Similar Journals
BOGA : Basque Studies Consortium Journal
Number of Followers: 2 Open Access journal ISSN (Print) 2325-7628 Published by Boise State University [1 journal] |
- Acceptability, Appropriateness, and Feasibility of Rural School Support
Strategies for Behavioral Interventions: A Mixed Methods Evaluation Over
Two Years of a Hybrid Type 3 Implementation-Effectiveness Trial
Authors: Hannah G. Calvert et al.
Abstract: Background: Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is a framework for implementing evidence-based interventions for preventing behavioral issues and improving climate in schools. The implementation of school-wide PBIS with fidelity is complex, requiring leadership commitment, teaming, and coordination of systems for tracking behaviors and consequences. Putting these components in place while ensuring alignment with the values and needs of the school community can be difficult for schools with fewer resources, such as rural schools. Implementation supports are needed, including strategies such as technical assistance, but it is unclear whether lower-cost modalities such as virtual support are acceptable, appropriate, and feasible and whether perceptions vary throughout the implementation process.Methods: A type 3 hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial is taking place in 40 Idaho schools, testing a bundle of implementation supports selected to meet the needs of schools in rural areas. Supports include technical assistance from an implementation support practitioner (ISP), didactic trainings, virtual learning sessions, and an online resource portal. Surveys and interviews in the first 2 years of implementation (fall 2019 to spring 2021) explored outcomes of acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility regarding the implementation supports among more than 150 school stakeholders.Results: Evaluations showed high acceptability and appropriateness of the PBIS concepts and training. The 20 schools receiving additional implementation support rated the technical assistance and support from the project’s ISPs as the most acceptable and appropriate resource. Reasons for acceptability were the relationship built with the ISP, the ISP’s expertise, and being a “neutral party.” Although in-person support from the ISP was preferred, remote support was acceptable and increased feasibility of attendance. Virtual learning sessions were acceptable for learning and collaboration, particularly in the second year of implementation, once ISPs had developed closer relationships with school teams. Conclusions: School staff found training, technical assistance, and virtual learning sessions to be acceptable and appropriate. Virtual formats of training and technical assistance decreased in acceptability but increased feasibility of attendance. In-person support was preferred during initial implementation, and virtual support was more acceptable thereafter.Trial registration: This trial was prospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03736395), on November 9, 2018.
PubDate: Thu, 08 Aug 2024 16:47:01 PDT
- The Maintenance Support Initiative
Authors: Quentin T. Turner
Abstract: The Maintenance Support Initiative, my capstone project, was designed to address inefficiencies in maintaining sensitive medical equipment, where precision and reliability are crucial. Inspired by the potential to enhance quality and safety, I developed user-friendly checklists specifically tailored to our organization. By collaborating closely with stakeholders, I gathered diverse perspectives to ensure the checklists were practical and effective. Emotional intelligence and innovative thinking proved to be essential along the way. These skills helped me navigate challenges and foster a collaborative environment where everybody got to be involved in the project. The post-implementation surveys revealed the project's success, showing reduced maintenance time, increased confidence, and enhanced overall satisfaction among coworkers. This initiative and the continued implementation of these checklists ensure the highest levels of care and safety for medical professionals and patients alike.
PubDate: Tue, 06 Aug 2024 15:27:11 PDT
- Scholarly Communications & Data Management Tip Sheet: Recommended File
Formats for Long-Term Preservation
Authors: Albertsons Library Research Data Management et al.
Abstract: Certain file formats enhance the likelihood of long-term preservation and the maintenance of original functionality.
PubDate: Tue, 06 Aug 2024 11:22:21 PDT
- Potential Role of Metformin in Glucose and Amino Acid Metabolism in
Uterine Cells
Authors: Tamar Yalenga et al.
Abstract: Metformin is a safe, low-cost drug that is often used to treat diseases such as diabetes, cancer, liver diseases, obesity, gestational diabetes etc. polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The interactions between Metformin, ovarian hormones and anabolic hormones such as insulin are not completely understood. We hypothesize that Metformin specifically regulates receptors, enzymes and transporters involved proximally and distally in glycogenic pathways and in protein synthesis. We treated immortalized uterine epithelial cells (GMMe) were treated with increasing concentrations of metformin in the presence of insulin at 50 ng/νl, and with estradiol. Quantitative analysis of gene expression through real-time PCR showed that treatment metformin steadily, and significantly upregulated amino acid transporters SLC3A2 and SLC7A5.We posit that the drug Metformin not only regulates glycogenic enzymes and receptors, but it also regulates amino acid uptake into cells. In the future, transcriptomic data from Metformin-treated cells will likely expand our overall knowledge of the various effects of Metformin in glucose and amino acid-related pathways.
- Integration of Machine Learning with Semiconductor Thin Film Processing
and Characterization
Authors: Eridani Rojas et al.
Abstract: The development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides for use in microelectronics has many challenges due to a lack of understanding of the relationships between processing and deposited film structure. This project aims to highlight those structure-property relationships via machine learning. The quality of grown films can be determined via Raman spectroscopy, followed by data processing modules written in Python. Using supervised learning, the Raman features will be correlated to film synthesis processes such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), with the predictive output being the quality of the sample. Here, we present our preliminary results on data preparation and analysis to extract key Raman features correlated to process parameters for the implementation of robust machine learning models. Our approach aims to provide valuable information regarding the relationships between output film structure and synthesis processing parameters. to improve the efficiency of CVD and MOCVD workflows, ultimately contributing to advancements in materials science and the semiconductor industry.
- Metakaolin Modification for Enhanced Durability: Evaluating the Longevity
of 3D Printed Wood Material
Authors: James Setters et al.
Abstract: Our research group aims to use additive manufacturing to make bio based wood houses. To assess the real-world durability of our environmentally friendly 3D printed material, we are addressing concerns such as ultraviolet light, humidity, and extreme temperatures. These conditions are being simulated using two testing chambers including the COOSPIDER UV resin curing light lamp and the TestEquity 1000H Series. I am conducting experiments to analyze the effects of aging on our material and explore the impact of adding an alkali activator, metakaolin, to enhance water resistance in the wood composite. The testing involves extruding rods of sodium silicate wood (SSW) mixture and sodium silicate metakaolin wood (SSMW) mixture. Specimens were cut and tested, with 10 specimens from each group serving as the control groups. The remaining specimens will be divided into groups of 8, exposed to various weathering events, and then tested for compressive strength using the Instron 5500R. I anticipate that the metakaolin-enriched samples will outperform others, demonstrating resilience against the environmental challenges applied.
- Deaf Representation in Media
Authors: Chelsea Blanchard et al.
Abstract: Deaf community members (“D”) or medically deaf non-community members (“d") are the second least-represented minority group in media. There is a pressing need for more research on topics involving D/d, specifically regarding the impact of media representation on those who identify as D/d.The research study seeks to answer whether more inclusive media representation of the D/d can influence social support. If so, do accurate and diverse portrayals of the D/D increase societal advocacy for policy support for them'The study will use quantitative analysis of existing data collected from scaled surveys administered to a random population using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform to evaluate the intersectional relationships, outcomes, and impacts of media representation on the D/d.The data is expected to support the research questions, confirming that media representation that includes the D/d influences support for them. Moreover, the accurate and diverse media representation of the D/d will also lead to increased societal advocacy for policies that support them, thereby improving their quality of life.This study's significance extends beyond the academic. By advocating for, supporting, and empowering socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, particularly the D/d, we can enhance their quality of life, improving our collective well-being.
- Medical Office Ethnography
Authors: Amy Lemmon et al.
Abstract: This research utilizes an ethnographic lens to explore the linguistics of a medical office, observing the interactions between healthcare workers and patients to analyze conversational dynamics and cues used in this setting. The data collected from communication events is used to assess turn-taking and interruption habits between health worker and patient to examine power dynamics and established levels of comfort for participants to initiate conversation/topics. Other important considerations include the register of those in the conversation, the level of formality in the words used, the tone, and whether these change based on the demographic of the participants of the interaction. An ethnographic approach is used to uncover the linguistic nuances in this setting and the influence they have on the effectiveness of communication in a medical encounter. Results from this research can shed light on current ethnographic trends, and can lead to the enhancement of patient-provider interactions and improve healthcare outcomes.
- Qualitative Analysis of Kratom Alkaloids Using Gas Chromatography
Authors: Christopher Orizaba et al.
Abstract: Kratom, also known as Mitragyna speciosa, is a plant used as an ethnopharmaceuticals aid for pain relief, fatigue, and pain management. When ingested the plant provides stimulant effects at low doses and opioid-like effects at high doses. These effects are caused by a mixture of over 50 alkaloids present in the plant. Due to its high potential for abuse and negative side effects, it has been banned in many European and South Asian countries. In the United States, there are no national regulations on the sale or purchase of kratom products. Due to the increasing usage of kratom here in the United States, there is a growing need for a method capable of quickly and efficiently analyzing samples containing kratom alkaloids in both the scientific and medical fields. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry is one of the most common analytical methods for detecting and quantifying compounds in both large and minute concentrations. It provides a robust system capable of rapidly analyzing samples. This project aims to develop a method using Gas chromatography – triple quadrupole mass spectrometry along with sialylation derivatization to detect 8 alkaloids present in kratom.
- Open Source Cyber-Physical System Simulation for City Water Systems
Authors: Oliver MacDonald et al.
Abstract: The integration of network-connected computers into municipal water systems has allowed for the development of more efficient systems at the price of new significant vulnerabilities to cyber-physical attacks. Building upon existing work done by Sean O’Toole, this research analyzes the capabilities of the Water Network Tool for Resilience + Cyber-Physical Systems (WNTR+CPS) framework. It additionally explores the possibility of extending the framework to include hardware-in-the-loop functionality. The primary objectives include comparing WNTR+CPS simulations against real-world operational scenarios and implementing initial hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) capabilities to evaluate the interaction between simulation models and physical devices. By leveraging HIL and datasets from physical testing, this research aims to begin bridging the gap between theoretical simulations and practical implementation, thereby enhancing the reliability and accuracy of predictive modeling in cybersecurity assessments of this critical infrastructure. The significance of this research lies in its potential to enhance the resilience of urban water systems against emerging cyber threats. By simulating cyber-physical attacks within a controlled environment, cities can proactively identify vulnerabilities, optimize response strategies, and fortify critical infrastructure against potential disruptions. This approach mitigates operational risks and minimizes the potential impact on public health, safety, and economic stability.
- Use of Electrochemical Techniques to Characterize Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Sage Bensinger et al.
Abstract: Electrochemical testing is an experimental technique used to investigate reactions that occur on the surface of materials. Common electrochemical reactions include corrosion, battery discharge, and catalysis. Standard electrochemical tests are set up using three electrodes all in contact with an electrolyte. For typical corrosion testing the electrodes are the working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode, all placed in liquid solution usually containing chloride ions. Electrochemical methods can accelerate corrosion reactions so corrosion damage that typically takes years to occur can be induced in minutes or hours and studied in the lab. The goals of this research are to explore the basic techniques of electrochemical testing, to gain experience setting up and conducting measurements, and to better understand how accelerated testing for corrosion is conducted. A common structural alloy, Al 6061 T6, will be tested using DC potentiodynamic polarization in 0.6 M NaCl solution. The corrosion performance will be quantified and compared to the performance of other structural alloys in a similar environment.
- Additive Manufactured Boron Nitride Coatings for Extreme Environments
Authors: Connor Magee et al.
Abstract: With the recent surge in Additive Electronics Manufacturing (AEM) technologies, industry demand has risen for nanoparticle based printed electronics. Furthermore, researchers aspire to develop printable coatings that act as electrical insulators, thermal conductors, and suitable anti-corrosion barriers and ultimately enhance the efficiency and functionality of printed electronics in extreme environments. Meanwhile, these inks should be compatible with AEM methods such as ink jet printing (IJP), aerosol jet printing (AJP), and micro dispense printing (MDP). Boron nitride (BN) coatings have favorable traits such as high thermal conductivity, functionality at extreme temperatures, and low weight. As-received cubic and hexagonal BN powders were characterized via particle size analysis (PSA) to find the particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify phase purity and crystallite size, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for particle morphology. The characterization was performed in order to develop processes for formulating BN-loaded inks. This work concluded that polymer-based ink formulations are effective and ensure printable ink with tunable viscosity that adapts to the desired printing method. Project results provide a better understanding of powder features like particle size, tendencies towards agglomeration, and electrical properties that are essential in formulating an ink with variability for application in printed device technology.
- Reshaping Business for Modern Success: The Power of Supply Chain
Innovation
Authors: Anna Bliss et al.
Abstract: Companies face unprecedented challenges in today's ever-changing business landscape due to global expansion, technological advancements, and evolving consumer preferences. As a result, businesses are adopting various supply chain and operational strategies and tactics to stay competitive, which is often demonstrated in the company's financial performance. This research uses ten years of longitudinal firm-level data and financial performance analysis to evaluate different business model innovations.Three industry case studies (airline, mass merchandise, and consumer electronics) provide insights into how companies adapt their operational processes, innovate in the market, and respond to consumer requests to gain a competitive advantage.Our study highlights the necessity for businesses to embrace supply chain innovation. Business model innovation is not an option but a strategic necessity, with a focus on adaptability, sustainability, and customer-centricity.
- Decoding the Digital Nexus: Investigating the Relationship Between
Adolescent Technology Use and Suicidal Ideation/Attempts
Authors: Daniela Valdez et al.
Abstract: Use of technology has become integral to the lives of adolescents, especially in developed settings. The quality and quantity of screen time can significantly impact the daily experiences of adolescents, particularly concerning their mental well-being. The escalating rate of adolescent suicide in the United States presents a pressing public health challenge. Although there is early anecdotal evidence, the correlation between screen time and suicide, specifically ideation and attempts, remains underexplored. This study endeavors to investigate the relationship between technology use and suicide, focusing on ideation and attempts among adolescents. Conducting a systematic literature review, we are selectively incorporating peer-reviewed journal articles published in English from sources such as PubMed and Web of Science. Our analysis is currently ongoing. By delving into the connection between screen time and suicide, we aim to inform the development of targeted suicide prevention interventions for adolescents, potentially saving lives.
- The Immune Response of a Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal
on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in an Aquacultural Setting
Authors: Tyler Christensen et al.
Abstract: As the demand for aquaculture rises, affordable and sustainable alternatives to traditional feed are vital to optimize productivity. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva (BSFL)--based meals closely resemble the diet of a wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and have been shown to promote their growth and immune system’s response. However, studies involving this feed were conducted in controlled laboratory environments. Because of this, we ran a farm trial that would mimic real-world applications in an uncontrolled aquacultural setting. We extracted spleen and distal intestinal samples from rainbow trout fed a control fishmeal-based diet, and trout fed the BSFL-based diet. We extracted RNA and transcribed it into cDNA to use quantitative PCR to determine what mRNA was being expressed at the time of euthanasia, allowing us to determine the expression of four target genes. These include two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Β and TNF-α), an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). With qPCR results, we will soon observe if BSFL-based meals benefit growth and immune responses in rainbow trout raised in commercial settings. Once completed, these results will give crucial insight into developing sustainable and effective feed for rainbow trout and aquaculture.
- Association of Phocaeicola vulgatus with Gut Nerve Cell Injury
and Dysmotility in T2D
Authors: Barrett Abendroth et al.
