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- Analysis of the Extreme Tsunami Risk to Sanya New Airport in the South
China Sea-
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Authors: Xi Zhao, Hua Liu, Zhiyuan Ren, Yunpeng Jiang
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
The Manila trench in the South China Sea (SCS) is identified as being most susceptible to the future major earthquakes. Once a submarine earthquake occurs, the coastal areas and ocean engineering projects around SCS will be affected. Based on the Sanya new airport project, this paper presents an analysis of tsunami impacts to the project region. A series of numerical simulations of tsunami are carried out and compared under different magnitudes of earthquakes. An extreme tsunami induced by a giant earthquake of M9.3 is simulated and analyzed in detail. The tsunami propagation scenarios and surface elevation in the region are presented. The inundation map and flow velocity distribution are analyzed. The impacts of this human project to the coasts are discussed by comparing tsunami wave height with and without the artificial island. According to the numerical results and relevant analysis, the giant tsunami will have great impacts to the artificial island.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-12-15T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431123500069
- Effect of Frequency Content of Seismic Excitation on Slosh Response of
Liquid Tank with Baffle Plate-
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Authors: P. Nimisha, B. R. Jayalekshmi, Katta Venkataramana
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
The violent dynamic behavior of liquid under horizontal excitation is a key factor that needs to be addressed in the seismic-resistant design of liquid tanks. Therefore, this study focuses on the slosh response of the liquid medium in a rectangular tank under Imperial Valley 1979, El Centro 1940 and Kobe 1995 ground motions of different frequency ranges. The ground motions records are selected based on the PGA/PGV ratio. For slosh control, a single vertical perforated baffle plate is used as an anti-slosh element with different configurations of perforations. Considering the free surface elevation as the major response parameter, the effect of percentage of perforation of the baffle plate, clear spacing of perforations and offset distance of the perforated plate are investigated by carrying out the pressure-based transient analysis using computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The optimum perforation varies from 10% to 17%, corresponding to the frequency of ground motion in the range of far-resonant to near-resonant conditions. Additionally, “rapid zone” ([math]-zone) and “moderate zone” ([math]-zone) are identified to pilot the positioning of the perforated baffle plate in liquid tanks. The perforated baffle plate with an optimum range of moderately spaced perforations positioned at the moderate zone of the tank effectively reduces the free surface elevation. Furthermore, the perforated baffle plate is more advantageous during violent sloshing under near-resonant conditions.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-11-25T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S179343112350001X
- Modeling Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames Supported on Quintuple Friction
Pendulum Bearings for Nonlinear Response History Analysis-
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Authors: Ahed Habib, Umut Yildirim
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
Base isolation systems have attained significant advancements over the past several decades, with new technologies being developed to enhance the performance of structures when subjected to moderate and severe seismic excitations. The multi-stage friction pendulum is among the most efficient systems owing to its broad range of effective pendula with several regimes that provide excellent energy dissipation abilities. Lately, a new generation of friction pendulum bearings called “Quintuple Friction Pendulum” was introduced to the literature and has since gained the attention of researchers. This isolator’s most significant advantages are the results of its capability to achieve multi-stage adaptive behavior which shows high energy dissipation capability from structures exposed to horizontal forces. Indeed, investigations that outlined the process for nonlinear modeling of structures supported on this type of isolation system are scarce. Thus, this research is intended to illustrate and discuss the approach for developing seismic code compliance finite element models for designing and analyzing reinforced concrete moment frames supported on quintuple friction pendulum bearings for nonlinear response-history analysis in OpenSees and SAP2000. As a part of the study, the nonlinearity of the isolation system and the superstructure will be considered. Moreover, the methods for overcoming essential issues such as damping leakage and isolator’s stiffness correction will be discussed. In general, the results of the discussed numerical examples have shown that both finite element packages are capable of achieving QFP hysteresis behavior as well as computing similar superstructural responses. Furthermore, the illustrated method of overcoming damping leakage provided reliable outcomes compared to the theoretical expectations. As well as the suggested approach for correcting the isolator’s initial stiffness was helpful in terms of accurately capturing the structure’s periods.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-11-11T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431123500021
- Quantitative Modeling of Pulse-Like Ground Motions Using Imperialist
Competitive Optimization Algorithm-
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Authors: Zahra Minaei, Seyed Rohollah Hoseini Vaez, Ehsan Dehghani, Elham Ezzati
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
Increasing attention in quantitative and qualitative models has been paid to the dominant velocity pulse of the pulse-like ground motions. Manual trial and error approach for fitting of time history and response spectrum of the actual record and simulated pulse has been employed to obtain pulse parameters of these models. In this study, a mathematical model and the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) are used to overcome the limitations of the previous studies. For this purpose, an objective function is defined as the norm deviation of the time history and response spectrum of the actual record and simulated pulse. The proposed approach is capable of identifying and extracting the dominant pulse of any pulse-like record, and consists of 91 pulse-like records used in this study. In all of 91 records, the highest accordance with time history and elastic response spectrum of actual records and extracted pulses is achieved. As a case study, the extracted pulses of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake are used to generate artificial pulse-like records. The dynamic responses of the 3-story moment frame in SAC project subjected to generated records are investigated. The results show that the proposed approach can be used in parametric studies of pulse-like ground motions.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-11-11T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431123500033
