we have adopted a methodology based on several stages. First, we extracted the spectral indices, in particular, the NDVI, the albedo, the TGSI and the MSAVI. Then, different combinations of these indices were the subject of a linear regression analysis (NDVI–albedo, MSAVI–albedo, albedo–TGSI and TGSI–MSAVI) to use the best correlated combinations to construct the feature space. The results obtained showed that the NDVI–albedo and MSAVI–albedo combinations are the best correlated with respective correlation coefficients of r = − 0.73 and r = − 0.76, respectively. As a result, they were used to propose the desertification degree index (DDI) by exploiting the NDVI–albedo and MSAVI–albedo feature spaces. Finally, a desertification map was generated for the entire basin. It has five degrees of desertification (extreme, severe, moderate, low, non-desertification). According to our results, the situation of desertification in the basin is alarming. Indeed, 86.86% of the study area is located in the moderate to extreme desertification class. While only 12.25% and 0.89% fall in the low and no desertification categories, respectively. The MSAVI–albedo model gave a high overall accuracy of 93.75%, so it is perfectly effective for the quantitative analysis and monitoring of desertification at the level of the basin studied.
  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Ecosystem Services’ Assessment of the Desertification Areas of
Mongolia
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  Abstract: Generally, areas affected by natural desertification remain virtually untouched by economic activities. However, they can provide numerous ecosystem services (ES) with significant societal benefits. This is especially important for Mongolia, where desertification processes have intensified considerably over the years. This article presents the results of an integrated spatial environmental and economic assessment and mapping of ES for various types of natural resources. We conducted the assessments in the model areas of Mongolia (Bulgan, Orkhon, Darkhan-Uul, Dundgovi, and Umnugovi aimags). To value the eight types of ES, we used the following methods: market price-based evaluation, indirect valuation methods (sociological surveys), a travel cost method, InVEST software, and others. Official statistical data and field survey data were used in calculations. According to our results, the areas, affected by desertification are significant in terms of ES they could provide. We estimated the total economic value of the ES of the model areas of Mongolia at 1885 million USD in 2019. Further research will entail improved methodological approaches.
  PubDate: 2023-06-01
Structural Changes in Temperature and Precipitation in MENA Countries
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  Abstract: This paper evaluates the extent of climate variability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using time series structural change tests. The MENA region is highly susceptible to climate change, being one of the driest and most water-scarce regions in the world. The study aims to identify structural breaks in temperature and precipitation time series from 1901 to 2012. Specifically, a statistical analysis is performed based on a structural change model (Bai and Perron 1998, 2003a) for temperature and precipitation across 19 countries. The results indicate significant structural changes in temperature and precipitation patterns during the observation period, and suggest that climate variability has indeed begun to occur in all study area, with 1990 marking a turning point in terms of global warming. North African countries, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates experienced a large number of breaks in temperature variables between 1901 and 2012, while other countries experienced fewer breaks. With regards to the seasonal aspect of precipitation, the individual rainfall Seasonality Index results demonstrate strong seasonal variability of rainfall from one year to another. Results show that rainfall in MENA countries is irregular throughout the year and that it ranges from seasonal to extremely seasonal throughout the study period. These findings have important implications for water resources management, agriculture, human health, and ecosystems in the region.
  PubDate: 2023-05-06
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Black Carbon in Peru from the
Analysis of Biomass Burning Sources and the Use of Numerical Models
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  Abstract: The spatial and temporal distribution of biomass burning in Peru and neighboring countries was analyzed during the 2018–2020 period, with emphasis on 2019. To determine the glaciers most affected by BC as a consequence of vegetation burning, simulations were carried out with the WRF-CHEM model, and to diagnose the origin of BC particles received by the Huaytapallana glacier, backward trajectories were built with the HYSPLIT model. It was found that, during the studied period, the burning of biomass emitted large amounts of BC into the atmosphere, while the number of fires in Peru began its most notable increase in the month of July, with maxima between August and September. Comparisons of the number of outbreaks with the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measured at the Huancayo observatory showed a significant correlation. The Ucayali region is the one that contributes the greatest number of outbreaks and the greatest emissions are produced in the south of Loreto. The WRF model showed that the concentrations in July are still low in relation to the August–October period. The mountain ranges that received the greatest impact from BC emissions were Huaytapallana, Huagoruncho, and Vilcabamba. BC transport is mainly oriented from north to south, moving the particles from the areas of greatest burning to the glaciers located in the center and south of the country. BC concentrations over the Cordillera Blanca were lower. The diagnosis of the backward trajectories corroborated the results of WRF-CHEM and showed trajectories mostly from the north.
