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Journal of Athlete Development and Experience
Number of Followers: 3

This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Print) 2642-9276
Published by Bowling Green State University

[5 journals]

NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes’ Motivational Perspectives
Pertaining to their Academic and Athletic Roles
- Authors: Jeongwon Choi et al.
  Abstract: Research continues to point to collegiate athletes need to navigate their conflicting roles of academics and athletics simultaneously to be successful in their collegiate experience. Thus, in order to traverse these dual roles, collegiate athletes need to be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated to balance both academic and athletic responsibilities. The purpose of this study is to explore and understand collegiate athletes’ perceptions of motivation through a qualitative design based on Self Determination Theory (SDT). Ten collegiate athletes who competed at the NCAA Division I level in a variety of sports were interviewed for this study. Three meaningful themes emerged and from the interview data: (a) Support, Resources, and Challenges for Collegiate Athletes, (b) Athletic Identity Influences Unbalanced Motivation, and (c) Importance of Culture, Coaches’ Leadership, and Environment. Specifically, collegiate athletes were satisfied with their institutions’ support, but most participants showed unbalanced motivation towards their dual roles within athletics and academics. Additionally, theoretical and practical implications for sport researchers, practitioners, and coaches are provided within this study.
  PubDate: Wed, 17 Jul 2024 04:20:32 PDT
An Examination of Sport Retirement Through Concept Analysis of
Occupational Retirement
- Authors: Andrea Cota Powell et al.
  Abstract: Occupational retirement is a major life transition that involves extensive planning, preparation, and coping strategies. Concept analysis was completed to explore adaptation to occupational retirement as a way to further understand sport retirement. Thirty-nine occupational-related articles were included in the final analysis. The primary antecedent to occupational retirement is financial stability, followed by age and family life. Antecedents to sport retirement include graduation, exhaustion of NCAA eligibility, and possibly injury. The antecedents are unique to each type of retirement, but the consequences are similar. Retirees of both types often experience feeling of loss, grief, depression, and identity crisis while adjusting to the change. Achieving adaptation to the life transition of retirement can be enhanced by forming identities outside of work and sports, viewing the change as a gain rather than a loss, and preparing for retirement. Additionally, through this analysis, tools to measure quality of adaptation to occupational retirement were discovered. These tools could be applied to sports in future research.
  PubDate: Wed, 17 Jul 2024 04:20:22 PDT
The Role of Athlete Identity, Motivation, and Satisfaction on the Mental
Well-Being of Division I Collegiate Athletes
- Authors: Ronnie D. Watson et al.
  Abstract: Concerns about the mental well-being of collegiate athletes, given high reports of psychological issues, have prompted a survey-based study among NCAA Division I student-athletes. The research explores the influence of athlete identity, motivation, and satisfaction on mental well-being, and how it varies among different NCAA classifications (i.e., G5, FCS, DI-NO). Instruments used include the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), the Student-Athlete’s Motivation Towards Sports and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). The secondary aim investigates differences in these factors across Division I competition levels (i.e., G5, FCS, DI-NO). This study provides valuable insights into NCAA Division I collegiate athletes' mental well-being, uncovers obstacles to seeking help, such as perceived stigma and coach attitudes, and suggests improvements for institutional psychological programs. In understanding these psychological challenges and barriers, the research aims to inform the development of more effective mental well-being strategies and interventions for collegiate athletes.
  PubDate: Wed, 17 Jul 2024 04:20:10 PDT
“The Game Was Ruined For Me There:” Examining the Mental Health
Byproducts of the Transfer Portal and NIL on Student-Athletes
- Authors: Ethan Madden et al.
  Abstract: Two rule changes have brought seismic changes to collegiate sports in the United States—the right for college athletes to monetize their Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL), and the Transfer Portal for athletes looking to switch schools. Qualitative interviews with 16 college athletes, explored the mental health byproducts of these new athlete opportunities. The interviews suggest that many athletes are hesitant to participate in NIL due to a lack of guidance. The study also found that college athletes believe entering the Transfer Portal to be a highly stressful experience, comparing the process to being recruited out of high school. However, the accessibility of the Transfer Portal also helps students leave situations that are negatively impacting their mental health faster and easier than before. Since college athletes are a highly at-risk demographic of college athletes for mental health issues, their first-hand perspective can help on-campus staff and administrators have a better understanding of what is needed to give collegiate athletes the best possible experience to learn and develop as students and citizens.