- Development of Near-Field Earthquake Loading Protocols for the Steel
Moment Connections in Iran-
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Authors: Elyas Alizehi, Mehdi Ghassemieh, Seyed Rasoul Mirghaderi, Mahmoud Ali Ali
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
Steel moment frame buildings are widely used in Iran and around the world. The observations from major earthquakes underscored the importance of the beam-to-column connections in seismic force-resisting systems and their influence on such building’s performance. Since the most catastrophic earthquakes that occurred in Iran contained the characteristics of near-field earthquakes, hence understanding the behavior of these connections under such earthquakes is needed. This study proposed loading protocols for special steel moment-resisting frame systems under near-field earthquakes in Iran. Each of them had 23 damage half-cycles with a maximum inter-story drift of 0.065 radians. The proposed loading protocols were compared numerically to each other. The most influential one was chosen as the main loading protocol since it has the most destructive effect on the connection. The main loading protocol showed a faster rate of increase in the plastic strain and imposed the highest amount of dissipated energy at a former loading stage compared to other near-field earthquake loading protocols related to other countries such as SAC and Fang et al.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-11-11T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431123500057
- Friction Tuned Mass Dampers in Seismic-Excited High-Rise Buildings with
SSI Effects: A Reliability Assessment-
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Authors: Sadegh Etedali, Morteza Akbari, Mohammad Seifi
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
The probabilistic performance of the seismic-excited structures supplemented with passive control devices has recently received attention. Friction tuned mass damper (FTMD) devise as a novel passive control device is inspired by the idea of the combination of the friction mechanism with the traditional tuned mass damper (TMD) device. Although the application of the FTMD device has recently been considered for seismic control of structures, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, a probabilistic reliability evaluation of the high-rise building equipped with FTMD under near-field earthquakes considering soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects has not yet been addressed in the literature. In the presence of uncertainties considered for the structural model, FTMD model, foundation and soil model, and stochastic near-fault ground motion model, the reliability analyses are carried out on a benchmark 40-story building equipped with FTMD considering SSI effects to estimate the failure probabilities of both structures with and without FTMD. Three soil types, three earthquake magnitudes, three fault distances, and three seismic performance levels which include 162 reliability analyses are considered for the extension of the study. Considering different near-fault earthquake model parameters, a total average reduction of 51.13%, 49.42%, and 17.50% is given for the maximum inter-story drift ratio response of the structure equipped with FTMD than the uncontrolled ones. It is found that ignoring the uncertainties may result in an inaccurate estimation of the seismic responses of the tall buildings especially those built on soft soil near faults. The results show that the FTMD passive device is not able to satisfy the requirements of the seismic codes at the performance level of immediate occupancy, especially in high earthquake magnitudes and structures built near the fault. However, for the seismic performance levels of life safety and collapse prevention, the FTMD reduces failure probabilities of the structures for most conditions of the earthquake magnitudes and fault distances. The efficiency of the FTMD in the reduction of failure probability is often declined by increasing the softness of soils, especially for severe earthquakes closer to the fault.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-10-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431122500221
- Estimation and Application of Strength and Stiffness Reduction Factors of
Liquefiable Soil-
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Authors: Jui-Ching Chou, Ming-Yen Chiang, Ciao-Rou Tang
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
The reduction of soil strength and stiffness caused by soil liquefaction is an important issue in designing pile or shallow foundations on liquefiable soils. In practice, strength and stiffness reduction is considered via a reduction factor ([math]) approach in seismic design. Different sets of values of [math] are available according to the factor of safety against liquefaction ([math]) of the liquefiable soil; these values are usually calculated using simplified liquefaction analysis procedures. Each set of [math] is calibrated and constructed for specific simplified liquefaction analysis procedures or soil conditions. Thus, engineers have difficulty in selecting [math] when using a simplified liquefaction analysis procedure without a corresponding set of [math]. In this study, values of [math] for simplified liquefaction analysis procedures commonly used in Taiwan are obtained using a single element test via FLAC program and UBCSAND model. In addition, a novel application of [math] is introduced to improve the usability of the simplified numerical procedure used to predict the liquefaction-induced settlement of a shallow foundation. Simulation results show that the simplified numerical procedure with [math] approach yields a convincing and conservative result.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-08-15T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431122500208
- Influences of Wall Configurations on Earthquake Behavior of Cantilever
Retaining Walls Considering Soil-Structure Interaction Effects-
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Authors: Kasif Furkan Ozturk, Tufan Cakir, Onur Araz
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
