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- Location of Productive Forces in Russia in an Innovation Economy
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Abstract: The relevance of the topic is determined by a pioneering attempt to generalize, based on world experience and Russian realities of the last three decades, new patterns in the location of Russia’s productive forces arising in connection with innovative modernization of the national economy. This research objective has identified the solution to three main problems: (1) identification and characterization of urban agglomerations, economic clusters, and new industrial areas as new forms of the location of Russia’s productive forces; (2) analysis of the phenomenon of center–periphery dichotomy of the Russian space using the tools of the gravity model; (3) study of differences in the factors involved in placing new industrial facilities in Russia, depending on the degree of their production efficiency. The main methods for solving these problems were multiscale analysis, the Clark–Medvedkov potential model, and comparative analysis. Analysis showed that the new location patterns of Russia’s productive forces are associated with the rise in importance of urban agglomerations, and economic clusters, grassroots (small) economic districts in the form of localized areas of increased economic concentration: innovation valleys, technology parks, industrial parks, special economic zones, etc., as modern forms of the spatial organization of productive forces. These forms of compact placement yield better conditions for the learning processes between employees and firms, the flow of knowledge, and generation of innovations than former, larger, and more spatially dispersed ones. The Russia’s placements specifics include low population density of the country’s space, extreme cold, significant underurbanization, and landlocked territory. These features of the Russian space are manifested in the particular nature of Russia’s center–periphery: about half the country’s territory does not have “distinct” nearby center, the role of which in innovative modernization and spatial reorganization is therefore under force carried out by Moscow. The main modern watershed in placement processes is not along the industrial-nonindustrial axis; rather, it involves routine–creative types of economic activity. Industrial facilities themselves can fall into the categories of routine and creative. The tendency for innovative (new) industries to cluster in space is related to the role of knowledge flows: closer to the places of development of new knowledge, technical, and technological innovations. The high-tech branches of the electronic and biotechnological industries, which rely on the intangible assets of new knowledge and new technical solutions, are maximally concentrated in terms of location. The traditional industrial sectors of the light and food industries are much more dispersed. The location of high-tech types of economic activity is particularly sensitive to the factors of the institutional environment, the agglomeration effect, and the presence of innovation infrastructure facilities. Modernization of the spatial organization of Russia’s productive forces, in the presence of general innovation trends, proceeds with significant specifics in large metropolitan agglomerations, million-plus cities, old industrial districts, single-industry cities, and industrial–agrarian and agrarian territories.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- International Transport Corridors in the Context of Developing
Russia’s Transit Potential-
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Abstract: — The volume of transit and balance of sold and purchased transit services reflects the peculiarities of Russia’s geoeconomic position, which the author understands as the position relative to the surrounding global economies and links that ensure their trade and economic ties. Russia’s transit potential as an element of its geoeconomic position is still far from being used to the fullest extent. Federal strategic documents pose the problem of its fuller use, especially since, as a result of the shift in the global economy to Asia, the gap between its potential and actual use is widening. The volume of transit traffic depends on the dynamics of trade in Russia’s neighboring countries, the development of transport infrastructure and logistics that ensure its connection with neighbors, the availability of alternative traffic options, geopolitical conditions, and the nature of national regulation of transit traffic between Russia and its neighbors. In the context of globalization, transit has changed from a way of overcoming natural or created political and economic isolation to a tool for accelerating trade turnover. In the current conditions of exacerbated geopolitical contradictions, transit is again becoming a tool for economic pressure and, at the same time, it is the result of searching for alternative traffic links. Problems involving the export of transit services have receded into the background compared to the problem of creating a new logistics for Russia’s foreign trade. International transport corridors occupy a central place in its solution. Their formation depends on coordination of the transport and foreign trade policy of Russia and its neighbors. In turn, the effects of this coordination depend on the coordinated development of Eurasian regional associations: EAEU, CIS, SCO, Caspian Five, Belt and Road megaproject.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Transformation of Russia’s Sociogeographical Space