  PubDate: 2023-04-08
Two-Speed Deep-Learning Ensemble for Classification of Incremental
Land-Cover Satellite Image Patches
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  Abstract: High-velocity data streams present a challenge to deep learning-based computer vision models due to the resources needed to retrain for new incremental data. This study presents a novel staggered training approach using an ensemble model comprising the following: (i) a resource-intensive high-accuracy vision transformer; and (ii) a fast training, but less accurate, low parameter-count convolutional neural network. The vision transformer provides a scalable and accurate base model. A convolutional neural network (CNN) quickly incorporates new data into the ensemble model. Incremental data are simulated by dividing the very large So2Sat LCZ42 satellite image dataset into four intervals. The CNN is trained every interval and the vision transformer trained every half interval. We call this combination of a complementary ensemble with staggered training a “two-speed” network. The novelty of this approach is in the use of a staggered training schedule that allows the ensemble model to efficiently incorporate new data by retraining the high-speed CNN in advance of the resource-intensive vision transformer, thereby allowing for stable continuous improvement of the ensemble. Additionally, the ensemble models for each data increment out-perform each of the component models, with best accuracy of 65% against a holdout test partition of the RGB version of the So2Sat dataset.
  PubDate: 2023-03-24
Land Surface Temperature Relationship with the Land Use/Land Cover Indices
Leading to Thermal Field Variation in the Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus
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  Abstract: The increase in the Land Surface Temperature (LST) caused by global warming and extreme weather events is significantly increasing Urban Hot Spots (UHS) while impacting the environmental quality within urban areas. In this research, with the help of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite images, the evolution of Land Use/Cover (LULC), LST, and Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) between the years 1985 and 2020 is examined. The main aim is to evaluate how these variables, together with the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Urban Index (UI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Built Index, and Proportion Vegetation (PV) have influenced the variability of the UHS and the level of thermal comfort according to the Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI). The results report significant average rises of the variables: LST (6.62 °C), SUHI (0.97 °C), UHS (8.61%) of the UI and NDBI indices and class 6 of UTFVI (88.53%) that are related to the variability of the LULC corroborated by statistical analysis. Our results provide valuable information on the future development of urban areas in Northern Cyprus to make them more resilient and sustainable to rising temperatures.
  PubDate: 2023-03-23
Summertime Microscale Assessment and Prediction of Urban Thermal Comfort
Zone Using Remote-Sensing Techniques for Kuwait
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  Abstract: Urbanization significantly accelerates the replacement of natural land-use and land-cover (LULC) classes, which can raise the temperature and diminish thermal comfort zone (TCZ), potentially negatively affecting the environment and human health. This study assesses and predicts the impacts of LULC change on directional shrinkage of the TCZ in Kuwait, using Landsat images and cellular automata (CA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithms from 1991 to 2031. The analysis revealed a rapid urban expansion (40%) in south-east (SE), north-east (NE), and north-west (NW) directions and shrinkage of TCZ (25% area with a very uncomfortable thermal condition) in N–NW and SW directions, from 1991 to 2021. The predicted scenario showed an increase in urban areas from 44% (2021) to 47% (2026) and 52% (2031). In contrast, very uncomfortable TCZ (35% in 2026 and 40% in 2031) was found concentrated around urban areas and bare land toward N–NE and N–NW directions. The study proposes effective and sustainable strategies to mitigate the shrinkage of TCZ, including zero-soil policies, planned landscape design, artificial water bodies, and rooftop gardens. This study will be an essential tool for promoting sustainable development in Kuwait by helping urban planners and policymakers realize the impacts of urbanization and land-use change on the TCZ.
