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- History of the Potsdam, Seddin and Niemegk geomagnetic observatories
– Part 2: Seddin
Abstract: History of the Potsdam, Seddin and Niemegk geomagnetic observatories – Part 2: Seddin
Hans-Joachim Linthe
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 14, 43–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-43-2023, 2023
Due to anthropogenic disturbances on the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, a sub-observatory was installed in 1907 in the village of Seddin. Only variometer recordings were performed there. The launch of the DC-powered service of the Berlin suburban railway in 1928 influenced the observations in Potsdam and Seddin. The absolute measurements were moved to Seddin, and a new observatory was planned in Niemegk. Seddin Observatory closed in 1932.
PubDate: Mon, 06 Mar 2023 17:33:37 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-14-43-2023 2023
- The role of history in and for climate science – Social context and
oral accounts
Abstract: The role of history in and for climate science – Social context and oral accounts
Hans von Storch
Hist. Geo Space. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-6,2023
Preprint under review for HGSS (discussion: open, 0 comments)
Climate science underwent a rapid expansion in the last decades, associated with ever growing significance for climate policy. On the other hand, climate science is, as all sciences, also a social process. Confronted with these developments, several different series of oral interviews with climate scholars, of different seniority, were done and archived. The present article gives an overview of these interviews, and tries to briefly describe the social context of climate science.
PubDate: Wed, 22 Feb 2023 21:10:44 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-2023-62023
- A pioneering time of discoveries in large-scale tropical meteorology: 1960
through 1972
Abstract: A pioneering time of discoveries in large-scale tropical meteorology: 1960 through 1972
Roland A. Madden
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 14, 33–41, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-33-2023, 2023
The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is an important phenomenon in tropical meteorology first discovered in the early 1970s by Roland Madden and Paul Julian. In this paper, Roland Madden relates the story of developments in theory, observations, and analysis techniques in the 1960s that led to that discovery.
PubDate: Tue, 21 Feb 2023 21:10:44 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-14-33-2023 2023
- History of the Potsdam, Seddin and Niemegk geomagnetic observatories
– Part 1: Potsdam
Abstract: History of the Potsdam, Seddin and Niemegk geomagnetic observatories – Part 1: Potsdam
Hans-Joachim Linthe
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 14, 23–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-23-2023, 2023
Gauß, Weber and Humboldt initiated the systematic observation of the Earth’s magnetic field in Germany. The first geomagnetic observatories were installed in Munich, Berlin and Wilhelmshaven. The Potsdam Magnetic Observatory was officially opened on 1 January 1890. Due to anthropogenic disturbances, a sub-observatory was installed in 1907 in the village of Seddin. The launch of the DC-powered service of the Berlin suburban railway system in 1928 terminated the observations in Potsdam.
PubDate: Tue, 21 Feb 2023 10:03:49 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-14-23-2023 2023
- Atmospheric electricity observations by Reinhold Reiter around
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Abstract: Atmospheric electricity observations by Reinhold Reiter around Garmisch-Partenkirchen
R. Giles Harrison and Kristian Schlegel
Hist. Geo Space. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-4,2023
Preprint under review for HGSS (discussion: open, 0 comments)
Environmental measurements were undertaken around Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the Bavarian Alps for four decades, by Dr Reinhold Reiter (1920–1998). This included measurement sites on the Zugspitze and Wank mountains, and the use of an instrumented cable car travelling between Lake Eibsee and the Zugspitze summit. The Mount Wank site operated between 1st August 1972 to 31st December 1983, for which the hourly data values – including atmospheric electricity quantities – have been recovered.
PubDate: Tue, 21 Feb 2023 10:03:49 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-2023-42023
- Foundation of the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft in its
international context
Abstract: Foundation of the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft in its international context
Johannes Schweitzer
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 14, 15–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-15-2023, 2023
This article describes the international seismological cooperation at the start of the last century and how this cooperation changed due to WWI. These changes were the direct reasons leading to the foundation of the Deutsche Seismologische Gesellschaft (DSG) in 1922, which changed its name to the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) 2 years later. It then describes the further development of the relationship between German geophysicists and their colleagues until the start of WWII.
PubDate: Wed, 15 Feb 2023 07:24:27 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-14-15-2023 2023
- New Zealand’s First Tide Gauge-based Sea Level Measurements
Abstract: New Zealand’s First Tide Gauge-based Sea Level Measurements
Glen Hamilton Rowe
Hist. Geo Space. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2022-16,2023
Preprint under review for HGSS (discussion: open, 0 comments)
New Zealand’s first tide gauge-based sea level measurements were made in 1773 during James Cook’s second voyage of discovery to the South Pacific. The paper examines the quality of those measurements by comparison with tide predictions based on modern information from locations close to the sites of the 1773 observations. The results show that the quality of their work was of at least a high standard. Whilst of little scientific value today, these measurements are historically significant.