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Abstract: — The article understands sociogeographical space as territorial forms of organization of people’s lives and the spatial approach as necessary in analyzing social phenomena and their evolution in the comprehensive study of Russia. It is analyzed under the influence of what processes have formed and changed Russia’s modern sociogeographical space and how its structure affects the development of cities and rural areas. Multiscale analysis is used to consider the features and problems of social development in different parts of the country. Five zones of development and the settlement pattern, differentiation of the demographic geospace, and interregional socioeconomic contrasts are presented. The characteristics of the settlement pattern are based on analysis of urban structures, rural areas, and their interrelations. Networks of cities of different size and status, urban agglomerations, and their impact on the surrounding territories are considered. Rural settlement pattern is analyzed from the viewpoint of population density, the network of settlements, its dynamics, and differences between suburban and peripheral territories. The main processes of transformation of Russia’s sociogeographical space are identified, both those ongoing for several decades and gaining momentum: differentiation, concentration, polarization, shrinkage, and fragmentation. It is emphasized that even those due to objective factors are intensified as a result of centralized administration. In addition, excessive manifestation of these processes weakens the potential for development of territories of various sizes—from districts and cities to regions—and leads to the growth of the intraregional and external (national-scale) periphery. The article ends with proposed measures to support peripheral territories and reduce the polarization of the sociogeographical space.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Challenges and Policy of Spatial Development of Post-Soviet Russia as a
Subject of a Unique Academic Research: From the Editors of the Special
Issue-
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Abstract: — The article presents readers with a thematic issue of the journal Regional Research of Russia, dedicated to the selected results of long-term interdisciplinary academic research on the fundamental problems of modern Russia’s spatial development. The uniqueness of the design and content of these studies, conducted in 2009–2019, is revealed as part of a large-scale scientific megaproject. The article describes the goals, content, and results of four research programs successively carried out within its framework: “Fundamental Problems of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation: Interdisciplinary Synthesis” (2009–2011); “The Role of Space in Russia’s Modernization: Natural and Socioeconomic Potential” (2012–2014); “Russia’s Spatial Development in the 21st Century: Nature, Society, and Their Interaction” (2015–2017); “Spatial Restructuring of Russia Taking into Account Geopolitical, Socioeconomic and Geoecological Challenges” (2018–2019). These programs are distinguished by methodological, subject, and organizational continuity. The multifaceted results of research within the framework of the last three programs are published in Russian in the monograph “Challenges and Policy of Russia’s Spatial Development in the 21st Century” (2020). The ten articles in this issue reflect the most important subjects presented in the monograph.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Modern Russian Borderlands: Problems of Study and Some Conclusions
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Abstract: A comparative analysis has been carried out on the demographic and socioeconomic dynamics of the border regions of Russia and neighboring countries, and the nature, mechanisms, and institutions of cross-border cooperation. The theoretical basis of the article is the concept of bordering, according to which border studies focus on the constant process of change in the regime, functions, and social significance of borders as a result of shifts in the international situation and bilateral relations, the exchange rate and global prices, the daily activities of political institutions, and interaction practices. Most border regions on both sides of borders are characterized by low per capita GRP with respect to the average values for their countries. A noticeable asymmetry in the ratio of exports and imports has developed in the trade of Russia’s border regions with its neighbors, especially in border areas with China due to its narrow specialization in raw materials export. The intensity of cross-border ties depends not so much on proximity to the border, but on the position of a population center in the regional center–periphery system. At the same time, the relationship between the “transparency” of the border and intensity of cross-border contacts is far from straightforward. They are governed not only by economic and other material reasons, but also by subjective factors at the national and regional levels. Attitudes towards neighbors are influenced by stereotypes of public opinion. During the entire post-Soviet period, Russian political discourse on relations with neighboring countries focused on the balance between the conditional Western and Eastern (Eurasian) vector, but it has undergone fundamental changes. Since the 2010s, Eurasian integration has appeared as one of the forms of Russian–Western rivalry. The redistribution of contact and barrier functions between borders with post-Soviet countries began to be interpreted as a result of their choice between association with the EU and participation in Eurasian integration projects.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Russia in the Global Natural and Ecological Space
