 Subjects -> METEOROLOGY (Total: 106 journals)
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- Ozone Content over the Russian Federation in 2022
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Abstract: The review is compiled on the basis of the results of operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system in Russia and neighboring countries which functions in the operational mode at Central Aerological Observatory. The monitoring system uses data from the national network equipped with M-124 filter ozonometers being under the methodological supervision of Main Geophysical Observatory. The quality of the entire system functioning is operationally controlled using the OMI satellite equipment observations (NASA, USA). Basic TO observation data are generalized for each month of the fourth quarter of 2022, for the fourth quarter, and for the whole year. Data of routine observations of surface ozone in the Moscow region are also presented.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Mechanism of Non-photochemical Production of Sulfates in Aerosol Haze
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Abstract: The paper considers the mechanism of non-additive enhancement of the catalytic action of Mn/Fe ions (synergism) in the liquid-phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with molecular oxygen in relation to the non-photochemical production of sulfates in the aerosol haze particles in the atmosphere. It was found that a key role in this process is played by the chain branching reaction involving Mn ions and the intermediate product of the reaction: Caro’s acid (HSO \(_5^{-}\) ). The microphysics of the local production of sulfates in the Arctic haze particles is discussed. The process is assumed to proceed in a thin layer of supercooled water covering aerosol particles. According to the estimates, the catalysis of SO2 oxidation by transition metal ions should be considered as a significant non-photochemical source of sulfates, especially in an urbanized atmosphere.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Modern Interannual Trends in the Thermal Characteristics of the Upper
1000-meter Layer of the Japan Sea in the First Decades of the 21st Century
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Abstract: Based on the NOAA climate datasets and Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS), trends and regional features of interannual changes in water temperature on the surface and in the upper 1000-meter layer of the Japan Sea were analyzed. Their possible causal relationships with variations in atmospheric pressure, climatic indices, and thermal characteristics in the adjacent area of the Kuroshio energetically active zone were determined. The results of the study made it possible to describe a three-dimensional structure of the anomalies of temperature and heat content in various layers of the sea water column and to quantify a rate of warming in different parts of the study area under conditions of the current phase of global warming.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Isotopic Composition of Precipitation in the Ten’kinskii District,
the Magadan Oblast-
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Abstract: A review of the isotopic composition of precipitation sampled from October 2020 to January 2022 at four locations in the Magadan oblast at a distance to 300 km from the shore of the Sea of Okhotsk is presented. It is shown that the isotopic composition of precipitation on the coast (the city of Magadan) differs significantly from the inland one in both values and \(\delta^{18}\mathrm{O}/\delta \mathrm{D}\) and \(\delta ^{18}\mathrm{O}/T\) ratios. The air-mass back-trajectory analysis revealed that these differences are primarily caused by varying roles of different moisture sources forming precipitation.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Possibilities of Using the COSMO-Ru System for Short-term Forecasting of
Runoff of Russian Rivers-
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Abstract: An assessment of the possibilities of using the COSMO-Ru system for short-term forecasting of runoff of Russian rivers is carried out. An analysis of the forecast quality of the daily precipitation layer and average daily temperature of the surface air layer using this system is performed for 2081 weather stations. The quality characteristics of these forecasts are mapped. A forecast correction method was applied, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of forecasts on average by 20% for the precipitation layer and by 15% for air temperature. The quality of forecasting meteorological parameters averaged over the territory of 590 river basins turned out to be satisfactory for the precipitation layer and good for air temperature. The results give reason for a positive assessment of the possibilities of using the COSMO-Ru system for short-term forecasting of runoff of Russian rivers.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Small Urban River Runoff Response to 2020 and 2021 Extreme Rainfalls on
