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- Note of appreciation
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Pages: i - i
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Volume 103, Issue 1, Page i-i, March 2023.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-02-28T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0128
Issue No: Vol. 103, No. 1 (2023)
- Soil C, N and P bioavailability and cycling following amendment with shrub
willow chips-
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Authors: Yvonne Uwituze, Judith Nyiraneza, Yefang Jiang, Jacynthe Dessureaut-Rompré, Tandra D. Fraser
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops are often cultivated in coarse-textured soils with low soil organic matter and high nitrate leaching risk. Incorporating shrub willow chips into soil could enhance soil properties, while temporally immobilizing N and thus reducing N leaching. We performed a laboratory incubation study and a field experiment to evaluate the effects of shrub willow chips applied at increasing rates in the fall after the potato harvest on C, N and P cycling, soil pH and moisture, and on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield in the following year. In comparison with the control, willow chip incorporation at the rates of 40 and 60 Mg ha−1 increased total C content, but it did not affect the activity of C cycling enzymes. Willow chip addition at these rates also induced nitrate immobilization and reduced barley grain yield and total N uptake, but increased the activity of N cycling enzymes (β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase and leucine aminopeptidase). Mehlich-3 extractable P content and phosphomonoesterase activity were not affected by willow chip addition. Our results suggest that shrub willow chips increased total organic C and immobilized N following their incorporation and can thus mitigate nitrate leaching after the potato harvest. The N immobilization was short lived and was not observed over second winter. We recommend to seed a forage legume in the spring following shrub willow chip incorporation. Willow chip incorporation is an effective means of increasing soil organic carbon.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-04-21T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0126
- Spatiotemporal variability of soil physical properties and water, salt,
nitrogen, and phosphorus contents for farm level-
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Authors: Shudong Lin, Kai Wei, Quanjiu Wang, Mingjiang Deng, Lijun Su, Fanfan Shao, Zhanbo Jiang
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Soil water, salt, and nutrient variability are essential factors that impact crop productivity in agriculture systems. However, effective management of small farms requires access to fine-scale data on soil water, salt, and nutrients. Large-scale assessments of spatial variability using classical statistics and geostatistical methods can help identify nutrient-deficient zones. In Xinjiang, China, inadequate water and nutrient management has resulted in low crop productivity in agriculture systems. To address this issue, this study evaluated the mechanical composition, bulk density, and contents of water, salt, ammonium nitrogen ([math]), nitrate nitrogen ([math]), and available phosphorus (A-P) in soil at the farm level in the Xinjiang region. Results showed low variability in soil bulk density, medium variability in soil water content, mechanical composition, [math], and A-P, and high variability in soil salt content and [math]. Mechanical composition and A-P showed a small range of variation across different soil depths, while soil water content and [math] in the surface layer varied significantly more than in other soil layers. [math] variability increased with soil depth. Soil properties showed minimal differences over time. Multi-factor deficiencies, particularly in nitrogen, were observed throughout the study area. The generated maps offer a useful tool for farm managers and policymakers. In summary, this study highlights the significance of evaluating the spatial variability of soil properties for identifying zones deficient in water and nutrients, as well as those with salt accumulation. This information can be utilized to develop effective strategies for site-specific nutrient management.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-04-20T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0087
- Advances in soil survey and classification in Canada
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Authors: Brandon Heung, Daniel D. Saurette, Chuck E. Bulmer, Angela Bedard-Haughn
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-03-08T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2023-0002
- Correction: Proposed revision to Canadian System of Soil Classification:
broaden taxonomic criteria for applying LFH horizons to include nonforest
soils-
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Authors: J.J. Miller, D.S. Chanasyk, R.L. McNeil
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-03-07T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2023-0010
- Elevation gradient drives distribution of soil carbon in a semiarid
grassland of British Columbia-
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Authors: A. Kramer, B.M. Wallace, M. Krzic, R. Newman, G.E. Bradfield
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
A sequence of Brown, Dark Brown and Black Chernozems spanning a 600 m elevation gradient in a semiarid bunchgrass ecosystem (Lac du Bois Grassland) near Kamloops, British Columbia was first described in 1961. More soil organic carbon (SOC) at higher elevations along the sequence was attributed to increasing effective precipitation with increasing elevation. Since the 1961 study, plant community composition has shifted toward the desired climax community due to improved livestock management instituted in the 1970s; however, changes in soil carbon stocks remain unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify SOC and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) stocks using the same site selection criteria as used in 1961. SOC stocks (kg m−2 ± SD; 0–60 cm) were similar for Brown (5.73 ± 1.7) and Dark Brown Chernozems (5.87 ± 0.76) but increased sharply (10.11 ± 2.5) for the higher elevation Black Chernozems. SIC increased with depth in all three soil zones, representing 33%–50% of total C from the 30–60 cm soil depth. To evaluate changes in SOC (0–20 cm) from the 1961 measurements, three different approaches for calculating SOC stocks were used based on the inclusion or exclusion of coarse fragments. Results varied across the three soil zones from no change to a 20% increase in the Brown, an increase of 7% to a reduction of 26% in the Dark Brown, and a decrease of 12% to 35% in the Black soil zone. Information about soil coarse fragments and the distribution of SOC and SIC stocks within the soil profile is crucial for accurate comparisons across studies or resampling events.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-01-12T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0117
- Soil quality index under different land-use types: the case of Choke
Mountain agroecosystems, upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia-
