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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise
Number of Followers: 7  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 2096-6709 - ISSN (Online) 2662-1371 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Exercise Selection Differentially Influences Lower Body Regional Muscle
Development-
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Abstract: Purpose This study had 2 primary aims (1) compare the effects of multi-joint vs. single-joint lower body exercise on regional muscular development of the quadriceps; and (2) compare the effects of exercises performed at different knee-joint angles on hypertrophy of the triceps surae. Methods Thirty young, resistance-trained participants unilaterally performed a combination of the following lower body exercises: leg press, leg extension, straight-leg toe press, and seated calf raise. The participants’ right legs were randomly allocated to perform 1 of the following 4 conditions: (1) leg press and straight-leg toe press; (2) leg-press and seated calf raise; (3) leg extension and straight-leg toe press; (4) leg extension and seated calf raise. Based on the allocated condition, the contralateral leg performed the other 2 exercises included in the protocol. Training was carried out twice per week on non-consecutive days for 8 weeks. Results Point estimates for the rectus femoris outcomes favored the single-joint exercise intervention with posterior probabilities ranging from 0.910 ≤ P ≤ 0.990. In contrast, point estimates for the vastus lateralis outcomes favored the multi-joint exercise intervention with posterior probabilities ranging from 0.875 ≤ P ≤ 0.994. Regarding the triceps surae, the point estimate favored straight-leg plantar flexion for muscle thickness of the medial gastrocnemius (P = 0.991), with equivocal results observed for the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus. Conclusion Our findings indicate that exercise selection can influence regional hypertrophy of the muscles of the lower limbs and evidence of differences can be measured within 8 weeks.
PubDate: 2024-07-12
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00299-4
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- Does Performing Resistance Exercise with a Partial Range of Motion at Long
Muscle Lengths Maximize Muscle Hypertrophic Adaptations to Training'-
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Abstract: Background Over the past few years, the effects of manipulating range of motion (ROM) on muscle hypertrophy has garnered a considerable amount of attention within the scientific community. When seeking to maximize muscle hypertrophy, it has previously been suggested that individuals should perform a given exercise over the largest possible degrees of movement (i.e., full ROM), however, recent review papers have suggested that performing a partial ROM at long muscle lengths (LML) could potentially promote superior hypertrophy compared to other ROM configurations. Purpose We sought to examine the evidence for such suggestions as well as possible physiological mechanisms underpinning such phenomena. Findings and Conclusion When assessing the literature, it appears that (1) there are not compelling data to support the suggestion that a partial ROM at LML is superior to full ROM, (2) it may be the case that a partial ROM at LML promotes greater distal hypertrophy when compared to a partial ROM at short muscle lengths (SML) but may promote comparable hypertrophy at more proximal sites, and (3) this phenomena (i.e., partial ROM at LML being the optimal ROM for hypertrophy) may not be generalizable to all muscle groups. Future research should seek to directly compare the different ROM configurations across a variety of exercises for all major muscle groups to understand whether an “optimal ROM for muscle hypertrophy” is dependent on both muscle group and exercise selection.