the Territory of Moscow-
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Abstract: An important trend of modern development is the concentration of population in urban agglomerations, where a specific meso- and micro-climate is created under conditions of dramatically transformed natural landscapes. In the present paper, the long-term statistical analysis of intense rainfalls and annual daily precipitation maxima was carried out based on the Moscow region weather stations timeseries for the period of 1966–2021. An increase in the variability of intense precipitation over the Moscow region corresponding to the formation of significant floods was revealed in some years. The COSMO-CLM model simulated extreme precipitation for the basin of the Setun’ River (190 km2), the largest right-bank tributary of the Moskva River within the Moscow city, which was recorded over Moscow in May 2020 and June 2021. Maximum precipitation was registered over the Setun’ River basin during 45–90 minutes and induced rainfall floods that exceeded the spring flood by two times. The estimated basin travel time was 6–8 hours. Rainfalls form a multistep hydrograph inheriting the shower precipitation structure on small rivers.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Methods of Assimilation of Sea Surface Temperature Satellite Data and
Their Influence on the Reconstruction of Hydrophysical Fields of the
Black, Azov, and Marmara Seas Using the Institute of Numerical Mathematics
Ocean Model (INMOM)-
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Abstract: The results are analyzed of the simulation of hydrophysical fields of the Black, Azov, and Marmara seas with the Institute of Numerical Mathematics Ocean Model (INMOM) implemented with a spatial resolution of 4 km, with various assimilation technique for sea surface temperature (SST) data from the SEVIRI sensor installed on MSG satellites. The relaxation (so called nudging) and the ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) with various assimilation time frequencies (3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hour assimilation windows) were used as assimilation methods. It was shown that the assimilation of SST data via the EnOI made it possible to reproduce hydrophysical fields more accurately than via nudging or without assimilation at all. Even with the assimilation of SST data irregularly distributed over space and time, a decrease in the calculation error was observed over the entire sea area, and the structures of the zones of temperature rise or drop were more correctly simulated. The best results were achieved with via the EnOI assimilation with an increasing assimilation frequency over time. When SST data were assimilated using the EnOI, the mean error decreased from 0.16°C (24-hour assimilation window) to 0.08°C (3-hour assimilation window); accordingly, the absolute mean error decreased from 1.03 to 0.33°C, and the standard deviation decreased from 1.33 to 0.42°C. In addition, assimilation using the EnOI 3-hour window improved the reproduction of SST during the period of convection cooling. The assimilation of SST data also led to changes in the structure of the surface sea circulation. In some areas, the direction of currents varied within 5°–10°, and the velocity modulus changed by 3–5%. The assimilation of SST data only slightly reduced errors in the structure of the model vertical temperature profile, which can reach 2°C at depths of 30–40 m. At depths greater than 100 m, deviations did not exceed 0.05°C.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Studying Electric Structure of Thunderclouds by Rocket Sounding
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Abstract: The results of the experimental study of the vertical structure of main electric charges in 27 thunderclouds are presented. The parameters of the structure (the number of main charges, their signs, charge center height, radii of spatially charged spheres situated along the vertical) were determined from the profile of the vertical component of the electric field strength measured in the central part of the thundercloud from the base to the height of 8 km during 30–40 s by rocket sounding. The values of main charges were determined by computer electrostatic calculations, and the volumes occupied by them were approximated by homogeneously charged spheres. It is proposed to use the results of these and similar studies to construct an empirical model of the thundercloud structure.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Peculiarities of Formation of the Chemical Composition of Caucasian