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Authors: Demeku Mesfin, Engdawork Assefa, Belay Simane
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
In an agroecosystem (AES), land-use types affect soil quality. As a result, determining soil quality in various land uses is critical. This study was carried out to evaluate the soil quality index (SQI) of the different land-use types in AESs of the Choke Mountain watershed, upper Blue Nile Basin. Forty-seven soil samples were taken from cultivated land (CL), grazing land (GL), plantation forest land (PFL), and natural forest land (NFL) of the five AESs. The minimum data set (MDS) was chosen using principal component analysis. To calculate SQI, five soil quality indicators were selected as an MDS: silt, pH, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable potassium, and soil organic matter. SQIs for the overall land uses were ordered as GL > NFL > PFL > CL. Compared with NFL, the SQIs of PFL and CL were reduced by 10% and 19.7%, respectively, whereas the SQI of GL was increased by 1.8%. Among AESs of Choke, SQI of GL was higher in the midland plain, dominated by Vertisol (AES 2), followed by the midland plain with Nitosols (AES 3). SQI of CL was intermediate, and SQIs of GL, NFL, and PFL were good. AES 2 of the watershed recorded the highest total SQI value, whereas hilly and mountainous highlands (AES 5) recorded the lowest SQIs compared to other AESs. Thus, site-specific land use and management practices across the various AESs should be recommended to policymakers and farmers for a sustainable ecosystem and environment.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-01-09T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0053
- Mapping the maximum peat thickness of cultivated organic soils in the
southwest plain of Montreal-
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Authors: Raphaël Deragon, Daniel D. Saurette, Brandon Heung, Jean Caron
First page: 103
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Large organic deposits in the southwestern plain of Montreal have been converted to agricultural land for vegetable production. In addition to the variable depth of the organic deposits, these soils commonly have an impermeable coprogenous layer between the peat and the underlying mineral substratum. Estimations of the depth and thickness of these materials are critical for soil management. Therefore, five drained and cultivated peatlands were studied to estimate their maximum peat thickness (MPT)—a potential key soil property that can help identify management zones for their conservation. MPT can be defined as the depth to the mineral layer (DML) minus the coprogenous layer thickness (CLT). The objective of this study was to estimate DML, CLT, and MPT at a regional scale using environmental covariates derived from remote sensing. Three machine-learning models (Cubist, Random Forest, and k-Nearest Neighbor) were compared to produce maps of DML and CLT, which were combined to generate MPT at a spatial resolution of 10 m. The Cubist model performed the best for predicting both features of interest, yielding Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients of 0.43 and 0.07 for DML and CLT, respectively, using a spatial cross-validation procedure. Interpretation of the drivers of CLT was limited by the poor predictive power of the final model. More precise data on MPT are needed to support soil conservation practices, and more CLT field observations are required to obtain a higher prediction accuracy. Nonetheless, digital soil mapping using open-access geospatial data shows promise for understanding and managing cultivated peatlands.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-01-05T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0031
- Buried wood effects on macronutrient supply and microbial activity and
metabolic potential in different oil sands reclamation soils in northern
Alberta-
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Authors: Laura Manchola-Rojas, Bradley D. Pinno, M. Derek Mackenzie, Sebastian T. Dietrich
First page: 249
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Buried wood is an important yet understudied component of natural and anthropogenic soils. Nutrient immobilization as a response to wood addition during oil sands' reclamation may be a concern since surface wood is salvaged with the soil, thereby becoming buried wood in reclamation cover soils. This project investigated the impact of buried wood on macronutrient supply and microbial communities in different reclamation soils. A 60-day incubation was performed with different rates and types of wood (0%–50%, aspen and pine) and four different soils: fine and coarse forest floor-mineral mix (fFFMM and cFFMM), peat-mineral mix (PMM), and peat. Analysis of macronutrient supply rates using Plant Root Simulator (PRS™) probes and a community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) to assess metabolic potential was performed at the end of the incubation period; microbial activity was measured through soil respiration during the incubation. Responses varied by soil type; however, buried wood caused nitrogen immobilization in three soils due to an increase in the C:N ratio. Soils with lower C:N ratios like fFFMM and PMM were more susceptible to immobilization with a decrease in available nitrogen by up to 95% at a 10% of wood addition. Phosphorus immobilization was observed in cFFMM, and potassium supply increased at 20% of wood and above. Soil microbial activity and metabolic potential increased but no significant changes in the soil profiles were observed. The findings of this study demonstrate that buried wood increases the soil C:N ratio and can potentially cause nitrogen immobilization when added by 10% of volume or more.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-01-27T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0042
- Fertilizing effect of wastewater-derived granular struvite on contrasting
Manitoba soils-
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Authors: Joanne R. Thiessen Martens, Oban D. Srinathan, Inoka Amarakoon
First page: 259
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Wastewater-derived struvite is a promising phosphorus (P) fertilizer but more information on its behaviour in soil is needed to guide management practices for this slow-release fertilizer. After 20 days of incubation in two contrasting low-P soils in Petri dishes at two temperatures, the Olsen-P concentrations in soil surrounding struvite granules were 30–122 mg kg−1, which were much lower than after amendment with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (435–1063 mg kg−1). Olsen-P concentrations further from the granule showed that MAP fertilized a larger volume of soil than struvite. Thus, the fertilizing effect of struvite may be very localized in soil.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-01-09T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0013
- Spatial dependency and independency of nitrogen in lowbush blueberry
commercial fields-
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Authors: Anthony J. Pelletier, Jean Lafond, Maxime C. Paré
First page: 264