Abstract: Background. Nerve cell injury, neuropathy, in the gut and subsequent gut movement-related disorders in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients are believed to be triggered at least in part by endotoxins, short-chain fatty acid alterations, and other unknown molecules from gut microbes. However, the specific microbial species and bacteria-derived etiological factors that trigger gut neuropathy and dysmotility in T2D are not entirely known. Preliminary results from our laboratory investigations suggest increased abundance of and over-representation of the species Phocaeicola vulgatus in patients with T2D. Published results provided strong evidence showing association of P. vulgatus with insulin resistance, but it is not known whether P. vulgatus can directly cause gut neuropathy and dysmotility. We tested the hypothesis that P. vulgatus produces transudates and exudates that could decrease bowel movements by damaging nerve cells in the gut and inhibiting muscle contraction in vitro.Methods. We analyzed the effects of filter-sterilized culture supernatants of three strains of P. vulgatus obtained from DSMZ (DSM-108234, 1447, and 3289) on contractions of cultured duodenojejunal muscle preparations from healthy mice. Tissues cultured in supernatants containing these strains were analyzed for injury to nerve cells.Results and Conclusions. P. vulgatus DSM-3289 dramatically decreased tissue contractions after 12 hours, P. vulgatus DSM-108234 decreased contractions after 36 hours, while P. vulgatus DSM-1447 did not affect contractions. P. vulgatus DSM-3289 activated TNF-alpha expression in myenteric neurons, while P. vulgatus DSM-108234 activated TNF-alpha expression in enteric glia. They activated Caspase-11 in a similar pattern. Our findings suggest that P. vulgatus may induce gut neuropathy and dysmotility associated with type 2 diabetes in a strain-dependent manner.
- Interactions Between Plant Community Diversity and Soil Biotic and Abiotic
Properties in Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) Steppe Ecosystems
Authors: Siena Fox et al.
Abstract: Plants can create changes in soil properties, including microbial communities and abiotic characteristics, and the effects of this soil conditioning can fuel important feedbacks that may structure plant populations, communities, and evolutionary processes. However, the potential for plants to condition soils varies widely, both across and within species. We will examine how the strength of soil conditioning by a foundational shrub species, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), and nonwoody plant species varies across a landscape gradient and the implications of that conditioning for seedling survival. Big sagebrush is declining across the Great Basin, and as such, it is an integral species for conservation and restoration efforts. We will compare soil chemistry variables including pH, organic matter, moisture, and nitrogen from soils sampled from the rhizosphere of visually healthy sagebrush plants and from the interspaces between sagebrush plants, occupied by other species, at four undisturbed sites in southwest Idaho. We hypothesize that, with increasing vegetation diversity, the disparities between sagebrush rhizosphere soils and “interspace” soils will decrease. Microbial community composition distinctly differs between rhizosphere and interspace soils and between the four site locations. This preliminary data suggests that A. tridentata conditions the soil in its rhizosphere which could have important impacts on seedling germination and survival. A better understanding of variation in soil conditioning by A. tridentata may impact the planning and protocol for restoration efforts for this emblematic species.
Baughman, O. W., Agneray, A. C., Forister, M. L., Kilkenny, F. F., Espeland, E. K., Fiegener, R., Horning, M. E., Johnson, R. C., Kaye, T. N., Ott, J., St. Clair, J. B., & Leger, E. A. (2019). Strong patterns of intraspecific variation and local adaptation in Great Basin plants revealed through a review of 75 years of experiments. Ecology and Evolution, 9(11), 6259–6275. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5200
Davies, K. W., Boyd, C. S., Beck, J. L., Bates, J. D., Svejcar, T. J., & Gregg, M. A. (2011). Saving the sagebrush sea: An ecosystem conservation plan for big sagebrush plant communities. Biological Conservation, 144(11), 2573–2584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.016
Schlaepfer, D. R., Lauenroth, W. K., & Bradford, J. B. (2014). Natural Regeneration Processes in Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Rangeland Ecology & Management, 67(4), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-13-00079.1
- Genome-Scale Phylogeny of Sagebrush Leaf Associated Fungi
Authors: Chadwick DeFehr et al.
Abstract: Finding where organisms fit in the evolutionary tree of life can be a challenging task. Historically, the most informative qualities used to infer relationships between living things were visible characteristics that could be compared to determine relationships between specimens. As genetic sequencing has become more accessible, specific regions of DNA that are both highly conserved and variable can be amplified and compared to a similar end. However, finding these short and specific DNA regions for groups of organisms can be difficult and may not tell us the entire evolutionary story. The sequencing and assembly of complete genomes is becoming more common and we can now compare them in their entirety. The Bittleston Lab at Boise State University has sequenced the genomes of eight fungi isolated from Sagebrush(Artemisia tridentata) leaves collected at the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed in the Boise foothills. We can now explore the evolutionary history of these Sagebrush-associated microbes by comparing their genomes to publicly available genomes of related fungi.
- Designing a Cell Culture Chamber for the Direct Electrical Stimulation of
Mouse Myoblast Cells Grown Ti3C2 MXene Films
Authors: Enrique Lopez Sanchez et al.
Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) materials have gained attention for their biocompatibility and limitless applications in regenerative medicine. Of significant interest are the conductive properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene that allow for the direct electrical stimulus (ES) of cells which enhances the tunability of cell differentiation and proliferation. Such advances can be applied to the regeneration of muscle tissue damaged by trauma or wound propagation. The traditional cell culture environment makes it difficult to supply a direct ES to cells without interference from the cell culture media - requiring the design of a cell culture device that facilitates a direct electrode connection to 2D films. This project focuses on the design of a 3D resin-printed chamber that temporarily secures to a glass slide to maintain cell growth on the Ti3C2Tx MXene film which extends outside of the chamber where it contacts the electrodes that supply the direct ES. Our design incorporates a new method of stability, improving the efficiency and reproducibility of experiments by replacing any need for adhesives and allowing for sample characterization without any damaging effects.
- "American Nations" and Fatal Injuries: Exploring the Influence of Cultural
Institutions, as Defined by Colin Woodwards, “American Nations”, on
Occupational Fatalities
Authors: Brenna Woolery et al.
Abstract: Modern epidemiology plays a crucial role in understanding and controlling the occurrence of diseases. Despite significant advancements in technology and scientific knowledge, there are challenges that continue to hinder its effectiveness as the comprehensive science of public health. For decades some epidemiologists have called for the expansion of epidemiology to include the study of broad societal factors that shape health patterns in addition to individual-level risk factors for disease (Wing 1991, McMichael 1999, Rose 2001). Even contemporary social epidemiology, which acknowledges forces affecting health beyond individual level factors, often neglects the role of macro institutional factors. A more comprehensive approach adds to the social epidemiologic perspective and recognizes broader influences on health in addition to the properties of social variables. It acknowledges that interactions among institutions such as political institutions, religious institutions, and cultural institutions can shape societal contexts that impact epidemiological outcomes. This study is an exploration of the role that culture plays in shaping the pattern of a health outcome. We propose that cultural nations, defined by Colin Woodward's "American Nations", shape policy decisions impacting safety practices. We hypothesize that regions with cultural values emphasizing individualism and limited government intervention will have higher rates of occupational fatalities.
- Analyzing Telomere Length in a Sentinel Species: A Window into
Environmental Quality for Human Health
Authors: Angela Jasmine Baclig et al.
Abstract: Sentinel species are animals that are susceptible to environmental hazards and can be studied to assess environmental quality for human health. One example is the avian species Icelandic rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), whose recent changes in population levels caught the attention of ecologists. To determine what drives the changes in their population, this project analyzes the fitness of 1,295 ptarmigans by measuring their telomere length, an established biomarker of health and aging. DNA samples collected in Iceland from 2006 to 2018 were used in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to calculate relative telomere length (RTL). These were then analyzed against ptarmigan-related data, including body condition and diet indices. Future work to determine why certain factors more significantly influence ptarmigan health can predict how the environment could affect human health as well.
- Digital Ecology of Fear
Authors: Kayla Ramirez et al.
Abstract: Children are introduced to technology when they are young, resulting in the need for parents to learn about child-interfacing technologies to ensure their children remain safe while using digital devices. In our research, we investigated parental perspectives of technology platforms and risks as well as how their strategic approaches to mitigate those risks vary based on how much they “trust” their children when using those devices. Our research was conducted using an online survey, initially analyzing data from a previously distributed survey of 99 families (with children ages 6-12), revising the survey instrument, and redistributing the survey to 100 additional families. From those revisions and the initial survey, we found that children predominantly utilize televisions, iPads/tablets, video game consoles, cell phones, and computers for entertainment. Parents’ primary concerns related to their children’s use of these devices are inappropriate content, bullying and abuse, and screen addiction. Our research addresses additional relationships between the platforms and risks. It reveals that parents moderately trust their children's decisions online, but feel that parental controls are necessary to protect their children while allowing them to enjoy the benefits of digital devices and spaces.
- Exoskeleton Hand for Rehabilitation
Authors: Shay Albrecht et al.
Abstract: There are 795,000 strokes in the United States per year, leading to long-term impairment of the arm and hand in about 1 out of 3 cases. While the opportunity for rehabilitation is best in the three months following the stroke, arm and hand function may be improved with appropriate physical movements at any point. This project explores the development of an exoskeleton to assist in opening and closing the hand using lightweight natural rubber springs, low-stretch cable, and custom wrapping cam profiles. A series of points that represent the cam surface are generated using a MATLAB script, where inputs include the desired assistive force curve and spring characteristics. The resulting cam profiles are imported to SolidWorks to create a 3D model. The cam is printed using additive manufacturing and tested for consistency with the MATLAB script. Inputs to the model allow customization of the assistive profile to the needs of the user. The level of assistance can be further altered by adding or removing springs. The design will be evaluated on individuals with hand impairment during completion of standard assessment tasks with and without exoskeleton assistance.
- Reducing Computational Waste and Untrustworthiness in Neural Network
Training
Authors: Ashley Day et al.
Abstract: In the field of artificial intelligence, neural networks have quickly become the standard in developing model architectures. As this burgeoning technological ecosystem continues to evolve, many industries stand to benefit from adopting such systems. Consequently, the integrity and reliability of these networks is paramount, especially in applications where security is critical. To this end, minimizing computational waste due to phenomena such as data poisoning is crucial. We introduce a novel blockchain-based protocol designed to enhance the security of neural network training. This protocol aims to detect and mitigate the effects of poisoning attacks, ensuring a trustworthy and reliable end model. Achieved through leveraging blockchain consensus technology and Merkle tree techniques, a transparent, immutable, and decentralized training process is introduced. Experiments demonstrating the protocol's efficacy in identifying and neutralizing poisoning attempts during training are conducted, demonstrably improving the overall integrity and reliability of the model's end state.
- Illuminating the Blockchain: Visualizing Bitcoin Transactions, Anomalies,
and Dark Web Connections
Authors: Ofure Oyakhire et al.
Abstract: In the evolving cryptocurrency landscape, Bitcoin continues to be a hub for legal and criminal activity. The primary objective of this study is to improve the readability and transparency of blockchain data by creating a comprehensive framework for Bitcoin transaction visualization. Our approach provides crucial insights into possible fraudulent activity by highlighting and identifying irregularities in transaction patterns through the use of refined data interpretation and visualization tools. The system also includes tools for identifying and visualizing transactions connected to the dark web. We aim to show the effectiveness of our technique by revealing hidden patterns and enabling a deeper knowledge of Bitcoin transaction dynamics through comprehensive case studies and data analysis. We intend to provide interactive visualization tools designed to illuminate Bitcoin transaction flow, facilitating anomaly detection while maintaining user comprehension. This research represents a significant contribution to the broader effort of ensuring security and integrity within the cryptocurrency ecosystem.
- A Body Composition Comparison of Functional Muscle Quality and Jump
Mechanics in Collegiate Women
Authors: Gabrielle Palmer et al.
Abstract: The classification of normal weight (BMI = 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2) has been found to misidentify percentages of fat and lean mass within this population. Using body fat percentage acquired from Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), participants were further classified as lean (< 30% fat) or obese (> 30% fat). The purpose is to assess potential differences in muscle function and jumping mechanics in women classified as normal weight lean and normal weight obese. 16 participants (8 Normal Weight Lean, 3 Normal Weight Obese, and 5 Overweight-Obese) were classified according to their BMI and DXA body Fat % classifications. Rectus Femoris anatomical cross-sectional area (ASCA) was measured using a B-mode ultrasound transducer. Knee extensor strength was assessed using a Cybex Humac Norm at two angular velocities (60 and 120 degrees/sec). Functional muscle quality was calculated for right and left legs as the peak torque (Nm) at each angular velocity divided by the ACSA (Nm/cm). Countermovement jumps were performed in a double and single leg condition, with the task instructions to jump as high as possible. The difference in functional muscle quality between the NWO group and the other two groups was due to strength, not ACSA.
- Illuminated by Nature: An Exploration of Architectural Homes Exclusively
Using Daylighting Strategies
Authors: Paulina Lopez et al.
Abstract: Due to the rapid increase in human population, architectural design has had to submit to a simple and efficient home design that neglects the importance of previously flourishing details like light dispersion. Changing the lighting methods used from traditional lighting fixtures to exclusively natural lighting challenges the mundane style that is seen in common homes across the nation. The implementation of these distinct lighting methods not only brings beauty to a place we tend to spend most of our time in, but also results in a positive effect on the overall physical and mental wellbeing of the user. Modeling and testing will be done to examine the effectiveness of different architectural elements that vary in form that will result in an effective and pleasant lighting scheme throughout the home. The elements will range in simplicity, to provide examples in future design that can easily be implemented to dismantle the traditional architecture that is found in repetitive home design to benefit the user.
- Exploring the Impacts of Soil Fungi on the Reintroduction of A. tridentata
to the Sagebrush Steppe
Authors: Mikael Strix et al.
Abstract: Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) steppe ecosystems have declined across their historical range, due to wildfires, invasive species, and anthropogenic disturbances. Restoration seedings aim to reintroduce sagebrush to degraded sites, but their success rates vary. Of the many environmental factors evaluated as obstacles to sagebrush seedings, little is known about what role soil pathogens might play.We quantified the impacts of fungi on sagebrush seed and seedling survival, as well as how environmental conditions influenced seed-pathogen interactions. We performed Koch’s postulates for 6 fungal isolates cultured from nonviable A. tridentata seeds, which were incubated in a field experiment in winter 2022-23. We inoculated surface-sterilized seeds with fungal spores and incubated seeds in controlled chambers that mimic overwinter conditions in sagebrush steppe for 6-8 weeks, while documenting germination, mortality, and symptom development. To assess weather impacts on disease dynamics, we varied incubation temperatures for one isolate.In our initial trial, the fungal isolate decreased seed viability and seedling survival by up to 43%, but disease dynamics varied with temperature. Preliminary results from subsequent trials suggest that all isolates generate disease, but with varying severity. Identifying pathogenic fungi in sagebrush steppe soils could contribute to the improvement of A. tridentata reseeding efforts.
- Additive Manufacturing of Embedded Sensors for Fluidic Properties
Determination in Porous Media
Authors: Aemilia Fastabend et al.
Abstract: Porous media is used in many industries with applications ranging from chemical catalytic reactors to underground hydrogen storage. Although tremendous research has been done on fluid flow through porous media, there remains a need to develop robust embedded sensors to actively monitor physiochemical properties that affect the myriad applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising method for the development and fabrication of sensors, due to its ability for rapid prototyping and compatibility with conformal surfaces. However, the industry is limited by the number of commercially available inks, especially for 2D nanomaterials like graphene and MXenes. The novel properties of these materials make them particularly attractive for the development of new sensors, so advancements in AM of 2D inks has the potential to greatly expand the industry. Herein, we examine optimizations in manufacturing of gold, graphene, and MXene nanomaterial inks, AM methods, and production of prototypes for embedded sensors in porous media applications.
- In Search of Rare-Earth-Free Magnets: Boron’s Impact on
Manganese-Aluminum-Gallium Alloys
Authors: Nikolas Hall et al.