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Abstract: The evolution of the role of natural-geographical factors in the spatial organization of society is considered. It is shown that despite the high growth rates of the service sector, the distribution of mineral, water, and forest resources, as well as climatic conditions, remain the key factors in Russia’s spatial development. A brief geoecological description of Russia’s natural resource complex in the global context is presented. On the basis of intercountry comparisons for a wide range of parameters, it is shown that Russia is one of the most environmentally friendly countries in the world. Of planetary and ecological significance are: Russian forests (45% of Russia’s territory), waterlogged lands and swamps (22% of the territory), and the largest array of practically undeveloped lands (almost two-thirds of the territory). Therefore, Russia’s territory acts as a compensatory area for global pollution and natural disturbances in general, and an ecological donor of many national ecosystems. Russia stands out against the world background by the concentration of sources of potential risk and high environmental capacity. However, in general, the contribution of the Russian economy to the global transformation of the natural environment does not exceed the country’s share in Earth’s territorial resources, the population, and the global economy. The features of Russia’s ecological and geographical position are revealed: its location with respect to foreign sources of environmental hazard. In environmental terms, Russia suffers more from neighboring countries than they from it. Due to the western transfer of air masses, atmospheric pollution enters Russia’s territory from all over Europe; their main “exporters” are Ukraine, Poland, and Germany. The centers of concentration of external threats to Russia’s environmental security have been identified: the area of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Seversky Donets River basin, the Kazakh Irtysh River region, and the Chinese Amur River region. The leading role of natural resources in the country’s economy determines the priority in domestic Earth sciences, including geography and geoecology.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- State Participation in Transformation of Russia’s Socioeconomic
Space-
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Abstract: The article discusses a range of fundamental scientific and applied issues relevant to problems of the Russia’s modernization being solved by the state, revealing the meaning, prerequisites, and consequences of state actions on the transforming socioeconomic space, as well as the composition, content, and effectiveness of the tools used for this. The results of research projects carried out in 2009–2019 were used. The goals were to theoretically generalize and systematically evaluate the experience of state regulation of spatial development and to substantiate priority areas for improving the tools of state influence on transformation of the socioeconomic space, taking into account new conditions and tasks. The research has made it possible to enrich the theoretical knowledge about the opportunities, risks, effectiveness, and efficiency of state action on key parameters of the spatial configuration of Russia’s economy and social sphere. In practical terms, the possibilities of scientifically substantiating government decisions on changing the spatial proportions of socioeconomic development have been expanded.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Regional Differentiation of the Human Potential in Russia
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Abstract: The study assessed the readiness of federal subjects for modernization processes in the Russian economy based on the qualitative characteristics of human potential. The relevance of these processes had escalated even before the epidemiological crisis of COVID-19 and modern geopolitical challenges. At present, it continues to increase due to a serious change in the structure of social needs for modernization transformations, and, accordingly, requests for quality human potential. Since this varies significantly across federal subjects, it should also be assessed in the regional context. This article focuses on methods for assessing the quality of human potential by region, including dynamics, which make it possible to perform assessments in a changing socioeconomic environment. At the interregional level, these were done by comparison, using characteristics common to regions, including demography, health, education, and sociocultural behavior. The demographic component is included as a qualitative characteristic of the population’s ability to reproduce. For the comparison, the index method was chosen, which involves calculating the composite index for indicators for each characteristic and an integral one for federal subjects. The results of the calculations are applied to rank regions based on the average Russian integral index (at, above, and below the average level); thus, the adequacy of the human potential of federal subjects for modernization was assessed. With a general increase in readiness in the period under review, a high level was detected in only 19 regions, an average level in 23 regions, and a low level in 43 regions. According to the composite indices, the demographic problem remains the most urgent, which is currently expressed in the depopulation that began in 2018.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Russian Natural Resources’ Sphere: Development Trends and Desirable
Strategies-
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Abstract: — The latest trends in natural resource management in Russia and its territorial organization are presented. The role of economic sectors based on mineral resources is growing. Imbalances in the system of mining–processing–domestic consumption–export of mineral raw materials are increasing. In the export-oriented mineral resource complex, expansion of the resource space is observed: focal involvement in the exploitation of new resources of Eastern Siberia, the Far East, the North, and shelf areas. In contrast, the use of renewable resources (biological, forest, soil, agro-climatic, water), as well as nonmetallic building materials consumed within the country, is increasingly converging in compact areas near central places and main transport routes, oriented towards the use of the “best lands.” In the structure of regional natural resource management in post-Soviet