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- Three Paradoxes Related to Potential Evapotranspiration in a Warming
Climate-
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Abstract: We review three intriguing paradoxes related to potential evapotranspiration in a warming climate: global ‘evaporation, aridity, and drought paradoxes’.
PubDate: 2025-06-07
- Observing Northern High-Latitude River Systems to Understand Changes in a
Warming Arctic-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Streams and rivers are undergoing rapid change as the Arctic warms and thaws. We review recent observations in Arctic stream systems to identify ubiquitous changes and the most useful tools for observing change and exploring the underlying processes. Recent Findings Recent literature indicates increasingly significant trends in river hydrology and chemistry due to persistent warming in the Arctic and longer observational records for analysis. However, regional differences in the magnitude and direction of these trends persist. We also observe thresholds in ground thaw and surface–groundwater interactions that can impact river hydrology and chemistry. Summary Warming and thaw are occurring rapidly at high latitudes, resulting in increasing, yet variable responses in stream systems across regions and scales. These differences highlight the need for long-term records and an interdisciplinary approach to explain trends and predict future states. Stream systems respond to multiple landscape changes related to hydrology (changing precipitation and subsurface flow), geology (ground thaw dynamics), and ecology (vegetation change).
PubDate: 2025-06-04
- Global Change Impacts on Forest Elementomes and Insights for Improved
Management Practices-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The elemental composition of organisms (the elementome) strongly determines their functional traits and their functioning. Global change presents significant potential impacts on forest elementomes of trees, soils, and soil microbes, influencing primary production, nutrient cycling, and food-web dynamics in forest ecosystems. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in understanding the response of forest elementomes to global change and how we can help them adapt to new conditions through improved management practices. Recent Findings Atmospheric CO2 enrichment, increased nitrogen (N) deposition, climate warming and droughts strongly influence the elemental composition of trees, microbes and soils of forest ecosystems. Accounting for the composition and availability of essential elements such as N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the plant-soil system can largely improve projections of forest carbon(C) cycle, especially when simulating the capacity of globally increasing C fixation by the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and N deposition. Summary Global change influences forest elementomes across various scales, with diverse spatiotemporal variation and underlying mechanisms. Future research should integrate multi-source information to enhance the monitoring of elementomes and facilitate the adaptation of forests to the new environmental conditions through forest management, particularly focusing on the interaction effects of the multiple facets of global change.
PubDate: 2025-03-06
- Climate Warming Alters Nutrient Cycling and its Constraint on CO2
Fertilization in Global Forests-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Climate warming affects both nutrient availability and plant nutrient requirements, with a potential alteration of nutrient limitation to the CO2 fertilization effect on net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon (C) sinks, but the overall impact remains poorly understood. Based on a literature review, we synthesized the current understanding of climate warming-induced changes in (i) availability, (ii) demands, and (iii) limitation of the nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in global forest biomes as well as (iv) how climate warming alters nutrient constraints on CO2 fertilization. Recent Findings Climate warming generally increases nutrient availability via accelerating nutrient cycling but this effect largely varies between different forest biomes, resulting in a considerable increase in N availability in temperate and boreal forests but a weak P availability increase in tropical forests due to a depleted soil P pool. Climate warming likely causes an increase of NPP and nutrient demands in thermal-limited boreal and temperate forests, but it can result in a reduction of growth and nutrient demand in forests with an exceedance of optimal growth temperatures (e.g. some of tropical forests) and/or warming-induced moisture deficiency. Overall, climate warming tends to alleviate N limitation in boreal and temperate forests to support NPP in response to rising CO2 concentrations. In contrast, climate warming combined with CO2 fertilization will likely strengthen P limitation in tropical forests. Summary Warming-induced changes in nutrient limitation can lead to biome-specific responses of NPP to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Our review highlights the role of climate warming-induced changes in nutrient availability, demand, and limitation in constraining biogeochemical feedback to future CO2 enrichment.