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Rhizomes of wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) extend horizontally, creating spatial dependency when fertilization trials are performed. Knowing this spatial dependency would help researchers to better design field studies. Here, we used labelled nitrogen (N) fertilizer (15N-(NH4)2SO4) to measure N translocation among blueberry stems for one old (56 year) and one younger (15 year) commercial field. Leaf 15N concentrations at the tip-dieback stage were used to monitor N acquisition. No difference between sites suggests no field age effect on N translocation. Spatial dependency and independency were reached for distances of ≤0.75 and ≥1.75 m from the fertilizer application point, respectively.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2023-02-03T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0063
- Biochar applications to boreal podzol improve soil hydraulic properties
and control nitrogen dynamics-
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Authors: Ratnajit Saha, Raymond Thomas, Kelly Hawboldt, Muhammad Nadeem, Mumtaz Cheema, Lakshman Galagedara
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
The study aimed to investigate the effects of biochar (BC) application on hydraulic properties and nitrogen (N) transport in a podzolic soil profile. Soil samples were collected from an agricultural research field in Pasadena, Newfoundland, Canada. The following three types of leaching columns were prepared: (i) topsoil, (ii) top and E-horizon soil, and (iii) mixed soil (2:1 ratio of topsoil and E-horizon soil). Granular biochar (GBC) and powder biochar (PBC) were mixed with soils at the rate of 0%, 1% and 2% (w/w). BC’s morphological structure and pore size distribution were examined using a scanning electron microscope, and the specific surface area was assessed by the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller method. Soil physical and hydraulic properties (bulk density, porosity, field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point, plant available water (PAW)), leaching concentration of nitrate (NO3 −) and ammonium (NH4 +), and volume of leachate were measured through a total of 378 experiments under laboratory conditions. GBC and PBC showed hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics, respectively. With the 2% PBC amendment, porosity increased by 3%, FC by 10%, and PAW by 13% in the mixed soil and reduced NO3 − leaching by 36% in top and E-horizon soil and NH4 + leaching by 72% in mixed soil. On the other hand, NO3 − and NH4 + leaching was reduced by 26% and 33% in mixed soil when treated with 2% GBC. A 2% application rate for both BC (GBC and PBC) showed the best performance to enhance soil hydraulic properties and retain significant amounts of NO3 − and NH4 + in the boreal podzol.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-12-22T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0086
- Rationalizing mottling and gleying in the characterization and
classification of Canadian soils-
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Authors: Richard J. Heck, Daniel D. Saurette, C. James (Jim) Warren
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Mottling and gleying remain important characteristics for the classification of soils in Canada. The development of criteria for the morphological description of these redoximorphic soil features, for soil horizon nomenclature, for the taxonomy of gleysolic and gleyed soils, as well as for soil drainage classification, began in the mid-1940s and continued for the next four decades. Despite advancements elsewhere, notably with Soil Taxonomy and the World Reference Base, there have been minimal refinements made in Canada, during the past quarter century. Various issues are identified, including the need for more succinct and clearer definitions, a revision of standards for the field characterization of redoximorphic features, as well as more consistency in the application of concepts across existing taxa and systems. A taxonomic framework to more effectively reflect redoximorphic features, such as a new “Redoximorphic Phase” is also discussed. Ultimately, it is recommended that a special committee to be established to conduct a thorough study and present recommendations.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-12-15T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0036
- Ratio of non-growing season to growing season N2O emissions in Canadian
croplands: an update to national inventory methodology-
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Authors: David E. Pelster, Arumugam Thiagarajan, Chang Liang, Martin H. Chantigny, Claudia Wagner-Riddle, Kate Congreves, Reynald Lemke, Aaron Glenn, Mario Tenuta, Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez, Shabtai Bittman, Derek Hunt, Jennifer Owens, Douglas MacDonald
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
National inventory reporting of agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in Canada is based primarily on measurements obtained using static chambers. In regions with cold winters and an accumulated snowpack (including Canada), these measurements tend to focus on the growing season (typically May–October). However, research has shown that emissions continue throughout the non-growing season (NGS) and that these account for a significant proportion of annual emissions. In the Canadian National Inventory NGS emissions currently are assumed to be adequately captured in western Canada, while they are accounted for in eastern Canada by multiplying the growing season emissions by a correction factor of 1.4, a value that was derived based on a limited number of measurements. Here we use recent Canadian studies to validate this correction factor. We collected data from available Canadian studies that measured soil N2O emissions from agricultural systems for the entire year and determined the proportion of these emissions that occurred during the NGS. The proportion of annual N2O emissions that occurred during the NGS varied widely, ranging from −4% to 119% with a mean of 35.5%, compared to the previous estimate of 30%. Due to high variability, few differences were observed between means associated with climatic, soil, and management variables. To correct for NGS N2O emissions from Canadian agricultural soils, we suggest that the current correction factor for converting growing season to total annual emissions be changed from 1.4 to 1.55 and that this be used for all agricultural soils in Canada rather than just eastern Canada.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-12-08T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0101
- Establishment and experiment of a pressure-bearing subsidence model of
layered soil in forest region-
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Authors: Yuan Zhou, Shufa Sun, Jingkai Wang, Miao Yu, Haoyu Yin, Fei Yang, Hao Luo