Russia, the center of gravity is shifting from the production to the consumer sector. The phenomenon of ecological and resource dissonance in the agricultural sector has been revealed, which leads to the degradation of agricultural landscapes. It has been established that the more successfully regional agriculture develops, the higher the resource–environmental dissonance. Actual changes in the natural resource complex do not meet the criteria of “sustainable development.” Based on the inventory of implemented investment projects, a small-scale map has been compiled that reflects the main features of the industrial and transport development of post-Soviet Russia. Exceptionally high territorial differentiation of industrial construction has been revealed, which is expressed primarily in its superconcentration in the Moscow region, as well as in the Northwest. When analyzing the structure of new industrial construction, no signs of its greening were revealed. Two-thirds of the new facilities are attributed to the basic, environmentally aggressive industries. The paper considers Russia’s entry into the global market of water-intensive products as alternative to the country’s natural resource-intensive trajectory.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Historical Experience of the Modernization of Russian Society and Space
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Abstract: The article is based on a broad treatment of modernization as a development based on innovations and unlimited by the New Age. The historical experience of the country has been studied from two aspects: modernization of society in space and modernization of the socioeconomic space itself. The article considers waves of expansions and contractions (in a word, pulsation) of this space, the ratio of modernization and westernization, the features of a giant country with catch-up development, historical pendulums of innovations and reforms, as well as the perception of the Russian space in the context of modernization. As a result, an attempt was made to derive some cognitive lessons of history in this context, but not instructive, not panacean. The first lesson says that modernization is not an end in itself, but an important tool for solving problems of development, and this applies not only to Russia. The second argues that the main problems of modernizing a country stem not from its size, but the friction of space, the lack of means to overcome it, or a clear and bright perspective. The third, in essence, warns against cultural and any other determinism (reductionism) in assessing the possibilities of and barriers to innovation, as well as its rigid opposition to tradition. The fourth states the variability of the modernization space: it pulsates, with alternating periods of sprawl and shrinkage, differentiation and integration. The fifth lesson is related to regionalism as a kind of social diversity, an antonym for centralism, not a synonym for separatism: it is better to reckon with it than to fight, limiting the scope of the search for modernization options. The sixth lesson boils down to the fact that limited knowledge of spatial development requires continuation of the scientific search for its patterns. Finally, the most acute, in the author’s opinion, challenges to Russia’s spatial development in the 21st century are formulated, among which the inherited, nearly perpetual, and new or growing ones are identified.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Spatial Structure and Directions of Modernization of the Russian Economy
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Abstract: The article presents the results of analyzing changes in the spatial structure of the Russian economy in the post-Soviet period due to the transition to market economic mechanisms and the directions and spatial aspects of modernization, including the choice of priorities for regional policy for solving modernization problems. Based on analysis of trends in the spatial distribution of the population, employment, and production, long-term trends in spatial shifts have been identified: shifts in the population, labor force, and income to the western and southern regions of the country and loss of the relative positions of the Siberian and Far Eastern regions. Shifts in structure of industrial production resulted from the country’s development model, oriented towards the export of natural resources; the shares of the Northwest, Urals, the Volga region, and Siberia increased in the spatial structure of industry. An assessment of the interregional differentiation of indicators of the average per capita production of GRP and average per capita income of the population, which is an important characteristic of the space, shows that after the 2008–2009 crisis, differential scores were relatively stable; it increased, as a rule, in conditions of economic growth; during periods of recession, differentiation decreased due to the deterioration in the position of the richest regions. The contribution of regional factors and shifts in the spatial structure to growth in labor productivity in the Russian economy as a whole is assessed. It is shown that for regions, the choice of the strategy of diversified employment and structure of production is a strategy of stable growth. A significant breakthrough has been achieved by concentrating resources in the most competitive areas of growth, but such a strategy carries risks for a region. The directions of modernization of the spatial structure of the Russian economy are determined. It is shown that for modernization of the real sector of the economy, regional policy is of particular importance, taking into account the diversity of Russia’s spatial conditions and peculiarities. The regional policy proposed for modernization involves the state’s creation of development institutions and formation of a polycentric spatial structure of the economy. An essential element is implementation of a project approach, in particular, the system of national projects.
