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- City-State, Kingship, and Justice in Sumarian Political Thought: Justice
Loving Shepherd Kings
Authors: Fırat Mollaer
Abstract: This article turns to the Sumerians to understand the emergence of certain root paradigms in political thought. The Sumerians, as in many other respects, have laid down the beginnings of political thought. The article examines political thought in the Sumerians based on the Sumerian King Epics and the Epic of Gilgamesh. Accordingly, the main trajectories of political thought in the Sumerians can be summarized in the following terms: City-state, civilization, first assemblies, political struggle and war, royal ideology, justice, the circle of justice. The aim of this article is to examine the emergence of the concept of justice in Sumerian political thought and its nature based on these terms. The Sumerians put forward a unique understanding of justice that would be effective from the beginning of written history until the Ottoman Empire, and the precursors of an understanding that would later be conceptualized as the “circle of justice.”
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Seismic Shocks to the Financial System: An Analysis of the Integration of
Traditional Markets and Cryptocurrencies/Assets
Authors: Birkan Anıl Yılmaz; İbrahim Dursun
Abstract: With the potential of blockchain technology, the financial system has entered a major transformation. While this shift appears promising for the future of financial systems, it also presents certain drawbacks in its early stages. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the potential risks that may arise as a result of the integration of crypto assets with traditional markets, specifically in blockchain. In this context, the question of whether blockchain technology and the decentralization that occurs in the transformation of the established and/or traditional financial system is the solution to problems in financial systems or the cause of new financial risks is explained with data. Methodologically, a case study was conducted by focusing on the financial connection of blockchain, cryptocurrencies and the banking system. A modeling study was conducted using multiple regression analysis and panel data analysis methods on DXY, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Nasdaq, S&P 500, and USDC/USDT, utilizing the statistical software R. The results obtained through modeling were integrated with general and on-chain data analyses, focusing on financial risks.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- The Effect of Mothers' Privacy Perceptions on the Privacy-Related
Behaviors of Their Preschool Children
Authors: Zehra Selen Özçelik; Hatice Yalçın, Emine Erkoç
Abstract: Privacy training; It is a phenomenon that covers not only the sexual development of children, but also cognitive, language, moral, social and emotional development areas. At the same time, it is a concept related to the individual's self-knowledge and setting limits in vital situations or interpersonal relationships. This work; This study was conducted to determine the effect of mothers' perceptions of privacy on their preschool children's privacy-related behaviors. The research was conducted with a two-stage relational survey model, qualitative and quantitative. Mothers with children aged 4-6 years studying in pre-school education institutions constituted the study group (N=239). Individual Information Form to determine the demographic variables of the study group; The Privacy Perception Scale was used to determine mothers' perceptions of privacy, and the Semi-Structured Interview Form was used to determine the effects of mothers' perceptions of privacy on their children's privacy-related behaviors. In the evaluation of qualitative data, data that were similar to each other were combined within the framework of certain themes and concepts by using content analysis. At the stage of evaluating the quantitative data, the MannWhitney-U test was used in the comparisons between two independent groups, and the KruskalWallisH test was used in the comparison of three or more independent groups in order to determine the difference and relationship status between the sub-dimensions of the Privacy Perception Scale and demographic variables. According to the results obtained; in the sub-dimension of individual privacy; significant difference was found between the variables of mother's education, mother's work and number of children. As mothers' perceptions of individual privacy increase, so does their perception of spatial privacy. In addition, as the perceptions of privacy regarding others increase; Digital privacy perceptions are also increasing
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- FROM THERIOTHORIAL ORDER TO STATEHOOD: Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS)
Authors: Osman Türk; Hakan Kıyıcı