  PubDate: Wed, 17 Jul 2024 04:20:04 PDT
Collegiate Female Athlete Experiences with Name, Image, and Likeness
- Authors: Hailey A. Harris et al.
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine experiences female collegiate athletes encountered with Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) legislation. Ten collegiate female athletes across multiple divisions and geographic regions were interviewed for this study. Participants discussed various facets of their experiences with NIL, such as team dynamics and personal branding. The results of this study suggest differences in 1) their institutional educational processes for NIL, 2) their attitudes towards NIL, 3) shifts (or lack thereof) in their team’s group cohesion and leadership, and 4) their experience with forming and managing their personal brand. This study adds to the current body of literature illuminating the ways in which NIL legislation has impacted team dynamics and athlete branding, an area of research previously unexplored.
  PubDate: Thu, 14 Mar 2024 05:06:32 PDT
A Nutritional Intervention to Improve Body Composition in Adolescent
Athletes
- Authors: Michael Ryan et al.
  Abstract: This study assessed the effectiveness of a sports nutrition intervention designed to improve body composition in 25 high-school male athletes over a 12-week period. Employing a mixed-methods approach within a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design, the intervention integrated nutrition education with the provision of food. Quantitative results revealed significant reductions in body fat percentage and fat mass, and an increase in fat-free mass. Qualitative insights highlighted the untapped nutritional potential of adolescents and emphasized the importance of accessibility and simplicity in driving compliance. The findings suggest that targeted nutritional interventions can positively impact adolescent athletes' body composition. The study underscores the need for practical approaches to nutritional guidance that resonate with youth, offering valuable insights for sports professionals, coaches, and parents.
  PubDate: Thu, 14 Mar 2024 05:06:25 PDT
The Relationship Between Stress Mindset and Burnout in College Athletes
- Authors: Amber M. Shipherd et al.
  Abstract: High levels of stress can result in college athletes experiencing symptoms of burnout, and electing to terminate their sport participation. Research suggests there may be a relationship between athlete burnout and one’s view of stress (Avery et al., 2022). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between stress mindset and burnout in college athletes, while controlling for gender, coping self-efficacy, and perceived stress. College athletes (N = 118) completed measures of stress mindset, athletic burnout, coping self-efficacy, and perceived stress via online survey software. Non-parametric partial correlations were conducted to determine relationships between variables while controlling for coping self-efficacy, perceived stress, and gender. The results revealed a significant negative correlation between stress mindset and total burnout score, and the burnout subscale of reduced sense of accomplishment. Further research could examine the effectiveness of a stress mindset intervention on reducing burnout symptoms in college athletes.
  PubDate: Thu, 14 Mar 2024 05:06:16 PDT
“Zero Preparation for Life After Sports”: Former College Athletes’
Use of TikTok to Express Transitioning out of Sport
- Authors: Molly Harry et al.
  Abstract: Every college athlete will transition out of competition and this transition is often tumultuous for athletes who have dedicated years to the sports they love. Despite these challenges, athletes are rarely given a platform to discuss their transition with peers experiencing a similar situation who can offer support. However, through social media, former college athletes are creating platforms to center their transition successes and struggles. Through the lens of Schlossberg’s Transition Theory (1981), this study used thematic analysis to examine transition experiences of former college athletes responding to a viral TikTok video. Comments (n = 869) demonstrated former athletes primarily discussed two components of Schlossberg’s (1981) theory: Characteristics of the transition environment and characteristics of themselves. The former category centered around emotional support between users, while the latter highlighted negative physical and mental states of health and negative self-attitudes. Implications center (1) using social media to better support athletes transitioning and (2) establishing an Athlete Transition Director position in athletics departments to ease athletes’ move out of college sport.