PubDate: 2023-03-01
- Old-Developed Regions of Russia in the Waves of Municipal Reform
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Abstract: — This article is devoted to the problems of local self-government in Russia and its relationship with higher authorities. The recent attempt, far from being the first in history, to transform the balance of power at different spatial levels, called municipal reform, is typical of the post-Soviet period. The main stages of the reform (although it has not yet been completed) and the new types of municipalities, such as urban and municipal okrugs, are considered. Insufficient financial support for local governments resulted in the consolidation of municipal units and in the growth of budgetary centralization, which led to the curtailment of social infrastructures at the grass-roots level. The municipal reform only intensified the natural process of population decrease in most areas. Regional disparities in the incomes of urban and municipal okrugs, urban and rural municipal settlements are shown, as well as the redistribution of authority and competencies at different levels. The course of the municipal reform in certain old-developed areas of the Center and the Urals is considered in more detail.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700320
- The North of Sverdlovsk Oblast: A System of Cities on the Edge of the
Old-Developed Urals-
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Abstract: — This article discusses the territorial development of the system of cities in the north of Sverdlovsk oblast, which is interesting in that it occupies a border position between the mining Urals and the resource-rich North. This territory is distinguished by an abundance of single-industry towns with a difficult socioeconomic situation. They have been undergoing a massive economic restructuring over the past 10 years, accompanied by changes in labor markets and spatial redistribution of the population within urban okrugs. The study is based on a retrospective analysis of the factors of formation of the urban system and the diagnosis of the current state of all its elements. Statistical indicators of the dynamics of the population and industrial production, on which the local economy relies, were considered, and institutional changes were studied, which entailed, among other things, the restructuring of the economic base. The upper levels of the manufacturing industry in most cities are being liquidated due to market conditions, changes in the strategies of the new owners, and obsolescence of technologies and equipment. Old enterprises of the extractive industry close due to the exhaustion or unprofitability of resource extraction, but new enterprises and industries appear that are less labor-intensive and are often localized outside urban areas. Conceived as a new center for the industrial development of the territory Bogoslovsky Industrial Park faced serious restrictions in its implementation and could not become an alternative to retiring enterprises, either in the labor market or in the formation of the local budget. Cities are rapidly losing population, while in the economy, small enterprises dispersed throughout the studied urban okrugs come to the fore for extraction and primary processing, similar to what happened more than 200 years ago during the resource development of the north of Sverdlovsk oblast.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700459
- Old-Developed Areas and Socio-Geographic Space of Russia: From the Editors
of the Special Issue-
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Abstract: — This special issue is devoted to the study of the middle zone of European Russia from the western borders to the Urals and Trans-Urals, that is, the old-developed regions of the country. This territory is characterized by acute problems caused by the spatial unevenness of development, despite its small area (against the northern and eastern regions of Russia). In the old-developed areas, the change of historical periods has led to the accumulation of achievements and problems. They continue to influence modern life in the form of the cultural heritage, the prevailing settlement pattern structure, local traditions, accumulated fixed assets, etc. The authors of the 17 articles of the special issue tried to identify the development trends and spatial socioeconomic contrasts, as well as their causes and consequences against the historical background. In the introductory article to the special issue, the authors give a brief overview of the articles presented in the journal.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700290
- Regions of Central Russia in the Context of Demographic and Economic
Shrinkage and Polarization-
