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- Remote Sensing of Primary Producers in the Bay–Delta
Authors: Hestir; Erin
,
Dronova, Iryna
Abstract: Remote-sensing methods are being used to study a growing number of issues in the San Francisco Estuary, such as (1) detecting the optical properties of chlorophyll-a concentrations and dissolved organic matter to assess productivity and the nature of carbon inputs, (2) creating historical records of invasive aquatic vegetation expansion through space and time, (3) identifying origins and expansions of invasions, and (4) supporting models of greenhouse-gas sequestration by expanding restoration projects. Technological capabilities of remote sensing have likewise expanded to include a wide array of opportunities: from boat-mounted sensors, human-operated low-flying planes, and aerial drones, to freely accessible satellite imagery. Growing interest in coordinating these monitoring methods in the name of collaboration and cost-efficiency has led to the creation of diverse expert teams such as the Remote Imagery Collaborative, and monitoring frameworks such as the Interagency...
PubDate: Thu, 2 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000
- Carbon Sequestration and Subsidence Reversal in the Sacramento–San
Joaquin Delta and Suisun Bay: Management Opportunities for Climate
Mitigation and Adaptation
Authors: Windham–Myers; Lisamarie
,
Oikawa, Patty
,
Deverel, Steve
,
Chapple, Dylan
,
Drexler, Judith Z.
,
Stern, Dylan
Abstract: The aquatic landscapes of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (hereafter, the Delta) and Suisun Bay represent both a significant past and future soil carbon stock. Historical alterations of hydrologic flows have led to depletion of soil carbon stocks via emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), and loss of elevation as a result of subsidence. Optimizing ecosystem hydrology in the Delta and Suisun Bay could both reduce and reverse subsidence while also providing significant opportunities for climate mitigation and adaptation. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs)—notably CO2, methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2O)—contribute to global warming at different rates and intensities, requiring GHG accounting and modeling to assess the relative benefits of management options. Decades of data collection, model building, and map development suggest that past and current management actions have both caused—and can mitigate—losses of soil carbon. We review here the magnitude of potential GHG offsets,...
PubDate: Wed, 1 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000
- Landscape Transformation and Variation in Invasive Species Abundance Drive
Change in Primary Production of Aquatic Vegetation in the Sacramento–San
Joaquin Delta
Authors: Boyer; Katharyn E.
,
Safran, Samuel M.
,
Khanna, Shruti
,
Patten, Melissa V.
Abstract: Conversion of wetlands in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta beginning in the mid-1800s resulted in a pronounced shift from a wetland-dominated food web to one driven by open-water primary producers. Submersed and floating aquatic vegetation (SAV and FAV) now rank highest in potential net primary production (NPP) among producer groups, and provide a comparable amount of carbon to the detrital food web as marshes. However, important details of this contribution that relate to shifts in species composition and habitat extent were not understood. Here, we review how changes in aquatic vegetation influence NPP and trophic support from the historical to modern periods, within the modern period (the last 2 decades), and under future management and climate scenarios. We estimate that NPP of SAV and FAV during the historical period was approximately half that of today, before increases in open water and introduction of the highly productive water primrose. During the modern period (the...
PubDate: Wed, 1 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000
- Ecology and Ecosystem Effects of Submerged and Floating Aquatic Vegetation
in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta
Authors: Christman; Mairgareth A.
,
Khanna, Shruti
,
Drexler, Judith Z.
,
Young, Matthew J.
Abstract: Substantial increases in non-native aquatic vegetation have occurred in the upper San Francisco Estuary over the last 2 decades, largely from the explosive growth of a few submerged and floating aquatic plant species. Some of these species act as ecosystem engineers by creating conditions that favor their further growth and expansion as well as by modifying habitat for other organisms. Over the last decade, numerous studies have investigated patterns of expansion and turn-over of aquatic vegetation species; effects of vegetation on ecosystem health, water quality, and habitat; and effects of particular species or communities on physical processes such as carbon and sediment dynamics. Taking a synthetic approach to evaluate what has been learned over the last few years has shed light on just how significant aquatic plant species and communities are to ecosystems in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Aquatic vegetation affects every aspect of the physical and biotic environment,...