PubDate: 2024-07-12
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00301-z
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- Dietary Supplementation Strategies for Improving Training Adaptations,
Antioxidant Status and Performance of Volleyball Players: A Systematic
Review-
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Abstract: Purpose Volleyball demands high physical performance including agility, speed, endurance and muscular strength. As volleyball players explore methods to achieve efficiency in these areas, nutritional supplementation has been considered a valuable adjunct to accomplish this goal. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively explore the effects of different dietary supplementation strategies on the training adaptations, antioxidant status and performance of volleyball players. Methods A search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and EbscoHost on 28th July 2023 and updated on 12th May 2024. Studies were included if the participants were volleyball players, taking a dietary supplement and evaluated sports-related outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's revised risk of bias tool, RoB2. Results The review included 19 trials investigating supplements such as branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), creatine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), hydroxy-methyl-butyrate (HMB), grape seed extract (GSE), nitrate, caffeine, iron and magnesium. Outcomes including vertical jump (VJ) height, endurance, oxidative stress, cell damage, muscle strength, and anaerobic and aerobic capacity were considered. Caffeine supplementation improved VJ height and agility while creatine, BCAA, HMB and mineral supplementation may improve anaerobic performance and muscle strength without a clear positive effect on VJ height, subject to a limited number of studies on each supplement. Creatine and BCAA effects were inconsistent concerning muscle damage. Conclusions Among the investigated supplements, caffeine showed the most promising data to enhance physical performance and agility. NAC and GSE could improve antioxidant status. More research is needed to assess other supplements’ effectiveness in volleyball players. Protocol Registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8RD9V. Graphical
PubDate: 2024-07-12
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00297-6
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- Application and Efficacy of Virtual Sailing as an Exercise Therapy: A
Narrative Review-
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Abstract: Purpose The concept of virtual exercise is still a nascent domain for therapeutic intervention. In light of the importance of exercise and the fast development of digital technologies, virtual exercise possesses a promising potential for future development. Sailing is a recreational exercise that has helped the rehabilitation of patients with neurological and physiological disorders and improved their quality of life. However, challenges exist in implementing physical sailing as an intervention, due to the cost and the extent of uncertainty of this sport. While studies remain limited, over the past twenty years, simulated sailing that combines virtual reality with complex motor learning and optimum decision-making is emerging as a potential digital exercise that possesses broad therapeutic applications for future exploration. This review aims to have a more complete understanding of the clinical application of virtual sailing as an emerging exercise therapy. Methods Literature searches were performed using PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE bibliographic databases for research articles published from January 1994 to January 2024 (inclusive). We performed a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis to evaluate the implementation of virtual sailing as a new therapeutic intervention, opening unanswered questions for future investigation. Results Out of 205 articles searched from databases, 31 advanced to full-text screening and 7 articles were eligible for inclusion in this narrative review. This review summarises the application and therapeutic efficacy of virtual sailing in improving both motor and psychosocial functions. We also shared our perspectives on developing virtual sailing as an exercise therapy for treating neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on pre-clinical and clinical evidence as well as the proposed mechanism by which virtual sailing could influence neural plasticity in the central nervous system. Conclusion Virtual sailing is a promising exercise therapy feasible for future implementation, although large-scale trial studies involving a diverse range of clinical conditions are required.
PubDate: 2024-07-11
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00298-5
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- Impact of Reflective Roadways on Simulated Heat Strain at the Tokyo, Paris
and Los Angeles Olympics-
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Abstract: Purpose Cities are applying reflective coatings on streets in an attempt to mitigate urban heat. These coatings are also being used to try to reduce heat stress during outdoor sports. This study models the progression of heat strain in elite marathon and race walk athletes competing on traditional dark asphalt, reflective pavement, or shaded asphalt in past and future Olympic Games [Tokyo (Sapporo), Paris, Los Angeles]. Methods Observed weather (Sapporo) or expected climate conditions for each city, along with modeled mean radiant temperature (TMRT) differences across the three surface types, were fed into the joint system (JOS-3) thermoregulation model. Resultant changes to heat strain parameters of core temperature (Tcr) and mean skin temperatures ( \({\overline{T} }_{sk}\) ), as well as skin wettedness and cardiac output, were modeled. Results Reflective pavement slightly increased the average TMRT (1.2–2.2 °C), which caused higher overall radiant heat loads on athletes and thus slightly higher (yet insignificant) Tcr and \({\overline{T} }_{sk}\) . These changes in simulated heat strain (worsening the situation) are the opposite of what is expected from a heat mitigation technology. Shading the athletes resulted in lower predicted Tcr (− 0.37 °C) and \({\overline{T} }_{sk}\) (− 0.68 °C) across events compared to sun-exposed asphalt, also decreasing cardiac output. Conclusion The minor increase in TMRT over reflective pavement transferred a negligible difference in simulated athlete heat strain over a 2–3 h intense competition. Overall, the large impact of solar radiation (even in the morning hours) should be decreased via design strategies that block the sun rather than strategies that increase radiant heat load.