  PubDate: 2023-02-25
  DOI: 10.1007/s41748-023-00340-6
Land Use Land Cover Change and Related Drivers have Livelihood
Consequences in Coastal Bangladesh
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  Abstract: Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes differ based on geographic position, while different kinds of natural and physical components accelerate the changes along with impacts on surroundings and demographic background. Bangladesh has been experiencing significant changes in landscape settings, facilitating changes in people’s livelihoods. To understand the changing pattern of livelihood in coastal areas of Bangladesh, it is crucial to detect the LULC changes, including the influence of related drivers. Following the background, this study was conducted in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna district to assess the LULC changes using RS and GIS techniques over 30 years (1990–2019). With the help of 15 key informant interviews and 2 focus group discussions, this study delves into the driving forces behind the ever-evolving changes in LULC. From the impact on the livelihood patterns of different groups of people, this study uncovers the mysteries behind these changes. Findings unveiled a tale of transformation in the study area. As the years passed, there was a decline in agriculture (7.6%) and fallow land (15.66%), and a surge in water bodies (20.68%) from 1990 to 2019. These significant changes in land use paint a picture of an ever-evolving landscape. From the devastating effects of natural disasters to the pursuit of profit and the drive for industrial advancement, a multitude of drivers are fueling the changes in land use. As literacy rates rise and temperatures fluctuate, the landscape is undergoing a transformation driven by these powerful forces. The ripple effects of LULC changes can be felt throughout the community, leaving a wake of disrupted livelihoods in its path. As opportunities narrow and marginalized groups feel the squeeze, it's crucial for stakeholders to act. By examining the changes in LULC and livelihoods aims to pave the way for a more sustainable future in coastal Bangladesh.
  PubDate: 2023-02-11
  DOI: 10.1007/s41748-023-00339-z
Climatology, Variability, and Trend of the Winter Precipitation over Nepal
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  Abstract: Winter precipitation accounts for ~ 5% of interannual spatial variability during the last five decades (1960–2015), with the largest variability in the western and central regions of Nepal. The temporal variability shows a relatively higher degree of variability after the 1990s. In this study, the dominant modes of winter precipitation pattern, trend and their association with oceanic and atmospheric patterns were investigated over the southern slope of the central Himalaya, Nepal. The increasing trend (< 1 mm/year) of winter precipitation is found only over the highlands of the western and central regions, whereas decreasing trend or no trend in most of the areas over the country. Further, two dominant modes of winter precipitation were observed through Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The first leading mode (EOF1) shows a monopole pattern with 42.9% variability with strong loading over the western and central regions, whereas the second mode (EOF2) shows a heterogeneous pattern, accounting for 18.9% of the total variance. Further, the EOF1 pattern is remotely influenced by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and locally through Indian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM) patterns. It is also observed that the EOF2 mode has a close relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), modulating the wave train and propagating eastward to the western Himalayas.
  PubDate: 2023-01-24
  DOI: 10.1007/s41748-023-00338-0
Gendered Vulnerability, Perception and Adaptation Options of Smallholder
Farmers to Climate Change in Eastern Ethiopia
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  Abstract: Climate change has become a global phenomenon, but its impact is unevenly distributed among regions, economic classes, age classes and genders. Gender is among the factors that influence the perception and adaptation of smallholder farmers to the impacts of climate change. This study assessed the level of gender vulnerability, perception and adaptation options against climate change in the rural areas of Meta District, eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected from 193 respondents through household survey, focus group discussions (FGD) and key informant interviews. Long-term climate data (1990–2019) were acquired from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia. Integrated vulnerability assessment method through the construction of indices from selected indicators of climate change was used to describe vulnerability. A multivariate probit model (MVP) was employed to identify factors affecting the choice of adaptation options to climate change. Climate data analysis showed that long-term annual, belg (short rainy season from February-April) and kiremt (long rainy season from June–September) seasonal rainfall had high variability with a coefficient of variation of 37.7%, 42.5% and 34.4%, respectively. Approximately 90% of male- and 74% of female-headed households perceived declining and erratic rainfall and rising temperature over time in their locality in the last three decades. The lower perception of women implies that they had less access to climate information and lack awareness, which constrains their adaptation against the impacts of climate change. The likelihood of household heads adopting soil and water conservation (SWC) practices, adjusting planting dates and use of drought-tolerant varieties was 77.2%, 56.9% and 53.9%, respectively. Women were more vulnerable, with a vulnerability index (VI) of − 0.138, to climate change than men (VI = 0.009) in the study area. These findings necessitate the formulation and implementation of gender-sensitive and context-specific policies that provide poor female farmers with the opportunities to diversify their livelihood with non-farm income. Moreover, non-formal trainings and better extension services are needed to enhance the perception of climate change and the use of adaptation practices to improve resilience against climate change.
