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- Introduction: Remembering Gianni Vattimo
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Authors: Snyder; Jon R.
Abstract: In the course of its existence, California Italian Studies has published essays by living Italian philosophers who were luminaries in the field, including Umberto Eco and Franco Cassano (now both deceased). Somehow, however, the pages of this journal never until now have hosted any contribution by Gianni Vattimo, the great Italian philosopher who passed away in September 2023 at age 87. Vattimo was a beloved teacher, a mentor, and a friend to several of the founding members of CIS, myself included, so it seems particularly appropriate for us to offer a posthumous homage to him in this open-theme issue of volume 13. I will offer just a few personal reminiscences here, as both Maurizio Ferraris and Simonetta Moro address in their respective essays the core tenets of Vattimo’s philosophy. Vattimo’s brief 1985 essay on myth and truth is included here because it so succinctly summarizes and illustrates the strand of his work for which he is most remembered today,...
PubDate: Sun, 3 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Italy and the Eternal City: Rome in History, Memory, and Imagination
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Authors: Bouley; Brad
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Wittman, Richard
Abstract: Caput Mundi, Città Eterna, Theatrum Mundi: Rome as the Head of the World, the Eternal City, the stage upon which the world’s drama was set. These aphorisms speak not only to the centrality of Rome across European and even world history, but to the perennial pretention of the Eternal City to signify far more than its mere self: to be a holy city, a world-historical city, the fountainhead of Western or at least of Italic culture. This latest thematic issue of California Italian Studies, entitled “Italy and the Eternal City: Rome in History, Memory, and Imagination,” explores how the city and its representations have been continually shaped and reshaped over the centuries by a conviction that the indispensable significance of Rome extends beyond its local time and space, as well as by the time-honored habit of perceiving the city as a layered palimpsest of past Romes, all somehow vital and available in the present.
PubDate: Sat, 5 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Out of or in Control'
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Authors: Velotti; Stefano
Abstract: Today the term "control" is ubiquitous, appearing ever more frequently in public discourse and in newspaper headlines. The term, which originated in medieval Latin within accounting practice, has been applied over time to various fields. Yet "control" is articulated in many ways, and the same goes for its opposite. On the one hand, control and non-control are indeed united in an unbreakable relationship: it would make no sense to exercise some form of control over the world, over oneself, and over others if these areas did not also present something vitally uncontrollable – namely, something contingent, unpredictable, unknown, incalculable. An enhancing interplay between control and non-control is an essential element of any living and vibrant society. However, this relationship seems to be fraying today, and the two poles that constitute it tend to exclude one another, generating phenomena of obsessive control ("the society of control," "surveillance capitalism," etc.) or...
PubDate: Mon, 2 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- The Vattimo Dictionary: Some Reflections
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Authors: Moro; Simonetta
Abstract: Conversation is a term of which Gianni Vattimo was particularly fond. Santiago Zabala, ICREA Research Professor at Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, and one of his former students and collaborators, put it at the center of his obituary of the Italian philosopher in the Los Angeles Review of Books published on September 19, 2023, the day of Vattimo’s death at age 87. It was part of Vattimo’s particular way of thinking philosophy and the exchange of ideas, and it is very significant that this editorial project, The Vattimo Dictionary, began with a series of conversations with Santiago Zabala in various locations, both physical and virtual. One of these locations was the Vattimo Archive, hosted at the Pompeu Fabra University, of which Zabala is the supervisor, inaugurated in 2016 after Vattimo donated his papers, manuscripts, course materials, letters, notes, and photographic material to the Catalan institution. The first international presentation...
PubDate: Tue, 16 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +000
- Marches on Rome: Historical Events and Creative Transformations
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Authors: Leake; Elizabeth
Abstract: This paper, part of a larger project on unconventional forms of historiography, investigates a handful of cinematic and literary representations of life in Fascist Italy against the background of the March on Rome and, more in general, of Rome as the stage for the public display and embodiment of Fascist rhetoric. These texts can be grouped in three categories: 1) Fascist-era texts by supporters and opponents that express fear and pride; 2) later texts by march participants that express disappointment in the experience and the outcome of the march; and 3) more recent re-scriptings of the march as farce. The paper focusses particularly on the work performed by the second and third categories. These are not histories in the conventional sense but rather what we might call, with Edward Hallett Carr, “imaginative structures” through which unexpected and unexamined aspects of the past emerge, and in which memory works at once with and against history. Taking as a point of departure...
