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- About the Cover
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Abstract: Cover Image: Carnelian etched bead. Pyu period. 10mm x 20mm. Gift of Dr. Richard M. Cooler. BC2005.03.24b. Burma Art Collection. Northern Illinois University.Photography: Maeve Wallace, Northern Illinois University.The Cover Image for this Special Issue features a decorative Pyu bead from the Burma Art Collection at Northern Illinois University. The bead is part of the Pyu material culture pervasive in first millennium CE of what is now Upper Burma and exemplifies several others in the Burma Art Collection. This bead likely belonged to a piece of jewelry, such as a necklace, as it has a borehole that allows it to be strung.Burma is well-known for its rich gemstone deposits, which include carnelian, a variety of ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Editor’s Note
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Abstract: Welcome to the first issue of 2024! The Journal is proud to present this special issue, “Five Contributions to Pyu Studies,” organized by Guest Editor Julian Wheatley in collaboration with Arlo Griffiths. The Issue is a pioneering, multi-sited, and interdisciplinary foray into this ancient, fascinating language and culture. The five articles that constitute the special issue are part of the scholarly outputs that emerged from a three-year project, “From Vijayapurī to Śrīkṣetra' The beginnings of Buddhist exchange across the Bay of Bengal as witnessed by inscriptions from Andhra Pradesh and Myanmar,” and the project is explained in greater detail by Arlo Griffiths and Julian Wheatley in the “Introduction” ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Five Contributions to Pyu Studies: Introduction
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Abstract: In 1898, a set of gold plates was found at the site of Śrīkṣetra, “Field of Prosperity,” in Myanmar, bearing an inscription in the Pali language written in an archaic type of South Indian script (Tun Nyein 1898–1899). This was the first of several discoveries of Pali “citation inscriptions” (Skilling 1999) at Śrīkṣetra itself and at other sites belonging to the same cultural complex, which extended from high up the Irrawaddy River (north of Mandalay) down to the delta. They are marked by impressive Buddhist architecture (e.g., brick stūpas) and sculpture, mainly at Śrīkṣetra itself, and equally impressive feats of civil engineering, including large brick fortifications at that same site as well as at several ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Recent Archaeological Research at Śrīkṣetra
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Abstract: The largest ancient city in Myanmar, Śrīkṣetra, has a rich archaeological heritage both within its walls, an area of 1857 hectares, as well as in the surrounding landscape. Sites have revealed religious and ritual buildings, excavated and unexcavated mounds, and a variety of artifacts that reflect the life and culture of the local inhabitants. The city of Śrīkṣetra seems to have been planned in relation to the immediate environs. The slopes of Myinbhahu Hill1 extend to the east. There are low ridges to the south, southwest, and west of the urban area. At the time of Śrīkṣetra’s construction and expansion, forest resources were exploited, stupas and viharas were built on the tops of hills, and burial urn graveyards ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Stūpa Shapes from the Āndhra Country to
Śrīkṣetra-
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Abstract: For many years, I have studied the art of the Āndhra country under the Sātavāhanas and Ikṣvākus, but have yet to work on the culture of the Pyus. My awareness of the latter was limited to the material appearing in scholarly publications. The probability of influence from the art of Nagarjunakonda across the Bay of Bengal is repeatedly mentioned in secondary literature. As I will show below, evidence from known Pyu artifacts does not deliver decisive evidence of a direct, meaningful connection between Vijayapurī and Śrīkṣetra. What the data do indicate, on the other hand, is the adaptation of moveable artifacts, which provided forms for monumental architecture, as evidence of a plausible pathway of influence from ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Studies in Pyu Epigraphy II. Pyu Inscriptions on Molded Tablets: A Way
Forward'-
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Abstract: Pyu studies began auspiciously a century ago, when Charles Otto Blagden deciphered much of the Pyu face of the Myazedi inscription (PYU007, 008),1 which refers to the date 1112/3 CE.2 It records the dedication of a gold Buddha image in four languages: Pali, Old Mon, Old Burmese, and the language (in an unknown script), which later was designated Pyu. The Myazedi text was duplicated on a pair of pillars, labeled A and B by Blagden. Blagden’s decipherment of the Pyu faces was based on an analysis of Indic loanwords, which served as a guide toward phonetic values for the characters of the Indic script, and on comparison of the text in the unknown language with the other versions. Ultimately, this led to a ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Chinese Reports about Buddhism in Early Burma