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Abstract: — This article discusses the changes typical in the 20th and 21st centuries for cities and rural areas in the regions surrounding Moscow oblast. Despite the fact that Central Russia makes the impression of a relatively densely populated area in comparison with the northern and eastern regions, the contrasts of socioeconomic development here are among the strongest in the country. The processes of concentration of the economy and population are accompanied here by the peripherization and desertification of the old-developed areas. Moscow, on the one hand, makes investment in the surrounding regions, and on the other hand, pumps labor resources, especially young people, from cities and rural areas. This area is characterized by strong differences in population dynamics, employment, wages, and the state of cities and rural economy between districts to the north and south of Moscow oblast, between the suburbs of regional centers and the periphery of the regions, as well as between municipalities adjacent to Moscow oblast and remote from it. Different economic conditions of cities as well as the degree of concentration of agricultural production are shown, taking the latest trends into account. Changes in the forest complex in the Central Russia are considered separately.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700332
- Modern Peculiarities of the Spatial Organization Pattern of the Beauty and
Personal Care Industry in Russia and Other Countries around the World-
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Abstract: — On the cusp of the 20th and 21st century the global beauty and personal care industry experienced important territorial and structural changes. The main factors of those changes were the progress in the R&D and institutional changes in the global economy. This study uses the cluster-area method to analyze the main shifts in the spatial organization of the beauty and personal care industry at different territorial levels. One of the main trends in the mesolevel development of the industry is the growing role of macroeconomic environment for the competitiveness of national economies in the regions in which beauty and personal care businesses are based and conduct their activities. Cluster formation allows local economies to strengthen their industrial specialization and, as a result, acquire unique comparative advantages to improve their investment prospects. The gradual development and transformation of intercompany networks in the clusters is attended by the formation of territorial communities. These communities are defined as areas with unique parameters. The areas distinguished in the paper are divided in (1) commodity areas, (2) areas gravitating to R&D, certification, and sales centers, and (3) areas with trading specialization. Commodity areas are located mainly in agrarian regions, the spatial structure of such areas is formed by SMEs which have a long tradition of producing perfumery and cosmetic goods and are often represented by family businesses. The clusterizing of areas gravitating to R&D, certification, and sales centers is determined by the nature of perfumery and cosmetic products and the research intensity of the beauty and personal care industry. The formation of areas with trading specialization is determined by a beneficial geographical location and a certain set of location conditions (with business activities playing an important role) that ensure flexible value chain. The areas of this type are located mainly in emerging economies and are beginning to acquire features that make them similar to the second type areas located in developed economies.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700174
- Efficiency and Equality: Twenty Years of Discussion on Spatial Development
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Abstract: Based on three strata of the literature, the evolution and mutual influence are analyzed of the ideas about efficiency and equality in spatial development, including the reflection of these ideas in competing regional-policy concepts from the 1990s to the present day. The first stream of publications captures the debate about the role of space in the era of globalization and revolutionary changes in information transfer. Polarized hypotheses, from the “death of space” to the “tyranny of space,” have stimulated empirical assessments on the impact of distance on the level of economic interactions. These assessments have not confirmed the thesis about a “flat world,” where economic activity is distributed evenly. At the same time, the expert community has become dissatisfied with the results of traditional redistributive regional policies, giving rise to a second stream of literature, i.e., the debate between the proponents of place-neutral and place-based policies. The former policy approach focuses on urban agglomerations as sources of growth while the latter seeks to unlock the underutilized potential of each place. The debate has clarified possible implications of these approaches in terms of achieving efficiency of national economies and reducing regional disparities. Recognizing the value of each place has led to a new requirement, i.e., that for the place-based policy to be place-sensitive. Simultaneously, a similar discussion about the focus areas of spatial development of the Russian economy and the principles of regional policy has been unfolding in the Russian-language segment. The major issues are the spatial concentration of growth in cities and the ways to reduce regional inequality. The main feature of the debate is its focus on the changing versions of spatial development strategies, which are often based on opposing principles.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700137