Cantilever walls are frequently and necessarily built not only in earthquake prone regions but also on different foundation subsoils with various physical and mechanical characteristics. The response of these structures is a complicated soil-structure interaction (SSI) problem, in which the relative stiffness between the soil and structure is of critical importance. In addition to different soil conditions and earthquake motions, the wall configurations have an important role in the cantilever retaining wall design. Thus, the major objective of this work is to investigate the effects of various configurations on seismic response of the cantilever retaining walls considering SSI. Accordingly, the seismic response of the interaction systems is revealed using the 3D finite element models (FEM) in time domain, assuming linearly elastic behavior for the wall, and elastoplastic behavior for backfill and foundation soil. Viscous absorbent boundaries are employed to both simulate radiation scenario and avoid undesirable wave reflections generated by soil lateral boundaries. Backfill-wall interfaces are modeled using the unidirectional interface elements with nonlinear force-deflection abilities. The interaction systems are analyzed considering three different cantilever wall configurations (inverted T-type, L-type, and the wall with a base key), four different ground motion records, and four different subsoil systems. Nonlinear seismic analyses are carried out to visit how considering the variation of these parameters influences the wall behavior. The results from parametric studies show that the wall configuration, SSI effects and ground motions are remarkably influential on seismic responses of the cantilever walls such as the stresses and horizontal displacements.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-08-15T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S179343112250021X
- Derivation, Validation, and Numerical Implementation of a Two-Dimensional
Boulder Transport Formulation by Coastal Waves-
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Authors: Masashi Watanabe, Takumi Yoshii, Volker Roeber, Kazuhisa Goto, Fumihiko Imamura
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
Numerical computations for boulder transport have become a state-of-the-art tool for hindcasting the hydraulic processes associated with past storm wave and tsunami events. Since most previously developed two-dimensional formulations cater to boulders with symmetric outlines, they can consequently reproduce the transport distance and the velocity of boulders of cubic shape or similar structured geometries reasonably well. However, the formulations exhibit limitations when applied to rectangular- and flat-shaped boulders. The presently available formulations have difficulties reproducing the variations of frictional drag force due to the changes of the boulders’ contact time with the ground. We have developed an extended boulder transport formulation and derived a new empirical roughness coefficient by considering the shape of boulders that accounts for the changes of the boulders’ contact time with the ground. In comparison to other existing transport formulations, the present method provides superior accuracy of block velocity and transport distance in most cases — especially for boulders of rectangular geometry. Even by neglecting the full three-dimensional processes, numerical computations extended with the proposed boulder transport formulation can help explaining historic wave regimes, which were responsible for the transport of a variety of coastal boulders reported around the world.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-07-07T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S179343112250018X
- Creation of Tsunami Evacuation Time Map for the Mentawai Islands,
Indonesia-
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Authors: Yusuke Ono, Rusnardi Rahmat Putra
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
The Mentawai Islands are located offshore of West Sumatra, Indonesia, and are likely to be hit by a large-scale tsunami in the future. In this study, maps showing tsunami evacuation times (ETs) along the road on the Mentawai Islands were developed to mitigate tsunami impact. We define the tsunami ET as the time required for an evacuee to move to a safe location through the road network from the tsunami inundation area. The safe locations were determined using a digital elevation model and the assumed tsunami inundation heights. The closest safe place for each location on the road network was determined using the shortest path search algorithm for the graph network. First, areas with high tsunami risk on the islands were identified using the obtained ET maps. Second, the appropriateness of the evacuation approach in the Matobe village on Sipora Island was evaluated based on the ET maps. Finally, population exposures to the different ET levels were estimated to quantify the potential risk of loss of life to a tsunami disaster in the Mentawai Islands. This study contributes to the tsunami disaster preparation of residents of the Mentawai Islands.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-07-07T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431122500191
- Proposing a Set of Far-Field Records for Time History Analysis in Tehran
City and Comparison with FEMA-P695 Set Records-
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Authors: M. Hassani Sokhtesaraei, M. Ghassemieh, S. R. Mirghaderi
Abstract: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Ahead of Print.
The aim of this paper is to prepare a list of appropriate far-field records for the purpose of time history analysis and structural design assessment in Tehran. Accordingly, the study focused on considering all parameters affecting the choice of accelerogram pair for Tehran. For this purpose, a total of 1000 accelerogram pairs of the earthquakes that occurred in Iran during 1978–2010 were studied in terms of the parameters affecting the choice of appropriate accelerogram pair for Tehran, including distance to the epicenter, magnitude, frequency content, earthquake mechanism, soil properties, and configuration of ground layers. An important objective followed by preparing such a list was to appropriately match it to susceptibility and performance levels set in local design standards. For this purpose, seismic, statistical, and analytic studies were performed, finally ending up with a list of appropriate accelerogram pairs for time history analysis and design assessment in Tehran. In this research, to provide a proper understanding of the proposed list’s applied demands on the region’s structures, numerical and statistical studies and comparisons with the FEMA-P695 list have been done.
Citation: Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
PubDate: 2022-06-16T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1142/S1793431122500178
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