PubDate: 2025-03-04
- Advancing Our Understanding of Eddy-driven Jet Stream Responses to Climate
Change – A Roadmap-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Extratropical jets and associated storm tracks significantly influence weather and regional climate across various timescales. Understanding jet responses to climate change is essential for reliable regional climate projections. This review serves two main purposes: (1) to provide an accessible overview of extratropical jet dynamics and a comprehensive examination of current challenges and uncertainties in predicting jet responses to greenhouse gas increases and (2) to suggest innovative experiments to advance our understanding of these responses. Recent Findings While successive generations of climate model ensembles consistently project a mean poleward shift of the midlatitude zonal-mean maximum winds, there remains considerable intermodel spread and large uncertainty across seasonal and regional jet responses. Of particular note is our limited understanding of how these jets respond to the intricate interplay of multiple concurrent drivers, such as the strong warming in polar and tropical regions, and the relative importance of each factor. Furthermore, the difficulty of simulating processes requiring high resolution, such as those linked to sharp sea surface temperature gradients or diabatic effects related to tropical convection and extratropical cyclones, has historically hindered progress. Summary We advocate for a collaborative effort to enhance our understanding of the jet stream response to climate change. We propose a series of new experiments that take advantage of recent advances in computing power and modelling capabilities to better resolve small-scale processes such as convective circulations, which we consider essential for a good representation of jet dynamics.
PubDate: 2024-11-06
- Climate Change and Hydrological Extremes
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Climate change has profoundly impacted the Earth's atmospheric system and altered the terrestrial water cycle, reshaping the spatiotemporal patterns of hydrological extremes, including floods and droughts. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in understanding the response of hydrological extremes to climate change in both past and future. Recent Findings Historical floods driven by heavy rainfall are increasing, while those dominated by snow processes are decreasing, resulting in non-significant changes on a global average. Previously overestimated droughts, due to inaccuracies in hydrological modules within offline diagnostic metrics, have been corrected by advanced modeling results, also revealing minimal historical changes on a global scale. Earth system simulations project concurrent increases in both floods and droughts under future climate change scenarios. Summary Climate change influences hydrological extremes across various scales, with diverse spatial distributions and underlying mechanisms. Decision-makers should integrate multi-source information to enhance the monitoring and adaptation of hydrological extremes, particularly focusing on abrupt drought-flood alternations.
PubDate: 2024-10-02
- More Climate Finance from More Countries'
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This paper analyses the options to broaden the base of climate finance provided by countries in a mixed-methods review. It (1) reviews Non-Annex II countries’ commitments in international agreements, declarations, and agendas; (2) provides and applies a literature-based review of criteria to identify countries’ responsibilities and capabilities to provide finance; (3) reviews institutional affiliation; and (4) reviews countries’ willingness to provide finance through their contributions to 27 relevant multilateral funds. Recent Findings Scaling up climate finance has been a political and operational priority for the UN climate negotiations. However, the Annex II list of countries that commit to support developing countries financially with mitigation and adaptation has hardly changed since 1992. Given countries’ diverse emission pathways and economic development as well as geopolitical dynamics, Annex II is turning into a weakness of the UNFCCC in times when developing countries’ climate finance needs are increasing. Summary Our largely qualitative analysis indicates that Eastern European countries, Russia, South Korea, Türkiye, Monaco, and Gulf States (including Saudi Arabia) meet many justifications for further negotiations about the expansion of the climate finance provider base. However, we argue against a continued rigid dichotomy of providers and recipients. We recommend four innovations going forward, including establishing ‘net recipients’ as a third category; this 1) broadens the base; 2) increases climate finance; and 3) could increase effectiveness and cooperation. More research is needed on the role of countries’ vulnerability and debt levels in discussions on climate finance provision.
PubDate: 2024-07-24
- The Multi-Scalar Inequities of Climate Adaptation Finance: A Critical
Review-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Following a multi-scalar analytical approach, this critical literature review explores the factors that determine adaptation finance accessibility and allocation with particular attention to how the needs of climate-vulnerable communities are considered. Recent Findings Our review reveals that climate vulnerability is not a primary determinant in the accessibility and allocation of climate adaptation finance at inter-state, sub-national and local scales. Instead, factors such as institutional capacities and financial and political interests exert significant influence. This leads to maladaptation and multi-scalar inequities where climate finance favours relatively resilient groups across scales with less support for more vulnerable populations. Summary We argue that finance does not trickle down, but “ripples” within a climate finance arena – where we define the latter as a messy space of competition, negotiation and collaboration. To unlock equitable adaptation finance patterns, future research should focus on the multi-scalar configurations of adaptation finance beyond the international level and consider local and regional territorial and scalar politics.