Abstract: In 2011, the social unrest that erupted in Syria brought about developments with both regional and global implications in a short period of time. Since 1970, the Assad regime, which has been in control of the country, has implemented antidemocratic and repressive practices in order to ensure the control and supervision it wants in the social base. This situation has played a critical role in channeling the social environment in which many different identities living in the same social base into violence with the Arab Spring process. In a short period of time, mass events provided long-awaited opportunities for groups with violent and extremist tendencies. The regional authority vacuum, which started with the United States of America's (US) operation in Iraq in 2003, was attempted to be filled by various local armed actors, especially al-Qaeda. The groups that wanted to use the social dynamism created by the uprisings in their favour either tried to get the support of a global terrorist group or tried to implement a self-governance structure by developing a unique strategy. HTS, which is analysed within the scope of this study, is one of the structures that have found a fertile field for itself in the civil war environment by using these two situations. HTS is currently building its strategy on three fundamental pillars: distancing itself from global organizational ties, localization, and state-building. Having completed the first two stages, the organization is now in the process of acquiring the necessary resources for the final stage.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- The Theoretical Structure of Heresthetics
Authors: Sara Onur
Abstract: While the fighting power, which is accepted to exist in the nature of man, was against nature in orderto survive in the past years, as people’ s coexincence increased over time and urban culture wasadopted instead of rural culture, the fighting power in man turned towards man’s struggle with man.This situation has borught along goals such as domination, management and benefit, beyond the desireto fight. The desire of e person/ people to be an authority over another person or other peoplemanifests itself in the style of a hot war or a cold war, instead of the aim of mutual cooperation,compromise and productivity. It is natural result that sauch a struggle is not unplanned; Plan, in itssimplest definition, can be expressed as strategic thinking method.In economics, the first use of strategic thinking method is John Nash’s game theory, which allowseveryone to win at the same time. The most important difference between heresthetics and Nash’stheory is that “not everyone wins at the same time”; in heresthetics one’s gain is another’s loss.Another different aspect of heresthetics is that it can be used both in attack and defense. Additionally,a third side may exist between the two rival struggling in heresthetics. This third side is more in theposition of a victim and turns into a tool used by the struggling rivals, especially because they prefer toside with the side that has incomplete. For example, during hot war periods, soldiers are in the positionof victim despite the commanders of the two countries fighting.The first historically known exapmle of heresthetics dates back to B.C. The Art of War (Tzu, 2008),written by Sun Tzu during the hot war years around 3500 BC. The first use of herethetic during thecold war, especially in political competiton, and the namesake of heresthetics, W.H. Riker, it wasintroduced in 1986. The basis of the science of heresthetics is a method of strategic thinking that, in itssimplest form, enables man to win the struggle with man, without fighting or even before the fightbegins. In order to win the fight before fighting, beyond being well prepared fort he fight, the mostimportant thing in the fight is to prove that himself are right and the another side that can notimplement heresthetics needs to prove that himself are wrong. In fact, heresthetics takes the criterionof fairness as its main goal in this sense.Heresthetics, in esence, is realized through the ability of the struggling rivals to use heresthetic tools.In other words, in heresthetics, the tools used to win before the struggle begins are primarily dividendinto two types: internal and external. Internal tools include information superiority inherent in theperson who practices heresthetics, wangle, manipulation, rhetoric, unresponsiveness, timing anddistraction tactics. It is a diversion tactic. In particular, the most important function of the distractiontactic is to harass/ deter or obtain evidence. The external tools used by the implementer of herestheticsare the high authority, the wide social circle (clubness) and the historical development of the struggle(past) (Onur, 2018: 734).Heresthetics in its current form does not yet have the theoretical formation that can be transformedinto a mathematical formulation. For example, in a civil case, the efforts of the rivals to prove theirrightness are not sufficient for heresy; on the contrary, in heresthetics, one rival must prove that theother one is wrong. Heresthetics has not yet completed its theoretical formation in order to prove suchrightness and injustice an deven mathematically explain the position of the rival playing the victim rolein the struggle, if any. Because, in order to appy mathematics in heresthetics, it is necessary toformulate a decision tree based on strategic thinking, which makes the mathematicak formulation ofemotions and thoughts such as instict, feeling, which are unique to humans, difficult. For theapplication of mathematical formulation, first of all, heresthetics means formulating a basic purpose (equity) mentioned above and ten basic tools at the same time, which reveals an equation with elevenconsidering that the outcome of the struggle is not known. It is a very complex situation and requiresexpertise in software to write a program of computer. In order to concretize heresthetic in its simplestform, actual examples are given in the following parts of the study.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- The Role of Local Governments in Terms of Inclusiveness of Migration
Policies and Approach of Social Municipality: The Case of Istanbul
Metropolitan Municipality
