Open Access journal ISSN (Print) 2564-6583 - ISSN (Online) 2602-229X This journal is no longer being updated because: the publisher no longer provides RSS feeds
Authors:Muhammed Ali BUDAK Abstract: The date interval, which is met with the term Early Medieval in Western historiography and approximately coinciding with the 5th to 10th centuries, is an important time period not only for medieval Turkish history, but also for world history. During this time period, the Migration of Tribes, which will shape the ethnic face of Europe, started with the migration of the Hunnic Turks to the west and the European Hun State, whose borders extended from the Balkans to the English Channel, was established in Europe. Shortly after this, the Göktürks, the first Turkish state with the Turkish name in history, whose borders extended from Manchuria in Asia to the Crimea in Europe, was established. The date range that is the subject of the research is also the date range when the Turks first encountered the religion of Islam. In this research, it has been tried to examine the travelogues, which are the main source in history studies. Although travelogues are among the important sources in terms of history, they have not received the value they deserve until recently. With this study, it has been tried to give brief information about the travelogues and their authors that give information about Turkic peoples between the 5th and 10th centuries, and at least it is aimed to create a starting point for researchers who will work in this field in the future. PubDate: Sat, 30 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Özcan ASLAN Abstract: The nineteenth century is a pathetic period in Iranian history. This situation, which has emerged in the field of society, politics and economy, is considered a lost period for Iran in every aspect. When the theoretical knowledge of the eighteenth century turned into the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century, many nations, especially Europeans, saw this century as a leap period and entered the twentieth century as world states. While all this was going on in the world, Iranians were concerned about happily meeting the endless demands of the Qajar shahs, who were perhaps the most incompetent rulers in their history. The Qajar Dynasty, which rose between the Afshar-Zend struggle to take power in 1796, defeated these two rivals and put an end to the turmoil that continued after the death of Nadir Shah in Iran. The Qajars could not show their success in eliminating their domestic rivals, in bringing Iran into the 20th century as a modern world state. This dynasty, which did not have much administrative/administration power other than the capital Tehran (and a bit of Tabriz), was devastated within the century, but unfortunately left a wrecked Iran behind. As the subject of this article; It will deal with how Nasıreddin Shah, the fourth of Qajar shahs in nineteenth century Iran, maintained a power period of fifty years, how he was not overthrown despite many internal and external crises and the reasons why he continued his power. PubDate: Sat, 30 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Bedri ŞAHİN; Güngör GÖKDAĞ Abstract: Developments that shape global relations and have an impact on an international scale differentiate the work/strategies of countries. In particular, the increasing importance of bilateral relations has necessitated examining the factors that shape foreign policy. In this respect, the September 11 Terrorist Attacks also showed their effect in this direction. Countries supported United States of America (USA) with the decisions they made. The issues in which USA’s strategies dominate have also affected other countries; It had a particularly strong impact on Germany. One explanation for this situation is that the permissions given to use airspace were granted during the Iraq War. Additionally, there have been changes and transformation efforts in some strategies; Germany-NATO relations increased after the Cold War. However, after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, these relations decreased and America-Transatlantic relations began. During this period, Germany also focused on proving its strength to USA and providing competence in the European Union Federation. Especially the analyzes based on the Schröder/Fischer coalition government theses are important. However, the fact that the views of Schröder and Fischer were not always complementary to each other caused conflicts to occur both in this dimension and in the coalition. In this context, it is seen that Germany is turning to new strategies, and from realist policies to neorealism. In this respect, it cannot be limited to military/security issues; It is important to have studies that develop strategies depending on factors such as economic and social. The most obvious example is the decisions taken regarding Eastern expansion. In this article, attitudes and policies towards developments are examined within the framework of issues such as decisions taken in this direction and disagreements. PubDate: Sat, 30 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +030
Authors:M. Nergis ATAÇAY Abstract: Since the Industrial Revolution, production with the use of fossil fuels as energy sources has played an important role in the emergence of problems such as environmental degradation and climate change. In addition, the fact that fossil fuels are under the threat of depletion has emerged as another problem in terms of the sustainability of industrial production. Therefore, sustainable development discussions have included the development of clean energy use along with the fight against many other problems such as hunger, poverty and inequalities, and countries have started to develop renewable energy sectors. It is seen that China, which has increased its power at global and regional level by achieving economic success with the reforms since the end of the 1970s, has also performed quite well in the renewable energy sector. In addition to the negative consequences of environmental problems, China, one of the world's largest energy importers, attaches importance to the development of environment and energy-related sectors due to the issue of energy security. In addition, these sectors are among the emerging strategic sectors of China. Since the 2008 global financial crisis, Chinese sectors identified as strategic sectors has been under significant state control and state intervention in addition to legal regulations. This review questioning whether there is a similar approach in the renewable energy sector, considered as an emerging strategic sector, reveals that the Chinese state intervenes also in this sector through various methods. PubDate: Sat, 30 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +030
Authors:Bayram KAYA Abstract: Analytic philosophy is a movement which emerged as a reaction to traditional philosophy around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Analytic Philosophy of Education emerged partly as a reaction to traditional philosophy of education and partly with the desire to apply the general principles of analytic tradition in education. American Israel Scheffler and English Paul H. Hirst have produced many works since 1960s and so they are considered among the eminent philosophers of this field. In this study, the concepts of “critica/rational thinking” and “autonomy” have been studied and analyzed in the works of these two important figures. By adopting an analytic approach, firstly their arguments and propositions as regards the different educational topics have been classified and analyzed. Then their opinions as regards how they interpret these concepts, how importance they attribute to them and how these concepts can be used in education have been analyzed extensively. It has been found that critical/rational thinking can be seen as both the ultimate aim of education and the best means to reach this target for both philosophers, particularly for Scheffler. When it comes to the concept of autonomy, both philosophers think that every individual has an innate value and human dignity and so every person must have the right of free choice through rational thinking. PubDate: Sat, 30 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +030
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