PubDate: 2024-05-23
- Equity and Justice in Loss and Damage Finance: A Narrative Review of
Catalysts and Obstacles-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Recent focus on loss and damage within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) follows decades of demands by vulnerable countries for compensation for losses due to climate change. Reviewing recent literature on loss and damage finance, we consider how the new UNFCCC Loss and Damage Fund could be transformative for climate finance. Recent Findings This article reviews developments within the UNFCCC, including the creation of the new Loss and Damage Fund and changes in the broader field of climate finance. Recent literature indicates that the factors necessary for just loss and damage finance include inclusive governance, new and additional funds, purpose-made instruments and channels, direct access to funds, and burden sharing aligned with the polluter pays principle. Summary We overview the history of loss and damage finance, suggest five criteria that could make the Loss and Damage Fund just, and discuss four potential catalysts for just loss and damage finance: ecological and climatic impacts, institutional developments outside the UNFCCC, Global South leadership on debt justice, and legal developments. As the Loss and Damage Fund is operationalized and the need for loss and damage finance grows, scholars must continue to ask whether loss and damage finance furthers core tenets of climate justice, including forms of restitution.
PubDate: 2024-05-20
- Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF): Towards a Better
Understanding of Vegetation Dynamics and Carbon Uptake in Arctic-Boreal
Ecosystems-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Terrestrial ecosystems in the Arctic-Boreal region play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle as a carbon sink. However, rapid warming in this region induces uncertainties regarding the future net carbon exchange between land and the atmosphere, highlighting the need for better monitoring of the carbon fluxes. Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF), a good proxy for vegetation CO$$^{2}$$ uptake, has been broadly utilized to assess vegetation dynamics and carbon uptake at the global scale. However, the full potential and limitations of SIF in the Arctic-Boreal region have not been explored. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest insights into Arctic-Boreal carbon uptake through SIF analyses, underscoring the advances and challenges of SIF in solving emergent unknowns in this region. Additionally, this review proposes applications of SIF across scales in support of other observational and modeling platforms for better understanding Arctic-Boreal vegetation dynamics and carbon fluxes. Recent Findings Cross-scale SIF measurements complement each other, offering valuable perspectives on Arctic-Boreal ecosystems, such as vegetation phenology, carbon uptake, carbon-water coupling, and ecosystem responses to disturbances. By incorporating SIF into land surface modeling, the understanding of Arctic-Boreal changes and their climate drivers can be mechanistically enhanced, providing critical insights into the changes of Arctic-Boreal ecosystems under global warming. Summary While SIF measurements are more abundant and with finer spatiotemporal resolutions, it is important to note that the coverage of these measurements is still limited and uneven in the Arctic-Boreal region. To address this limitation and further advance our understanding of the Arctic-Boreal carbon cycle, this review advocates for fostering a SIF network providing long-term and continuous measurements across spatial scales. Simultaneously measuring SIF and other environmental variables in the context of a multi-modal sensing system can help us comprehensively characterize Arctic-Boreal ecosystems with spatial details in land surface models, ultimately contributing to more robust climate projections.
PubDate: 2024-04-04
- Hydrologic Extremes in a Changing Climate: a Review of Extremes in East
Africa-
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Abstract: Abstract Purpose Eastern Africa has a complex hydroclimate and socio-economic context, making it vulnerable to climate change-induced hydrological extremes. This review presents recent research on drivers and typologies of extremes across different geographies and highlights challenges and improvements in forecasting hydrological extremes at various timescales. Recent Findings Droughts and floods remain the major challenges of the region. Recently, frequent alterations between droughts and floods have been a common occurrence and concern. Research underlines the heterogeneity of extremes and the impact of climate change as increased intensity and duration of extremes. Moreover, the importance of local and antecedent conditions in changing the characteristics of extremes is emphasized. Summary A better understanding of these drivers and how they interact is required. Observational and modeling tools must capture these relationships and extremes on short timescales. Although there are improvements in forecasting these extremes, providing relevant information beyond meteorological variables requires further research.