PubDate: Thu, 09 Feb 2023 07:24:27 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-2022-162023
- Historical geomagnetic observations from Prague Observatory (since 1839)
and their contribution to geomagnetic research
Abstract: Historical geomagnetic observations from Prague Observatory (since 1839) and their contribution to geomagnetic research
Pavel Hejda, Fridrich Valach, and Miloš Revallo
Hist. Geo Space. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2022-13,2023
Preprint under review for HGSS (discussion: open, 0 comments)
Historical observations are important even for modern science, such as space research. The Clementinum in Prague was one of the first observatories where systematic measurements of the geomagnetic field were started. We focus on the beginning of those Prague measurements, which were introduced by Karl Kreil in 1839. We describe archived data from that time, some details about the main instrument for observing magnetic storms, and the first magnetic mapping in Bohemia.
PubDate: Tue, 31 Jan 2023 09:16:15 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-2022-132023
- Understanding the drift of Shackleton's Endurance during its last days
before it sank in November 1915, using meteorological reanalysis data
Abstract: Understanding the drift of Shackleton's Endurance during its last days before it sank in November 1915, using meteorological reanalysis data
Marc de Vos, Panagiotis Kountouris, Lasse Rabenstein, John Shears, Mira Suhrhoff, and Christian Katlein
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 14, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-1-2023, 2023
Poor visibility on the 3 d prior to the sinking of Sir Ernest Shackleton’s vessel, Endurance, during November 1915, hampered navigator Frank Worsley’s attempts to record its position. Thus, whilst the wreck was located in the Weddell Sea in March 2022, the drift path of Endurance during its final 3 d at the surface remained unknown. We used data from a modern meteorological model to reconstruct possible trajectories for this unknown portion of Endurance’s journey.
PubDate: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 21:31:19 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-14-1-2023 2023
- History of EISCAT – Part 6: The participation of Japan in the EISCAT
Scientific Association
Abstract: History of EISCAT – Part 6: The participation of Japan in the EISCAT Scientific Association
Nobuo Matuura, Ryoichi Fujii, and Satonori Nozawa
Hist. Geo Space. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-1,2023
Preprint under review for HGSS (discussion: open, 0 comments)
This paper describes the details of the Japan's participation in the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Radar Scientific Association as an official associate country in 1996, emphasizing strong collaborations with Norwegian scientists and the EISCAT Association.
PubDate: Tue, 17 Jan 2023 07:53:37 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-2023-12023
- A review of different mascon approaches for regional gravity field
modelling since 1968
Abstract: A review of different mascon approaches for regional gravity field modelling since 1968
Markus Antoni
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 205–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022, 2022
The term mascon either refers to the fact of a significant gravity anomaly within a celestial body or to a modelling of these gravitational anomalies by localising base functions. The localising base functions that are labelled as mascons include point masses or surface elements based on the simple layer representation. In the case of surface elements, the surface density is constant per mascon, and each localising base function is a two-dimensional step function on the sphere.
PubDate: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 08:24:51 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022 2022
- HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle – their 19th century voyages compared
Abstract: HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle – their 19th century voyages compared
W. John Gould
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 171–204, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022, 2022
The paper compares the historical context, organization, personnel, conduct, and scientific innovation of the voyages of HMS Challenger (1872–6) and SMS Gazelle (1874–6). Though the expeditions were in many regards similar, the Challenger expedition became famous and is regarded as marking the start of global marine science, while the Gazelle voyage remains almost unknown. Why' A surprising factor may be what we now know as "health and safety" issues.
PubDate: Thu, 22 Sep 2022 08:22:58 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022 2022
- History of Kakioka Magnetic Observatory
Abstract: History of Kakioka Magnetic Observatory
Ikuko Fujii and Shingo Nagamachi
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 147–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-147-2022, 2022
Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (KMO) has been monitoring the geomagnetic field and electric field at Kakioka, Japan, since 1913. It has promoted a variety of observations and research activities. In 1972, KMO developed the Kakioka Automatic Standard Magnetometer (KASMMER) system, which enabled them to provide geomagnetic field data of the highest quality. Today, KMO operates a network of observatories in Japan and maintains the observations with the longest history in East Asia.