Glacier-fed Rivers during Intensive Degradation of Glaciers-
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Abstract: The concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Pb, Zn, Ag, Cu, Cd, Co, Al, Fe, V) in one of the most powerful glaciation sites in the Caucasus (Mount Elbrus) since the mid-20th century is investigated. To compare the concentrations of heavy metals in the sources of the Baksan River with those in the Garabashi glacier, a stationary point at a level of 4000 m was chosen, where observations of the glacier mass balance are carried out. The number of pit samples depended on the snow accumulation and varied from 7–8 to 18–20 in accordance with the depth of the seasonal snow layer. The concentrations of heavy metals in the ice, snow, and river water samples were determined during the period from 1978 to 2010 at High-mountain Geophysical Institute by the emission spectral analysis. The analysis of samples from 2018–2021 was performed by the atomic absorption method on an MGA-915 spectrometer. Among all categories of the samples taken on the Elbrus slope, the least impurities were found in pure ice on the tongue of the glacier: it contains three times less impurities of Ag, Ni, Mo, Pb: 0.014, 1.15, 0.18, 0.83 \(\mu\) g/L, respectively. In some samples, the metal content is below the detection limit. The concentrations of heavy metals in the seasonal snow pack and river water in the Elbrus region are one–two orders of magnitude lower than maximum permissible concentrations for sanitary water bodies. For the Baksan River basin and the Elbrus glaciation region, there is a slight decrease in the concentrations of heavy metals from the end of the 20th century until the present, with intensive degradation of glaciers.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- On the Mechanism of a Dramatic Drop of the Sea Surface Temperature in the
Northwestern Black Sea and Off the Crimean Coast-
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Abstract: An analysis of high-resolution satellite data on sea surface temperature (SST) and surface wind for 2008–2021 confirmed that the areas of a dramatic SST drop exceeding several degrees per day regularly occur in the northwestern Black Sea and off the western coast of Crimea. These areas are located not only in coastal upwelling zones. Extensive areas of this type are found in the open water areas in the northwestern part of the sea and in the vicinity of the western large-scale cyclonic gyre. A reason for the formation of such areas during the period of the stable vertical thermal stratification in the upper layer is the strengthening of wind in the atmospheric surface layer and the intensification of cyclonic vorticity. This leads to the generation of upward motions, additional turbulent mixing in the upper sea layer, and, as a consequence, the SST drop within a few days after the passage of the cyclone over the sea. This mechanism is especially effective in the case of slowly moving cyclones in the presence of a blocking or a high-pressure ridge northeast of the Black Sea region.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Using the GR4J Conceptual Model for Runoff Simulation in the Ussuri River
Basin-
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Abstract: The open-source low-parametric conceptual hydrological model GR4J was used for runoff simulations of 17 nested catchments of the Upper Ussuri River basin with areas ranging from 133 to 24400 km2, including the Kirovskii outlet. The data of standard hydrometeorological observations of Primorye Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring were used for the model calibration and verification. Runoff simulations were performed with a daily step. The criteria commonly used in hydrological community, namely, the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), coefficient of determination ( \(R^{2}\) ), and bias (BIAS) were used to assess the modeling efficiency. According to the specified criteria, modeling results are mostly in "satisfactory" or better categories. The base of the unit hydrograph expectedly increases with the catchment area, but there were no other relationships found between the values of calibrated model parameters, the annual water content, and the main morphometric parameters of the catchments. It was shown for the studied catchments that the stabilization and the maxima of the modeling efficiency scores are reached at the catchment areas of 1200–1700 km2. The influence of representativeness of the weather station network on the modeling efficiency was demonstrated using complementary meteorological observations from experimental catchments in the Upper Ussuri basin for the simulation of the catastrophic flood in 2016 that was caused by typhoon Lionrock.