PubDate: Mon, 20 May 2024 00:00:00 +000
- Indro Montanelli: Our Man in the Baltic
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Authors: Thomson; Ian
Abstract: This essay looks at the four-year period Indro Montanelli spent as a journalist, writer, and Fascist government representative in Estonia, Poland, and Finland between 1937 and 1941: four years during which the map of Europe was permanently redrawn. Much of the research is new. It complements the two-volume life of Montanelli by Sandro Gerbi and Raffaele Liucci (issued as a single volume in 2014 as Indro Montanelli: una biografia (1909–2001), and Marcello Staglieno’s earlier biography, Montanelli: novant’anni controcorrente, from 2001. Montanelli was at times undoubtably a great journalist. The reports he filed from Helsinki on Finland’s 1939–40 Winter War with Russia acquire a bitter topicality today in the wake of Vladimir Putin’s assault on Ukraine (for the first time since 1945 a state-on-state war has come to Europe.) In Montanelli’s Helsinki dispatches it seems that history—the great unforeseen—was repeating itself already from Tsarist times.Montanelli...
PubDate: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +000
- Myth and Fate of Secularization
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Authors: Vattimo; Gianni
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Snyder, Jon R.
Abstract: Philosophical thought about the presence of myth in the contemporary world cannot be founded upon an essential or metaphysical definition of myth. This is due in part to the fact that the dream of philosophy as a rigorous science has been definitively ausgeträumt. More specifically, though, it is due to the fact that the theme of myth itself appears to us today in an uncertain light. No satisfactory theory of myth—one that would define its nature and its connection with other forms of relationship to the world—exists in contemporary philosophy. Nevertheless, the term and the concept of myth, even if not carefully defined, have wide currency in our culture today. At least since the appearance of Roland Barthes’s Mythologies, mass culture and its byproducts generally have been analyzed in terms of mythology; and the presence and place of myth in political thought have generally been conceived in terms of the now distant but still important work of Georges Sorel,...
PubDate: Fri, 29 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +000
- Gianteresio Vattimo, 1936–2023: In Memoriam
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Authors: Ferraris; Maurizio
Abstract: Over the course of fifty years, Gianni Vattimo was a friend, teacher, and adversary for me. I must resist the temptation to speak here of my own memories of him in order to provide readers of this brief essay with what I think is destined to endure after Vattimo’s death, the essence of which can be found in the collection of his writings entitled Scritti filosofici e politici (Philosophical and Political Writings).
PubDate: Fri, 29 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +000
- Renewal and Accoglienza in Tasso’s Rome
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Authors: Driscoll; Kate
Abstract: Italy’s finest poet at the twilight of the Renaissance, Torquato Tasso (1544–95), has long been cast as the lionized icon of lonely genius, absorbed into a Romantic fantasy of torturous exile and withheld community. The figure of “mad Tasso,” however, misses key points in the historical poet’s dynamically social literary career, in which Tasso’s immersion in poetic communities prompted novel reflections about history, place, time, and belonging. Rome uniquely served as a catalyst for Tasso’s reflections on these very themes. A new kind of patria to which to direct the encomiastic voice of his late literary production, Rome became the subject of much of Tasso’s writings in the final three years of his life. With an eye toward the city’s classical heritage, Tasso composed a series of lyric, dialogic, epistolary, and epic experiments designed to immortalize the image of “Roma celeste” (celestial Rome) and the urban renovation projects that redefined its cityscape....