PubDate: Fri, 26 Aug 2022 23:51:16 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-147-2022 2022
- Atmospheric electricity observations at Lerwick Geophysical Observatory
Abstract: Atmospheric electricity observations at Lerwick Geophysical Observatory
R. Giles Harrison and John C. Riddick
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 133–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-133-2022, 2022
Lerwick Observatory in Shetland has recently celebrated its centenary. Measurements of atmospheric electricity were made at the site between 1925 and 1984. The instruments and equipment used for this are discussed and the value of the measurements obtained assessed. A major aspect of the atmospheric electricity work was explaining the dramatic changes which followed the nuclear weapons test period. Although less well known, there are strong parallels with the discovery of the ozone hole.
PubDate: Mon, 08 Aug 2022 08:50:10 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-133-2022 2022
- Global tephra studies: role and importance of the international tephra
Abstract: Global tephra studies: role and importance of the international tephra research group “Commission on Tephrochronology” in its first 60 years
David J. Lowe, Peter M. Abbott, Takehiko Suzuki, and Britta J. L. Jensen
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 93–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022, 2022
The Commission on Tephrochronology (COT), formed in 1961, comprises geoscientists who characterize, map, and date tephra (volcanic ash) layers and use them as stratigraphic linking and dating tools in geological, palaeoenvironmental, and archaeological research. We review COT's origins and growth and show how its leadership and activities – hosting meetings, supporting ECRs, developing new analytical and dating methods, and publishing volumes – have strongly influenced tephrochronology globally.
PubDate: Tue, 12 Jul 2022 14:05:12 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022 2022
- Intellectually gifted but inherently fragile – society's view of female
scientists as experienced by seismologist Inge Lehmann up to 1930
Abstract: Intellectually gifted but inherently fragile – society's view of female scientists as experienced by seismologist Inge Lehmann up to 1930
Lif Lund Jacobsen
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 83–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-83-2022, 2022
The road to success for Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann (1888–1993) – known for her 1936 discovery of the Earth's inner core – was difficult and full of challenges. While she herself refused to accept any notion of gender difference ascribed, society at large was less open-minded. Using newly discovered, unpublished historical documents, this article examines to what degree her gender played a decisive role in her graduate and postgraduate experiences.
PubDate: Mon, 02 May 2022 16:17:32 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-83-2022 2022
- History of the Tromsø ionosphere heating facility
Abstract: History of the Tromsø ionosphere heating facility
Michael T. Rietveld and Peter Stubbe
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 71–82, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-71-2022, 2022
We present the history of how and why a high-power radio wave transmitter facility with large antenna arrays was built in northern Norway in the 1970s with the aim of injecting radio waves into the auroral ionosphere. The facility has conducted fundamental research on plasmas, by heating electrons and exciting plasma waves in the ionosphere; the effects of these experiments have been measured using a host of other instruments, such as incoherent scatter radars, radio receivers, and cameras.
PubDate: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 00:28:25 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-71-2022 2022
- Cyclicity in Earth sciences, quo vadis' Essay on cycle concepts in
geological thinking and their historical influence on stratigraphic
practices
Abstract: Cyclicity in Earth sciences, quo vadis' Essay on cycle concepts in geological thinking and their historical influence on stratigraphic practices
Daniel Galvão Carnier Fragoso, Matheus Kuchenbecker, Antonio Jorge Campos Magalhães, Claiton Marlon Dos Santos Scherer, Guilherme Pederneiras Raja Gabaglia, and André Strasser
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 39–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022, 2022
For a long time, human beings have lived with the idea of cycles, as attested by many ancient traditions. This perception led our way of observing and interpreting the most diverse types of phenomena. In the Earth sciences, cyclicity has crucial epistemological value. It offers simple solutions for cause and consequence analysis in time and space. The intention here is to review how such ideas emerged in the geosciences, supporting current stratigraphic principles and practices.
PubDate: Fri, 01 Apr 2022 13:18:38 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022 2022
- Pioneers of the ice age models: a brief history from Agassiz to
Milankovitch
Abstract: Pioneers of the ice age models: a brief history from Agassiz to Milankovitch
M. Efe Ateş
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 23–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-23-2022, 2022
In this article, I trace the history of the models of ice ages during the period between the nineteenth and twentieth century. Some previous versions of ice age models were briefly discussed. I present a bird’s-eye view of the scientific collaboration in developing a model and of the reasons behind the success of the Milankovitch model as well.
PubDate: Wed, 30 Mar 2022 13:18:38 +020
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-23-2022 2022
- History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system
during the first 2 decades
Abstract: History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first 2 decades
Gudmund Wannberg
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 13, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022, 2022
EISCAT, the European Incoherent SCATter system, was an advanced research radar system established in northern Scandinavia in the mid-1970s for studies of the aurora and the earth's plasma environment. This paper describes the operation, development, problems and successes of the system during its first 2 decades, as recalled by its former deputy director.
PubDate: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 09:29:25 +010
DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022 2022
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