  PubDate: Thu, 14 Mar 2024 05:06:09 PDT
The “other” NIL and SportCrit: Narrative Identity and Liminality of
Black Gendered Scholar-Athletes
- Authors: Joseph L. Herman II
  Abstract: The purpose of this conceptual manuscript is to advance a new integrated model: the Narrative Identity (NI), and Liminality Model (NILM). The NILM advances narrative as an intervention tool for Black gendered scholar-athletes (BGSAs) by integrating NI theory (Adler et al., 2017) with the Community Cultural Wealth (CCW) model (Yosso, 2005) for positive outcomes intra-intercollegiate career. The developmental characteristic of sense-making of one’s life via the life story model and life stage phases (McAdams, 1985, 2011) are paramount to BGSAs’ articulation and development during their liminal condition (Sutton, 2017) as athletes in their orientation to sport. More specifically, orienting the NILM as a possible intervention tool for documenting and examining the evolving stories that are pertinent to BGSAs’ emerging adulthood storied realities intra-intercollegiate career are vital. Hence, it is compulsory to further the scarce literature composed of narrative identity utility in athlete development through this substantially overlooked methodology. Thus, this conceptual analysis is grounded in a critical review of scholarly literature that employed Critical Race Theory (Bell, 1992), CCW, and NI for athlete development or transition in sport scholarship. Consequently, two questions are posed to investigate scholarship to frame the NIL Model to advance positive developmental outcomes for profit-generating BGSAs.
  PubDate: Tue, 25 Jul 2023 10:21:15 PDT
Personality as a Predictor of Hitting and Pitching Performances Among
Professional Baseball Players
- Authors: Tess M. Palmateer et al.
  Abstract: Research regarding personality as predictors of objective physical performances has been limited and equivocal. We examined longitudinally whether personality predicted baseball pitchers’ (n = 119) or hitters’ (n = 115) performances after controlling for past performances. Through regression analyses, we determined that personality did not significantly predict the player’ performances during their first year in Minor League Baseball (MiLB). Our results indicate that, at least in the short-term, personality may be a poor predictor of such performances. Research is needed to determine if personality’s effects may occur over a longer period of time, such as through the development of psychological tools/strategies (e.g., motivation, coping) that are associated with improved performances.
  PubDate: Tue, 25 Jul 2023 10:21:09 PDT
Decisions, Decisions: Analyzing College Choice Amongst NCAA Division II
Transfer and Non-Transfer Athletes
- Authors: Eric G. Kramer
  Abstract: AbstractMany pundits and fans within college sport have exhausted an inordinate amount of time analyzing the impact of recruiting in intercollegiate athletics amidst recent regulatory changes within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The most recent changes to Division I transfer regulations have introduced a level of uncertainty about the future of college athletics. While these changes may garner significant attention for Division I revenue sport programs, recruiting plays a critical role in across all levels of competition (Nixon, et al., 2021). Yet, scant research has been conducted to determine which factors are most influential in an NCAA Division II athlete’s decision to attend an institution, including those engaging in the transfer process. Therefore, a closer examination of the college choice factors of Division II transfer and non-transfer athletes is warranted. Using descriptive statistics, results suggested that academic factors were most important to Division II athletes in making their college choice decisions. T-test results indicated significant differences in the influence of specific college choice items for transfers and non-transfers, most notably athletic facilities and outside influences. This study was designed to assist college athletes, coaches, and administrators at Division II institutions to better understand the areas that significantly influence a college athlete's decision to attend a particular institution, while also expanding the breadth of college choice research.
  PubDate: Tue, 25 Jul 2023 10:21:05 PDT
The Career Transitions of High-Profile Student-Athletes: Identity, Role
Engulfment, and Psychological Well-Being
- Authors: Claire C. Zvosec et al.
  Abstract: The purpose of this study is to build upon previous literature on the stages of career preparation of college student-athletes by examining identity, role engulfment, and psychological well-being as it relates to preparation for ‘post-playing days’ life. More specifically, the authors endeavored to examine the relationship between role engulfment and psychological well-being and how it affects post-athletic career transitions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 former Division I college football student-athletes who were previously student-athletes at 14 different Division I institutions. Utilizing identity, role engulfment, and psychological well-being as conceptual frameworks, this study discusses the how and why behind the experiences of high-profile student-athletes as they transition from athlete to their post-playing careers.
  PubDate: Mon, 20 Mar 2023 06:11:06 PDT
Perceived Effectiveness of Study Skills Training for Division III College
Athletes: A Pilot Program
- Authors: Jill W. Lassiter et al.