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- The Racism of Romanità: Mobilizing the Idea of Rome for the Fascists’
Anti-Semitic Campaign-
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Authors: Evangelista; Rhiannon
Abstract: Mussolini and his supporters regularly invoked the Roman Empire to justify the Fascist regime’s colonial projects in North and East Africa and the racist policies that accompanied them. But they also used the idea of Rome to justify anti-Semitic measures on the Italian Peninsula during the late 1930s. In the pages of his political and cultural journal Critica Fascista, Minister of National Education Giuseppe Bottai used the concept of Rome, primarily the idea that the Fascists were constructing a modern “Third Rome” after the Rome of the Caesars and the Rome of the Popes, to mobilize support for the regime’s infamous “Racial Laws” among the Italian intellectual class. Bottai—who lived all his life in Rome, led a squad division during the 1922 March on Rome, served as Fascist mayor of the city in 1935–36, and was a key exponent of “Roman studies”—united the idea of Rome with Fascist anti-Semitism to sway Mussolini away a biological definition of race...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Giuditta Tavani Arquati and Anti-Catholic Motherhood in the Fight for
Rome, 1867–95-
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Authors: Moore; Diana
Abstract: In October 1867, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his revolutionary forces attacked the city of Rome. As Garibaldi advanced on the city, a small group of Romans organized a simultaneous uprising in Trastevere but were brutally crushed by the Papal Zouaves. One of the most remembered casualties of this day was Giuditta Tavani Arquati (1830–67), who was killed fighting alongside her husband and child. For many left-wing Italians, Tavani Arquati served as a powerful model of female emancipation and anti-Catholic patriotism in the new nation. Following a brief overview of the connections between nationalism, anti-Catholicism, and women’s emancipation in mid-nineteenth-century Italy, this article examines the various novels, histories, memorials, and processions that drew upon Tavani Arquati’s legacy from the moment of her death until the twenty-fifth anniversary celebration of the conquest of Rome in 1895. In doing so, it highlights an often-understudied figure and offers a gendered analysis...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Basile de Luna e le origini della Carboneria nel Regno di Napoli
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Authors: Barra; Vincenzo
Abstract: This article aims to reconstruct the origins of the carboneria order in the Kingdom of Naples, identifying them in the context of Europe-wide republican conspiracy. In this way the substantial political-ideological continuity after 1815 between Freemasonry and the carboneria emerges into view. To better understand this phenomenon from the inside, this essay examines the individual experience of a significant, though now almost unknown, figure in the Neapolitan carbonaro world of the early nineteenth century and the document trail that he produced, now held in French and Neapolitan archives. Giuseppe Basile de Luna, maternal uncle of Carlo Pisacane, was at once a carbonaro, Bourbon secret service spy, and secret informer for Austria and France. The pages that follow will attempt to show how the carboneria was born in Naples from the complex political, sociological and ideological processes through which southern Italian republicans,...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Spaniards and Sbirri: Violence and Diplomacy in the Streets of Early
Modern Rome-
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Authors: Hunt; John M.
Abstract: In the summer of 1627, a series of violent conflicts erupted between the papal police, colloquially called the sbirri, in Rome and soldiers and servants of the Spanish ambassador. The epicenter of this violence was the Piazza della Trinità dei Monti, the location of the ambassador’s palace that soon gave its name to the square. After the initial skirmish between the police and Spaniards took place in late June, the next months witnessed daily street battles between the two sides with the ambassador’s men patrolling the streets that opened out from the Piazza della Trinità dei Monti all the way to the Corso, a huge swath of urban territory. Calling this area, “il Quatiero degli Spagnoli” (the Spanish quarter), the Spaniards robbed passersby and prevented the police and other papal officials from carrying out their duties in the area. The ambassador himself was quite active in defending his embassy and the surrounding area. His majordomo, his son, and other...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Apocalypse at the Gate: Marching Toward the 1527 Sack of Rome
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Authors: Goethals; Jessica
Abstract: Although the 1527 Sack of Rome by the German, Spanish, and Italian troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V shocked Europe, a violent invasion of the Eternal City had long been anticipated in prophetic, historical, and literary texts alike. These works envisioned a dramatic contest at the city’s gates and subsequent carnage within its walls. While the brutality of the historical event matched—or even surpassed—these expectations, contemporaries were dismayed by the weakness of the city’s defense and by the speed with which Rome was taken. This article traces the relationship between earlier compositions, which cast the Sack as catastrophic but inevitable, and the production of historical and poetical texts in the Sack’s aftermath detailing the progression of Charles’s armies across the Italian peninsula and into the streets of Rome. The invasion opened the floodgates to murder, kidnapping, torture, sexual assault (of men and women alike), theft, sacrilege, and destruction for...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Marching into Rome: The Gateway to the Eternal City
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Authors: Elet; Yvonne