PubDate: 2024-07-01
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00294-9
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- Effects of Deadlift vs. Back Squat as Post-activation Performance
Enhancement Protocols on Vertical Jump Performance of Competitive Male
Basketball Players-
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Abstract: Abstract Theoretically, post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) promotes force production and power following heavy resistance training exercises. Resistance training exercises seek to elicit increased force production by preconditioning the muscles during subsequent exercises, such as jumping, throwing, sprinting, and weightlifting. This study aimed to investigate the PAPE effect between barbell back squats (BS) and hexagonal bar deadlifts (HBD) on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance among collegiate basketball players. Eighteen male (with a relative BS one repetition maximum (1RM) of 1.62 ± 0.24 and a relative HBM 1RM of 1.86 ± 0.25) participants were included, who completed a set of 3RM of both exercises in a randomized counterbalanced order before performing a series of CMJs on a force platform at 15 s, 4 min, 8 min, 12 min, 16 min and 20 min post-exercise. A two-way ANOVA with a 7 × 2 design (time × conditioning activity) was conducted to assess variations between both conditioning activities (CAs) for each dependent variable. No significant differences (all P > 0.05) were found between the baseline and the six different jumps, regarding jump height ( \({\eta }_{p}^{2}\) = 0.035), reactive strength index-modified ( \({\eta }_{p}^{2}\) = 0.026), and peak power output ( \({\eta }_{p}^{2}\) = 0.036) across both exercises. However, there was a moderate positive correlation (P = 0.008, r = 0.604) between relative BS strength and average CMJ height, P but no significant correlation (P > 0.05) was found between relative HBD strength and average CMJ height. Despite previous studies reporting the occurrence of PAPE using a similar 3RM load, this study concludes that careful manipulation of PAPE variables (i.e., training status, intensity, volume, exercise selection, rest intervals, and time of day) is necessary to potentially elicit PAPE to enhance subsequent CMJ performance.
PubDate: 2024-07-01
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00290-z
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- Kinematics and Activation of Hamstring Muscles During the Initial
Acceleration Phase of Sprinting in Soccer Players: A Biomechanical
Investigation-
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Abstract: Purpose Sprinting is the most common activity associated with hamstring strain injuries in soccer. However, the potential mechanisms for hamstring strain injuries during the initial acceleration phase of sprinting are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the kinematics and activation of the hamstring muscles in soccer players to clarify the potential mechanism of hamstring strain injury. Methods Ten male soccer players with no lower limb injuries in the past year were recruited for this study. Each participant was instructed to perform a minimum of three successful 15-m sprints. Hamstring kinematics and activations were estimated by employing musculoskeletal modeling and wireless electromyography to define potential injury mechanisms. Results During the initial acceleration phase, the hamstring muscles undergo great strain and high activation levels in the late swing and early-stance phases. The hamstring muscles experienced great strain and overload during the late swing and foot strike of the running cycle. In addition, the biceps femoris long head was significantly more stretched than the semimembranosus and semitendinosus (P < 0.01 for semimembranosus and P < 0.05 for semitendinosus). Conclusion Based on these results, hamstring injuries are likely to occur during the late swing and early stance of the running cycle, with the biceps femoris long head being more susceptible to injuries than other hamstring muscles.