Authors: Merve Söğüt; Mozharul Islam
Abstract: The role of local governments in the production, development, and implementation of public and local services is increasing day by day. Considering the social municipality understanding apart from conventional approaches, local governments should base their services on an inclusive, rights-based, and people-oriented service approach. In this study, the role of local governments in terms of the inclusiveness of migration policies and the understanding of social municipality in migration governance has been evaluated in the context of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. In the study, we examined the immigration policies of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) using the Content Analysis method. We found that IMM developed an immigration policy based on the right to the city and civil law through the establishment of the Migration Unit in 2019, initiated studies on migration governance, organized meetings and workshops with international organizations and non-governmental organizations to understand the field, and regular meetings with an advisory board formed in order to develop the migration strategy of IMM and support the process. The planned activities have been determined to support the coexistence and social cohesion process of local people and asylum seekers. In this direction, the concepts of local governments and social municipality are explained with the dimension of inclusiveness, then the migration governance in Turkey is emphasized, the policies produced by the local governments in the field of migration are given, and finally, the migration policies of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality are mentioned, and the activities developed in the field of migration governance are based on inclusiveness and social welfare. The study was completed by analyzing the municipality and presenting suggestions for developing migration policies.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Evaluation of Economic Crises in the Context of Behavioral Economics
Authors: Ayşen Edirneligil
Abstract: This study investigates the phenomenon of economic crises, analyzing various economic schools of thought and financial crisis models. It reviews Classical, Keynesian, Marxist, and Monetarist perspectives on crises and evaluates newer approaches, such as Fourth Generation Crises and Behavioral Economics. Classical and neoclassical theories regard crises as temporary market imbalances, while Keynesian theories focus on long-term recessions due to insufficient demand and uncertainty. Monetarists argue that crises arise from imbalances in the money supply. Additionally, third-generation models emphasize the structural weaknesses of the banking sector and excessive debt, as seen in crises like the 1990s Asian Crisis. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis revealed that macroeconomic imbalances alone do not explain crises; irrational behavior also plays a significant role. This led to the growing importance of Behavioral Economics and fourth-generation models, which explore how psychological factors, such as herd behavior and investor biases, fuel speculative bubbles and market collapses. The article concludes that understanding and managing crises effectively requires integrating economic theories and behavioral insights, as they provide a more comprehensive view of the causes and dynamics of economic crises.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Epistemological Freedom and the Globalization of IR: Challenges and
Opportunities for Core-Periphery Dialogue
Authors: Mürsel Doğrul
Abstract: This article examines core-periphery dynamics within global international relations (IR), focusing on how intellectual history informs the ongoing dialogue between the core, primarily the United Kingdom and the United States, and the 'periphery', representing the rest of the world. The study critically engages with Turton's conceptualisations of cores and explores how the concept of the periphery can be rethought to promote a more inclusive global IR framework. The article uses qualitative methods, including content analysis of key reference texts and historical sources, to examine the evolution of the core-periphery divide. The concept of epistemological freedom is discussed, prompting the question of whether a convergence of epistemologies or the pursuit of independent epistemic freedom is a more attainable objective for the expansion and diversification of the intellectual foundation of global IR. The importance of dialogue in reshaping the discipline is emphasized, and the potential of civilizational discourse to advance Global IR is considered. However, the article critically assesses whether such a discourse may inadvertently promote exceptionalism and essentialism. Ultimately, the article argues for a more balanced and pluralistic approach to global knowledge production that integrates perspectives from historically marginalized regions to challenge the traditional centre/periphery binary and promote intellectual diversity in the discipline. Drawing on the insights of scholars such as Shahi, Moshirzadeh and Kuru as well, the article explores the complexities of establishing genuine dialogue and inclusivity within IR, considering alternative approaches such as Shahi's 'dialogic approach' and Kuru's emphasis on global intellectual history.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Energy and Natural Resources Policy of the Russian Federation: An
International Relations Perspective
Authors: Argun Başkan