Abstract: The transition from a fossil fuel economy to one based on renewable energy has caused a surge in demand for magnets in clean-energy applications, such as wind turbines and electric vehicles. The most powerful magnets currently available rely on rare-earth elements; however, very little mining or processing of these materials occurs in the United States, creating a vulnerability to supply chain disruptions. Ferromagnetic alloys of manganese, aluminum, and gallium have emerged as potential alternatives to rare-earth-containing magnets, but they have yet to become commercially viable. Interstitial atoms alloyed in small quantities may hold the key to improving these materials’ magnetic properties, and boron, which shares the valence-shell electronic structure of aluminum and gallium, could show promise in this regard. This project examines the effects of adding small amounts of boron (1–3 atomic percent) to alloys of manganese, aluminum, and gallium. Key magnetic properties of boron-containing samples, such as coercivity and remanence, are measured and compared to those of a boron-free sample. In addition, boron-infused alloys are subjected to various heat treatments, and the resulting microstructures are examined to determine the presence of magnetic phases.
- Conservation of Sagebrush Ecosystems Through Diet Analysis of an Obligate
Species
Authors: Kari Felton et al.
Abstract: Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is an obligate species that depends on sagebrush to survive and serves as an indicator species and umbrella species for the sagebrush ecosystem. The sagebrush ecosystem has been declining rapidly therefore understanding the impacts on Sage Grouse could aid researchers and land managers in best practices to protect the long-term viability of the species, the ecosystem, and 350 other species that depend on it, including humans. One way to understand these impacts is through dietary indicators, such as the availability of preferred forage plants. In the past, this has been done by direct observation, which requires many hours in the field, and crop dissection, which involves collecting carcasses. These are both time-consuming and costly. Recent advances have shown that diet can be more easily and accurately determined through the sequencing of plant DNA in fecal samples targeting the ITS2 gene of plants. My project involves extracting plant DNA from fecal samples, optimizing a primer set for PCR of the ITS2 gene, performing DNA barcoding using next-generation sequencing, and comparing the results with reference genomes of plants.
- Lighten Up: Postural Instruction Affects Connection, Confidence, and
Enjoyment in Partner Dancing
Authors: Colby Hillend et al.
Abstract: Posture is emphasized in social dance instruction, but research regarding the effects of postural instruction on dance is limited. Previous studies with older adults found that postural instructions emphasizing lightness improved dynamic balance, whereas instructions emphasizing effort interfered with balance control. This study investigates the impact of different postural instructions given to dance leaders on the experience of both leaders and followers in social swing dancing.This study uses a repeated measures design with 30 pairs of participants (aged 60+) to investigate how postural instructions impact dance experience. The study comprises a multi-stage dance lesson, with each stage including a baseline trial followed by three counterbalanced trials using Light, Effortful, and Relaxed postural instructions. Participants fill out surveys to evaluate their connection, confidence, and enjoyment after each trial. Responses will be analyzed using a 4x4 repeated-measures ANOVA.Preliminary findings from 11 dyads suggest that leaders prefer the Light postural instructions, whereas Relaxed postural instructions result in the lowest ratings in both leaders and followers. Long term benefits from this line of research could extend beyond dance to every interaction that involves touch, from parenting to coaching to medical care.
- Development of Wearable Shoulder Exoskeleton for Stroke Rehabilitation
Using Series Wrapping Cams
Authors: Alex Stella et al.
Abstract: Individuals with impairment from stroke are often unable to lift and support their impaired arm against gravity due to cortical damage in the brain and the development of abnormal muscle synergies in the control of their affected side. Existing devices for rehabilitation and upper extremity support are mounted to a wheelchair or other stationary platform, making them impractical during many non-stationary activities of daily living. This research presents a wearable, lightweight, passive exoskeleton that will support an individual’s impaired arm against gravity, allowing for an improved range of motion (ROM) by assisting the impaired arm to support its own weight against gravity. Gravity support is achieved through a series-wrapping cam mechanism that takes the affected extremity’s weight and stores that energy in a set of natural rubber springs that stretch as the arm is lowered. The device will be tested on volunteers who meet the study inclusion criteria, using motion capture analysis conducted in the lab to observe instantaneous increases in ROM, and additional measurements taken throughout various testing stages both at home using accelerometers and in a laboratory setting.
- Bridging Low- and High-Mass Star Formation with an Expanded Yellowball
Catalog
Authors: Ethan Bassingthwaite et al.
Abstract: Understanding star formation is critical to understanding the evolution and history of galaxies and, by extension, how our universe came to be the way it is. “Yellowballs,” or YBs, are sites of star formation in our Milky Way Galaxy. They were first identified by volunteers participating in the citizen-science Milky Way Project, who gave YBs their whimsical name based on their round, yellow appearance in infrared images. Previous studies, including a pilot study of approximately 500 YBs, concluded that YBs contain young star forming clusters spanning a large range of mass and luminosity. This makes the YBs particularly interesting because they bridge intermediate- to high-mass star formation. Studying these regions thus can help us understand the physical conditions that lead clusters to form high-mass stars. I have simplified and updated Python codes that will be used to expand the pilot region work to a new YB catalog of over 6000 sources. I have developed methods to utilize measurements done by many users into a single database that will be a significant component of the updated catalog. The final catalog will report YB infrared colors, distances, and sizes.
- Additive Manufacturing of Zirconium Carbide in Complex Geometries for
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
Authors: Ethan Demoss et al.
Abstract: Uranium carbide (UC) is a potential fuel for space nuclear propulsion. Additive manufacturing (AM) of UC fuels would allow researchers to manufacture the complex geometries required for space propulsion reactors, while reducing manufacturing waste as compared to traditional subtractive methods;however, developing new processes with radioactive materials can be costly and time-consuming. Accordingly, surrogate materials, such as zirconium carbide (ZrC), provide a simplified pathway for method development. ZrC is an attractive material for use in nuclear environments due to its high temperature stability, radiation tolerance, low neutron absorption cross section, and impressive thermal conductivity. ZrC can also act as a surrogate for UC. In this work, ZrC was used as a surrogate for UC to develop a process to additively manufacture complex geometries of ceramic materials. ZrC powder was mixed with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and water to create a ZrC ink suitable for printing via direct ink writing. After printing, parts underwent a bake-off step to slowly remove the PEI. Then samples were heated to 2100 ℃ in order to reach a target density of 80%. Sample characterization included density, microstructure, and phase purity to verify that this process successfully produced dense, phase-pure ZrC in complex geometries.
- Blockchain Based Privacy Preserving Framework for Distributed RAG
Authors: Tessa Andersen et al.
Abstract: With the growing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various applications, Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is being used to help LLMs to give more recent and accurate responses. While RAG has shown significant success in improving response accuracy of LLMs, it remains susceptible to inaccurate and maliciously manipulated data. In this paper, we propose Distributed RAG, a novel distributed blockchain framework to increase the integrity of RAG. Distributed RAG replaces RAG’s database with specialized communities where each community consists of a database and a permissioned blockchain. Each blockchain requires data to be verified by experts specific to the field through a privacy-preserving consensus protocol before being added to the database. The consensus protocol for these blockchains will be double-blind, where the identity of the proposer and validators are hidden using Zero Knowledge Proofs and Mix Networks. A retrieval blockchain is also incorporated which communicates between the multiple communities by retrieving documents for each query and ranking them using an LLM. These rankings are then agreed upon with the top document being retrieved by the LLM to generate a response. Our framework that we propose for RAG will increase the trust and security of RAG incorporated LLMs.
- Framework for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection
Authors: Allyson Taylor et al.
Abstract: This research presents an improved, scalable framework that detects potential vulnerabilities in smart contracts. The framework is implemented in an automated system that utilizes large language models to analyze smart contracts and returns vulnerabilities, especially those likely to be exploited. The identified vulnerabilities are presented in a knowledge graph with detailed reasoning steps, decisions, and evidence. This knowledge graph is provided to the language model with another knowledge graph consisting of Solidity constructs and syntax to increase accuracy by achieving in-context learning. As an improvement to this framework’s predecessor’s accuracy, a new large language model agent, Tracer, is implemented. Tracer creates a knowledge graph of a smart contract’s function relation and an execution call trace. The effectiveness of the framework was evaluated on a dataset of historical Solidity vulnerabilities. The framework successfully identified vulnerabilities in smart contracts that were likely to be exploited. This research contributes to the field of blockchain security by providing a scalable solution for auditing smart contracts without requiring expert knowledge of Solidity and smart contracts.
- The Racializations of Debt: Rationalizing Tuition in Neoliberal Higher
Education
Authors: Danilla Kowalczuk et al.
Abstract: The precarious economy, marked by decades of neoliberal policies, poses students as risk-entrepreneurs willing to bet it all for higher education on the promise of upward mobility (Mahmud 2012); an unfounded expectation resulting in adapted vocational instrumental mindsets to cope with having to enter an unstable labor market (Tomlinson 2018). This results in voluntarily being dispossessed into being disposable through displacement and disciplined through debt. Though this career-objective mindset through higher education offers a chance to challenge precarity, the introduction of increasingly high tuition complicates this seemingly simple pathway associated with merit. This coupled with the perceived sense that white privilege is fleeting, exemplified through the cultural shift from whiteness as status to whiteness as norm (Olson 2008). Historically nonwhites have been subjected to precarity as oppression (Dawson 2024) which acts differently to how non elite whites are receiving economic instability demonstrating a need for racial analysis in this class issue. This all informs my question of how does the racialized perspective of students on the financialization of their institution, such as coping with tuition, affect their participation in neoliberal higher education'
- Determining Minimum Energy Pathways of MoF6 Adsorption on Al2O3 Surfaces
for Atomic Layer Deposition of MoS2
Authors: Ashlee Riedinger et al.
Abstract: The nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have resulted in innumerable experimental studies regarding their synthesis via scalable bottom-up methods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). Compared to CVD, ALD allows for lower deposition temperatures and greater control of film thickness and conformality. Density functional theory may be utilized to study ALD processes by determining the reactions between precursors and the surface of a substrate. More specifically, the nudged elastic band (NEB) method is used to determine minimum energy pathways and saddle points, which also allows for the calculation of a reaction’s activation energy. In this study, the NEB method is utilized to determine and compare the minimum energy pathways of MoF6 adsorption on bare and hydroxylated Al2O3 substrates for ALD of MoS2. Additionally, adsorption energies of MoF6 on these Al2O3 substrates are calculated and discussed.
- Fluid Flow Determines the Effects of Bacteria Growth Patterns in a Model
Groundwater Environment
Authors: Marcos Bermudez et al.
Abstract: A biofilm is a community of bacteria that naturally grows within porous environments such as soil, streambed sediments, and aquifers. Biofilm growth contributes to bioclogging, a phenomenon in which the porosity and permeability of the porous environment decrease. This process can significantly impact the transformation of nutrients as well as contaminants within groundwater systems. To better understand the effects of bioclogging on these systems, it is essential to investigate how flow conditions can alter biofilm growth. Our hypothesis is that different boundary conditions of flow through a micromodel will affect the growth, growth cycles, and distribution of biofilms within a controlled porous environment. We grew a bacterial biofilm within a microfluidic chamber modeled after a homogeneous sand. Prior to each experiment, we inoculated the micromodel with Bacillus subtilis, a common soil bacterium capable of forming robust biofilms. We tested two different boundary conditions: a constant pressure gradient (Δp) and a constant flow rate (Q), controlled by a microfluidic pump and monitored using flow rate and pressure sensors. Additionally, we monitored growth patterns within the micromodel regularly using a microscope equipped with image capturing capabilities.Experiments under constant Δp indicated that within the first 24 hours, the flow rate significantly decreased to a low value due to continuous biomass growth. Approximately 14 hours after stabilization, the flow rate increased, which microscope images confirmed was due to a 'sloughing event,' that substantially reduced the biomass in the micromodel. Subsequently, rapid biofilm growth led to a sharp decrease in flow rate, followed by stabilization in biomass and flow rate for the remainder of the experiment. Experiments under constant Q revealed rapid growth in the first 12 hours, followed by fluctuations in pressure over 12-hour intervals. After 40 hours into the experiment, pressure steadily increased until the experiment's conclusion. Joint analysis of images and pressure time series showed that these fluctuations were due to the reconfiguration of biofilm within the micromodel. This occurred much more frequently in the constant Q experiment than in the constant Δp experiment because bioclogging caused pressure-related forces to build in the chamber in excess of what the biofilm could withstand. These findings demonstrate that the distribution and growth cycles of biofilm are directly influenced by the boundary conditions driving fluid flow through groundwater.
- Privacy-Preserving AI-Based Age Verification Using Low Quality Facial
Images
Authors: Damon Wargo et al.
Abstract: As younger generations gain easier access to the internet, the need for effective online age verification becomes increasingly critical to ensure age-restricted activities remain accessible only to those who meet legal requirements. Modern online age verification often suffers from either intrusive personal data collection or ineffective blockage. Accurate age verification requires government ID or sensitive information to be exposed, while methods that don’t collect any information from users aren’t suitable for preventing access. This research aims to find an online age verification method that is both accurate and respectful of user privacy using AI and machine learning. The most commonly used metric for AI-based age estimation is facial images, which have proven relatively accurate for determining exact age. This method holds promise for balancing privacy with age gates as it does not require a user's name, address, or other sensitive information—something especially important for minors. To further protect user privacy, we explore age estimation using low-quality facial images, which provide less detail for analysis by both people and computers. If results with low-quality images are shown to retain accuracy, they could pave the way for future age estimation software.
- Counting Entanglements: Computational Insights into Thermoplastic
Composite Strength
Authors: Blue Hill et al.
Abstract: Carbon fiber composite materials that have thermoplastic matrices have the potential to transform aerospace manufacturing because these materials can be welded together unlike composites made with thermoset matrices. Of utmost importance to the mechanical strength of these welded thermoplastics is the entanglement of the polymer chains at the weld interface. Molecular simulations developed by our lab enable the nanoscale details of these welds to be better understood, and despite its seeming simplicity, counting the number of chains that are tangled up and contributing to the mechanical strength of a weld is not presently straightforward. In this work we examine performance considerations of the pyknotID library and develop a test suite to validate entanglement counts of aerospace polymers. We report on the computational cost as a function of system size and correlations between polymer structure and mechanical strength.
- Project Evergreen: AI Weed Detection in a USFS Conifer Nursery
Authors: Kevin Wing et al.
Abstract: This research, conducted under Project Evergreen, aims to develop a computer vision-based solution to detect weeds in conifer sapling rows within a United States Forest Service (USFS) nursery. The presence of weeds in these rows significantly impacts seedling viability, posing a challenge to reforestation efforts. Leveraging advanced machine vision techniques, this study aims to enhance the precision and efficiency of weed management practices by identifying weeds in the field, thereby improving seedling survival rates. The YOLO v8 model was selected for its superior real-time capabilities and high accuracy. YOLO (You Only Look Once) is a single-pass convolutional neural network known for its speed and precision in object detection. The research process included collecting and annotating 729 images, model training, and validation. Though the size of the dataset is small, initial results demonstrate that the YOLO v8 model can effectively detect weeds among crop rows, with an F1-score of 0.36 showing moderate performance. Though not ready to implement in a weed detection system, the model demonstrates promising learning trends for improvement through further dataset augmentation, hyperparameter tuning, and an expanded dataset.
- This Isn't About You
Authors: Joseph Wargo et al.