PubDate: Wed, 1 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000
- Invasive Aquatic Vegetation in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta and
Suisun Marsh: The History and Science of Control Efforts and
Recommendations for the Path Forward
Authors: Conrad; J. Louise
,
Thomas, Madison
,
Jetter, Karen
,
Madsen, John
,
Pratt, Paul
,
Moran, Patrick
,
Takekawa, John
,
Darin, Gina Skurka
,
Kenison, Lydia
Abstract: Invasive aquatic vegetation (IAV) is a management challenge in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta and the Suisun Marsh that has commanded major resource investment for 4 decades. We review the history and supporting science of chemical, biological, and mechanical control of IAV in the Delta and Suisun March, and in flowing waters outside the region. Outside the Delta, there is a significant history of research on IAV control in lotic systems, but few studies come from tidal environments, and we found no investigations at a spatial scale like that of the Delta. The science of control efforts in the Delta is nascent but has seen marked growth over the recent decade. Since 1983, control of invasive submerged and floating species has been centralized within the California State Parks Division of Boating and Waterways (CDBW). The program relies on herbicides, with an annual budget that has exceeded $12.5 million since 2015. However, the results have been mixed because of the challenge...
PubDate: Wed, 1 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000
- Status, Trends, and Drivers of Harmful Algal Blooms Along the
Freshwater-to-Marine Gradient in the San Francisco Bay–Delta System
Authors: Kudela; Raphael M.
,
Howard, Meredith D. A.
,
Monismith, Stephen
,
Paerl, Hans W.
Abstract: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are on the rise worldwide. Known drivers for the proliferation and intensification of HAB events include increasing nutrient pollution, climate change, regulation and modification of hydrological flow, and the combined effect of climate drivers and nutrient pollution. The San Francisco Bay–Delta system has largely been immune to severe or acute HAB events, but there is both a potential and realized threat which has been underestimated and under-reported, in part because of the lack of coordinated sampling and data reporting. There is also increasing evidence that HABs must be considered in the context of a freshwater-to-marine continuum, and that the physical and political boundaries separating components of the Bay–Delta system are porous barriers to HABs and their toxins. Much remains to be learned about the ecology and physiology of HAB organisms in this system, but five primary environmental drivers can be identified: temperature, salinity, irradiance,...
PubDate: Wed, 1 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000
- Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Bay-Delta Primary Producers: How
Plants and Algae Affect Ecosystems and Respond to Management of the
Estuary and Its Watershed
Authors: Larsen; Laurel G.
,
Bashevkin, Samuel M.
,
Christman, Mairgareth A.
,
Conrad, J. Louise
,
Dahm, Clifford A.
,
Thompson, Janet
Abstract: The Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (Delta) is a case-study of the Anthropocene “great accelerations,” with exponentially increasing temperatures and sea level over time, leading to rapid change in other ecosystem components. In nearly all these interconnected changes and across scales, primary producers play a major role, with diverse effects that mitigate or exacerbate the rapid change induced by climate or other human-driven perturbations. Through this anthropocentric lens, primary producers can be viewed as performing numerous ecosystem services—which ultimately benefit humans—as well as ecosystem disservices, which negatively affect human communities. For example, through carbon sequestration, wetlands can perform ecosystem services of mitigating warming at a global scale and combating relative sea-level rise at a local scale, while generating food that supports regional food webs and fisheries. On the other hand, invasive aquatic vegetation (IAV) can trap sediment before it...