Abstract: The Russian Federation's energy policy exemplifies a complex interplay of economic, geopolitical, and ideational objectives. Russia, a major global supplier of oil and natural gas, leverages its energy resources as strategic tools to influence energy-dependent states, particularly in Europe. This approach aligns with a Neorealist perspective, emphasizing Russia's strategy of entrenching energy dependencies to respond to a balance of threat, especially in response to Western sanctions following its annexation of Crimea and the conflict in Ukraine. Meanwhile, Neoliberal theories underscore cooperative aspects, highlighting Russia's partnerships with OPEC and alignment with China as stabilizing forces in an interconnected energy market. These partnerships mitigate the impact of sanctions and support Russia's sustained global influence, illustrating the stabilizing effects of economic interdependence. Constructivist interpretations further reveal Russia's identity as a resource-rich country, viewing energy policy as not only a geopolitical tool but a symbol of sovereignty and resilience within the international system. This paper thus aims to present a multidimensional analysis of Russia’s energy strategy, detailing how these intertwined theoretical frameworks would help to explain Russia's enduring role in global energy markets amidst shifting dynamics toward renewable energy and sustainability. The implications for countries, such as Türkiye, are significant, as the global order increasingly intertwines energy, economic resilience, and security concerns.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- A Research on The Social Integration of Immigrant Children: The Case of
Mamak
Authors: Bahaddin Hüseyin Parlak; Emrah Ayhan
Abstract: Throughout history, many social, cultural, and economic changes have occurred due to migration movements in countries exposed to immigration. Because, by residing temporarily or permanently in the countries they migrate to, immigrants both transform themselves and the society they live in. Türkiye has historically been a transit country for immigrants. However, there has been a serious migration movement towards Türkiye in recent years due to the political, economic, and social problems experienced in the surrounding countries. While some of the immigrants in Türkiye immigrated to Western countries, most of them continue to stay in Türkiye. For this reason, it is important for immigrants who are expected to live in Türkiye for a long time to adapt to Turkish society. In this context, in this study, the factors affecting the adjustment level of 90 Iraqi secondary school students between the ages of 9-15 residing in the Mamak District of Ankara were investigated. In this study, which was based on Iraqi students, 8 Syrian, 1 Qatari, and 1 Uyghur students from the same age group and schools were added, and the sample reached 100 people. In this direction, a questionnaire was applied to these 100 students to have information about their perception of their adaptation processes. The data obtained were analyzed and interpreted by using the SPSS statistical analysis program. As a result of the analysis; it has been observed that factors such as having a Turkish or near mother tongue, parental education level, country of origin, income level, number of siblings, and length of stay in Türkiye have significant effects on the integration level of immigrant children. In line with the research findings, recommendations for policy and strategic goals were made to decision-makers, NGOs, and researchers in the field of migration so that the integration processes of migrant children can progress more effectively.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Muslim Geography at the End of Dictatorship of Liberal Paradigm: Time to
Reflect Upon Own Fate
Authors: Admir Mulaosmanovic
Abstract: The goal of writing this article is to provoke different thoughts about the ways of building the world in which we live. For the past few years, I have already shared some of the ideas that I develop here by writing it down in opinions and speaking at symposia, but I did not clearly relate the need for a change in the Muslim world, which begins with creating an equidistance towards the Eastern and Western powers like I am doing in this text. I would like to point out that the multitude of common interests of the countries of the Fertile Crescent should determine the concept of their regional cooperation as well as cooperation with others based on their respect for that very concept. It simply means that article deals positively with emergence of multipolarity advocating in the same time for centralized regional cooperation in Middle East and Nort Africa - for the beginning. As we witness the end of the hegemony of liberalism as a global enterprise, there is a need for a different kind of hegemony in areas that are integral parts of Muslim geography.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Iran’s Security Strategy: Balancing Defensive Deterrents and
Offensive Proxy Warfare
Authors: Melih Kazdal