Abstract: The project "This Isn't About You" is an attempt to complete a film documentary about my life told in an unconventional way: using the second-person.To accomplish this, I scripted out five scenes based on aspects of my life, which became the five parts the film is told in: Away, Self, Friend, Uncle, and Home. In these scenes I address the camera directly and speak in second-person, replacing "I" with "you".After each narration scene, I follow with a set of interviews of friends and family, asking them each one question related to that part (e.g. For "Uncle" I asked several of my nieces and nephews, "What does the word 'uncle' mean to you'") and having them answer in the second person, as well.The idea behind this is to see how an audience, accustomed to more traditional narration in documentaries, will react to a film about someone else but hearing the word "you" used instead. I want to transcend the screen as a barrier between performer and audience, pulling the audience into the story so they might feel there is a part of me, however small, that also exists inside them.
- Antimicrobial Properties of Sagebrush Chemicals in Different Environments
Authors: Dani Babcock et al.
Abstract: Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is the foundation species of the sagebrush steppe, the largest rangeland ecosystem in the United States. Sagebrush has a complex chemical profile, with various secondary metabolites that differ from other plant species found in this ecosystem. These compounds can have antimicrobial properties. Using known secondary metabolites of sagebrush, we sought to investigate how these compounds may shape microbial community assembly between different environments. These compounds were added to growth media plates (PDA) and set within two environments: an outdoor, natural environment for sagebrush and a human-associated environment located indoors. Comparing the two different environments, it is to be assumed there will be less microbe growth within the human-associated environment than within the natural sagebrush environment. Our preliminary results show that there is more microbial growth from the sagebrush-associated environment, which suggests that the sagebrush antimicrobial compounds show less of an effect on microbes that are likely better adapted to the sagebrush environment. These findings will help to provide a better understanding between leaf microbiomes and plant chemistry that can be used for biomedical purposes related to the use of antimicrobial compounds.
- Methodology and Characterization Techniques of a Scanning Electron
Microscope
Authors: Jackson Faylor et al.
Abstract: The properties of a metal alloy are determined by the microscale features within the material. Advanced characterization tools with high resolution are required to observe and distinguish composition and structural features at this scale. This work focuses on describing the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for materials characterization, the different modes of operation, and step-by-step methodology that was used to investigate a new aluminum alloy, Al6061 RAM2, that is specially formulated for powder-bed 3D printing. Conventional Al6061 is a common structural material but is not able to be 3D printed. This new alloy has added ceramic particles dispersed throughout that improve the printability while still retaining typical properties of Al6061.The SEM and different modes of operation were used to investigate as-printed bars of Al6061 RAM2 to understand how the ceramic particles influence the microscale structure and composition.
- Quantifying Body Position During Infant Car Seat Tolerance Screening
Authors: Sarah Corral et al.
Abstract: Car seat designs allow for safe transportation of infants, yet as collision-based safety improves, respiratory-related concerns for infants in car seats remain unaddressed. Placing infants in an upright seated position prior to their developmental ability to voluntarily maintain that posture can induce respiratory compromise or positional asphyxia. The Car Seat Tolerance Screening (CSTS) is used to monitor physiological conditions prior to hospital discharge to ensure safe travel. We hypothesize that infant’s body position within the car seat is directly related to CSTS performance, yet no methods currently exist to quantify position during CSTS. Therefore, our objective is to develop and validate methodology to measure infants’ head/neck flexion while not interfering with a typical CSTS. Photos of a doll with spherical markers placed on the glabella, philtrum, manubrium, and xiphoid were taken from the sagittal plane. We calculated the head/neck flexion angle in MATLAB. The next step is validating measurements using inclinometers, then testing the protocol in vivo on a pilot infant. Results from this study will show feasibility of non-invasively measuring an infant’s head/neck flexion during CSTS. Our future work will include trunk flexion and electromyography measurements, and partnering with local CSTS professionals to conduct testing on infants during CSTS.
- Optimization of Precursor Synthesis for Future Fabrication of Sodium-Ion
Positive Electrode Materials
Authors: Spencer Smith et al.
Abstract: The proliferation of electric vehicles and renewable energy has caused an increase in demand for small-scale and large-scale energy storage systems. This rapid rise has placed a great strain on the expensive and limited resources found within contemporary lithium-ion battery technologies (e.g. Li, Ni, Co). Thus, sodium-ion batteries have been proposed as a “beyond Li-ion” technology, due to sodium’s low cost and abundance. Specifically, Fe- and Mn-based systems show promise as both are high in abundance, electrochemically active, and nontoxic. Currently, the coprecipitation reaction of transition metal ions with a hydroxide source is the industry standard for making positive electrode precursor material for lithium-ion batteries. However, there is great difficulty implementing current technology in the production of Fe/Mn based hydroxides. In particular, the standard chelating agent (ammonia) cannot form a stable ammine with iron, disrupting the elemental and morphological homogeneity of the material. To ensure the commercialization of future sodium-ion Fe/Mn based positive electrode materials, an alternative chelating agent must be found. In this work, the role of the chelating agent (or the lack-thereof) on the resulting morphology and electrochemical performance will be examined. We have found an alternative chelating agent that results in morphological uniformity and exemplary electrochemical performance.
- Infrared AFM as a Technique to Characterize Nanoscale Features
Authors: Hanna Clark et al.
Abstract: AFM-IR offers a unique approach to analyzing chemical distribution on the nanoscale. Combining the capabilities of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, AFM-IR introduces a new level of analysis that was previously unattainable. IR spectroscopy identifies material chemistry by measuring specific IR absorption. AFM measures topographical variation of a wide array of samples, from metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological materials. However, AFM does not allow for material determination, while the spatial resolution of IR spectroscopy is limited to the order of microns in scale. With this tool, anything that is active to IR, meaning it will vibrate when exposed to an IR source, can now be investigated with nanoscale spatial resolution. The ability to analyze material on the nanoscale and decipher its makeup is highly desired in many fields of research, including polymer development, materials degradation processes, alternative energies such as biodiesel, biomedical advancements, and next-generation semiconductor processes. This work is focused on developing an AFM-IR system for usage at Boise State and with collaborators, with successful work presented on an emerging semiconductor process called area-selective deposition via atomic layer deposition. Distinction of nanoscale thin films from a substrate was confirmed with AFM-IR, confirming selective deposition did occur.
- Tunable Biomedical Device Degradation Via Controllable ALD Coatings
Authors: Suemy Batista et al.
Abstract: Magnesium is widely used in various applications (e.g., aerospace and automotive industries, etc.) due to its exceptional mechanical properties, such as a high strength-to-weight ratio. However, when exposed to harsh environments, magnesium alloys experience a higher corrosion rate than most metals. This could be beneficial for some applications, such as in the biomedical field. When in contact with body fluids, magnesium’s corrosion allows the process of bioresorption. Compared to other metals, such as titanium and stainless steel, magnesium enhances performance when used for a wide range of medical implants, which makes it attractive for this application. One challenge to be addressed is corrosion rates; too high may be detrimental to the functionality and lifetime of implants, while too low can cause dysplasia or osteoporosis. An alternative to combat this challenge is by applying biocompatible coatings via atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the magnesium alloy with the goal of preserving its mechanical properties, allowing bioresorption at the end of its lifetime, and improving predictable implant lifetimes. ALD is an advanced coating technology that provides precise thickness and substrate conformality, making it ideal for this application. Various atomic force microscopy techniques were utilized to examine material properties of various coating thicknesses.
- Caudal Call: Fin Morphology During Protandrous Sex Change in
Lythrypnus dalli
Authors: Peizhen BigEagle et al.
Abstract: The bluebanded goby Lythrypnus dalli, is a bi-directional sexually plastic fish in which one male is dominant over many females. This complex social environment allows for the identification of behavior and phenotypic changes associated with the formation of a dominant status. In order to achieve and maintain a higher social status, these fish l use a variety of aggressive behaviors, from visual displays to contact aggression. We hypothesize that these fish also utilize their specific body parts to help or exaggerate these behaviors. For example, they might display a larger dorsal fin by making it look ‘flared’ or attack the caudal fin of another fish in the group. Previous research has shown that these fish can change morphology when undergoing sex change, however, this aggression of establishing hierarchy can lead to damage of the caudal fin. Utilizing ImageJ, I will be exploring the changes in caudal fin length and area changes during protandrous sex change. This work will create a baseline for the future receptor manipulation studies looking at fin morphology during parental care.
- Phylogenetics of Methylobacterium in Temperate Conifer Forests and
Response to Wildfire-Type Stress
Authors: Noah Arts et al.
Abstract: Temperate conifer forests are significant carbon sinks, offsetting as much as 30% of annual fossil fuel emissions. In the last three decades, there has been an increase in wildfire severity, leaving some forests desolate; while others quickly recover. There have been efforts to understand this difference, but little is known about how microbial ecology plays a role in forest recovery. We have isolated the genus Methylobacterium from the soil and needles of Red Cedars and Ponderosa Pines. Methylobacterium is a highly diverse genus of plant growth-promoting, stress-tolerant, methanol-consuming bacteria that exist within a variety of forest niches (soil, phyllosphere). To test the stress responses and community dynamics of this bacteria within a post-disturbance context, we first need to understand the phylogeny of this genus in this specific ecosystem. Following preliminary genetic analysis, we found significant inter-genus diversity in the soil, suggesting complex community dynamics. We will use this information as a starting point to test stress responses on unique strains/species and their community dynamics.Reference List:https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/mbio.03175-21Methylobact on all plants (has many references, is not a reference it's selfhttps://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9600 - Drought increasehttps://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.abc0020 - increase in fires, and fire severity
- Motion in the Ocean: Mechanics of Fin Movement During Parental Bouts in
Lythrypnus dalli
Authors: Lillian Denney et al.
Abstract: The bluebanded goby, Lythrypnus dalli, is a bi-directional sex-changing fish where the male performs parental care. Parenting involves rubbing and fanning eggs in the nest where the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins are moving in intricate fashions. Although this behavior has been described and documented, no studies have described the specifics of the fin and body orientation during the parental care bouts. This study explores how often the head, dorsal fin, and caudal fin are in the same plane during a single parental care bout. Through watching a single parental care bout, I will quantify for every second if the head, dorsal fin, and caudal fin are in the same plane. This study will contribute to a baseline understanding of the orientation of a male L. dalli during parental bouts to further elaborate and describe the mechanics of parental care in the bluebanded goby.
- Flexible Electrochemical Sensors with Printable Inks to Detect Toxic Heavy
Metals
Authors: Jacob Farrell et al.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing of graphene sensors that can measure heavy metals in water offers a sustainable, cost effective and scalable alternative to current sensors available in the market. This study investigates, scalable production of graphene using electrochemical exfoliation, development of graphene inks for extrusion printing and finally develop printed working electrodes on both rigid and flexible substrates for testing. We have demonstrated combining electrochemical and liquid phase exfoliations we were able to develop a scalable production of few layer graphene, achieving resistance in the range of 100 – 400 ohms after annealing at temperature at 300°C. This work shows promise in developing fully printed, flexible and low-cost graphene sensors for heavy metal detection.
- Transcriptional Investigations into Neonatal Gut Development Related to
Early Feeding
Authors: Sierra Keele et al.
Abstract: Introduction: While numerous correlational studies suggest that human milk (HM) optimizes infant gut development, little is known about the physiological process. To investigate HM's protective mechanisms for intestinal development, we used the neonatal piglet model. The recommended time to exclusively breastfeed an infant is six months, which is equivalent to one month in piglets. We hypothesized that HM-fed piglets would show increased paracellular junctions and reduced inflammatory markers in the intestines compared to infant formula (IF)-fed piglets.Methods: We reared littermate Yorkshire-duroc piglets for 28 days, assigning them to HM-fed (n=6) and IF-fed (n=6) groups, alongside controls reared on sow’s milk (n=2) at the farm. Following euthanasia and tissue collection, we extracted RNA from intestinal tissues, purified them of DNA contaminants, synthesized complementary DNA (cDNA), and performed quantitative-PCR (qPCR). We examined paracellular junction proteins (Claudin 1, Tight Junction Protein 1, Tight Junction Protein 2, Occludin, and Cadherin 1), immunomodulatory cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1B, and TNFa), and lymphocyte markers (CD3e, CD8a, CD20, CD79b). Results were normalized to the reference gene beta actin within individuals and averaged across feeding groups.Results: We used ANOVA, analysis of variance, with multiple comparisons to determine differences between feeding groups.Discussion:Contrary to our expectations, there were no significant differences in the expression of inflammatory markers or paracellular junctions. However, as part of a larger project, it is still clear HM plays a role in optimizing gut development. Future research will involve a global transcriptomic analysis of the ileum using next-generation sequencing data.
- Step on It
Authors: Frosty Biggs et al.
Abstract: “STEP ON IT” is a short film that focuses on young trans people while providing appropriate representation. The film follows two trans characters as they embark on a spontaneous road trip after an accidental theft. The audience joins them in the car as they run from town to town as the characters get to know each other and open up about their struggles being trans. This film is not about two queer people coming out or is a sob story about either but rather it shows that trans people are humans just like everyone else. The audience gets to know and love the characters outside of their gender identity before the film delves into their hardships as trans people. It showcases two trans actors as well as being written, directed, and edited by a trans person. “STEP ON IT” touches the hearts of people while staying lighthearted and comedic.
- DelphiFL: An Investigation into a More Robust Federated Learning Model
Using Method Chaining and Zero-Trust
Authors: Jonathan Flores et al.
Abstract: Technology has had a significant influence on the lives of today’s generation. However, over the years, protecting private information while maintaining its utility has become a major concern for both users and developers. As a way to address this concern, Federated Learning (FL), a Machine Learning model, has been proposed. FL is the process where each client maintains their own local model that learns from their own data, which afterwards is sent over the network to a centralized server to be aggregated into a global model. Despite that, this model, being dependent on user contributions, is not without its flaws when security comes to mind. Prior research has found that threat actors can attempt to harm the accuracy and/or otherwise alter the model’s functionality in a number of ways. This has resulted in creating and improving defensive strategies for FL becoming a field of growing interest. However, most strategies used have only focused on a single type of attack. In this work, we attempt to create Delphi, a “Unified Federation” method that is robust against various threats through the utilization of a Zero-Trust policy and leveraging existing methods in a process known as method chaining.
- The Uses of Plasma Methods for Novel Advanced Manufacturing Feedstock
Development
Authors: Adam Storms et al.
Abstract: Advanced manufacturing feedstock development methods are largely innovative and increasing in efficiency. Recent studies are being done to construct materials that can be more resistant to exposure in extreme environments such as those present in nuclear reactors. A large portion of these studies are constructed using wet chemistry approaches, but plasma sputtering is seen as a novel approach. This method involves gas-phase plasma synthesis that could avoid drawbacks from wet chemical methods. To explore the potentially promising new route, we are utilizing the magnetron sputtering system at Idaho State University in the Chemistry Dept. Here, a thin film is developed by bombarding a target material to land on a substrate. Future targets will be constructed in collaboration with the Center for Advanced Energy Studies using their cryomill and to date have been made out of various combinations of silver, indium, tin, or zinc–all novel materials in the field. Analysis of the composition of the films are completed at ISU with the use of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and their morphology and atomic composition through SEM and EDS techniques. This project is an introduction to the possibilities plasma sputtering unlocks in manufacturing advanced materials and could be used to support larger research efforts in the future.
- Attacking Federated Learning: A Variety of Novel Poisoning Attacks
Authors: Adam Crayton et al.
Abstract: There has been significant research done into attacks against Federated Learning (FL) in machine learning models. In particular, poisoning attacks are found to be effective against some models, where a malicious actor submits false data in order to further an objective. Our research focuses on creating better and more destructive poisoning attack algorithms with the goal of figuring out weaknesses in current FL models. To this end, we worked on creating several new attacks of the poisoning variety. We focused on decreasing the accuracy of the model so it would be less useful and adding a secret extra task that would allow a malicious user some control over the model. To do this, we scrambled the images in the dataset used to train the model in a variety of specific ways. We hope that this research will help to further the work done to improve security in FL.