PubDate: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +000
- I’m not that Shallow – Different Zooplankton Abundance but Similar
Community Composition Between Habitats in the San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Hartman; Rosemary
,
Avila, Michelle
,
Barros, Arthur
,
Bowles, Christy
,
Ellis, Daniel
,
Tempel, Trishelle
,
Sherman, Stacy
Abstract: Wetland restoration is a key management tool for increasing food availability for at-risk fishes in the San Francisco Estuary. To characterize the benefits of restoration sites, it is critical to quantify the abundance and composition of fish food resources in and near the wetlands. Characterization of zooplankton communities is considered particularly important, but accurate analysis of zooplankton samples is time-consuming and expensive. The recently established Fish Restoration Program (FRP) Monitoring Team assessed whether data from existing long-term monitoring surveys could be used to characterize shallow-water zooplankton communities prior to restoration. During the springs of 2017-2019, FRP collected zooplankton samples near the mouth of tidal wetland sites, or immediately outside future restoration sites, and compared them to concurrent samples collected in deep water by existing long-term monitoring surveys. We found very few differences in community composition between...
PubDate: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Wakasagi in the San Francisco Bay–Delta Watershed: Comparative Trends in
Distribution and Life-History Traits with Native Delta Smelt
Authors: Davis; Brittany E.
,
Adams, Jesse B.
,
Lewis, Levi S.
,
Hobbs, James A.
,
Ikemiyagi, Naoaki
,
Johnston, Catherine
,
Mitchell, Lara
,
Shakya, Anjali
,
Schreier, Brian
,
Mahardja, Brian
Abstract: Intentional introductions of non-native fishes can have severe consequences on native communities. Wakasagi (Hypomesus nipponensis, referred to as Japanese Pond Smelt) are native to Japan and were once separated from their non-native congener the endangered Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) of the San Francisco Estuary (hereon ‘estuary’) of California (CA). Wakasagi were introduced into CA reservoirs in the 20th century as forage fish. Wakasagi have since expanded their distribution downstream to the estuary, but less is known about Wakasagi’s current distribution status and biology in the estuary, and negative influences on Delta Smelt. In this study, we took a comparative approach by synthesizing long-term field monitoring surveys, modeling environmental associations, and quantifying phenology, growth, and diets of Wakasagi and Delta Smelt to describe abundance and range, trends of co-occurrence, and shared ecological roles between smelt species. We found Wakasagi in greatest...
PubDate: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +000
- A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Reduced Spatial or Temporal
Monitoring Effort
Authors: Bashevkin; Samuel M.
Abstract: Monitoring in the San Francisco Estuary has fluctuated in sampling effort over time with changes to resources, objectives, and unforeseen events. I designed an approach to evaluate how reduced sampling would alter our ability to describe the status and trends of key species. This approach can evaluate the sensitivity of the estuary monitoring program to disruptions in sampling and whether sampling effort could be reduced without compromising the information provided by these surveys. I simulated reduced sampling on top of the historical data record (1985 – 2018) by selectively removing data and evaluating the impact on model inference. The same model structure is fit to the full dataset and several reduced datasets representing simulations of reduced sampling effort. Model predictions from reduced models are then compared to those from the full model to evaluate how reduced sampling may have affected our ability to detect key patterns in the data. In a case study, I applied this...
PubDate: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Habitat-Specific Foraging by Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in the San
Francisco Estuary, California: Implications for Tidal Restoration
Authors: Young; Matthew J.
,
Feyrer, Frederick
,
Smith, Collin D.
,
Valentine, Dennis A.
Abstract: Non-native predatory fish strongly impact aquatic communities, and their impacts can be exacerbated by anthropogenic habitat alterations. Loss of natural habitat and restoration actions reversing habitat loss can modify relationships between non-native predators and prey. Predicting how these relationships will change is often difficult because insufficient information exists on the habitat-specific feeding ecology of non-native predators. To address this information gap, we examined diets of non-native Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis; 63 to 671 mm standard length; estimated age 1-5 yrs) in the San Francisco Estuary during spring and summer in three habitat types – marsh, shoal, and channel – with the marsh habitat type serving as a model for ongoing and future restoration. Based on a prey-specific index of relative importance, Striped Bass diets were dominated by macroinvertebrates in spring and summer (amphipods in spring, decapods and isopods in summer). In spring,...