PubDate: 2024-06-26
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00292-x
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- Analysis of Peak Locomotor Demands in Professional Female Soccer Players:
An Approach Based on Position and the Day of the Microcycle-
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Abstract: Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the peak locomotor demands of match play and determine if these situations are replicated in training, and analyze their dynamics throughout the competitive microcycle in professional female soccer players based on their positions. Methods Measurements such as distance covered (DIS), high-speed running distance (HSRD), sprint distance (SPD), accelerating distance (ACCDIS), decelerating distance (DECDIS), and high metabolic load distance (HMLD) were registered during 1, 3, 5 and 10-min peak locomotor in both competitive matches (MD) and training sessions (ranked based on the number of days remaining until the next match, namely MD-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1) within a competitive mesocycle. Results Central defenders were found to cover significantly less HMLD than full-backs and forwards, regardless of the time frame, as well as less HMLD than center midfielders in the 3, 5 and 10-min time frames. Only in MD-3 did players exhibit a similar HMLD to MD, regardless of the analyzed time frame. Players covered significantly less HSRD and SPD in MD-2 and MD-1 compared to MD-3, and less HSRD in MD-4 compared to MD-3. Additionally, HSRD and SPD were significantly higher in MD-4 than in MD-1. There were no significant differences in HSRD or SPD relative to match play workload observed between positions within the same training session. Conclusion The microcycle showed a non-linear training load, with higher external loads in central sessions (e.g., MD-3) and tapering strategies at the end of the microcycle in peak locomotor demands.
PubDate: 2024-05-31
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00289-6
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- Internal and External Load Monitoring Tools Used in Hurling, Camogie,
Gaelic Football and Ladies Gaelic Football: A Systematic Review-
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Abstract: Purpose There is a growing interest and volume of research conducted in Gaelic games. To date, vast amounts of research have been conducted investigating the physical demands of the games and the physical profiling of players. Furthermore, there have been investigations into the nutritional requirements of players as well as the exploration of various monitoring tools. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to identify the internal and external monitoring tools that have been used in Hurling, Camogie, Gaelic football and Ladies Gaelic football. Methods Using the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive review of electronic databases was performed using SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Scopus and Medline. Results Twelve studies were included in the final analysis with a total sample size of 442 participants. It was found that training load monitoring (RPE × Duration) was the most common method used to monitor internal load, with ten studies including this method. The least common method of assessing internal training load concerned methods that assessed heart responses, such as heart rate variability (HRV). The most common method used to monitor external load was using GPS with ten studies using this method. Only two studies used jump performance to assess the effects of external load. A major finding of this review was that all studies included were male participants. Conclusion This systematic review highlights the various methods used to monitor players in Hurling, Camogie, Gaelic football and Ladies Gaelic football. As 10 of the 12 included studies utilised GPS units, these players are provided access to performance analysis methodologies that have the potential to support the ongoing progression of sporting performance. However, all studies that were included in this review had male participants. This is concerning as there are no published data on female players which would indicate that research into male players is applied to female players. Given the known physiological differences that exist between both, future research is needed to specifically conduct such research with female playing cohorts.
PubDate: 2024-05-31
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00291-y
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- Relative Age Effects and the Premier League’s Elite Player Performance
Plan (EPPP): A Comparison of Birthdate Distributions Within and Between
Age Groups-
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Abstract: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of relative age effects (RAEs) within and between U18, U21 and professional senior squads, that compete in the highest (respective) leagues within England. Birthdate, playing position and age (years) of U18 (n = 487), U21 (n = 350), and senior (n = 396) players from squads competing in the highest divisions of their respective age groups were obtained. Moreover, nationality (UK or Non-UK) was recorded for U21 and senior players, with estimated market value also obtained for senior players. Chi-square tests, Cramer’s V and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to compare observed and expected birthdate distributions. A selection bias toward relatively older players was evident within U18 and U21 squads, across all positions. Furthermore, analysis of age bands within each age group also revealed an increase in the prevalence of RAEs throughout each age group. In contrast, analysis of senior squads revealed no significant deviations in birthdate distributions when considered as a whole sample, as separate age bands or by position. However, although non-significant, Q4 players were found to have the highest estimated market value. Results demonstrate RAEs are prevalent across U18 and U21 age groups at the highest level of competitive football within England, yet this is not representative of the birthdate distributions within senior squads. Ongoing research is needed to highlight the prevalence of RAEs within academies, particularly when these RAEs are not representative of birthdate distributions within professional senior squads.