- Microplastics in Boise River Basin
Authors: Faith Rivera et al.
Abstract: Microplastics (i.e. plastic particles < 5 mm) are a pollutant of rapidly growing environmental scrutiny. Microplastics come from the disposal and breakdown of plastic goods, enter our environment in various ways, and have a lasting presence. We used a dip sampling method to assess microplastics in our freshwater locations. Water quality parameters such as pH, nitrogen, temperature, and turbidity were also measured to analyze correlations. Field sampling locations included the Boise River and its tributaries, Indian Creek and Dry Creek. After collection, samples were vacuum filtered through cellulose filters (0.7µm), dried in a laboratory, then counted under a microscope at 40x magnification and categorized into four groups: fibers, films, fragments, and beads. The results showed that all field sampling locations along the Idaho Boise River Basin contained microplastics, with an average concentration of 133 MP/L, and the most prolific category was fibers. Of the drainage locations sampled, Indian Creek had the highest concentration of microplastics as well as the lowest overall water quality. In order to preserve the quality of our fresh waterways, the Boise River Basin requires more research on the transportation and degradation of its microplastic pollutants.
- The Role of Circadian Signaling in Astronaut Tendon Strength
Authors: Skyler Kichak et al.
Abstract: While many studies focus on how reduced gravity impacts the musculoskeletal system, no work has investigated how circadian rhythm disruption during long-term spaceflight contributes to musculoskeletal tissue abnormalities. My hypothesis is that circadian rhythm disruption compounds the effects of microgravity in disrupting normal tendon maintenance and healing centered around the BMAL1-CLOCK dimer. To test this hypothesis I will simulate the disrupted circadian rhythm with melatonin and oxidative stressors in simulated microgravity, using a normal gravity control. Cells will be monitored for specific epigenetic changes in the BMAL1-CLOCK dimer to discern how the treatment affects the cell environment and to further analyze the degree of circadian disruption present in the cells. Treated cells will be grown into 3D silk constructs and tensile tested to compare the tensile and yield strength of the two groups. Overall, this research aims to evaluate if and how the strength of astronaut’s tendons are affected by alterations of the circadian rhythm in space flight.
- Designing Tunable Dampers Using Smart Materials
Authors: Rhett Jones et al.
Abstract: The goal of this study is to prototype a smart damper with tunable stiffness and damping coefficients for an automobile door latch. This innovative damper consists of a soft thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) chamber filled with a gallium-indium liquid metal. At room temperature, the liquid metal is solidified and the damper exhibits high stiffness and low damping coefficient. When activated by an electric current, the liquid metal melts due to Joule heating and the damper shows low stiffness and high damping coefficient. This type of tunable damper is effective for vibration control of automobile door latches, which need to be rigidly secured during driving but soft and easy to move when opening and closing. This method of damping only requires energy when actively damping, which is more suitable to this application than traditional magnetorheological (MR) fluid based dampers. The functionality of this tunable damper is demonstrated using a customized vibration isolation test rig. By measuring the vibration magnitude on both ends of the damper across a wide frequency range, we will verify the damper’s effectiveness in noise, vibration, and harshness control.
- Investigating The Epistemology of Ignorance in Higher Education
Authors: Justine Niyogushimwa et al.
Abstract: Existing literature on color blindness and anti-Black racism talks about how whites appear unsympathetic about racial issues. However, in my findings, many white students showed “sympathy” by stating they were not “the right person” to talk about race. This form of “sympathy” appears to complicate previous literature, but I explain how it is another/ new way that colorblind racism manifests. I argue that white students engage in the epistemology of ignorance to avoid their responsibility to social justice with phrases like “I’m not the person to talk about this.” I use literature such as Mill’s “Epistemology of Ignorance,” particularly the component of Historical Amnesia, and Dancy II et al.’s concept of Plantation Politics in American higher education to show how anti-racism for racial/ ethnic equity is then thrust upon the BIPOC community, whose activism is a fight for survival. Interviews were conducted with undergraduate students at a predominately white institution. In these interviews, Students were asked about their motivation to attend a predominantly white institution and their race and class influence in their academic pursuits. My preliminary findings indicate a profoundly entrenched and internalized ideology of colorblindness, a problem whose consequences seem to cement racism steeper in the neo-liberal higher education institution. As a solution, drawing from Dancy et al.’s theory of the “New Plantation,” I argue for a Black-centered curriculum to allow non-white students to be able to see themselves finally reflected in the education system.
- Effect of Cholesterol on the Kinetics of Electropores in Red Blood Cell
Membranes
Authors: Michael Muench et al.
Abstract: The fluidity of cell membranes is a biophysical parameter with large implications on the functionality of cells in both health and disease. Adjustments to membrane fluidity modulates the interactions between membranes and drugs, the functionality of transporters and receptors, and cellular motility. The fluidity of the cell membrane has been extensively studied in respect to the above effects, but the influence of membrane fluidity on the dynamics of pore formation in membranes has not been intensely researched. To fill this gap in the literature, it was needed to investigate the kinetics of electro-induced pores with respect to transport of water and macromolecules through the transient electro-pores. Optical absorption measurements were employed, and the effects of cholesterol depletion from red blood cell membranes on the kinetics of electrically induced pores was studied.Our results show that the amount of cholesterol in membranes has a significant influence on pore dynamics. In addition, we also found that aged red blood cells behave similarly to cholesterol depleted membranes. These investigations provide not only a simple alternative for estimating the fluidity and ordering in a cell membrane but also may shed more light on the influence of membrane fluidity on overlooks physiological processes.
- Survey on Adversarial Attack for Malware Detection
Authors: Danny Kim et al.
Abstract: Malicious software, commonly known as malware, refers to any type of intrusive software designed to perform harmful actions on a computer system. Recently, Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been used to create new malware variants, enabling attackers to generate thousands of previously unseen malware samples. Traditional detection methods, such as signature-based detection, rely on prior knowledge of malware and therefore often fail to identify new variants. This limitation has led cybersecurity experts to increasingly adopt ML techniques for malware detection.While ML-based approaches have shown promising results by generalizing malware signatures to detect previously unseen malware, they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Adversarial attacks leverage carefully crafted malware samples designed to evade ML-based detectors by exploiting algorithmic vulnerabilities. To develop new defense methods against these attacks, a clear understanding of adversarial techniques is essential.This study compiles and categorizes the latest research on adversarial attacks in the field to support researchers in developing robust malware detection models. It expands on existing surveys by analyzing adversarial attacks based on attack settings, techniques, success rates, evaluation metrics, and future research directions. This study also proposes promising areas for future research, aiming to highlight gaps in the current body of knowledge.
- Integrating Blockchain with LLMs: Towards a Secure and Safe Technology
Authors: Amanda Board et al.
Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are an emerging technology with the potential to drastically affect how we interact with computing systems. They can produce code, write essays, and be used in agentic capacities. However, various vulnerabilities within these systems have been discovered and current solutions cannot entirely placate the wide array of existing threats. For instance, some vulnerabilities allow the system to respond with misinformation and render the system dysfunctional when attacked. In lieu of these problems, we offer a comprehensive investigation into the rapidly developing field of blockchain for LLMs (BC4LLMs). In particular, we analyze the field concerning blockchain-based security and safety mechanisms. In our survey of BC4LLMs we propose novel definitions for security and safety regarding LLMs and utilize these to further contextualize research efforts. We categorize and elicit prominent areas of interest to those working within this field as well as aim to introduce a common consensus on secure and safe LLMs. Limitations and future research directions are discussed; special emphasis is placed on blockchain’s beneficial integration with this potentially disruptive technology.
- Effects of Pulsed Electric Field on Kettle Fried Sweet Potato Chips
Authors: Morgan Fong et al.
Abstract: Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) is gaining popularity in the food industry because of its many health and industrial processing benefits. Covington sweet potatoes were washed, sent through a pulsed electric field at the varying levels of 1.5 kJ/kg and 3 kJ/kg and fried kettle style against a control. When PEF was applied to the potatoes, the intake of oil decreased within the chips across all samples and there was a decrease in frying time against the control, meaning less oil usage. Acrylamide, a suspected carcinogen that is formed during cooking in a process known as the Maillard reaction, was analyzed as well as the precursors: reducing sugars and free amino acids (e.g. Asn). Overall, the higher the Pulsed Electric Field applied, the greater the decrease in acrylamide for the samples with the strongest specific energy causing a 26% decrease compared to the control. Using Pulsed Electric Field on sweet potato chips leads to a healthier chip that is more cost effective for the food industry.
- Anti-SpeB Small Molecule Inhibitor Library Can Be Synthesized Using a
Fluorosulfonyl 2,3-Dimethyl Imidazol-3-Ium Triflate Salt in a SuFEx
Reaction
Authors: Dylan Breuer et al.
Abstract: Infection by the group A streptococcus (GAS) bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes can result in a disease state called necrotizing fasciitis. This disease can progress rapidly, resulting in amputation or death. During infection, GAS produces a cysteine protease called Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin B (SpeB), which contributes to immune evasion by hydrolysis of host IgG. Lead modification of a small molecule inhibitor (SMI) for SpeB can create a therapeutic solution for GAS infection to allow for proper host immune response against GAS. Two analogs have been identified to have significant anti-SpeB activity, however the synthesis of these analogs is difficult due to a gaseous reagent that is both hard to obtain and dangerous to use. Alternative synthesis schemes using a safer and more available reagent creates a bioisostere (sulfonyl) of the product from the original synthesis scheme (imino fluoro sulfoxide). From this adduct, sulfur-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry can be done to create a library of SMIs. A fluorometric biochemical assay measuring the hydrolytic activity of SpeB is utilized to screen for optimized leads on the criteria of efficacy and potency.
- Biochar Effectiveness in Sagebrush Steppe Re-Establishment Post-Fire
Authors: Lily Criswell et al.
Abstract: With increased wildfire incidences, fire-intolerant sagebrush steppe ecosystems in North America are more at risk of destruction. Sagebrush re-establishment is unpredictable post-fire in semi-arid climates as successful sagebrush growth requires moist soil. This creates a need for a soil amendment that increases the soil’s ability to retain moisture, which may allow for more successful restoration of sagebrush. This experiment questions the effectiveness of biochar, pyrolyzed organic material, and its ability to re-establish sagebrush post-fire. Fire-stricken sagebrush steppe in Boise, Idaho was utilized to plant seedlings in ‘Recovering’ and ‘Non-Recovered’ zones. Seedlings, except for the control group, were amended with three types of biochar that varied in particle size, ash content, carbon content, and pH (n=10). Harvested 18-month-old samples were ball-milled and run through a mass spectrometer to measure the delta carbon-13 (13C) values. Delta 13C values measure moisture stress in plants, with more negative values indicating greater water stress. Using ANOVA, the data was compared between treatments and there were no statistically significant differences in delta 13C values. Therefore, biochar application did not affect soil moisture content, suggesting that biochar did not increase soil moisture retention and ultimately did not aid in sagebrush re-establishment post-fire.
- Investigating the Effect of Aging on Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Brooke Wheeler et al.
Abstract: When insulin secretion becomes impaired and cells stop responding, metabolic disorders can occur, like type II diabetes. In 2021, 9.8% of the adult Idaho population was diagnosed with type II diabetes. Nationwide, 38% of adults have prediabetes and may be unaware of it. Aging is associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders, although how aging impairs glucose metabolism is poorly understood. This work aimed to establish how glucose, insulin, and their relationship (HOMA2-IR) fluctuate with age. Blood samples were taken from 3000 healthy patients from 17-80 years old (Mexican population) to detect fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels. HOMA2-IR levels were calculated using a HOMA calculator. Linear regression of glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA2 showed a significant increase in these variables with age. Insulin levels showed a tendency to increase, but it was not significant. Notably, 27% of the population showed higher insulin levels than expected for the Mexican population with BMI < 24 and normal sensitivity. High insulin levels were observed even in the youngest population (17-25 years old). In conclusion, data shows glucose metabolism is impaired with age, and insulin levels are altered since early life stages.
- GABA Production in Coculture of Engineered Lactococcus lactis with
Lactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Mimi Gates et al.
Abstract: Inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to regulate various physiological and psychological processes and the dysfunction of the GABAergic system is implicated in many diseases including PTSD and multiple sclerosis. Prior studies identified an engineered GABA-producing GAD-Lactococcus lactis strain(P8) which yields elevated levels of GABA in the presence of glutamic acid. A potential probiotic mix was considered using known glutamic acid (GA)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum with P8. Using a competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), the GABA output of P8 when co-cultured with known glutamic acid (GA)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum was compared to P8 cultured in a 200mM concentration of GA. In this initial trial, the coculture of P8 with L. plantarum produced 39.12(±10.48) µM/L of GABA, significantly less than the 801.18(±133.8) µM/L of GABA produced by P8 cultured with GA alone.
- How Virulent Is It'
Authors: Loretta Rodman et al.
Abstract: My research is on the lab developed bacteriophage-resistant bacteria Paenibacillus larvae and the relationship of phage-resistance and loss of virulence in Honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera in these particular phage-resistant strains. Due to the extremely big learning curve of Honey bee larvae grafting, the time and weather constrains of grafting, and the setbacks of human error I will not have a results section but I will have an expected outcome section on my poster. Relevant data from my lab colleague and the current data I have from my incomplete experiments will be utilized for this expected outcome. My projects scope consists of bacterial growth, Larvae growth, Honey bee grafting, and phage-resistance evolution. The control of this experiment will be larvae fed BHI broth. Standard 3650 (ERIC I) P. larvae will be used to test if the phage-resistant is more or less virulent. Finally phage-resistant P. larvae Wa, XIII (Ba, z), Heath (alpha, x), and Scot (r, y) will be used to see if they are more or less virulent than 3650.
- Fostering Emotional Literacy in Male Student Athletes
Authors: Angel Gutierrez et al.
Abstract: Emotional illiteracy and distress are common factors that influence a person’s behaviors and prevent them from reaching a state of calmness. These problems are especially prevalent in men and can result in negative coping mechanisms, such as alcohol and drug abuse. The cause of these problems can stem from the social stigma surrounding men’s emotional expression and the concept of masculinity. Promoting emotional literacy requires learning how to better understand one’s own emotions and how to better handle discomfort and distress. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to promote healthy men with increased emotional literacy and additional coping mechanisms to manage their distress. As a part of this study, male student athletes were tasked with attending a 10 session program that targets the development of social-emotional skills with an emphasis on understanding several different aspects of the culture behind men and masculinity. Student athletes met once a month for the group intervention, and over three different timepoints, completed a survey containing established measures of Distress Tolerance, Emotional literacy, and sense of Belongingness. The scales were used to measure the changes of the participants’ responses over the course of the study. Data collection has been completed and data analysis is currently underway, there is also the possibility of structural changes to the intervention format to increase retention rate of the participants.
- Authentication of Food Products Using a Standard Normal Based Consensus
One-Class Classifier
Authors: Hyrum Redd et al.
Abstract: The ability to determine whether a sample belongs to a given class or not has a large variety of applications within analytical chemistry fields. Specifically, one-class classification (OCC) is essential in many areas of study including counterfeit detection or product authentication. There are many widely accepted methods for OCC problems, such as soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) being among the most popular, all of which involve optimizing tuning parameters (number of principal components (PCs)). This poster presents an application of a new autonomous rigorous OCC named consensus OCC (Con OCC), based on a standard normal distribution of Z scores. This method uses a new similarity measure - independent of tuning parameter optimization - termed the physicochemical responsive integrated similarity measure (PRISM). PRISM combines (via data fusion) numerous similarity measures across respective tuning parameter windows into a single similarity value based on a Z distribution relative to the fused training set similarity measures. A Z distribution threshold (i.e. 2.5 standard deviations) can be used to determine whether target samples are class members or not, based on their computed PRISM scores. Presented are the classification results from a multi-instrumental beer data set representing a product authentication situation, and a chromatography olive oil data set consisting of olive oil samples and non-olive oil samples. The method of Con OCC with standard normal distribution PRISM scores provides quality classification results in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for product authentication problems.