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Forest vehicle operation causes different degrees of compaction damage to the soil, which is related to the pressure-bearing characteristics of the soil. However, scholars have not profoundly investigated the pressure-bearing factors of forest soil. In this paper, disturbed brown coniferous forest soil was collected layer by layer, dried, screened, and tested with indoor pressing-plate tests with different pressing-plate shapes and diameters (side lengths). A kind of pressure–subsidence (P–Z) curve of hard soil, which is different from those of farmland soil and homogeneous remolded soil, was obtained and drawn as the P–Z curve. The results show that in the process of pressure subsidence, the forest soil gradually changed from loose to compact. Furthermore, the change of pressure-bearing subsidence of layered soil from this forest region was characterized first by the rapid increase of soil subsidence with the increase of pressure. Then, the subsidence speed became slower with the increase of pressure; finally, subsidence speed was much less affected by the increase in pressure. According to the pressure-bearing subsidence curve of forest soil, a new subsidence model is put forward in this paper. The new model has a good prediction effect on the subsidence curve of forest soil. This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for studying soil pressure-bearing characteristics and the development of vehicles in high-passing forest areas.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-11-25T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0067
- Do cover crops on the Canadian prairies affect soil nitrogen cycling'
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Authors: O. Otchere, Y. Lawley, K.A. Congreves
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
For one of Canada’s most important regions of crop production—the prairies—it’s uncertain if cover crops can be successfully integrated into rotations; if so, will soil nitrogen (N) cycling be influenced to benefit main crops' To address these gaps, we compared a crop rotation with cover crops (CC) vs. without cover crops (LR) from 2018 to 2021 in Saskatoon, SK. The main crops were grown in sequence of wheat–canola–potato–pea; the cover crops included red clover, berseem clover/oat mix, fall rye, and a brassica cover. Yield and aboveground biomass were collected each year and analyzed to determine crop yield and N use efficiency (NUE). Soil N availability was monitored in various ways, that is, by assessing pre-plant soil nitrate, soil inorganic N (SIN) supply rate, and potentially mineralizable N (PMN). We found that the influence on soil N dynamics was restricted to the non-growing season where cover crops reduced SIN supply rate and nitrate content compared to the conventional practice without cover crops. Yet, rotations with vs. without cover crop did not differ in crop NUEs, yields, or in-season N dynamics. We found some evidence that diversifying rotations with cover crops may help the system to function more like perennial systems in terms of regulating N in the long run; but had limited impact during the three years studied. To ensure that cover crops are effective and functional on the prairies, innovative design approaches are needed to adapt cover crops to reach soil health goals under prairie conditions.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-11-25T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0079
- Earthworm distribution around tile drainage in agricultural fields of
southwest Quebec, Canada-
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Authors: Habib Diop, Leanne Ejack, Abdirashid A. Elmi, Joann K. Whalen
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Tile drainage is installed in agricultural fields to remove excess soil moisture to allow earlier planting of spring crops. Water moving from soil into tile drainage lines will potentially create a moist environment for earthworms. This study investigated how earthworms were distributed around tile lines, and how their abundance was affected by moisture in field crops on sandy and clayey soils. Earthworm abundance and soil moisture were similar above and between tile lines. Earthworm biomass was low in dry soils, peaked at 41 g moisture 100 g−1, and declined in wetter soils, which affects the earthworm activity in agricultural fields.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-11-25T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0059
- Biochar application stabilized the heavy metals in coal mined soil
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Authors: Myra Nazeer, Mohammad Jamal Khan, Dost Muhammad, Ahmad Khan
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
The waste of coal mining activities causes accumulation of hazardous elements in soil for plants. Biochar is considered an important soil remediation strategy to stabilize the heavy metals. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of biochar sources and rate on the heavy metal stabilization in coal-contaminated soil. Biochars of three feedstocks (maize straw (MBC), rice straw (RBC), and sugarcane bagasse (SBC)) with four levels (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, i.e., 0, 10, 20, and 40 ton ha−1) were applied to two types of soils (naturally contaminated soil (NCS) versus artificially contaminated soil (ACS) spiked with Cd, Cu, Cr, and Pb). Plastic pots were incubated at 30% field capacity for 90 days at 25 °C, and soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and heavy metals concentration were measured after 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Among the biochars, RBC showed maximum immobilization of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr as compared with MBC and SBC. Similarly, biochar application increased heavy immobilization, being maximum at 2% (40 ton ha−1) rate compared with control. The pH of both soils with biochar addition increased as compared with control. The remediation effect of biochar on heavy metal stabilization was positive over time. The higher rate (40 ton ha−1) of RBC for ACS and MBC for NCS could be used effectively for heavy metal stabilization.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-11-03T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0073
- Growth and nutrient uptake of haloxylon and atriplex as affected by
mycorrhizal symbiosis under combined drought and salinity stresses-
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Authors: Mohammad Hossein Noshad, Elham Chavoshi, Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi, Vajiheh Dorostkar, Fatemeh Hosseini
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis on plant growth and nutrient uptake under combined drought and salinity stresses. A pot experiment was carried out with a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments included two plant types (Atriplex canescens and Haloxylon ammodendron) with three levels of inoculation of fungal species (Funneliformis geosporus, Funneliformis mosseae, and control), two levels of soil salinity stress (7 and 14 dS m–1), and two levels of drought stress (50% and 80% of management allowable depletion). Vegetative parameters, as well as root N, P, and K concentrations and uptakes, mycorrhizal growth response, mycorrhizal nitrogen response, mycorrhizal phosphorus response, mycorrhizal potassium response, and root colonization were measured. The results showed that the application of AMF increased the plant growth variables such as stem diameter, root length, shoot dry weights, and shoot to root ratio as well as nitrogen and phosphorus uptakes. The application of both AMF types was effective as compared to the control. However, F. mosseae indicated better performance especially, in terms of the effect on plant growth variables. Also, F. mosseae was more effective to relieve stress (i.e., salinity and drought) than F. geosporus. There was a significant difference between plant types and H. ammodendron had better efficiency than A. canescens under drought and salinity stresses. Based on the results, planting of H. ammodendron inoculated with F. mosseae might be recommended for soil conservation in the arid environments.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-10-27T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0069