PubDate: 2023-02-01
- Iran’s Changing Climate over the Past 30 Years
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Abstract: In this study, monthly meteorological parameters of temperature, precipitation, and wind speed recorded at 104 synoptic weather stations scattered across Iran were analyzed to construct annual time series of the meteorological data for a 30-year period (1988–2017) using the Mann–Kendall test and the Sen’s slope estimator. Based on the de Martonne aridity index ( \(I_\mathrm{DM}\) ) classification, Iran’s climate is mostly categorized as dry and semi-dry. The results indicated annual temperature significantly increased at about 61% of stations and annual precipitation significantly decreased at 21% of stations (at the 95% and 99% significance level). The decline in precipitation occurred in mostly the dry (27%) and semi-dry (21%) regions of Iran. Approximately half of the stations experienced significant increases in wind speed with arid areas experiencing broadest increase. Prediction of future impacts of climate change is needed for this region to mitigate negative effects.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- Assessment of Agroclimatic Resources and Spring Wheat Yields in Tatarstan
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Abstract: Climate trends for the recent decades and a potential influence of agricultural technologies on spring wheat yields in the Republic of Tatarstan are analyzed. The authors used data on spring wheat yields (Federal State Statistics Service) and observations from 18 meteorological stations during 1961–2020. Climate-driven yields were calculated using the Climate–Soil–Yield simulation system. Yields at a fixed agronomic level were calculated for the periods of 1961–1990 and 1991–2020. It was established that there are differences in the trends in actual and climate-driven yields for these periods. Average actual yields for the second period are almost twice as high as those for the first period, but the rate of their increase does not grow. Average climate-driven yields in 1991–2020 were lower than in 1961–1990 (Mann–Whitney test, \(p =0.05\) ). An analysis of agroclimatic resources for individual decades shows that the downward trend in climate-driven yields is linked to a substantial temperature rise during the growing season and a harsher precipitation regime. The rate of a possible decrease in climate-driven yields of spring wheat in Tatarstan makes up \(\sim\) 2% per decade during 1991–2020.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- Estimation of Sea Level Difference: Velocities of Sea Surface Markers
Derived from IR Images in Comparison with Satellite Altimetry Data-
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Abstract: A quantitative comparison of sea level differences calculated from sea surface current velocities and satellite altimetry measurements was carried out. The velocities were calculated by the automatic method for tracing thermal inhomogeneities based on a sequence of infrared images with a priori estimation of the calculation accuracy. Comparisons were carried out along the tracks of an altimetry satellite and at the points of the regular grid, to which the values from the tracks are interpolated. Ageostrophic components were estimated for the calculated velocities. At the distances of about 100 km, their contribution did not exceed the accuracy of altimetry measurements (2–4 cm). Along the tracks, the estimates of sea level differences calculated from the velocities were close to those computed from satellite altimetry. At the regular grid points, the estimates of sea level differences by velocities were significantly higher than the estimates of sea level differences by satellite altimetry, which is explained by the drawbacks of the optimal interpolation scheme used. It was concluded that the joint use of two types of measurements to retrieve the World Ocean circulation is reasonable.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- Possible Expansion of the Climatic Range of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly
Being a Dangerous Fruit Pest-
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Abstract: The Mediterranean fruit fly is a significant agroclimatic threat to the fruit production. It can damage up to 80–100% of fruits on 45–78% of agricultural land in some countries. The modern climatic range of the pest is analyzed in the present paper using computational data generated by the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory regional climate model and the global climate model of Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics. The species requirements for climate conditions are: the sum of active temperatures (a threshold is 10°C) above 2700°C; monthly mean temperatures for December–February are positive; monthly precipitation totals in December–February exceed 13 mm. In Russia, such conditions are observed on the Black Sea coast and in a small part of the southern Caspian lowland. The assessment of changes in the climatic range of the pest in 2050–2059 versus 1990–1999 under the RCP8.5 scenario showed the expansion of the climatically suitable territory. The territory will almost completely include such traditional fruit growing regions as the Krasnodar krai, the Republic of Crimea, and the Republic of Adygea. Strict quarantine measures and early resource allocation that quickly suppresses infestations of the Mediterranean fruit fly may be proposed as adaptation measures.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- A Universal Formula for Evaluating the Compressive and Flexural Strength
of Sea Ice at Thermodynamic Calculations-