PubDate: 2024-05-31
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00285-w
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- The Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate Loading in Resistance Trained Males
on: Anaerobic Muscular Endurance, Force Recovery and Muscle Soreness-
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Abstract: Abstract The use of supplements to enhance performance is popular amongst gym enthusiasts. Citrulline-malate (CM) has been suggested as an effective ergogenic aid via the purported mechanisms of augmented ammonia metabolism, lactate buffering and increased vasodilation. The present investigation aimed to assess whether an 8 g loading dose of CM over 4-days improves anaerobic muscular endurance, strength, and rate of force development (RFD) recovery and muscle soreness. A counterbalanced randomised double-blind placebo cross-over trial was implemented over a 3-week period. Eleven resistance-trained males were recruited to take part in a German Volume Training (GVT) protocol. Maximum isometric, concentric and eccentric strength, RFD and muscle soreness scores were assessed using an isokinetic chair and a visual analogue scale (VAS). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in blood arginine and citrulline under the CM condition 38.9 ± 11.4 µmol/L and 45.7 ± 34 µmol/L respectively, compared to the placebo 27.3 ± 12.6 µmol/L and 9.9 ± 26.9 µmol/L. A repeated measure analysis of variance identified no significant difference (P = 0.71) in reps across sets (treatment x time). Post hoc analysis however found the absolute number of repetitions achieved was greater in the treatment group (P = 0.001), CM: 68.1 ± 19.0, vs. placebo: 54.9 ± 18.1. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in any strength and RFD measurements or muscle soreness between treatment arms. A loading dose of CM increase total repetitions but not muscular endurance across sets, more research is suggested to corroborate these findings.
PubDate: 2024-05-31
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00288-7
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- A Review of Elite Athlete Evidence-Based Knowledge and Preparation for
Competing in the Heat-
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Abstract: Abstract Elite athletes will compete in extreme heat more frequently as global land and sea temperatures increase, alongside more intense, frequent and longer duration heatwaves. Best practices to protect athlete health and performance during competition include heat acclimation/acclimatisation [(HA); i.e., long-term pre-competition preparation] complemented by pre-planned and practised cooling and hydration strategies (i.e., short-term interventions immediately before or during competition). This review explores elite athletes’ current behaviours and practices when preparing for competition in the heat and assesses the level of knowledge that has been exhibited by athletes and their practitioners in this space. Recommendations for future research, discussions of current best practices, and methods to improve translation of research into practice are provided. Available research focuses on small samples of elite endurance athletes during a selection of World Championship/Olympic/Paralympic events (~6% of competing athletes). While generally an increase in the adoption of evidence-based HA is seen chronologically from 2015 onwards, universal adoption is not seen. HA adoption is lowest in those who live/train in cold/temperate environments with cost and access to facilities/equipment being the most commonly reported barriers. Further research is required across the sporting landscape to fully characterise elite athlete behaviours and practices in these spaces. International federations and national governing bodies should continue their efforts to educate athletes and focus on regularly updated and reinvigorated release of evidence-based guidelines (in multiple germane languages) for competing in the heat, to increase the adoption of HA and other heat related best practice.