- Enzyme activity after applying alkaline biosolids to agricultural soil
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Authors: Bingjie Sun, Cynthia M. Kallenbach, Michael Y. Boh, O. Grant Clark, Joann K. Whalen
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Municipal wastewater biosolids are nutrient-rich residuals with potential as crop fertilizer, if their alkalinity does not adversely affect soil biochemical processes. This study assessed the potential soil enzyme activity after three annual applications of biosolids in a conventionally tilled field under silage corn (Zea mays L.). Biosolids were municipal wastewater sludge treated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion, lime stabilization, or composting, compared with urea fertilizer and an unfertilized control. Generally, the potential soil enzyme activity did not change with biosolids application, but the N-acetylglucosaminidase activity increased in soil amended with lime-stabilized biosolids, which also had higher soil pH and greater soil NH4 + concentration.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-10-21T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0056
- Better recognition of limnic materials at the great group and subgroup
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Authors: Daniel D. Saurette, Raphaël Deragon
First page: 1
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
In the Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), soils of the Organic order are classified at the great group level primarily based on the dominant organic material in the middle tier. The system recognizes four types of organic horizons: fibric (Of), mesic (Om), humic (Oh), and coprogenous earth (Oco), of which only the latter is not recognized at the great group level of the Organic order. Furthermore, at the subgroup level, Limnic subgroups cannot have terric or hydric layers. This is problematic in soils where the middle tier is dominated by limnic materials, and those which have dominantly limnic materials and have a terric layer. We describe 29 soil profiles in Ontario and Quebec, which are either poorly captured in the CSSC or that cannot be classified into the Organic order based on their diagnostic criteria. Based on an analysis of soil survey information in five provinces across Canada, we estimate 32 057 ha of organic soils which potentially contain limnic deposits. In key vegetable-producing areas of Quebec, large organic deposits in agricultural production are subject to peat subsidence and erosion, resulting in shallower depths to underlying coprogenous earth, which is not a suitable medium for crop production. This can potentially have negative effects on crops when mixed with humic materials in the plow layer. Due to these taxonomic and agronomic considerations, we propose the addition of a new great group, Limnisol, and suggest further integration of limnic materials at the subgroup level for the Humisol, Mesisol, and Fibrisol great groups.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-06-06T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0030
- Predictive mapping of wetland soil types in the Canadian Prairie Pothole
Region using high-resolution digital elevation model terrain derivatives-
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Authors: Jeremy Kiss, Angela Bedard-Haughn, Preston Sorenson
First page: 21
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Wetland soil types, which can be distinguished based on calcium carbonate content, vary in their effect on ecosystem functions like phosphorus retention, salinity contributions, and greenhouse gas forcing. These soil types may be predictively mapped with machine learning models that use terrain derivatives calculated from high-resolution digital elevation models. Soil profiles from three Saskatchewan study sites were classified into three functional categories—upland, calcareous wetland, or noncalcareous wetland—and used to train random forest models for predictive soil mapping. Multiple terrain derivatives were included as predictor variables to capture local- and landscape-scale morphometry and hydrology influences, including five derivatives developed for this study. Models were developed at three spatial resolutions: 2, 5, and 10 m, and tested via internal cross-validation and independent validation with datasets from previous studies. Predictive accuracies were highest when mapping at 2 m resolution (independent validation accuracy range = 64%–100%) but also successful when mapping at 5 and 10 m resolutions (independent validation accuracy range = 63%–100%); however, visual inspection determined that the maps generated at 10 m resolution were less detailed and occasionally featured questionable discontinuous soil distributions. Three of the five terrain derivatives developed for this study were among the most important predictor variables (first, second, and 10th most important). Models trained using only data from a specific site had slightly better performance than models trained using data from all sites, except in regions where training data were lacking.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-11-23T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0034
- Improved parent material map disaggregation methods in the Saskatchewan
prairies using historical bare soil composite imagery-
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Authors: P.T. Sorenson, J. Kiss, A.K. Bedard-Haughn
First page: 47
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
The major drivers of soil variation in Saskatchewan at scales finer than the existing soil maps are parent material variance, slope position, and salinity. There is therefore a need to generate finer-scale parent material maps as part of updating soil maps in Saskatchewan. As spatially referenced soil point data are lacking in Saskatchewan, predictive soil mapping methods that disaggregate existing soil parent material maps are required. This study focused on investigating important environmental covariates to use in parent material disaggregation, particularly bare soil composite imagery (BSCI). Synthetic point observations were generated using an area-proportional approach based on existing soil survey polygons and a random forest model was trained with those synthetic observations to predict parent material classes. Including BSCI as environmental covariates increased model accuracy from 0.38 to 0.52 and the model Kappa score from 0.19 to 0.35 compared with models where it was not included. Models that included training points from all locations, regardless of whether BSCI was available, and included BSCI as environmental covariates had similar results to the BSCI model with an accuracy of 0.48 and a Kappa value of 0.30. Based on these results, BSCI is an important covariate for parent material disaggregation in the Saskatchewan Prairies. Future work to disaggregate soil classes based on slope position and salinity, and to combine those methods with parent material disaggregation is needed to generate detailed soil maps for the Canadian Prairies.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-07-15T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2021-0154