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Abstract: Thermodynamic modeling of the ice cover of freezing seas is carried out according to their hydrometeorological conditions. It is an important tool in assessing the evolution of the main ice parameters. However, the calculation of the ice strength properties is currently complicated by a need to introduce additional full-scale parameters. A new universal formula that is devoid of this drawback was developed for assessing the main strength properties of ice. The results of a comparison of calculations performed according to the formula and methods from the main regulatory documents are presented. A comparison of the calculations based on the formula with field measurements was provided and showed a high accuracy of the average ice strength values estimated using the proposed formula.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- Large-scale Heat Waves in the South of European Russia
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Abstract: For large-scale heat waves that occur in the south of the European part of Russia (EPR), the frequency variability since the beginning of the 20th century is considered, including variations on decadal scales and a trend during the global warming period, accompanying variations in the aridity index SPI, and the structure of the longest waves. The geographic distribution of air temperature anomalies on the territory of the Russian Federation, large-scale circulation conditions, the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, which accompanied heat waves in the south of the EPR, are analyzed using the composite analysis. In particular, the wave structure was revealed of the composite field of the air temperature anomaly for days with heat waves and the related 500 hPa geopotential height ( \(H_{500}\) ) fields over Russia. The \(H_{500}\) field structure generally corresponds to the negative phase of the East Atlantic–Western Russia (EAWR) circulation pattern. Similar structures of the geopotential field are observed during heat waves in the northern half of the EPR. However, in this case, there are specific features that contribute to the inflow of cold air from the north to the southern regions. It is shown that the values of the EAWR index are significantly shifted towards negative values in the months when long heat waves occur over the southern EPR. The waves are accompanied by positive anomalies of the North Atlantic SST and the strongly increased blocking anticyclone activity. The downward trend in the EAWR index observed in recent decades and the SST rise expected with the global warming increase a risk of droughts in the main grain-producing region of the country.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- Storm Cyclogenesis over the Sea of Japan on January 16–18, 2016:
Analysis of Energy and Interaction of Vortices-
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Abstract: The paper presents the results of studying the conversion of various types of energy, taking into account the formation and dissipation of a warm core in the central part of cyclones. The contribution of energy types (kinetic, potential, and internal) and their impact on the intensity of the cyclone development were also assessed by the example of the evolution of a mesocyclone. The mesocyclone was generated on the periphery of the main subtropical cyclone in January 2016 over the Sea of Japan and caused heavy precipitation and strong winds on the southern coast of the Primorsky krai. It is shown for each of the two analyzed cyclones that the stage of their deepening is accompanied by the formation of the warm core with a simultaneous decrease in the bulk values of all potential energy indicators for the vortex in the central region. At the stage of dissipation of the warm core, the values of all potential energy indicators increase. A change in water vapor reserves in the central part of both cyclones is similar to a change in internal energy, which is associated with the transformation of water vapor in the atmosphere (forced and free convection).
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- Ice Coverage near the New Siberian Islands and Winter Precipitation in the
Lena and Yana River Basins-
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Abstract: Correlations between the amount of precipitation in the Lena and Yana river basins in winter and the ice coverage of the Laptev and East Siberian seas near the New Siberian Islands in the spring-summer period are studied based on the GLORYS12v.1 and ERA5 global reanalyses and archival meteorological data. A statistically significant correlation (with a confidence level of at least 0.95) was established in the certain parts of the study area. The Yana basin winter precipitation was found to have the highest correlation with the ice coverage in May. The correlation between the Lena basin precipitation and the ice coverage in July is lower, but also significant. During the other months, no significant correlations were revealed. The established facts may be of practical use for long-range forecasting of ice conditions near the New Siberian Islands at the beginning of the summer navigation along the Northern Sea Route.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
- Bomb Cyclones over the North Pacific: Atmospheric Structure and Parameters
According to Passive and Active Microwave Measurements from Space-
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Abstract: The data of microwave satellite sensing of two bomb cyclones over the Pacific Ocean are considered. The distinctive features of the cyclones are dramatic pressure drops in the center ( \(\ge1\) hPa/hour during a day), intense precipitation, and strong winds. The fields of cloud liquid water content, atmospheric integrated water vapor, and surface wind speed were retrieved, and their evolution was studied based on brightness temperatures measured by the AMSR2, GMI, and MTVZA-GY radiometers in the frequency range of 6–190 GHz in the cyclones observed on December 29, 2020–January 2, 2021 and January 25–28, 2022. The results obtained by microwave radiometers and scatterometers were interpreted using visible and infrared images, surface analysis maps, radiosonde data, etc. A correlation between the cloud top temperature and brightness temperature in the 176–190 GHz water vapor resonance region was found.
PubDate: 2023-01-01
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