PubDate: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Estuarine Recruitment of Longfin Smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) North of
the San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Brennan; Colin A.
,
Hassrick, Jason L.
,
Kalmbach, Andrew
,
Cox, Daniel M.
,
Sabal, Megan C.
,
Zeno, Ramona L.
,
Grimaldo, Lenny F.
,
Acuña, Shawn
Abstract: Longfin Smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) was an important forage fish in the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) but was listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act in 2009. This has inspired research within the SFE at the southern edge of their distribution. However, populations also exist in other estuaries along the coast, which are far less described despite their potential importance in a metapopulation. We surveyed Longfin Smelt populations along the northern California coast for larval recruitment. We conducted surveys in 2019 and 2020 to (1) identify estuaries north of SFE where spawning occurs, and (2) evaluate how habitat features (e.g., salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity) influenced Longfin Smelt larvae abundance. We detected larvae in four of 16 estuaries we surveyed, and all were large estuaries north of Cape Mendocino. No larvae were detected in eight coastal estuaries in closer proximity to the SFE. Larvae catch probability increased...
PubDate: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Nutrient and Trace Element Contributions from Drained Islands in the
Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California
Authors: Richardson; Christina M.
,
Fackrell, Joseph K.
,
Kraus, Tamara E. C.
,
Young, Megan
,
Paytan, Adina
Abstract: Inventorying nutrient and trace element sources in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) is critical to understanding how changes—including alterations to point source inputs such as upgrades to the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (SRWTP) and landscape-scale changes related to wetland restoration—may alter the Delta’s water quality. While island drains are a ubiquitous feature of the Delta, limited data exist to evaluate island drainage mass fluxes in this system. To better constrain inputs from island drains, we measured monthly discharge along with nutrient and trace element concentrations in island drainage on three Delta islands and surrounding rivers from June 2017 to September 2018. These data were used to calculate island-level fluxes and then upscaled to estimate Delta-wide contributions from island drains. Based on these results, we present (1) new estimates of gross and net nutrient and trace element fluxes from Delta island drains, and (2) concomitant...
PubDate: Mon, 20 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Considerations for the Development of a Juvenile Production Estimate for
Central Valley Spring-Run Chinook Salmon
Authors: Nelson; Peter A.
,
Baerwald, Melinda
,
Burgess, Oliver (Towns
,
Bush, Eva
,
Collins, Alison
,
Cordoleani, Flora
,
DeBey, Henry
,
Gille, Daphne
,
Goertler, Pascale A. L.
,
Harvey, Brett
,
Johnson, Rachel C.
,
Kindopp, Jason
,
Meyers, Erica
,
Notch, Jeremy
,
Phillis, Corey C.
,
Singer, Gabriel
,
Sommer, Ted
Abstract: Effective species management depends on accurate estimates of population size. There are, however, no estimates of annual juvenile production for Central Valley spring-run Chinook Salmon (“spring run”), a highly imperiled species in California, making it difficult to evaluate population status and effectively manage key issues such as entrainment of this species at water diversions. In recognition of this critical information gap, we initiated an effort to develop a juvenile production estimate (JPE) for spring run, defined here as an annual forecast of the number of juvenile Central Valley spring-run Chinook Salmon that enter the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (“Delta”) from the Sacramento Valley. This metric would allow for a more robust scientific assessment of the population, which is needed to effectively manage water to reduce effects on spring run, a key condition of state permit requirements. To help guide this effort, we organized a workshop for stake-holders, managers,...
PubDate: Mon, 20 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Gill Net Selectivity for Fifteen Fish Species of the Upper San Francisco
Estuary
Authors: Wulff; Marissa L.
,
Feyrer, Frederick V.
,
Young, Matthew J.