PubDate: 2024-01-18
- Global Review of Modification, Optimization, and Improvement Models for
Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment in the Era of Climate Change-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This review aims to examine the methods used to date in assessing aquifer vulnerability over the last three decades (1993-2023). In addition to a comprehensive review of prior AVA research, the novelty of this study lies in its specific focus on these methods and their application to the widely used DRASTIC and GALDIT models. We particularly emphasize statistical analysis, multicriteria decision-making, optimization techniques, machine learning algorithms, and deep learning (DL) models. Recent findings The most widely used modification, optimization, and improvement-based methods for DRASTIC indices are the analytic hierarchy process, genetic algorithm, and fuzzy logic. In contrast, single-parameter sensitivity analysis, genetic algorithm, and support vector machine are commonly applied to modify, optimize, and improve GALDIT indices. Summary The results of this study are important especially in the era of global warming and climate change/variability when the need and demand for aquifers and groundwater resources is increasing.
PubDate: 2023-12-01
- Time to Treat the Climate and Nature Crisis as One Indivisible Global
Health Emergency-
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PubDate: 2023-09-01
- Recent Advances and Challenges in Monitoring and Modeling Non-Growing
Season Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from the Arctic Boreal Zone-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review While previously thought to be negligible, carbon emissions during the non-growing season (NGS) can be a substantial part of the annual carbon budget in the Arctic boreal zone (ABZ), which can shift the carbon balance of these ecosystems from a long-held annual carbon sink towards a net annual carbon source. The purpose of this review is to summarize NGS carbon dioxide (CO2) flux research in the ABZ that has been published within the past 5 years. Recent Findings We explore the processes and magnitudes of CO2 fluxes, and the status of modeling efforts, and evaluate future directions. With technological advances, direct measurements of NGS fluxes are increasing at sites across the ABZ over the past decade, showing ecosystems in the ABZ are a large source of CO2 in the shoulder seasons, with low, consistent, winter emissions. Summary Ecosystem carbon cycling models are being improved with some challenges, such as modeling below ground and snow processes, which are critical to understanding NGS CO2 fluxes. A lack of representative in situ carbon flux data and gridded environmental data are leading limiting factors preventing more accurate predictions of NGS carbon fluxes.
PubDate: 2023-06-01
- Uncertainty and Climate Change Adaptation: a Systematic Review of Research
Approaches and People’s Decision-Making-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This review (1) describes the intersecting literature on climate change adaptation (CCA) and uncertainty (N= 562), and (2) synthesizes the findings of empirical studies about decision-maker uncertainty (n = 97). Recent Findings Uncertainty can be a barrier to adaptation, yet it is most often studied in relation to the scientific process, while uncertainties in people’s decision-making and their impact on CCA are less studied. Summary Despite the predominance of scientific uncertainties (52%), we see an upward-trend in studies of decision-making uncertainty (24%), and in combining natural and social sciences approaches (24%). Multiple sources of uncertainty influence CCA decisions besides climate trends, and their saliency and people’s responses vary depending on the role/function of the decision-maker and the timeframe of the decision. Concerns involve situational uncertainties, response options, and their consequences. Decision-makers are more likely to incorporate uncertainties in their adaptation decisions than suppress them or delay action, although the response is sensitive to the type of information sought and timeframes.
PubDate: 2023-02-17
- The Promise of Private-Sphere Pro-environmental Behavior as Climate Action
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Abstract: Purposeof Review This piece situates research on pro-environmental behavior within broader discussions about climate policy and action. I discuss factors associated with the adoption of pro-environmental behavior, as well as methodological limitations that should be addressed in future work. Recent Findings Individual behavior drives a large proportion of total emissions, and lifestyle characteristics account for significant variability in individual carbon footprints. Yet behavior is difficult to change, and critics warn that “individualizing” climate action may be counterproductive. On average, interventions promoting pro-environmental behavior have produced small effects, though some promising approaches have emerged. Values matter, but strategies that modify social, informational, and structural conditions result in more impact. Summary There is much that can be gained from a better understanding of the factors that drive environmentally significant behavior. To increase relevance, researchers should carefully consider the strengths and limitations of measures and pursue behavior-specific inquiries to complement generalized approaches.