  Abstract: College athletes experience high levels of stress and academics is one of the primary causes. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a study skills training workshop designed around the theory of Multiple Intelligences. The pilot-workshop was developed with minimal resources, tailored to college athletes, and focused on helping them adopt personally meaningful active study strategies. An inductive, naturalistic evaluation approach was used to analyze the qualitative responses of 55 athletes who participated in the workshop. Findings showed that those who adopted active study strategies experienced benefits in the areas of decreased stress, perceived effectiveness, perceived efficiency, greater variety of options for how to study, and academic benefits. While benefits to active studying far outnumbered barriers, participants did identify some challenges including time, lack of applicability to all classes, and the challenge of learning something new. The results of this study provide support for utilizing individualized study skills training that empowers students to capitalize on their personal learning strengths. Such programs can be built into the academic support structures delivered by academic advisors and learning specialists, with potential benefits in the areas of both mental health and skill development to support academic success.
  PubDate: Mon, 20 Mar 2023 06:10:59 PDT
“You need to allow yourself to grieve that loss and that identity.”
College Athletes’ Transition to Life After College Sport.”
- Authors: Clare Manthey et al.
  Abstract: Only a small percentage of collegiate athletes compete at the professional level of sport after they graduate, leaving most athletes to transition out of a life involved in sport. Research reviewing life after competitive sport for college athletes and the consequences associated with such a transition is plentiful, however, additional research also argues that life transition research is necessary to maximize the understanding of such a phenomenon. A case study approach used Schlossberg’s Theory of Transition (2011) to research recently retired collegiate college athletes and their time transitioning away from competitive college sports. Several themes emerged from the qualitative results including, the stress of transition, athletics unites hardworking individuals, freedom after college, physical change, college athlete identity, and a sense of loss in transition. The current study reviewed results to offer new insights into retired college athlete transition as well as how athletic departments and coaches can better prepare their athletes for this transition. Based on the research, those that prepare for such a transition should consider a grieving process as a part of the transition.
  PubDate: Mon, 20 Mar 2023 06:10:54 PDT
The Production of Docility in Professional Ice Hockey
- Authors: Andre Michael Andrijiw et al.
  Abstract: The social relations and practices that imbue the sport of ice hockey have prompted several limiting and problematic outcomes for athletes. Concerned by such outcomes, and informed by the anatomo-politics of French poststructuralist philosopher Michel Foucault (1991), an examination into the relations of power that govern North American professional ice hockey was undertaken. The examination revealed that athletes were routinely subject to disciplinary power and a commonplace set of practices that closely resemble Foucault’s (1991) ‘means of correct training’: managers, in partnership with coaches under their remit, choreographed and engaged in constant supervision (e.g., scouting and monitoring), organized highly ritualized examinations (e.g., combines, training camps), rewarded conformity (e.g., contractual benefits), and punished deviance (e.g., inter- and intra-team reassignments). These practices were additionally undergirded by clearly identifiable panoptic arrangements that stretched across the athletic lifespan. Ultimately, the observed workings of disciplinary power served not the development of a whole individual, but rather the production of docility.
  PubDate: Mon, 20 Mar 2023 06:10:47 PDT
Female Adolescent Athletes’ Experiences of Body Dissatisfaction Across
Individual and Team Sports
- Authors: Alicia Deogracias-Schleich et al.
  Abstract: There is an abundance of research explaining the physical and psychological benefits of sport and exercise. Some research suggests sport and exercise may act as a protective factor against body dissatisfaction for adolescent females (Fernández-Bustos et al., 2019; Soulliard et al. 2019). However, it is unclear if adolescent females’ experiences in specific sport settings contribute to perceptions about their bodies. Therefore, this study investigated body perception and its sociocultural influences in adolescent females in team sports versus adolescent females in individual sports. Three focus groups of team sport athletes and two focus groups of individual sport athletes, ages 14-16 years, were conducted. The following four core themes were identified around influences and messaging in sport related to the athletes’ bodies: relationships among teammates and coaches, self-concept, functionality, and social influence. Based on these themes, the findings indicate adolescent female athletes may view sport as a helpful tool to reduce or counteract body dissatisfaction, particularly in team sport athletes. However, sport may not entirely reduce the negative impact from normative and potentially harmful messages surrounding body weight and image, both of which are pervasive in society, the media, and relationships with influential individuals, such as friends, family, and coaches.
  PubDate: Mon, 07 Nov 2022 05:25:57 PST
Utilization and Impact of Career Services Among Collegiate Athletes
- Authors: Evan A. Davis et al.