Abstract: Gill-net size selectivity for fifteen fish species occurring in the upper San Francisco Estuary was estimated from a data set compiled from multiple studies which together contained 7,096 individual fish observations from 882 gill net sets. The gill nets considered in this study closely resembled the American Fisheries Society’s recommended standardized experimental gill nets for sampling inland waters. Relationships between gill-net mesh sizes and the sizes for each fish species retained in them were estimated indirectly using generalized linear modeling and maximum likelihood. Selectivity curves are provided for each species to inform researchers about population characteristics of fishes sampled with similar gill nets.
PubDate: Mon, 20 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Climate Change Impacts on San Francisco Estuary Aquatic Ecosystems: A
Review
Authors: Herbold; Bruce
,
Bush, Eva
,
Castillo, Gonzalo
,
Colombano, Denise
,
Hartman, Rosemary
,
Lehman, Peggy
,
Mahardja, Brian
,
Sommer, Ted
Abstract: Climate change is intensifying the effects of multiple interacting stressors on aquatic ecosystems, particularly in estuaries. In the San Francisco Estuary, signals of climate change are apparent in the long-term monitoring record. Here we synthesize current and potential future climate change effects on three main ecosystems (floodplain, tidal marsh, and open water) in the upper estuary and two representative native fishes that commonly occur in these ecosystems (anadromous Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and estuarine resident Sacramento Splittail, Pogonichthys macrolepidotus). Based on our review, we found that the estuary is experiencing shifting baseline environmental conditions, amplification of extremes, and restructuring of physical habitats and biological communities. We present priority topics for research and monitoring, and a conceptual model of how the estuary currently functions in relation to climate variables. In addition, we discuss four tools for management...
PubDate: Mon, 20 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Machine Learning Forecasts to Reduce Risk of Entrainment Loss of
Endangered Salmonids at Large-Scale Water Diversions in the
Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California
Authors: Tillotson; Michael D.
,
Hassrick, Jason
,
Collins, Alison L.
,
Phillis, Corey
Abstract: Incidental entrainment of fishes at large-scale state and federal water diversion facilities in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, can trigger protective management actions when limits imposed by environmental regulations are approached or exceeded. These actions can result in substantial economic costs, and likewise they can affect the status of vulnerable species. Here, we examine data relevant to water management actions during January–June; the period when juvenile salmonids are present in the Delta. We use a quantile regression forest approach to create a risk forecasting tool, which can inform adjustments of diversions based on near real-time predictions. Models were trained using historical entrainment data (Water Years 1999–2019) for Sacramento River winter-run Chinook Salmon or Central Valley Steelhead and a suite of environmental and water operations metrics. A range of models was developed; their performance was evaluated by comparison of a quantile loss...
PubDate: Mon, 20 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +000
- Multi-Biomarker Analysis for Identifying Organic Matter Sources in Small
Mountainous River Watersheds: A Case Study of the Yuba River Watershed
Authors: Pondell; Christina R.
,
Canuel, Elizabeth A.
Abstract: Organic matter in soils and sediments derives from a mixture of biological origins, often making it difficult to determine inputs from individual sources. Complicating the determination of source inputs to soil and sedimentary organic matter (OM) is the fact that physical and microbial processes have likely modified the initial composition of these sources. This study focused on identifying the composition of watershed-derived OM to better understand inputs to inland waters and improve our ability to resolve between terrigenous and aquatic sources in downstream systems, such as estuaries and coasts. We surveyed OM sources from the Yuba River watershed in northern California to identify specific biomarkers that represent aquatic and terrigenous OM sources. Multiple classes of organic proxies—including sterols, fatty acids (FA), lignin phenols and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values (δ13C, δ15N)—were measured in soils, vegetation, charcoal, and freshwater...
PubDate: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000
- Investigation of Molecular Pathogen Screening Assays for Use in Delta
Smelt
Authors: Gille; Daphne A.
,
Barney, Bryan T.
,
Segarra, Amelie
,
Baerwald, Melinda R.
,
Schreier, Andrea D.
,
Connon, Richard E.