- The Geographical Patterns of the Warehouse Property Market in the Moscow
Urban Agglomeration-
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Abstract: — This article analyzes the current state and development trends of the warehouse property market in Moscow and Moscow oblast, the geography of large warehouse facilities, and the density of their distribution within the Moscow urban agglomeration. It is found that the most popular logistics directions are the northwest (Zelenograd and Radumlya), south (Domodedovo and Belye Stolby) and east (Balashikha and Noginsk) with the largest freight traffic flows and free areas for construction, as well as the Central Ring Road (Belyi Rast, Sever-4) due to the increased speed and time of freight delivery. High demand for warehouse property is also observed for the southwest (Vorsino) and northeast (Sofrino and Pushkino) sectors. In the west (Istra) and north (Dmitrov) directions, new warehousing facilities appear mostly between the Moscow Ring Road and the Central Ring Road due to relatively low transit cargo flows in these directions and the prevalence of water and forested land in the land use structure. The logistical influence of the Moscow urban agglomeration extends beyond the borders of Moscow oblast in the southwestern (Obninsk), northeastern (Pereslavl-Zalessky), and western (Gagarin) directions. These conclusions are based on statistical information and mathematical calculations.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700253
- Differentiation Factors of the Debt Situation in Russian Urban Okrugs with
over 100 000 Residents in 2015–2020-
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Abstract: This article analyzes the debt standing of 189 Russian urban okrugs with over 100 000 residents and the factors that define the differences in the debt situation among these urban okrugs. The study was conducted using the municipal debt size and structure indices contained on official websites of local administrative bodies, as well as the data on local fiscal revenue and expenditures from Rosstat’s database of municipal bodies. The results of the analysis show that urban okrugs with a larger population suffer from a higher debt burden on their budgets: the worst debt standing is characteristic of million-plus urban okrugs and other major regional centers. At the same time, there is no explicit dependence of the debt indicators on the fiscal situation and the level of economic development. This dependence is violated by the impact of other institutional conditions, including features of the federal and regional fiscal policies, social assistance of large businesses and other reasons. According to the analysis of the purposes of municipal loans to the studied urban okrugs, there are very few cases in which the debt is taken for the implementation of urban development projects. In Russia, the market for municipal bonds, which are a widespread phenomenon abroad, remains undeveloped as well as other new ways of reducing municipal debt burdens. All of this generates a negative forecast of the budget and financial standing of the largest centers for the next several years and again proves the acute need for reconsidering the fiscal and tax policy and the system of distributing powers at the local level.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700186
- Population Migration for the Development of the Russian Arctic: Features
and Capabilities-
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Abstract: — This article presents the results of the analysis of the volumes and directions of migration flows of the population to nine Arctic regions of Russia. Federal subjects of Russia with an excess working population are identified based on statistic data on the status of regional labor markets. The hypothesis of the role of labor-surplus regions in the supply of the Arctic with human resources is tested. The analysis is based on data from the official statistical reports of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) on interregional migration of the population at ages of 14 years and older. Qualitative aspects of the population migration to the Arctic are analyzed with respect to the reasons for the change of migrants’ place of residence and the level of their education. The geographical structure of migration flows to the Arctic regions is determined based on summary information, using statistical analysis methods. The results of the analysis show that only a small share of the total migration flow from 15 labor-surplus regions is directed to the Arctic. It has been revealed that labor-surplus regions are characterized by a positive balance of population migration to the Arctic unlike other regions of Russia. It is shown based on the example of the Republic of Dagestan that the regions of the North Caucasus may be suppliers of labor resources for the Arctic regions of Russia. Fifteen Russian regions with the largest annual number of migrants to the Arctic have been identified. The results of the study may be used by relevant authorities for the implementation of policy aimed at attracting labor resources to the Arctic regions.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.1134/S2079970522700149
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