Abstract: The objective of this study is to ascertain how proxy warfare is integrated into Iran’s security strategy. The argument is based on an analysis of Iran’s security approach, which rests on three main pillars: its ballistic missile arsenal, nuclear program, and reliance on proxy warfare. While the first two is predominantly defensive in nature, the use of proxy warfare includes offensive or forward defense elements. Iran has actively engaged in various conflicts in the Middle East through the use of proxies. The deployment of proxy groups allows Iran to exert influence over conflicts while maintaining distance and pursuing its own objectives. Consequently, proxy warfare reinforces the other two pillars. Moreover, historically the three pillars of Iran’s security strategy can be traced back to the era of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. This reveals that there is a continuity in Iran’s security policies despite the alteration and transformation caused by the 1979 Islamic Revolution. This contiunity contributes to the formation of long term political patterns that increase the effectiveness of the the three pillars of the security strategy mentioned in the study.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Understanding the Screening Criteria for Shariah-Compliant Stocks
Authors: Idris Babatunde Adeyemi; Ömer Faruk Tekdoğan
Abstract: Islamic finance operates as an alternative system meeting the investment requirements of individuals adhering to Islamic beliefs. While conventional finance prioritizes stock exchanges facilitating small-scale investments, challenges arise for Muslims investing their savings in stocks due to potential conflicts between companies' activities and revenues and religious principles. This situation prompts Islamic scholars to deliberate on the permissibility of purchasing specific company stocks. Various scholars and Shariah boards have established precise criteria for determining the permissibility of buying a company's stocks, leading to the development of indexes aimed at identifying compliant companies. Shariah-compliant stocks or companies adhere to the principles of Shariah law, governing various life aspects, including financial and economic activities. This study investigates Shariah screening methods, exploring their rationale, foundations, and potential religious influences, particularly focusing on six prominent Islamic indices. The study investigates Shariah's justifications and motives behind these methods, discussing their evaluation through different standards. Despite scholars' varying opinions and evolving methodologies, the primary objective remains consistent: to facilitate halal income for Muslim investors while maintaining Islamic ethical principles in financial practices.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- Sharīʿat in the Context of Social Change, Historicity and Naskh
Authors: Mehmet Deri
Abstract: The number of qualified academic studies on what Sharīʿa is and its relationship with "social change", "historicity" and "naskh" has been increasing in recent years. In this context, the discussions and writings on social change, Qur'an, Sunnah, Sharīʿa, historicity and naskh on the axis of Westernism and Islam continue to form part of the agenda. One of these works is Prof. Dr. Talip Özdeş's "Sharīʿa in the Context of Social Change, Historicity and Naskh". With this study, it is aimed to eliminate the confusion around the concept of "Sharīʿa", to contribute to social reconciliation by eliminating the grounds for abuse, and the subject has been handled and processed with a purely supra-political scientific approach. This study first focuses on the issues of social change, historicity and naskh with an analytical approach in order to understand the concept of "sharīʿa" correctly and to place it on its center. Then, based on the same ground, the concept of "sharīʿa" is focused on.The concept in question has been examined lexically and semantically, and information and evaluations have been made on what it expresses in the Qur'an and its dimensions based on the integrity of the Qur'an. Again, the meaning relationship of the concept of "sharia" with the concepts of "shir'at" and "shar'î" from the same root has been emphasized, information and evaluations have been made. In this study, which has been prepared with a rich literature by using the basic sources in the field, the subjects have been handled in a concise manner and examined in various aspects from an academic and scientific perspective.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
- An Evaluation on the “Necessity of Art”
Authors: Ertan Yıldırım
Abstract: John Berger's book titled "The Necessity of Art", titled "A Philosopher and Death" and starting with a preface discussing Fıscher's past, philosophy of life and struggle along with his last day in life, includes: The Task of Art, The Beginning of Art, Art and Capitalism, Essence. and Form, Loss and Finding of Reality, takes a photograph of the stages of existence and development of world art through Fischer's eyes.Fischer, who associates art with production and economic activities since the first man in his book with the understanding of Marxism, clarifies in the book with the examples he gives from history that the adventure of art, which started with magic, followed a line of development by turning into religion and science. Emphasizing that the function of art is vital for humans, the author argues that through art, humans can know the world, gain the strength to fight against difficulties, change the world, and dream of the future.In this way, the reader is shown why art is necessary for humans and how the world changes through art. In addition, it is clearly emphasized in the work that art will exist as long as humans do not disappear. In the light of these evaluations, the book can be described as a very useful and stimulating resource for researchers who deal with art or work in the field of art at undergraduate and academic levels.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +030
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