PubDate: 2024-05-17
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00283-y
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- Unlocking Team Dynamics: Exploring the Influence of Group Regulation on
Technical Development in Small-Sided Soccer Games-
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Abstract: Purpose Discussions held by players during the halftime of a soccer match are widely recognized as influential factors in boosting their involvement and physical activity of soccer players. This study aimed to investigate the impact of learning small-sided games (SSG) through player discussions on decision-making, as well as the technical and tactical skills of young soccer players. Methods Forty-two U-15 male amateur soccer players were randomly assigned to 6 groups and participated in a study comprising 4 sessions of small-sided games (SSG). Each session consisted of two sets of 15 min each. The SSG sessions were conducted with and without the inclusion of self-regulation of learning. Technical actions (i.e., balls won, balls received, balls lost, shots, and goals) were measured during each set of sessions using a digital camera recorder. Results The results showed no significant differences in the main effects of the time, group, session, and group × session × time interactions for most technical actions. However, there was a significant main effect of group observed for shoot action (P = 0.021; ηp2 = 0.102), with a higher number of shoot actions in the co-regulation of learning group than in the self-regulation of learning group. Conclusion The self-regulation approach employed by players alone did not lead to significant improvements in technical performance during SSG. Further research is needed to explore additional factors and/or interventions that could potentially enhance the effectiveness of learning through discussions in SSG.
PubDate: 2024-05-16
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00279-8
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- Factors Affecting Shooting Performance in Laser Run
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Abstract: Purpose Laser Run combines running and shooting with a laser pistol in multiple laps with high cardio-vascular stress. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of shooting rate, shooting rhythm, heart rate, and core stability on the overall performance. Methods During a qualification race with 23 elite athletes heart rate and shooting performance were measured. The shooting rate and rhythm were then calculated and trunk strength endurance was determined in a separate test. Results Firing an average of 10.2 ± 3.9 shots per lap, the athletes spent a mean of 23.0 ± 12.0 s at the shooting range. The mean shooting rate was approximately 2.4 s between two shots. The results indicated a regular shooting rhythm to be more important than high shooting rate. The variation of the shooting rate showed a strong correlation with the overall shooting performance (r = 0.77). Athletes shoot at a heart rate close to 95% of their maximum heart rate. However, deviations do not seem to influence on the shooting performance, whereas core strength endurance obviously has a strong impact on shooting performance (r = −0.57). Conclusion Athletes must train to shoot with high heart rates and find a balance between high shooting rate and precision. A constant shooting rhythm and good core stability appear to be particularly important for high performance.
PubDate: 2024-05-09
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00286-9
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- Fatigability and Physiological Insights into Upright Standing Postural
Control of Endurance Athletes Following Different High Intensity Interval
Trainings-
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Abstract: Purpose The primary aim of this study was to investigate the acute dose response of 4 different individualized high intensity interval training (HIIT) prescriptions on upright standing postural control. Further, due to the similarity between the factors contributing to the change in postural control and fatiguability, the secondary aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between upright standing postural control and parameters of performance [electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT)] and perceived fatiguability [rate of perceived exertion (RPE), motivation, muscle soreness] in endurance athletes. Methods For this purpose, a sample of 40 trained endurance athletes (age: 21.47 ± 2.61 years; height: 164.77 ± 7.3 cm; weight: 57.53 ± 6.3 kg; BMI: 21.18 ± 7.4 kg/m2) was recruited for the study and randomly allocated into 4 groups. After assessing the demographic, physiological [height, weight, heart rate, blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), velocity at onset of blood lactate accumulation (vOBLA)] and fatigability parameters, different groups were assigned individualized HIIT sessions with varied recovery interval intensity and duration in between the pre- and post-postural control assessments. Results All HIIT protocols caused a significant increment in the postural sway in all four directions (front, back, left, and right) which was not significantly different from each other. A strong negative correlation between the change in postural control was reported with VO2max, EMGFT and a strong positive correlation with height, weight, body mass index, RPE, while the correlation coefficient revealed a moderate positive correlation with vOBLA. Conclusion This study concludes that all the four HIIT prescriptions have similar acute effect on the upright standing postural control and it is strongly correlated with fatiguability.