  PubDate: 2023-01-01
  DOI: 10.1007/s41748-022-00324-y
Pros and Cons of Biochar to Soil Potentially Toxic Element Mobilization
and Phytoavailability: Environmental Implications
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  Abstract: While the potential of biochar (BC) to immobilize potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in contaminated soils has been studied and reviewed, no review has focused on the potential use of BC for enhancing the phytoremediation efficacy of PTE-contaminated soils. Consequently, the overarching purpose in this study is to critically review the effects of BC on the mobilization, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and bioremediation of PTEs in contaminated soils. Potential mechanisms of the interactions between BC and PTEs in soils are also reviewed in detail. We discuss the promises and challenges of various approaches, including potential environmental implications, of BC application to PTE-contaminated soils. The properties of BC (e.g., surface functional groups, mineral content, ionic content, and π-electrons) govern its impact on the (im)mobilization of PTEs, which is complex and highly element-specific. This review demonstrates the contrary effects of BC on PTE mobilization and highlights possible opportunities for using BC as a mobilizing agent for enhancing phytoremediation of PTEs-contaminated soils.
  PubDate: 2022-12-27
  DOI: 10.1007/s41748-022-00336-8
A Review of El Niño Southern Oscillation Linkage to Strong Volcanic
Eruptions and Post-Volcanic Winter Warming
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  Abstract: Understanding the influence of volcanism on ENSO and associated climatic impacts is of great scientific and social importance. Although many studies on the volcano–ENSO nexus are available, a thorough review of ENSO sensitivity to explosive eruptions is still missing. Therefore, this study aims to provide an in-depth assessment of the ENSO response to volcanism. Most past studies suggest an emerging consensus in models, with the vast majority showing an El Niño-like SST response during the eruption year and a La Niña-like response a few years later. RCP8.5-based climate model projections also suggest strong El Niño conditions and significant monsoonal rainfall reduction following strong tropical volcanism. However, some studies involving climate reconstructions and model simulations still raise concerns about the ENSO–volcano link and suggest a weak ENSO response to volcanism. This happens because ENSO response to volcanism seems very sensitive to reconstruction methods, ENSO preconditioning, eruption timing, position and amplitude. We noticed that some response mechanisms are still unclear, for instance, how the tropical volcanic forcing with nearly uniform radiative cooling projects onto ENSO when coincidental ENSO events are underway. Moreover, there are very less observational and proxy records for assessing the extratropical volcanism impact on ENSO. Nevertheless, model-based studies suggest that Northern (Southern) Hemispheric extratropical eruptions may lead to an El Niño (La Niña)-like response. We further noticed that the origin of post-eruption winter warming is still elusive; however, recent findings suggest that the large-scale circulation changes concurrently occurring during volcanism are the potential source of high-latitude winter warming. Existing uncertainties in the simulated ENSO response to volcanism could be reduced by considering a synchronized modeling approach with large ensembles.
  PubDate: 2022-11-07
  DOI: 10.1007/s41748-022-00331-z
COVID-19 Restriction Movement Control Order (MCO) Impacted Emissions of
Peninsular Malaysia Using Sentinel-2a and Sentinel-5p Satellite
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  Abstract: The unprecedented outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the whole world in every aspect including health, social life, economic activity, education, and the environment. The pandemic has led to an improvement in air quality all around the world, including in Malaysia. Lockdowns have resulted in industry shutting down and road travel decreasing which can reduce the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and air pollution. This research assesses the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on emissions using the Air Pollution Index (API), aerosols, and GHG which is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in Malaysia. The data used is from Sentinel-5p and Sentinel-2A which monitor the air quality based on Ozone (O3) and NO2 concentration. Using an interpolated API Index Map comparing 2019, before the implementation of a Movement Control Order (MCO), and 2020, after the MCO period we examine the impact on pollution during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Data used Sentinel-5p, Sentinel-2A, and Air Pollution Index of Malaysia (APIMS) to monitor the air quality that contains NO2 concentration. The result has shown the recovery in air quality during the MCO implementation which indirectly shows anthropogenic activities towards the environmental condition. The study will help to enhance and support the policy and scope for air pollution management strategies as well as raise public awareness of the main causes that contribute to air pollution.
  PubDate: 2022-10-08
  DOI: 10.1007/s41748-022-00329-7