- Modeling of total and active organic carbon dynamics in agricultural soil
using digital soil mapping: a case study from Central Nova Scotia-
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Authors: Siddhartho S. Paul, Brandon Heung, Derek H. Lynch
First page: 64
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Monitoring the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) pools is critical for sustainable soil and agricultural management. This case study models total and active organic carbon dynamics (2015/2016 to 2019/2020) using digital soil mapping (DSM) techniques. Model predictors include topographic variables generated from light detection and ranging data; soil and vegetation indices derived from Landsat satellite images; and soil and crop inventory information from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada to predict total organic carbon (TOC) and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXc) at the 0–15 cm depth increment for a 37 km2 study area in Truro, Nova Scotia. Quantile Regression Forest and stochastic Gradient Boosting Model were utilized for prediction. Although both models performed equally well for predicting TOC and POXc, the accuracy of TOC predictions (e.g., concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.67) was better than POXc predictions (e.g., CCC = 0.53). The Landsat variables and crop inventory were dominant predictors, while topographic variables across the relatively homogeneous terrain had relatively little influence. During the study period, changes in POXc were predicted across 98% of the study area, with a mean absolute loss of 5.77 (±11.48) mg/kg/year, and in TOC on 27% of the area, with a mean absolute loss of 0.15 (±0.09) g/kg/year. While the annual crop fields observed the highest loss of TOC and POXc, the decline in pasture–grassland–forage fields was relatively low. The study reinforced the effectiveness of DSM for modeling multiple SOC pools at the farm to landscape scales.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-07-27T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0012
- Revised proposed classification for human modified soils in Canada:
Anthroposolic order-
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Authors: M. Anne Naeth, Leonard A. Leskiw, J. Anthony Brierley, C. James Warren, Kevin Keys, Konstantin Dlusskiy, Ronggui Wu, Graeme A. Spiers, Jorden Laskosky, Maja Krzic, Gary Patterson, Angela Bedard-Haughn
First page: 81
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
As the global human population and associated anthropogenic activities rapidly increase, so does the areal extent of disturbed soils. Regulatory frameworks must incorporate reclamation criteria and management options for these disturbed soils, requiring consistent descriptions and interpretations. Many human-altered soils cannot be classified using the current Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), thus an Anthroposolic order is proposed. Anthroposols are soils that are highly modified or constructed by human activity, with one or more natural horizons removed and replaced, added to, or significantly modified. Disturbed horizons are anthropic in origin and contain materials significantly modified physically and/or chemically by human activities. Three great groups are defined by the presence of anthropogenic artefacts and organic carbon content. Eight subgroups are based on the amount of organic material, thickness of horizons, material composition, hydrologic regime, and presence of permafrost. Traditional phases and modifiers are used as in the CSSC. The proposed classification has been revised from the original publication in 2012 after field testing and discussion among soil scientists across Canada. This revised classification is proposed for inclusion in the revised CSSC, to account for the very large and expanding aerial extent of disturbed soils in Canada, and to remain current with other global soil taxonomy systems.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-09-15T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0033
- Gray Luvisols are polygenetic
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Authors: Miles F. Dyck, Preston T. Sorenson, Justine D.M. Lejoly, Sylvie A. Quideau
First page: 121
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
With respect to the pedosphere, human activities in the last 100 years have been the major driver of soil change. Despite human activities being one of the main soil forming factors recognized by soil scientists (in addition to climate, organisms, parent material, relief, groundwater, and time), the Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC) emphasizes soil as a natural body. We argue human agricultural activities are direct and indirect drivers of significant changes to the carbon balance and cycling in A horizons of Gray Luvisolic soils in western Canada, resulting in changes to A horizon carbon stocks, structure, and micromorphology. Evidence from scientific literature, in-field soil profile observations, and the National Pedon Database are presented in support of our argument. We propose a polygenetic, two-stage model of Gray Luvisol soil formation. The first stage is dominated by the climate forcing of the Holocene, resulting in a relatively stable boreal forest ecosystem including perturbations from natural and human-induced wildfire and other disturbances. The second stage is dominated by direct, human-driven disturbances such as cultivation, release of exotic fauna (earthworms), and indirect human-driven disturbances associated with anthropogenic climate change. Further, we propose modest amendments to the CSSC to reflect a polygenetic model of soil genesis in Gray Luvisolic soils that preserve the balance between observation and interpretation inherent in the system.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-09-28T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0035
- Twenty-four years of contrasting cropping systems on a brown chernozem in
Southern Alberta: crop yields, soil carbon, and subsoil salinity-
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Authors: E. Bremer, D. Pauly, R.H. McKenzie, B.H. Ellert, H.H. Janzen
First page: 134