Abstract: Pathogen surveillance must be part of any population supplementation or reintroduction program for the conservation of threatened and endangered species. The unintended transmission of pathogens can have devastating effects on these already at-risk populations or the natural ecosystem at large. In the San Francisco Estuary (estuary), abundance of the endemic Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) has declined to the point where regulatory managers are preparing to augment the wild population using fish propagated in a hatchery to prevent species extinction. Although disease is not an overt cause of population decline, comprehensive pathogen presence and prevalence data are lacking. Here, we performed a pilot study that applied molecular assays originally developed in salmonids to assess the presence of a wide variety of pathogens in the gill tissue of cultured and wild Delta Smelt—as well as cultured fish—deployed in enclosures in the estuary. We found the assays to...
PubDate: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000
- Relative Bias in Catch Among Long-Term Fish Monitoring Surveys Within the
San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Huntsman; Brock M.
,
Mahardja, Brian
,
Bashevkin, Samuel M.
Abstract: Fish monitoring gears rarely capture all available fish, an inherent bias in monitoring programs referred to as catchability. Catchability is a source of bias that can be affected by numerous aspects of gear deployment (e.g., deployment speed, mesh size, and avoidance behavior). Thus, care must be taken when multiple surveys—especially those using different sampling methods—are combined to answer spatio-temporal questions about population and community dynamics. We assessed relative catchability differences among four long-term fish monitoring surveys from the San Francisco Estuary: the Bay Study Otter Trawl (BSOT), the Bay Study Midwater Trawl (BSMT), the Fall Midwater Trawl (FMWT), and the Suisun Marsh Otter Trawl (SMOT). We used generalized additive models with a spatio-temporal smoother and survey as a fixed effect to predict gear-specific estimates of catch for 45 different fish species within large and small size classes. We used estimates of the fixed effect coefficients...
PubDate: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000
- Variation in Juvenile Salmon Growth Opportunities Across a Shifting
Habitat Mosaic
Authors: Coleman; Laura
,
Johnson, Rachel
,
Cordoleani, Flora
,
Phillis, Corey
,
Sturrock, Anna
Abstract: Historically, Chinook Salmon in the California Central Valley reared in the vast wetlands of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. However, more than 95% of floodplain, riparian, and wetland habitats in the Delta have become degraded because of anthropogenic factors such as pollution, introduced species, water diversions, and levees. Despite pronounced habitat loss, previous work using otolith reconstructions has revealed that some juvenile salmon continue to successfully rear for extended periods in the Delta. However, the extent to which the Delta functions to promote salmon growth relative to other habitats remains unknown. In this study, we integrated otolith microstructure (daily increment count and width) and strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) records to fill this critical knowledge gap by comparing the growth of natural-origin fall-run Chinook Salmon from the American River that reared in the Delta with those that remained in their natal stream. Using generalized additive models,...
PubDate: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000
- Counting the Parts to Understand the Whole: Rethinking Monitoring of
Steelhead in California’s Central Valley
Authors: Eschenroeder; Jackman C.
,
Peterson, Matthew L.
,
Hellmair, Michael
,
Pilger, Tyler J.
,
Demko, Doug
,
Fuller, Andrea
Abstract: Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss expressing an anadromous life history) in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and their tributaries in California’s Central Valley (CCV) belong to a Distinct Population Segment (DPS) that is listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. Although contemporary management and recovery plans include numerous planned and ongoing efforts seeking to aid in DPS recovery—such as gravel augmentation, manipulation of spring flows, and restoration of rearing and spawning habitat—a paucity of data precludes the possibility of evaluating the effect of these actions on populations of Steelhead in CCV streams. Knowledge gaps relating to historic and current abundance, population-specific ratios of resident and anadromous life-history expression, and the influence of hatchery-reared fish remain largely unaddressed. This is partly a result of aspects of Steelhead biology that make them difficult to monitor, including the multitude of factors...
PubDate: Sun, 6 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000
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