PubDate: 2024-05-08
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00284-x
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- Physiological and Perceptual Demands During a Simulated “The Hundred”
Batting Work-Bout in Female Cricketers-
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Abstract: Purpose No research has investigated the physiological and perceptual demands of female cricket players at any level or for any format, making this study unique. This is despite the growth in popularity and professionalism of the women’s game. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the physiological (heart rate, oxygen consumption) and perceptual (ratings of perceived exertion, body discomfort) demands of female cricketers during a simulated “The Hundred” protocol. Methods Twenty female cricketers (age: 19 ± 4.53 years, stature: 167.90 ± 7.28 cm; mass: 67.30 ± 13.51 kg) currently playing for a first-class county cricket club were recruited. The protocol consisted of six sets and was designed to mimic the nonpowerplay phase of a women’s “Hundred” match. Throughout the protocol selected physiological and perceptual responses were recorded. Results Heart rate responses increased significantly (P < 0.05) from the first set (149 ± 14 beats/min) until the end of the third set (167 ± 10 beats/min). A further significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed between set three (167 ± 10 beats/min) and set six (165 ± 12 beats/min). Oxygen uptake responses increased significantly (P < 0.05) from set one (22.06 ± 7.82 mL/kg/min) until set three (26.30 ± 7.58 mL/kg/min). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was also observed between set three and all the other sets. Central ratings of perceived exertion increased significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the protocol (9 ± 1.83–13 ± 3.17). Body discomfort, results indicated that the quadriceps and calves were the areas that felt the most discomfort during the protocol. Conclusion In conclusion, the design of training programs should mimic the demandsof the women's format of the game and focus on individualised exercise preparation.
PubDate: 2024-05-08
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-024-00287-8
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- Training for Recovery: Impact of Sprint Interval Training on Recovery
Dynamics and Aerobic Performance in Kickboxing Athletes-
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Abstract: Purpose Recovery within and between rounds is crucial to combat sports performance. We sought to determine whether sprint interval training (SIT) improves recovery dynamics and aerobic performance. Methods Eleven male kickboxing athletes (26 ± 5 years; body mass index 25 ± 3 kg/m2) were recruited. Participants were tested three times for VO2peak/time to exhaustion and critical power; baseline, 3 weeks control, 3 weeks of SIT (8 × 10 s lower body sprints followed by a maximum of 10 min recovery before completing 8 × 10 s upper body sprints). During SIT session 1 and 9 continuous gas analysis was performed. Results There was a significant reduction in recovery time between lower and upper body sprints with training (session 1: 441 ± 150 s; session 9: 268 ± 10 s; P < 0.01; d = 2.77) and change in oxygen off-kinetics amplitude (session1: 3.0 ± 0.7 L/min, session 9: 3.6 ± 1.0 L/min; P < 0.05; d = − 1.77), VO2 end (session 1: 0.59 ± 0.19 L/min, session 9: 0.81 ± 0.21 L/min; P < 0.05, d = − 0.90), time constant (session 1: 81 ± 21 s; session 9: 60 ± 11 s; P < 0.05; d = 1.03). Following training there was a significant improvement in critical power (P < 0.05; η2p = 0.72) time to exhaustion (P < 0.05; η2p = 0.30) but not VO2peak (P > 0.05). Conclusion SIT improves recovery time associated and aerobic performance associated with improved oxygen off-kinetics. Therefore, training needs to focus on improving oxygen off-kinetics to enhance combat performance.
PubDate: 2024-05-07
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00273-6
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- Correction to: Coactivation Does Not Contribute to Fatigue-Induced
Decreases in Isokinetic Forearm Flexion and Extension Torque-
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PubDate: 2024-05-01
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-022-00208-7
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- Authors’ Response: to “Letter to the Editor: ‘Acute Effects of a
Fatiguing Protocol on Peak Force and Rate of Force Development of the
Hamstring Muscles in Soccer Players’”-
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PubDate: 2024-05-01
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00246-9
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- Letter to the Editor: “Acute Effects of a Fatiguing Protocol on Peak
Force and Rate of Force Development of the Hamstring Muscles in Soccer
Players”-
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PubDate: 2024-05-01
DOI: 10.1007/s42978-023-00242-z
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