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Abstract: This article revisits the Chinese Buddhist sources on early Burma.1 Its focus is on the so-called pilgrims’ records (Xuanzang, Yijing)—I prefer to call them the travelogues—which, in the past, have often been used in a rather uncritical way as eyewitness records without taking into account the wider context of the regions described. My approach here is more “descriptive”— presenting the sources with a commentarial apparatus— than analytic; I leave a deeper contextualization of the material presented and discussed here to the experts on the topography, archaeology, textual history, and historical linguistics of Burma and the wider Southeast Asian region.While early Chinese sources on the region of Burma and ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Funerary Practices at Pyu Sites in Myanmar and the Appearance of Buddhist
Artifacts from the Fifth to Sixth Century CE Period-
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Abstract: Following a millennia-long Neolithic–Bronze–Iron Age time sequence in which Myanmar’s ancient population practiced inhumation burial (Moore 2007; Hudson 2009, 2010; Pautreau, Coupey, and Aung Aung Kyaw 2010; Higham 2014), funerary practices underwent a major change somewhere around the turn of the Common Era. Cremation and urn burials among specially constructed brick-based buildings replaced inhumation as the norm. There are indications that this was a gradual change. The so-far undated site of Letpanywa, on the west side of the Ayeyarwady River at the same latitude as the Pyu city of Beikthano, features a mixture of brick buildings and inhumation burials (Nyein Lwin 2004).The brick funerary structure plus ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- The “Hidden Hand” Orchestrating Communal Violence: Peacekeeping
through Contested Framing in Central Myanmar, 2011–2021-
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Abstract: The military is trying to take back their power. They are planting the seed of what the violence will look like by trying to divide the people and making the people poorer and poorer. They are also mobilizing people on the ground. Soon, in 2017 or 2018, if people are unprepared, there will be huge clashes. And then, sooner or later, the Tatmadaw will take back power.The Galone Ni Sayadaw, a Buddhist monk and democratic activist operating out of Mandalay, succinctly expressed what I had been hearing from community leaders and activists throughout central Myanmar during my field work in 2017. The Burmese military, called the Tatmadaw, may have accepted their electoral loss to the National League for Democracy (NLD) ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Monthly Observation Research by Community Researchers: Coping with
Dangerous Situations and Multiple Crises in Postcoup Myanmar-
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Abstract: There has been a growing academic understanding of the nature, scale, and intensity of violence and political repression in difficult political environments, as well as increased transparency and shared knowledge regarding the challenges and best practices associated with data collection in such environments (Ansoms, Bisoka, Thomson 2021; Wood 2006; Krause and Szekely 2020; Kapiszewski, MacClean, and Read 2015; Tittensor 2016; Wiegand 2020). We have benefited from scholarship that focuses on challenges faced by researchers working in authoritarian and conflict-driven situations (Clark 2012; Lynch 2020; Gentile 2013; Stern 2020; Duran-Martinez 2014; Cohen and Arieli 2011; Haar, Heijmans, and Hilhorst 2013; Haer and ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
- Me and the Generals of the Revolutionary Council: Memoirs of Turbulent
Times in Myanmar by Kyi Win Sein (review)-
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Abstract: Kyi Win Sein was born in 1933 to the family of a midrange civil servant in Upper Burma. They reconverted to Buddhism from Protestantism when he was young. The author was fluent in English; less so in Burmese through his teen years. He attended Rangoon University, and at the sponsorship of a relative of his, newspaperman Bo Khun Maung, he was sent as a state scholar to Tokyo and then Waseda University to study international law, where he also learned Japanese. Such sponsorship is very important in both Burmese and Japanese cultures (p. 348).In his early teen years, he was befriended by Col Kyi Maung, who rose high in the military. While in Japan, Kyi Win Sein’s career was closely followed by Ne Win, Brigadier ... Read More
PubDate: 2024-04-01T00:00:00-05:00
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