Abstract: The entrance zone to Rome has, for millennia, been the setting for entries and marches, welcomed or contested. It is a symbolic precinct, and a palimpsest of toponyms, extant or remembered, connected with Augustus, Constantine, Pope Leo X Medici, and Mussolini. Drawing on new material from private archives, this article traces the interwar development of this zone, revealing an unknown story of the synergy among several projects: the restoration of Villa Madama (Raphael’s villa and papal welcoming center for the Medici), the coeval construction of the neighboring Foro Mussolini, and the siting nearby of the Palazzo Littorio (conceived as the Fascist Party Headquarters but subsequently realized as the Foreign Ministry). Fascist planners conceived this forum as a new gateway to Rome, and a staging ground for Fascist ideology and mass spectacle. It emerges that Raphael’s villa was a significant node of the plans; its site, form, function, and symbolism were tied to the forum,...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- XX Settembre 1870: Rome’s Capture as a Contested Public Memory
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Authors: Garofalo; Piero
Abstract: The Kingdom of Italy’s capture of Rome, on 20 September 1870, signaled the end of the Catholic Church’s temporal power and the completion of the Risorgimento, but the day is no longer officially celebrated and has been largely forgotten by the public except for its prominent use in street names. The political and cultural amnesia surrounding the significance of September 20th to national unity reflects the unresolved challenges that Prime Minister Camillo Cavour had articulated when advocating for a free Church in a free State in 1861. Declared a national holiday by Francesco Crispi’s government in 1895, Mussolini stripped the date of its status to enhance his own in 1930. Postwar efforts to elevate its official standing have all failed, and the date’s significance has been marginalized across the political spectrum albeit with dissenting voices. Paradoxically, since Vatican II, the Catholic Church has reinterpreted its loss of temporal power as a providential...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Feminists in the Courtroom: Observational Filmmaking and Militancy in
Processo per stupro (1978)-
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Authors: Cerreti; Marta
Abstract: The 1978 documentary Processo per stupro (A Trial for Rape) marked the first time a trial was broadcast on Italian state television. Directed by six feminist filmmakers, the film documents a trial for gang rape and exposes the secondary victimization experienced by women who take their rapists to trial. The encounter between feminism and the new technology of videotape enabled an unprecedented production of film language: in accordance with the idea that the feminist presence in male-dominated spaces would serve to monitor the men in power, the directors produced an observational documentary. Though determined to promote viewers’ autonomous reflection, they also strategically twisted the observational mode to show that reality is never objective and that it must be critically accounted for. After reflecting on the 1970s Italian feminist approach to images, this article addresses the impact of the editing strategies via the visual close readings of...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Marvelous Rome: Sorrentino’s La grande bellezza and the Rhetoric of Ovid
and Vasari on Art, Spectacle, and the Sublime-
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Authors: Eadie; Loren Labinger
Abstract: Towards the conclusion of the film La grande bellezza (Paolo Sorrentino, 2013), the protagonist, Jep Gambardella (Toni Servillo), responds honestly to the question of why he never wrote a second novel: “Io cercavo la grande bellezza. Non l’ho trovata” (I was searching for the great beauty. I never found it). Sorrentino’s entire film, however, disputes Jep’s claim. Once viewers reach this point, they have already spent an hour feasting their eyes on the visual spectacles that Jep’s journalistic vocation and Rome’s nightlife have to offer. While most of these spectacles are just that—shows empty of significance, magic that is “solo un trucco” (only a trick)—other moments, often the most banal, become marvels, creating a transformative experience for the protagonist and other characters, Romans and tourists alike. In so doing, Sorrentino taps into the great tradition of Rome’s constant search for beauty and artistic creation that go beyond human abilities, a quest...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Tempesta’s Rome Recut: Renewing an Urban Icon
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Authors: Maier; Jessica
Abstract: In 1662, Roman editore Giovanni Giacomo de’ Rossi published an updated version of Antonio Tempesta’s famous 1593 bird’s-eye view of Rome. In many ways, this move was standard practice: important images of the city were commonly copied or reprinted, and Tempesta’s original had been reissued multiple times. De’ Rossi’s version of 1662 was more than an incrementally revised restrike, however. In the title, he claimed it to show Tempesta’s prototype “recut, embellished, and enlarged” (rintagliato, abbellito ed accresciutto), and for once this language seems to reflect more than a rhetorical flourish. This essay shows, rather, that it was a meaningful reflection of process—one that leads, in turn, to many new questions. What was the lasting value of Tempesta’s view: what made it worth painstakingly refashioning for the present' Where did resemblance leave off and rupture begin' This essay seeks answers to these questions in interfamilial feuds and in the cut-throat world...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
- Peruccio&rft.au=Peruccio&rft.au=Kara+A.">"Just as Capable": Pro Suffragio, the Egyptian Feminist Union, and the
International Woman Suffrage Alliance Congress in Rome, 1923”-
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Authors: Peruccio; Kara A.
Abstract: In May 1923, women from more than forty countries descended on Rome to promote, articulate, and celebrate women’s global fight for suffrage and equal rights. The previous fall, board members of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) had traveled to Rome to oversee progress on the congress. Little did the organization’s American president Carrie Chapman Catt or the local Italian planning committee know that they would soon witness the Fascist seizure of power in Italy. For members of the Federazione Nazionale Pro Suffragio Femminile, the IWSA’s Italian affiliate, and the Egyptian Feminist Union, the Rome 1923 congress presented a pivotal moment to gain support in the aftermath of regime change. While the IWSA sought the participation of all women irrespective of their geography, race, and religion, its majority Protestant North Atlantic membership consistently marginalized Italian, Egyptian, and other Mediterranean women based on ethnoreligious and Orientalist prejudices...
PubDate: Mon, 1 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000
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