- Picosecond Precision: Time-to-Digital Conversion for DNA Memory and
Micro-Scale Implants
Authors: Trevor Pratt et al.
Abstract: Our research focuses on developing a low-cost, multi-channel time-to-digital converter (TDC) with high temporal precision (< 20 ps) for two innovative applications. Existing commercial solutions lack the capability of 16 channels with this level of temporal resolution. For the first application, we pair our TDCs with a custom single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) camera to image data stored in 3D nucleic acid memory (3DNAM). 3DNAM is a novel synthetic DNA memory approach where data are stored spatially (x, y) and in fluorescent lifetime (z). The fluorescent lifetime varies with the imager probe's distance from the substrate. Our high-channel count TDC enables simultaneous super-resolution and fluorescent lifetime microscopy, achieving data readout with nanometer precision in three dimensions. For the second application, we utilize the TDCs to retrieve data from microscale neural implants. These implants monitor neural activity and transmit time-encoded pulses through the body. The TDC is integrated into a wearable receiver that measures these pulses, facilitating a highly efficient wireless link in deep tissue (>20 mm).
- Annotation and Host Range Analysis of Bacteriophage Statler
Authors: Daniel Puentes Navarro et al.
Abstract: Bacteriophage Statler, infecting Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224, was isolated in 2023 by ISU BIOL 1111 Phage Discovery Lab (part of HHMI’s SEA-PHAGES program) from a thatch & soil sample. Statler belongs to actinobacteriophage cluster EG and has siphovirus morphology. Following DNA sequencing and assembly, I used bioinformatics tools to identify 40 functional proteins out of 110 genes. Notably, Statler contains a new function in Microbacterium phages called cyclic oligonucleotide sequestration protein, Acb2; this protein (gp57) is involved in inhibition of bacterial antiphage CBASS gene. Additionally, there is a probable holin protein (gp66) that degrades host cell walls, allowing newly constructed phages to escape. A host range analysis was performed with phages Statler, Rowlf (cluster EG), SallyK (EG) and KillerTomato (EE), all found on ISU campus by previous BIOL 1111 students. These were tested for their ability to infect hosts other than M. foliorum, using 12 Microbacterium host species and 4 other bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis & B. cereus) in a series of spot tests and plaque assays. All M. foliorum phages have a narrow host range, infecting only 1 or 2 additional Microbacterium species and none of the other genera, with little overlap among preferred hosts.
- Balancing Acts: Unraveling the Dynamics of Task Sharing and Work Stress in
Intact Couples
Authors: Victoria Massey et al.
Abstract: Understanding how work stress affects task sharing in a household can help individuals begin to conceptualize how to achieve positive equality in the home and better understand their own work-related choices, as well as how these choices affect their coordination and relationships with their spouses. Researchers in sociology have studied the relationship between gender, work, and task sharing in households quite extensively and report that mothers in intact families continue to retain most household tasks even though they may have equivalent work hours to their male counterparts. However, less is known about how work stress impacts the manner in which household labor is coordinated between couples. We hypothesized that when stressed, mothers and fathers will take on fewer household tasks or tasks that require less mental and physical effort. As a result, they may reduce their engagement in previously assigned, more challenging tasks. To investigate this hypothesis, we analyzed how mothers and fathers with higher levels of work stress perceive their shared household labor compared to couples with lower levels of work stress. Then, we evaluated how the level of work stress affects the type of household tasks mothers and fathers engage in. Finally, we assessed how mothers and fathers differ in how the level of work stress affects their perceived shared household labor and engagement in various types of household tasks. We collected data on task sharing and work stress in couples in intact families via a self-report survey. Results indicated no significant variable interaction.Research Questions:
How do mothers and fathers with high levels of work stress perceive their shared household labor compared to those with low levels of work stress'
How does the level of work stress affect the type of household tasks mothers and fathers engage in'
How do mothers and fathers differ in how the level of work stress affects their perceived shared household labor and engagement in various types of household tasks'
- Are Nest Predators Responsible for Declining Productivity of Burrowing
Owls in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation
Area'
Authors: Brooklyn Dormer et al.
Abstract: Burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) are a species of conservation concern throughout their western North American range. Until recently, populations in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA), located in southwestern Idaho, appeared reasonably stable. However, there have been spiraling rates of productivity in recent years that raise concern. One hypothesis for the declines is that the owls are now suffering greater rates of nest predation, which reduces productivity. Similar to many ground-nesting species of bird, burrowing owls are susceptible to a suite of predation threats, including both mammalian and avian predators and those active at night (nocturnal) as well as during the day (diurnal). Using motion-activated infrared trail cameras placed at>25 burrowing owl nests in the NCA, our research characterizes the types and rates of predator visits to burrowing owl nests during the 2024 breeding season. We quantify the number of predator visits by species of mammals and birds, the number occurring at night and during daylight hours, and the number of actual predation events observed by trail cameras. We compare rates to similar data collected in 2017 to understand rates of change and test the hypothesis that increases in predation underly the recent decreases in productivity.
- The Transcription Factor Hypermethylated in Cancer 2 (Hic2) Influences
Development of the Hatching Gland in Xenopus leavis
Authors: Miriam Villa Lopez et al.
Abstract: DiGeorge syndrome (22q11) occurs due to a hemizygous microdeletion on chromosome 22 and includes cardiac and craniofacial phenotypes among others. The hypermethylated in cancer 2 (HIC2) gene is located within the most common deletion region and previous studies showed that Hic2 is involved in cardiac development in mice. However, it is unknown if HIC2 is involved in craniofacial development. Using Xenopus leavis (African Clawed frog) embryos, we found that altered hic2 expression disrupts craniofacial cartilage formation and Xenopus hatching enzyme (xhe) gene expression was altered. We hypothesize that the development of the hatching gland is influenced by Hic2. To investigate the impact of Hic2 on hatching gland function, embryos were injected with hic2 mRNA (overexpression) or hic2 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (knockdown). We found that Hic2 manipulation results in a broadened range of timing of embryo hatching. In situ hybridization is used to assess changes in hatching gland gene expression over developmental time. Overall, we find that altering Hic2 levels leads to changes in hatching gland gene expression and function highlighting a previously unknown developmental role for Hic2. Through continued studies, we hope to increase our understanding of how HIC2 is involved in craniofacial development and associated phenotypes in 22q11 patients.
- Terrestrial Applications of eDNA for Pollinator Diversity Assessment
Authors: Alexandria Serbellon et al.
Abstract: Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has emerged as a groundbreaking tool in resource management and conservation efforts. While eDNA methods have proven useful for detecting species in aquatic environments, new research into applications in terrestrial ecosystems are emerging. Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are developing a method that uses eDNA to survey pollinator species at solar installations and comparing those results to nearby agricultural areas. In this approach, artificial flowers are deployed at 10 paired sites across the country for the purpose of assessing diversity of pollinators, specifically various bee species, by obtaining pollinator eDNA that is left behind on plant and artificial flower surfaces during nectar feeding. Results from this survey will be compared to traditional surveys of trapping and netting at the same locations. Data on pollinators can be collected non-invasively and non-lethally using eDNA surveys, providing vital insight into the effectiveness of pollinator-friendly solar power installations. This research demonstrates eDNA's transformative role in terrestrial ecology, enhancing ecological assessments and potentially guiding conservation strategies for protecting pollinator diversity. Here I present an overview of this and related research that I have assisted with during my internship with USGS's Pacific Northwest eDNA Laboratory under the LSAMP program.
- Stream Water Microbial Communities within the Portneuf Watershed in
Pocatello, Idaho
Authors: Isreal Martinez et al.
Abstract: Stream water microbial communities often contain waterborne pathogens and can impact water quality and public health at large. To investigate stream water microbial diversity, 43 water samples were collected across 16 locations along the Portneuf river and its tributaries in Fall of 2022 and in the summer of 2023. Microbial communities were analyzed using high throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing conducted at Idaho State University’s Molecular Research Core Facility. The predominant bacterial phylum across all sampling locations was Proteobacteria constituting more than 25% of the community in each location. Furthermore, the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic genera varied considerably across sampling locations, often representing 0.5 – 13% of the community. Among such genera, the most abundant was Pseudomonas, constituting as much as 5% of a single community. Additionally, alpha and beta diversity analysis of microbial communities was conducted after grouping sampling locations into outer- and inner-city regions. Mean values of the Shannon Index, representing alpha diversity, were 4.5 and 6 for the inner-city and outer-city samples, respectively. The results show that DNA-based microbial diversity surveys constitute a valuable complementary approach to traditional cultivation-dependent methods such as fecal coliform counts for water quality testing.
- Assessing and Improving the Quality of Malware Images Synthesized by
Generative Models
Authors: Xingzhe Li et al.
Abstract: Generative models can be used to augment the training data for robust image-based malware classification models. For this method to be effective, the quality of the synthetic malware images must be high to represent plausible training data. Our research provides direction in terms of assessing and improving the quality of malware images synthesized by generative models. In this research, we train generative adversarial networks (GANs) and diffusion models on the SOREL-20M dataset to synthesize malware images in various image formats. Besides evaluating Inception Score and Fréchet Inception Distance for these synthetic malware images, we employ metrics from more recent image generation literature that have yet to be applied to the cybersecurity domain, including generative precision, generative recall, GAN-test, and neural network divergence. We identify which metrics most strongly correlate with improved malware classification model performance when trained on synthetic malware images. We further identify which generative models and image formats achieve the best results, highlighting future avenues of exploration for the improvement of malware image generation methods.
- Quantification of Ampicillin Through Kinetic Exclusion Assay (KinExA)
Technology
Authors: Julie Li
Abstract: This work is focused on investigating the utilization of aptamers in conjunction with the Kinetics Exclusion Assay (KinExA) technology for detection and quantification of the antibiotic ampicillin in solutions. To achieve the scientific objectives of this project, I exploited the strong affinity of biotin for streptavidin and functionalized microscopic beads to be utilized as capture elements for fluorescent, free ampicillin aptamers left in equilibrated solutions. To capture single stranded DNA aptamers, the last layer immobilized on the beads comprised single stranded DNA molecules complementary to the aptamer’s sequence. Equilibrated mixtures of a fixed aptamer concentration and variable ampicillin concentrations have been flown over the beads and assessed with the KinExA 4000 instrument to evaluate the fraction of free aptamers in solutions. The experimental data have been plotted and analyzed to determine the affinity of the aptamers for ampicillin, estimate the range of quantifiable ampicillin concentrations, and measure the ampicillin concentrations in three mock samples. The data demonstrate that ampicillin can be accurately detected and quantified by employing the KinExA technology; the proposed methodology may be adapted for quantification of other molecules of interest, including disease biomarkers and environmental pollutants.
- Digital Threads: Crafting Sustainable Fashion with 3D Printing &
Virtual Garments
Authors: Aayushree Lama et al.
Abstract: The fashion industry annually disposes of 92 million tons of textiles in landfills and is ranked third in the world for emissions. The industry has a projected increase of 50% in global emissions by 2030. Sustainable practices must be explored and implemented to reduce waste and use resources more responsibly. Over-production has resulted in unwanted products that are disposed of before being worn. 3D printing offers a way of producing fantastical digital designs using new approaches to construction as well as the ability to print on demand. This research developed a sustainable method of producing wearable attachments using a combination of cut-and-sew techniques and 3D printing. The attachment was designed in 3Ds max, Nomad and virtually prototyped in Browzwear until fit and shape attributes were refined adequately for a physical prototype. The digital file which can be used in virtual applications such as Instagram and can be 3D printed when there is a demand for a physical product.
- Understanding Social Relationships
Authors: Britney Munoz et al.
Abstract: Using Williams' (2001) ostracism work this study focuses on experiences of inclusion/exclusion and the need to belong on social relationships. Recalling a time that one was excluded should increase one’s need to belong, and the converse should be true for recalling a memory of being included. In addition, those who enjoy thinking about relationships (high in a relationship need for cognition) should provide more robust responses to vignettes regardless of condition. Using vignettes, we explore how the need to belong can influence responses to excluded others. To manipulate need to belong, we asked participants to recall a time they were excluded (included) and then have them respond to a series of vignettes where someone in their social group is feeling excluded. Qualitative analysis of participants' open-ended responses will explore themes and determine whether individuals use different approaches based on their conditions. We expect open-ended responses and resulting themes to demonstrate individuals use different approaches based on condition. Quantitative analysis will examine participants’ scores on the Friendship Habits Questionnaire, Relationship Need for Cognition Scale, and the Need to Belong scale. We predict that the need to belong will shape how participants respond to excluded others within their social group.
- Local Multivariate Calibration Method Utilizing PRISM with Future
Application in Virtual Reality
Authors: Nakiah Shanafelt et al.
Abstract: Within analytical chemistry, it is increasingly difficult to determine the best method to predict analyte values of target samples from expansive datasets. These datasets contain many different samples, each with unique underlying matrix effects. For a target sample to be predicted accurately, the source samples used to build a model must be both matrix effect (spectrally) matched and contain similar analyte values. To achieve this goal, an algorithm named local adaptive fusion regression (LAFR) was recently developed. This algorithm, while already effective, was modified to utilize a method of determining similarity called physicochemical responsive integrated similarity measure (PRISM). Using PRISM z-scoring throughout the LAFR algorithm allows for prediction reliability to be assessed, while maintaining the efficacy of the original algorithm. Additionally, these changes pave the way for future use in immersive virtual reality (IVR). Implementing IVR will allow the user to leverage ingrained pattern recognition skills to make complex judgements that the LAFR algorithm cannot formulate due to its autonomous structure. Thus, using the principles of LAFR in IVR, the performance and versatility of LAFR as a whole will increase.
- Synthetic Preparation of Modified Compounds for Fluorescent Click Labeling
of Cysteinylated tRNA
Authors: Travis Le et al.
Abstract: The enzyme cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CysRS) catalyzes the binding of cysteine to tRNA, a crucial step in protein synthesis. Presently, most studies aiming to characterize enzymes like CysRS utilize radiolabel-based assays to quantitate their products. Although alternative assays avoid radiolabeling, they suffer from other drawbacks, namely lengthy and involved procedures. Combining synthetic click chemistry with a fluorophore may provide an alternate route to avoiding radiolabels. To do so, the fluorophore and the cysteinylated tRNA must first be modified to include clickable functional groups. Towards this, an anthracene derivative containing an alkyne functional group attached to a PEG-based linker has been produced. Future work will include utilizing a diazo-transfer reaction to directly incorporate a clickable azide functional group into cysteine as well as performing the labeling click reaction between the modified fluorophore and azidocysteinylated tRNA.
- How LIV Could Change the Fate of Chemotherapy Patients at Risk for
Osteological Deficiencies
Authors: Crystal Cantu et al.