  Abstract: Career readiness is a concern within the American educational system, particularly among student-athletes that must manage intense time commitments both on and off the field. Student services have emerged in higher education to support career preparation, but the utilization and impact of these services for collegiate athletes is largely unknown. The systems-theory framework (STF) of career development identifies a multitude of internal and external factors that influence individual career development. Guided by STF, the purpose of this study was to predict the factors that influence collegiate athletes' utilization of career services and resulting perceived career skills. An online questionnaire was distributed to collegiate athletes at a Division I university, resulting in 143 collegiate athletes completing the questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated collegiate athletes’ familiarity with career services significantly predicted their utilization of career services. In turn, utilization of only four of nine career services investigated (i.e., Careers Online, Career Fairs, Career Workshops, and Athletic Academic Advisor) significantly predicted perceived career skills positively. Implications for the design and marketing of career services for collegiate athletes are discussed.
  PubDate: Mon, 07 Nov 2022 05:25:47 PST
Psychological Experiences During Previous High School Sport Participation
Predict College Students’ Current Psychological Health
- Authors: Jonathan D. DeFreese et al.
  Abstract: Adolescent sport participation has been positively associated with psychological health outcomes. Yet, further research is needed to explore how psychosocial health benefits from sport may be maximized or minimized based on one’s psychological experiences during previous sport participation. The present study examined associations among retrospective psychological experiences of high school sport participation and markers of current college students’ psychosocial health. American college students (N = 300) self-reported retrospective high school sport experiences (i.e., burnout, engagement, and stress) and current psychosocial health outcomes (i.e., social support, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction) via an online interface. Moderated multiple regression analyses showed high school sport burnout, stress, and engagement to predict significant variance in college social support (p < .05), anxiety (p < .01), depressive symptoms (p < .01), and life satisfaction (p < .01). Results provide evidence that retrospective accounts of high school sport participation experiences (i.e., low burnout, low stress, and positive engagement) were associated with more adaptive post-high school psychosocial outcomes in college. This information may guide future prospective studies and aid practitioners by proving a broader understanding of psychosocial outcomes of sport participation.
  PubDate: Mon, 07 Nov 2022 05:25:41 PST
Organizational Support Factors for Minor League Baseball Player
Development
- Authors: Christopher M. McLeod et al.
  Abstract: This study examines organizational support in the context of minor league baseball to better understand how organizations can support athletes’ development. Exploratory results show that English and Spanish players identify salary/pay, off-season training opportunities, and nutritious food as their most important unmet development needs. English and Spanish respondents differently prioritized playing opportunities, communication with front office staff, health care, and equipment as unmet needs. Explanatory results show that organizational support factors (private problem support and second career support) explain 17% of the variation in minor league baseball players’ self-perceptions of development. The results provide guidance for Major League Baseball and its affiliates as they restructure the development system and for non-profits seeking to help players. Better pay and other financial support appear to be the most critical unmet needs where organizations can better support athletes.
  PubDate: Mon, 07 Nov 2022 05:25:34 PST
A Primer on the Income Tax Consequences of the NCAA’s Name, Image and
Likeness (NIL) Earnings for College Athletes
- Authors: Marena M. Messina et al.
  Abstract: NCAA domestic college athletes can now financially benefit from their name, image, and likeness (NIL). The purpose of this article is to “educate” athletes on the new NIL rules in financial literacy. With new NIL income flowing to athletes, federal income tax consequences of these transactions must be addressed. This article results in a detailed introduction to the applicable federal tax rules regarding NIL income for athletes to stay in compliance with those laws. From understanding NIL income, to how the tax formula works, what tax forms apply, and what taxes may be due, this article provides a comprehensive toolkit for athletes who will be financially benefitting from NIL. Athletes must learn to understand the tax rules associated with the income from the NIL. In general, most athletes earning equal to or less than $12,550 in NIL income should have no federal income tax due. However, athletes likely must fill out tax returns, and as self-employed taxpayers, may owe self-employment taxes. Most athletes have spent many hours weekly and yearly mastering the sport and more than likely not as much time holding jobs. As such, there is a lack of basic understanding of the United States’ income tax system.
  PubDate: Wed, 13 Jul 2022 10:01:15 PDT

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