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Cropping systems with perennial forages and reduced fallow frequency generally increase soil organic carbon and thus subsequent soil health and crop yield. We evaluated the impact of prior cropping systems on subsequent yields and soil properties in a semiarid region by using crop yields as a bioassay of soil health following the termination of a 24-year crop rotation study in the Brown soil zone in Alberta. During 24 growing seasons from 1992 to 2015, the study included three fallow-containing rotations, two annual crop rotations that were cropped continuously, and perennial grass hay, each with two to six fertilizer treatments. During the bioassay period from 2016 through 2020, all plots in the study were uniformly cropped. Compared to unfertilized fallow wheat, soil organic C in the fall of 2015 was 54% higher after 24 years of fertilized grass and up to 14% higher following annual crops in rotations without fallow. The most notable impact of the previous cropping system on yield during the bioassay years was low yield following perennial grass in 2016 and 2018. Soil electrical conductivity measurements showed that subsoil salinity was elevated following perennial grass, demonstrating the importance of subsoil characteristics for healthy soils. Crop yields in the fifth year of the crop bioassay were 10%–20% greater due to reduced fallow frequency or increased crop diversity. The long-term impact of the cropping system on crop yield in this study depended on drought intensity due to counteracting changes in soil organic matter and subsoil salinity.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-06-29T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2021-0181
- Ex situ soil respiration assessment using minimally disturbed microcosms
and dried–sieved soils; comparison of methods to assess soil health-
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Authors: Louis-Pierre Comeau, Kyle MacKinley, Adrian Unc, Jeremiah Vallotton
First page: 143
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Soil respiration measurements are commonly used as soil health indicators. Several ex situ soil respiration methods exist, but comparative performances between them have rarely been analyzed. Specifically, there is a lack of comparisons between intact microcosms and destructive methods. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare three different ex situ soil respiration methodologies: minimally disturbed microcosms using fresh soil, dried–sieved 24 h burst test, and dried–sieved 10-day incubation. We hypothesized that (i) the respiration rates for the three methods are correlated to each other; (ii) the respiration rates are strongly correlated with soil physico-chemical parameters; (iii) disturbance caused by drying and sieving reduces regression coefficients compared with microcosms; and (iv) drying and sieving soil produces larger respiration rates. Soil was collected in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. Total carbon and nitrogen (C:N), pH, aggregate stability, total dissolved C and N, NO3 and NH4, texture, and labile C were determined prior to incubations. Our results showed that the three methods had CO2 efflux in similar ranges. However, all the methods had low to no significant correlations between soil physico-chemical parameters and respiration. Total dissolved N had the strongest correlation with CO2 efflux. The results of the microcosm method significantly correlated with the results for 24 h burst test but not with the 10-day incubation method. We conclude that drying and sieving soil prior to performing ex situ soil heterotrophic respiration measurements using the 24 h burst tests can produce cautiously reliable results. Despite the disturbance, results from the 24 h burst tests are comparable with the results of the microcosm method.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-07-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2021-0143
- Soil texture influences on soil health scoring functions in Ontario
agricultural soils: a possible framework towards a provincial soil health
test-
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Authors: I. Chahal, D.D. Saurette, L.L. Van Eerd
First page: 152
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Since soil health is impacted by inherent soil properties, it is, therefore, challenging to apply the same soil health frameworks across multiple regions and soil types. Here, we examined the effect of soil textural group (coarse, medium, and fine) on four soil health indicators of soils sampled from diverse agricultural systems across Ontario. Scoring functions were developed by calculating cumulative normal distributions, using the mean and standard deviation of each soil health indicator, for three or five soil textural groups. For each soil health indicator, soil health scoring values were provided using the “more is better” approach, where greater soil health scores implied better soil health. Soil health indicators were significantly affected by three but not all five soil textural groups. Evolved NH3 and CO2, and potentially mineralizable N had stronger associations with each other as revealed by correlation and principal component analysis. Our results also suggested that mean separation of the tested soil health indicators was more consistent with three soil textural groups (coarse, medium, and fine) than five soil textural groups (clays, clay loams, loams, sandy loams, and sand); therefore, we recommend using three soil textural groups to develop soil health scoring functions. The findings of this study lay a groundwork for future soil health assessment involving a larger number of samples across Ontario and more soil indicators, which will facilitate the regional interpretation of soil health.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-07-27T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2021-0145
- The story of long-term research sites and soil health in Canadian
agriculture-
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Authors: Charlotte E. Norris, Monika Gorzelak, Melissa Arcand, Darren Bruhjell, Cameron N. Carlyle, Miles Dyck, Benjamin Ellert, Martin Entz, Charles M. Geddes, Xiying Hao, Ken Janovicek, Francis Larney, William May, Mervin St. Luce, Laura L. Van Eerd, Tiequan Zhang, Ryan Beck, Tony Cowen, Daniel Liptzin, Cristine L.S. Morgan
First page: 164
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Canada's interest in agricultural lands has changed with time from a desire of crop yields at Confederation through to discussions in the Senate on adaptation and resilience in 2018. Long-term research experiments (LTRs) have been present and utilized by federal and university researchers to provide answers throughout. Here we highlight the importance of LTRs by identifying the historical context of LTRs and soil health research in Canada. We then briefly describe the history and key results from select LTRs and illustrate the wealth of information collected from the North American Project to Evaluate Soil Health Measurements cross-country point-in-time soil sampling from these LTRs. We discuss the LTRs, and the knowledge gained from them, with the hope that by showing the distinctive narratives associated with each of these study sites, researchers will be inspired to use them to address their research questions and make sound predictions to facilitate the adaptation of Canadian agroecosystems to climate challenges. Through identifying the value generated by these unique LTRs, we hope that the importance of these sites will inspire not only their continued maintenance but also the next generation of LTRs.