PubDate: 2022-11-07
- Assessing Methane Emissions From the Natural Gas Industry: Reviewing the
Case of China in a Comparative Framework-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The aim of this paper is to explore methane emissions from China’s fossil fuel industry compared with the USA and Canada, with a focus on the methane emission mechanisms, calculation methods, mitigation potential, and abatement technologies. Recent Findings This paper explores the methane emissions from China’s natural gas industry from a comparative perspective. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) methane emissions from the natural gas production phase are the largest in the whole natural gas supply chain. (2) When it comes to measurement and estimation methods, methane emissions in the gas industry in the USA and Canada typically achieve a Tier 3 level, while China tends to be at the Tier 1 and Tier 2 levels. (3) There is large mitigation potential for methane emissions from the natural gas industry. More effective waste reduction technologies like green well completion should be implemented in the production phase, especially in China. At the same time, more attention should be drawn to the need for leakage detection technologies of pipelines in all countries compared here. Summary As a large methane-emitting country, China lags behind the USA and Canada in methane emission reduction. Therefore, Chinese scientists, policy makers, and entrepreneurs should pay attention to methane emissions. Stakeholders should enhance mitigation measures and leakage detection technologies in order to achieve climate targets.
PubDate: 2022-10-18
- Accelerating Pathways to Net Zero: Governance Strategies from Transition
Studies and the Transition Accelerator-
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Abstract: Purpose After decades of delay, there are promising signs that society may finally be getting serious about climate change. But the problem is now of such urgency that accelerating transition pathways to net zero is of paramount importance. Which governance approach gives society the best chance of simultaneously realizing the multiple sectoral and industrial transformations that net zero entails' How can policymakers and broader societal actors accelerate these transformative processes, setting in motion transition pathways to desirable futures' In response to these interrelated questions, we survey the literature on sustainability transitions and present an approach that aims directly at radical system change. Recent Findings Two decades of transition research has generated critical insights on accelerating transition pathways to net zero, highlighting key transformative strategies and pointing to the central role of the state, politics, and intermediaries. Summary Transition research indicates that reaching net zero entails radically transforming essentially all sectors and industries as they are deeply entwined with the use of fossil fuels and the release of greenhouse gas emissions. An ambitious state in conjunction with a strong constellation of intermediary organizations can set in motion and accelerate transition pathways by actively driving niche development surrounding promising innovations, promoting the diffusion of emerging alternatives, and phasing out carbon-intensive arrangements.
PubDate: 2022-08-20
- Beyond Climate Isolationism: a Necessary Shift for Climate Justice
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This review explores how more transformative climate policies are emerging arguing that such policies require decision-makers to move beyond the dominant, narrow technocratic lens that I call climate isolationism. Recent Findings Climate isolationism refers to the common framing of climate change as an isolated, discrete, scientific problem in need of technological solutions. Stemming from dominant assumptions of patriarchal white-male conceptions of privilege and power, climate isolationism has not only been ineffective in responding to the climate crisis and mobilizing transformative change but it has also resulted in climate and energy programs, policies, and priorities that exacerbate inequities and perpetuate economic and racial injustice. Summary This paper reviews the inadequacy and dangers of climate isolationism, explores why climate justice provides an alternative more effective framing, and calls for more intentional consideration of power and power dynamics in climate decision-making to shift from climate isolationism to climate justice.
PubDate: 2022-08-18
- The Role of Remaining Carbon Budgets and Net-Zero CO2 Targets in Climate
Mitigation Policy-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Here, we review recent estimates of the remaining carbon budget, with a focus on characterizing key uncertainties and assessing the implications for net-zero CO2 targets and climate policy. Recent Findings Recent analyses offer a range estimates of remaining allowable CO2 emissions for the 1.5 °C and well-below 2 °C climate targets, though the treatment and coverage of key sources of uncertainty vary considerably among studies. We recommend that net-zero CO2 targets be set with explicit recognition of the uncertainty associated with carbon budget estimates and be updated regularly as this uncertainty is better constrained. Allocating the remaining carbon budget among countries or other entities, as well as monitoring progress at the subnational level, represents additional key challenges in applying a carbon budget framework to climate policy. Summary Despite these challenges, recent advances in quantifying carbon budget uncertainty demonstrate that the concept is well-suited to inform climate policy and to evaluate whether net-zero CO2 targets are consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement.
PubDate: 2022-08-17
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