Abstract: Common cancer treatments drugs, such as platinum-based chemotherapy agents, significantly impact the deposition and overall composition of a patient’s bone health. In an attempt to mitigate cellular senescence from the toxins in healthy cells, we have utilized low- intensity vibrations (LIV) that mechanically stimulate osteoblastic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), with the objective of promoting a more resistant and offensive extracellular matrix (ECM) that has an increased ability to repair damages. This approach raises the potential of increasing dosage protocols in order to more efficiently treat cancers. MSCs were damaged with cisplatin to mimic chemotherapy regimes. They were then differentiated, while the ECM was collected. Multiple assays and qualifications were performed to quantify the repair and size of osteoblast nodules. It was found that LIV does have a positive impact on the extracellular matrix and repair of osteoblasts. Additionally, it was found that differentiated MSCs exposed to cisplatin seem to present greater osteoblast deposition due to the increased stress response compared to the undamaged cells.
- Interactions of Lysenin Channels with Sn2+ Ions
Authors: Emmanuel Vergelin et al.
Abstract: Lysenin, a pore-forming toxin extracted from the red earthworm E. fetida, inserts large conductance channels in artificial and natural lipid membranes containing sphingomyelin. Based on prior reports showing that lysenin channels interact with many multivalent metals by employing a ligand-gated mechanism, we hypothesized that lysenin channels might similarly interact with Sn2+ ions in water-aqueous solutions. Our investigations were conducted on lysenin channels reconstituted in planar bilayer lipid membranes composed of Asolectin, Sphingomyelin, and Cholesterol and bathed by buffered electrolyte solutions. The electrical measurements were performed with an Axopatch 200B electrophysiology amplifier in a voltage clamp setting. The conductance of the channel-containing membranes was assessed from IV plots recorded in response to ramp voltages. Our results show that Sn2+ addition diminishes the membrane’s conductance in a concentration-dependent and cooperative manner. Single channel measurements allowed the identification of a ligand-gated mechanism responsible for the reduced conductance. Additionally, precipitation of Sn2+ ions by phosphate addition restored the original conductance, suggesting a reversible gating mechanism. These results are anticipated to contribute to a better understanding of the physiological role of lysenin channels and lead to applications that rely on the controlled passage of ions and molecules through natural and artificial lipid membranes.
- Sustainable Weight of Ear-Borne Device for Virtual Fence with Cattle
Authors: Emma Macon et al.
Abstract: Virtual fence is a promising tool for adaptive management of livestock grazing. Currently, there are several virtual fence systems using neck-collar devices, similar to the invisible fence used for dogs. Based on rancher input, we are examining if virtual fence technology can be transitioned from neck collars to an ear-borne device. One of the biggest challenges in this transition is identifying a sustainable weight for the devices that allows proper healing of the ear piercing and minimal long-term irritation. Other research with ear-borne devices on cattle has suggested maximum weights anywhere from 30-250 grams. Previous research conducted at the University of Idaho suggests that 60 grams may be a realistic target weight when using two-prong ear tags (EnduroTags). The goal of this proposed research is to examine ear health through 1) the implementation of a healing period; 2) location of weight placement on the ear tag; and 3) the affect of combined weight and electrode configuration. Pre-healed tags only showed minor irritation, mainly crusting, when removed after 2 two weeks. After one week with weighted tags, ear condition appeared similar between those with or without a two-week healing period. Weight placement and probe interaction research is still in progress.
- The Aging Pancreas: Investigating Blood Vessel Changes in Pancreatic
Islets
Authors: Danny Whisman et al.
Abstract: Aging is associated with an increase in type-2 diabetes, yet structural and physiological changes in pancreatic islets during aging have not been studied in depth. 70% of pancreatic islets are Β-cells, which secrete insulin when blood glucose levels increase. Since insulin secretion depends on blood glucose levels, regulating blood flow through the islet vascular is critical to determining insulin secretion. This research aimed to compare the islet vascular systems of young (approx. 5 months) and old (approx. 28 months) mice. We observed an increase in the vessel diameter of islets isolated from old animals, with young vessel diameters averaging 4 microns and old vessel diameters averaging 6 microns. This change was independent of individual islet size. In conclusion, aging is associated with increased vessel diameter within the islet, suggesting blood flow regulation may be compromised. Future research would connect the structural changes of vessels and the blood flow with functional alterations in insulin secretion during the aging process.
- Serial Number Restoration
Authors: Ivy Marshall et al.
Abstract: When items such as firearms or vehicles are stolen, thieves often file off the serial number. The current methods used to recover the number employ a destructive etching technique where an acid or base solution is placed on the defaced area. This technique cannot be repeated on the same piece of evidence since the etching destroys the remnants of the serial number in the process.Past efforts have shown promise using heating followed by infrared (IR) image processing. The heating culls out the defaced serial number, allowing IR cameras to detect thermal imprints left by the stamp. This method proves beneficial for trials as it does not rely on the human eye to determine the number.Further experiments were performed on serial number coupons purchased from a forensic lab supplier which were defaced via file or by machining the numbers off. Once the serial number was recorded, the defaced area was coated in orange or black paint to aid the heating process. The accuracy of the serial number recovery should be affected by parameters which include: laser power/wavelength, pulse duration/frequency, initial temperature of the specimen, and laser beam profile. Preliminary results of these parameters will be presented.
- Evaluating Growth Rates of Microbial Cultures Isolated from Sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata) Leaves Using Image-Based Analysis
Authors: Katherine Kim et al.
Abstract: The diversity of microorganisms in a phyllosphere are influenced by a variety of interconnected factors not limited to the environment, the plant’s genotype, and genome. Specifically, temperature has been known to play an important role in regulating the growth of different microorganisms. This study aims to investigate the growth rates of sagebrush leaf microorganisms under three different temperatures: 10°C, 21°C and 30°C. These conditions were selected because they were realistic temperatures for these organisms’ environments and represented the average temperature range of most sagebrush habitats. Our goal was to better understand the physiology and adaptation of these microbes in their environment. Our first step was to revive the cultures that were stored in glycerol at -80°C on PDA plates for 7-days. Then, these organisms were spot inoculated on PDA plates with 3 replicates per temperature treatment and incubated at the appropriate temperature. Using ImageJ, we took daily measurements of the organisms’ growth areas over 14-days. In general, our results showed different temperature preferences for the microbes, with 21°C being the optimum growth temperature for the fungal isolates and 30°C being the optimum temperature for the bacterial isolate. Specifically, Cladosporium, Hormonema and Bacillus grew best at 10°C, 21°C, and 30°C respectively.
- Breaking Down Autism: DYRK1A Reduces Transcriptional Activity of
Neurocritical NOTCH 1 Proteins with HES 5 Promotion
Authors: Jonas Milton et al.
Abstract: It has been previously shown that dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) affects the transcriptional ability of the NOTCH 1 protein in the NOTCH cell signaling pathway. Previous research has failed to examine the effects of DYRK1A on the other three currently identified NOTCH proteins, NOTCH 2, NOTCH 3, and NOTCH 4. We sought to examine if DYRK1A would impact the transcriptional activity of these other three NOTCH proteins using three different promoters that have been previously mentioned in NOTCH1 and DYRK1A articles, including HES 1, HES 5, and 4x CSL. Using luciferase assay analysis with bacterial plasmid transfected 293T cells, we generated inconclusive results for the transcriptional activity of NOTCH 2, NOTCH 3, and NOTCH 4 under all promoter conditions. We further demonstrated that NOTCH 1 expression was attenuated by DYRK1A in all promoter conditions but displayed the most dramatic reduction in expression with HES 5 promotion. This research reinforces existing findings about the impacts of DYRK1A on NOTCH1 transcriptional activity.
- Health Effects of Lunar and Martian Regolith Exposure in Zebrafish
Authors: Victoria Pham et al.
Abstract: NASA’s Artemis missions aim to establish a long-term presence on the Moon and Mars. Increased human exposure to regolith, fine dust particles covering the Moon and Mars, may present hazardous effects, and thus calls for better understanding of the potential toxicities. In response, the main objective of this project is to determine the effects of Lunar and Martian regolith exposure in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Simulants used from the Exolith Lab include lunar highlands (LHS-1D), lunar maria (LMS-1D), Mars Global Simulant (MGS-1), and Jezero Crater deposit (JEZ-1) dust. Both 0-72 hours post-fertilization (hpf) embryos and 3-7 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae were exposed to low (1000µg/mL) and high (5000µg/mL) doses of regolith. Non-exposure fish were placed in standard embryo medium (EM) as controls. The changes in fish physiology, growth, and survival were measured. Data are still being analyzed to determine the effects of regolith exposure in zebrafish.
- This Cell Is on Fire: The Effects of Heat Shock Adaptation
Authors: Katelyn Rode et al.
Abstract: Bacterial populations face a myriad of stressors they must adapt to in order to avoid extinction. However, adaptation to one environment can result in either beneficial or detrimental fitness effects in other environments. Populations face frequently changing environments and must be able to balance the collateral effects of adaptation to optimize fitness over long timescales. In this work, we use Methylobacterium extorquens as a model organism to ask how bacterial populations adapt to transient heat shock stress and the collateral effects of this adaptation. Heat shock is a stressor frequently faced by microbes, both in nature and in hosts. We discover a dual cost of heat shock stress in populations; death, and cell damage induced lag among survivors. We evolve Methylobacterium extorquens under heat shock stress for ~35 generations. We find evidence of rapid evolution, where even in this short timescale, we see massive increases in fitness among all replicate populations. This suggests that adaptation to a new transient environmental stressor is accessible and rapid. In future work, we will aim to characterize the collateral effects of heat shock adaptation, the physiological route to increased fitness, and the genetic basis of adaptive changes.
- Impacts of Dielectric Constants on Solvent Ability to Convert Biomass into
Biofuel
Authors: Randy Li et al.
Abstract: Biomass is useful when it can be broken down into simpler compounds and biofuels, such as ethanol. The polarity of a solvent can impact its ability to break down biomass. This change can be tested by adjusting the dielectric constant of a given solvent, which scales proportionately to the solvent’s polarity. Using DFT calculations (Density Functional Theory) and Quantum Espresso, as well as python script and Environ files that generate inputs and outputs, solutes can be simulated in a system that models the solvent-solute interactions to calculate the free energy of the system. This free energy is an indicator of the effectiveness of the solvent. A lower calculated free energy represents a more favorable system, which in turn can be used to find an optimal range of dielectric constant values for breaking down biomass.
- Effect of Temperature on C. elegans Acceleration
Authors: Kirsten Miller et al.
Abstract: This study examined the effects of temperature on aspects of the acceleration of Caenorhabditis elegans. Three generations of C. elegans were reared in two different temperature treatments (18°C and 23°C) and their behavior was measured using WormTracker software. Results indicated that the maximum acceleration, the mean acceleration, and the standard deviation of their acceleration were impacted. Specifically, the acceleration of C. elegans was higher for individuals in the high temperature group. Because C. elegans are ectothermic organisms, their behavior is dependent on temperature. C. elegans function best within a certain temperature range (typically between 15°C to 25°C), so the increase in acceleration in response to increased temperature is likely due to an increased metabolism. Although untested, it seems likely that when the threshold of this range is crossed, behavior may go down due to a stress response.
- No Brainer: Treadmill Stepping Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Diana Cortez et al.
Abstract: Previous research suggests that treadmill training increases locomotor performance following spinal cord injury (SCI). The purpose of this study was to examine treadmill stepping behavior in neonatal rats with a spinal cord transection, to understand how the isolated spinal cord can adapt motor output during treadmill training. The study consisted of four groups of rats: 2 sexes x 2 surgery conditions. On postnatal day 1 (P1), male and female rats underwent a complete spinal cord transection (T8-T10) or a sham operation. From P10 through P17, each rat received treadmill training for three ten-minute sessions per day. Video recordings were conducted on the first and final day of training, and hindlimb steps were scored by examining hindlimb step coordination (unilateral and bilateral steps) and foot posture (plantar, other, and mixed). Preliminary results suggest developmental increases in bilateral and unilateral plantar stepping and differences in plantar step frequencies between surgical conditions (shams showing higher frequencies of unilateral and bilateral steps at both ages). This study suggests that the isolated spinal cord is responsive to sensorimotor training and will help identify how spinal circuitry can support hindlimb stepping behaviors following an SCI.
- Understanding Social Media Use
Authors: Jade Narvaiz et al.
Abstract: Losing track of time has been studied in two distinct ways in psychology. Perhaps the most well-known is the experience of flow that was popularized by Csikszentmihalyi in 1990. In the case of flow states, people are so immersed and engaged in what they are doing during a peak performance that they lose awareness of time. From positive psychology, we also have a robust literature on the importance of being present in the moment through mindfulness practice which in turn can improve our performance. Social media use is often viewed as a waste of time. However, under conditions of mindfulness, this activity might actually be considered information gathering. In this study, mindfulness is expected to increase time awareness and recall during social media viewing. We manipulate mindfulness by having participants listen to a guided mindfulness audio clip (or not), then ask them to provide a time estimate while scrolling through social media. Recall measures will be used to determine what they remember from their social media session and accuracy of time estimates will also be recorded. Participants in the mindfulness condition are expected to recall more information from the social media stream and to provide more accurate time estimates.
- Investigating Microbial Community Composition Using Targeted Secondary
Metabolites in Sagebrush
Authors: Amaya Aranda et al.
Abstract: Investigating plant secondary metabolites' role in shaping microbial communities is important for understanding plant-microbe interactions. Compounds in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) such as pinene, limonene, borneol, and camphor are known for their antimicrobial properties, yet certain microbes continue to thrive in this environment. This study investigates how these specific chemical compounds influence microbial community composition. We hypothesize that the chemistry of sagebrush will selectively promote or inhibit the growth of particular microbes. By adding these targeted secondary metabolites to growth media at different concentrations, 0.1 and 0.4, and placing them in a natural sagebrush habitat, we aimed to mimic the plant's chemical environment and observe its effects on microbial assembly. Our study revealed that the concentration of secondary metabolites affected microbial growth. A 0.4% concentration tended to result in less microbial growth compared to a 0.1% concentration, with the most pronounced effect observed in treatments with borneol. Among the tested compounds, camphor and pinene often exhibited the highest levels of microbial growth, and the control samples consistently showed abundant microbial growth. Our findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which host plant chemistry drives microbial community formation.
- Understanding the Cell Forms That Underlie the Chlamydial Developmental
Cycle
Authors: Megan Ward et al.
Abstract: Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacteria that relies upon a developmental cycle consisting of three distinct cell forms: reticulate bodies (RBs), intermediate bodies (IBs), and elementary bodies (EBs). RBs replicate within host cells but are not infectious. EBs are infectious but cannot replicate. IBs are transitional forms from RB to EB. Developmental cycle completion is central to chlamydial pathogenesis in that C. trachomatis are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. Infection of this specific genus of Chlamydia can cause blinding trachoma as well as STIs with the potential to cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. The regulation and mechanisms of these cell forms are currently poorly understood. Preliminary and published data indicate four stages of the cycle, but understanding cellular contributions to the developmental cycle and pathogenesis can be difficult due to mixed cell environments of chlamydial inclusions. Therefore, this project will focus on understanding the regulation of gene expression in these early populations, and the impact of regulation on the infectious cycle. We will develop a CRISPRi knockdown screen to assess the role of essential genes on cell type regulation, and then investigate the role of cell type-specific expression.
- The Biomechanics of Bedsharing
Authors: Raquel Valdibieso et al.
Abstract: Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) is a critical public health issue, with half of the 3,500 annual cases in the U.S. involving bedsharing. Despite the frequency of these cases, there is a limited understanding how the adult bed's mechanical environment affects infant movement. This research investigates the mechanical environment and movement patterns of caregiver-infant dyads to better understand the associated risk. Three data collection methods—OpenCap markerless motion capture, Vario thermal camera, and GoPro video camera— were tested for feasibility of recording participants overnight in their homes. OpenCap, despite advanced biomechanical analysis capabilities, was hindered by recording limitations and calibration challenges. The thermal camera effectively captured thermal images and provided a visualization of heat patterns but is expensive and requires significant set-up space which may not be feasible in participants’ homes. The GoPro camera emerged as the optimal choice due to its high-resolution video and wide-angle lens, providing clear footage of the entire mattress area. Future steps will include quantifying movement patterns using image analysis. Integrating high-quality video data and advanced computational analysis offers critical insights into bedsharing dynamics, ultimately contributing to the development of safer sleep practices and reducing the incidence of SUID.