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-07-27T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2021-0174
- Identifying rotation and tillage practices that maintain or enhance soil
carbon and its relation to soil health-
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Authors: Erin Wepruk, Amanda Diochon, Laura L. Van Eerd, Edward Gregorich, Bill Deen, David Hooker
First page: 191
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) are established indicators of management-induced change and have been used to estimate the soil carbon storage capacity and storage potential. Here, we use SOM physical fractions and soil textures to identify management practices that maintain or enhance soil health and carbon storage in agricultural soils in Ontario. Metadata from the National Soil Database were used to estimate carbon storage potentials and calculate carbon deficits. A map was created showing carbon deficits in Ontario's agricultural soils and indicates that these soils have the potential to store an additional 0 to 2 kg m−2 in the top 20 cm of the soil. Tillage system generally had no effect on the size of the carbon deficit at four long-term agricultural experiments (Delhi, Elora, Ottawa, and Ridgetown). There was only a significant tillage effect at Ridgetown and only in the maize–soybean crop rotation, where the carbon deficit was 2.95 g C kg soil−1 under conventional tillage compared to 8.97 g C kg soil−1 with no tillage. A statistically significant effect of crop rotation was detected in Elora and Ridgetown. In Elora, continuous alfalfa had the smallest carbon deficit (7.25 g C kg soil−1) and maize–soybean rotation had the largest deficit (12.07 g C kg soil−1). In Ridgetown, the maize–soybean rotation had the smallest carbon deficit (2.95 g C kg soil−1). Regression analysis showed a weak negative relationship (R2 = 0.11; P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-09-15T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2021-0161
- Biochar–compost mixture and cover crop effects on soil carbon and
nitrogen dynamics, yield, and fruit quality in an irrigated vineyard-
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Authors: Mehdi Sharifi, Monireh Hajiaghaei-Kamrani
First page: 200
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Effects of biochar–compost (B+Com) mixture and cover crop were assessed on soil and grapevine productivity in an irrigated Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard in Okanagan Valley, British Columbia (BC), Canada, from 2017 to 2020. The experimental design was a factorial arrangement of control, B+Com, cover crop, and combination of cover crop and B+Com (cover crop/B+Com) treatments in alleys with four replications. The B+Com comprised a 1:1 ratio of biochar and compost and was applied at a rate of 22 Mg ha−1 dry weight basis in May 2017 and 2019. The cover crop consisted of a dryland forage mixture and bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). B+Com treatment did not affect cover crop biomass or tissue C and N concentrations except for a 12% reduction in 2019 biomass. B+Com and cover crop/B+Com increased soil C content averaged across sampling dates by 11% and 17% (P
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-08-05T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2021-0147
- Crop rotational diversity alters the composition of stabilized soil
organic matter compounds in soil physical fractions-
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Authors: Huan Tong, Meiling Man, Claudia Wagner-Riddle, Kari E. Dunfield, Bill Deen, Myrna J. Simpson
First page: 213
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Crop rotational diversity is an important part of sustainable agricultural and soil management to improve crop yield and soil fertility including enhancing soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Because of the physical protection via interactions with soil minerals, SOM in mineral-associated fractions is believed to be longer-lived and more stable relative to SOM in particulate (light) fractions. However, it is still unclear how crop rotational diversity alters soil carbon distribution, composition and stabilization in soil physical fractions. To address this, we studied a 37 years’ agricultural site with different crop rotational diversity (from continuous corn or alfalfa up to four species (corn, soybean, winter wheat, and red clover)). Soil carbon analysis, targeted compound analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods were used to obtain the distribution and degradation of SOM components in light and mineral-associated (F53–2000 µm, F2–53 µm, and F
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-11-23T08:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0058
- Comparison of agri-environmental phosphorus tests for boreal agricultural
and natural Podzols-
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Authors: Amana Jemal Kedir, David Bruce McKenzie, Noura Ziadi, Adrian Unc
First page: 234
Abstract: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Ahead of Print.
Over a dozen soil phosphorus (P) extraction procedures have been designed for agri-environmental purposes (P-tests). Sustainable expansion of agriculture into boreal regions dominated by Podzols requires further insights into P extractability. We extracted P from Podzol samples (n = 96) using nine P-tests followed by both colorimetric (PCol) and inductively coupled plasma (PICP) quantifications and assessed the relationships between P-tests. Samples were collected by depth or horizon from agricultural fields and reference sites in eastern, central, and western Newfoundland, Canada. The soil P was extracted with water, citric acid, ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), Morgan, Olsen, Bray-1, Bray-2, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3 solutions, thus targeting a wide range of extractable P pools in managed and natural Podzols. The soils had a pH of 3.4–6.9, organic matter of 0.5%–47.2%, and Al-M3 of 977–2561 mg kg−1. On average, water extracted the lowest PCol (1.0) and PICP (5.7) mg kg−1, while citric acid extracted the highest PCol (151) and PICP (290) mg kg−1. For the managed podzolic soils, the extractability of P followed the sequence water
Citation: Canadian Journal of Soil Science
PubDate: 2022-09-02T07:00:00Z
DOI: 10.1139/cjss-2022-0037
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