- Digital Nucleic Acid Memory: Up-Scaling and Optimizing ssDNA Synthesis of
Novel P11453.1 Scaffold
Authors: Jeremy Naftzger et al.
Abstract: The limitations of conventional memory materials, both in physical and economic aspects, necessitate the development of novel memory materials and methods. Digital Nucleic Acid Memory (dNAM) is one such memory method, which leverages DNA’s high information density, stability, and energy efficiency for non-volatile long-term memory applications, such as archival storage. dNAM uses DNA origami to form an information matrix where fluorescent DNA strands can bind to represent Binary 1’s and 0’s. This process is dependent on the size of the DNA Origami, therefore being dependent on the size of the ssDNA scaffold. The custom novel ssDNA scaffold P11453.1 is synthesized at BSU through a Biological Bacteria/Bacteriophage system in E. coli, producing small quantities of the desired scaffold at a time. Future dNAM requirements demand larger amounts of concentrated scaffold. Upscaling ssDNA scaffold synthesis, if possible, would provide high-yield samples and save time-per-preparation of the same amount of ssDNA. This work shows two different methods for upscaling ssDNA scaffold production. By utilizing pre-growth techniques and a refined Phenol-Chloroform extraction, along with the utilization of a commercial kit for the isolation of ssDNA, both methods were performed in replicates. The quality and quantity of P11453.1 scaffold was evaluated by spectrophotometry, densitometry, and gel electrophoresis. DNA Origami folded using ssDNA scaffold produced by these methods act as a final verification of our methods.
- Determining the Distribution of Ectomycorrhizal Competitors in Current and
Potential Truffle Orchards in Southern Idaho
Authors: Natalie Carreon et al.
Abstract: Truffles are culinary delicacy which are produced from the fungal genus, Tuber. However, factors influencing their production in truffle orchards are not well understood. It is suspected that competitive fungal species forming symbiotic ectomycorrhizal (ECM) relationships with plant roots may lower truffle yields. This research aims to investigate how ECM host plant abundance and soil depth affect the distribution of competitive ECM fungi, and ultimately truffle production in southern Idaho. This study will sample seven sites, including three truffle orchards and four experimental stations. Soil samples will be collected from plots with varying ECM host plant densities at multiple depths. Subsequently, soil pH and organic matter content will be measured. Lastly, molecular and bioinformatic techniques will be used to identify and quantify the different ECM fungal species observed. It is hypothesized that a high abundance of ECM hosts will be correlated to a high abundance of competitive ECM fungi. Furthermore, it is expected that the abundance of ECM competitors will decrease with increasing soil depth. These changes in ECM distribution may negatively impact truffle production. The results may contribute to the development of effective agronomic practices which can maximize truffle yields and mitigate competitive ECM fungal abundance.
- Factors Influencing Parental Emotion of an Autism Diagnosis: Preliminary
Results
Authors: Ciara Gaches et al.
Abstract: Parental dissatisfaction and negative emotions are frequent during the autism diagnostic process of their child. Understanding parental emotions and the factors which influence those emotions are crucial to aiding diagnosing clinicians to best support parents and their children. Currently, there are mixed results within the literature as to whether parental characteristics- income, education level, and age at diagnosis- or child characteristics- age of symptom onset, count of symptoms, and regression in skills- influence parental emotions when receiving the diagnosis during the feedback session. The present study aims to clarify the discrepancies within the literature regarding which factors impact parental emotions. Participants (N = 519) in this study completed at least part of a Qualtrics caregiver survey. Preliminary analysis show parents most frequently reported emotions of sadness (46.5%) and anxiety (41.2%). It’s hypothesized that parental age, education level, and whether there was regression in their child’s symptoms may be correlated with parental distress when receiving a diagnosis. Further, household income and child age may be correlated with parental comfort when receiving a diagnosis. The final analysis will include a hierarchical regression analysis to determine which attributes are most influential on parental emotions during the feedback process.
- Identifying the Mouse Lung Citrullinome Following Acute Asbestos Exposure
Authors: Larisa Knapp et al.
Abstract: Asbestos exposure increases the risk of many pulmonary diseases and has been linked to autoimmune responses. These autoimmune responses may be in part due to citrullination of plasminogen and other lung proteins. Citrullination is the post-translational modification of arginine residues in target proteins to citrulline, which is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADS). This can affect the conformation, function, and half-life of the protein. While PADs are commonly expressed in specific areas throughout the body, an increased expression has been seen in lung tissue following asbestos exposure. Citrullination has potential links to tumorigenesis and autoimmunity, with antibodies forming against citrullinated proteins. After low-dose asbestos exposure, we have seen increased PAD expression in the pleural cavity and lung tissue through immunohistochemistry stain and western blot. These increases in PADs have caused larger numbers of citrullinated proteins within the lung tissue, which was verified by fluorescent stain. The expression is highest at 7 days following exposure and decreases over time, indicating that the PAD expression is an acute response to asbestos. At 21 days post-exposure we see increased citrullination in the lung tissue.
- Comparing Electrochemical Properties of Amorphous and Crystalline Tantalum
Pentoxide in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Timothy Merrell et al.
Abstract: Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) have become dominant as an energy storage solution in many applications. Transition metal oxides exhibiting a disorder-order phase transition upon cycling have been investigated as a possible LIB anode technology. This project studies the existence of this phase transition in Tantalum Pentoxide (Ta2O5) as a battery anode material, and aims to compare the conductivity of Ta2O5 films before and after electrochemical-cycling-induced transformation to the rock salt structure. Multiple cells were assembled using a Ta2O5 anode created by anodization of Ta metal, and a Lithium cathode. One cell was cycled at a voltage range of 0.2-2 V to induce transformation from amorphous to rock salt phase another was cycled at 0.01-3 V in attempt to maintain an amorphous structure through cycling. From measurements obtained from cyclic voltammetry on the cells in later cycles, and 2-point conductivity performed afterwards, the properties of the amorphous vs. rock structure Ta2O5 anodes are compared. The phase transition is verified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) provides insight on the morphology of Ta2O5 films used in this project.
- The Effects of Aging on Sympathetic Innervation of Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Carlos Serna et al.
Abstract: Decreased sympathetic innervation in organs such as the heart and blood vessels has been well-documented in the context of aging. However, the impact of aging on sympathetic innervation within pancreatic islets remains unclear. This research aims to determine whether sympathetic innervation in pancreatic islets is affected by aging. We quantified the sympathetic innervation from islets from young (3-4 months) and old (25-28 months) mice and used tyrosine hydroxylase as a marker. Using FIJI software, we observed a significant increase in the size of sympathetic varicosity in islets from old animals. Varicosity size of old age was 1.4 µm compared to 1.0 µm from young age. Using a particle analysis, we observed a decrease in the number of small varicosities in old animals (0.5-1 µm). Both analyses suggest sympathetic innervation in the pancreatic islets is affected during the aging process. Future analysis will focus on estimating the number and size of sympathetic varicosities in islets in young, middle-aged, and old animals and study how age-related changes in innervation impact the pancreatic islet function, mainly related to the release of hormones like insulin.
- Ca2+ on Demand: When You Need It, and Exactly How Much You Need
Authors: Shannon R. Stroup et al.
Abstract: Ca2+ ions play important physiological roles in a large variety of biological and biochemical processes such as signal transduction, neurotransmission, muscle contraction, enzyme activation, and bone formation. Therefore, the ability to control the Ca2+ concentration in vitro and in vivo is important not only for a better understanding of physiological processes, but also for a large variety of biological and bioengineering applications. In this respect, this work is focused on investigating the reversible, controlled release of Ca2+ ions upon light excitation. Our exploration employed a photolabile Ca2+ cage, DM-Nitrophen, which is a UV-controlled Ca2+ chelator. The experimental system consisted of solutions of Ca2+ ions, Ca2+-cage (DM-Nitrophen), a Ca2+ indicator (Fluo 3), a fluorometer, and UV excitation sources (365 nm LEDs). Our results show that UV excitation enables an exquisite control over reversible Ca2+ release and that the amount of released Ca2+ can be modulated by adjusting the UV intensity. This triggered release may be further exploited for any applications that require a precise control of Ca2+ in solutions, including drug delivery.
- The Dehumanization of Internment
Authors: Emily Stacey et al.
Abstract: My poster includes information from 3 novels: Julie Otsuka’s When the Emperor Was Divine, John Okada’s No No Boy, and Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston’s Farewell to Manzanar. Looking through the lens of these books, we are better able to understand the effect of dehumanization on those who lived in the Japanese-American internment camps during World War II. This dehumanization was coming from all sides for the people who were incarcerated – the government, old neighbors, even the fellow internees.Otsuka’s novel was inspired by her family history. The main family in the novel are never given proper names, which shows the objectification and isolation that was going on for many families at the time. John Okada’s novel was a groundbreaking yet ignored cry to understand the divide between those who remained “true Japanese” like Ichiro’s mother, who thought Japan won the war and those who were truly American – people like Ichiro and his friend Kenji. Though one was a no-no boy and went to prison while the other fought in the war, both struggled with inclusion in society and their own self-images. For Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, living in the camps was real. She recorded a collection of memories that provide a starkness to our understanding. The level of discrimination that centered around the question of being a true Japanese fractured families and negatively influenced how individuals saw themselves.
- Effects of Temperature Increase on Behavior in C. elegans
Authors: Rubina Martin et al.
Abstract: For this experiment, behavioral analysis was completed to determine if temperature impacts the behavior of C. elegans. Specifically, various aspects of velocity (maximum velocity, mean velocity, and the standard deviation of velocity) were quantified using behavioral tracking and analysis software in two temperature treatment groups (18°C and 23 °C). We hypothesized that an increase in temperature would increase the speed at which these organisms move. Indeed, the results demonstrated that as temperature increased, the velocity of the C. elegans did as well. This may be due in part to the temperature increase stimulating greater metabolic activity in ectothermic species such as C. elegans. Because these nematodes have a specific temperature range at which they function properly, these results may also suggest that exceeding or failing to fall within their typical temperature range of 15°C to 25°C will result in a velocity decline initiated by their stress responses.
- Development of Narrow Band-Gap Organic Semiconductors for Photothermal
Applications
Authors: Hailey Parks et al.
Abstract: The photothermal properties of carbon-doped graphitic carbon nitride materials (C-C3N4) were studied. Samples of C-doped graphitic carbon nitride materials by direct thermal polymerization of urea, dicyandiamide and potassium citrate or 1,5-naphthalenediamine at 550°C. Physical characterization indicates that the tri-s-triazine polymeric structure that is characteristic of the carbon nitride lattice is retained upon carbon doping. Relative to pure samples of C3N4, carbon-doped materials exhibit strong photothermal effects when subjected to either infrared (l = 808 nm) or visible (l = 650 nm) radiation, with observed heating rates being in excess of 50°C/sec for the most active compositions. Stable films of the materials were successfully fabricated by complexing solid samples of C-C3N4 with poly(vinylacetate)/poly(vinylalcohol). The potential utility of these materials for photoactivated microbiocidal applications was assessed.
- Leveraging Click Chemistry: An Approach to Developing Small Molecule
Inhibitors to Suppress the Spread of Breast Cancer
Authors: Christina Fischer et al.
Abstract: One in eight females in the United States will develop breast cancer within their lifetime. With the occurrence of metastasis, survival rates drastically decline as much as 70%. Prior research has confirmed that overexpression of an inflammatory cytokine (IC) promotes metastasis via the activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, suggesting that the IC is a promising target for repression by a small molecule inhibitor (SMI). Initial computational screenings identified quinoline-cored SMI-26 as a promising lead which is currently being optimized. A computational approach using UCFS Chimera and AutoDock Vina was used to design new analogs with increased inhibition of the IC as well as more favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Due to the high conjugation of the quinoline core, solubility was the main target for the designing of the analogs. To accomplish the synthesis of these improved analogs, a library of diverse and elaborate azides were synthesized via diazotransfers. From this, the azides were subjected to the triazole-forming azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a form of click chemistry enabling the addition of various substituents to a compound in an assembly-line fashion. The addition of heterocycles with hydrogen bonding capabilities to the azides at the is predicted to enhance the effectiveness and safety of the compound as a pharmaceutical drug.
- Colon in Crisis: The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Supernatant on Epithelial
Health
Authors: Ella Angelo et al.
Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) significantly impacts blood glucose levels, with emerging evidence pointing to its effects on the gut microbiome and intestinal epithelium. This study investigates the impact of fecal supernatant derived from individuals with T2D on the confluence of Caco-2 cells, which serve as an in vitro model for the human colon. The goal of this is to Identify alterations in epithelial integrity between healthy Caco-2 cell monolayers and monolayers exposed to T2D microbiome supernatant. We aim to uncover how diabetic conditions influence the integrity and function of intestinal epithelial cells. Preliminary findings show that the gut microbiome of TD2 patients is different compared to healthy controls. We have found that supernatant from T2D patients alter the intestinal barrier permeability. Our findings will help further understand the role of the gut microbiome in TD2 patients.
- Climate and Soil Effects on Fitness of Southeastern Idaho Invasive Bromus
tectorum Populations
Authors: Isabella Keefe et al.
Abstract: Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum, Poaceae) is a well known invasive grass that has spread across the United States after introduction from Europe and Eurasia around the mid- to- late 1800s in the New York and Pennsylvania area. This grass has been present in southeastern Idaho, the study area, since roughly 1900. Bromus tectorum is a species of interest due to the negative ecological impacts to the surrounding habitat and is particularly impactful in the sagebrush steppe of western North America. The sagebrush steppe is roughly 165 million acres of land that is home to several kinds of sagebrush as well as many other native grasses, plants, and animals. The sagebrush steppe has been reduced by roughly 1.3 million acres per year since 2001 and much of the steppe remains at risk. Cheatgrass has proved to be a hardy species that outcompetes many other plants for nutrients and recovers quickly from the fires it helps fuel. Understanding what factors may affect the reproductive success or biomass of cheatgrass may provide insight into sagebrush steppe recovery. At five sites in southeastern Idaho with varying burn history, and soil and climatic characteristics, 265 individuals from local cheatgrass populations were monitored for germination and seed set, with and without a competition treatment. Mature plants were harvested and seed production and biomass were measured as indicators of the population’s fitness. Using open-access climate and soil data gathered from WorldClim and the USGS Web Soil Survey and general linear models, we ask if burn history, climatic, and soil factors had significant impact on growth and reproduction of the sampled cheatgrass populations. Using biomass along with the numbers of seeds produced for each sample as a proxy for overall fitness allows us to determine which environmental factors may benefit cheatgrass population growth in this region. This work, as part of the BromeCast experimental network (https://bromecast.wixsite.com/home), will be beneficial to understanding current cheatgrass invasions, and preventing future spread.
- Sensorimotor Reflexes in Adult Rats Following a Neonatal Spinal Cord
Transection
Authors: Aubrey Skinner et al.
Abstract: Approximately 18,000 Americans sustain spinal cord injuries (SCI) each year, resulting in impairments in autonomic processes and sensorimotor behaviors, such as reflexes. To better understand the long-term effects of neonatal SCI in adulthood, postnatal day 1 (P1) rats received a low thoracic spinal cord transection or a sham (control) operation. On P50, testing was performed for three reflexes: surface righting, placing, and crossed-extensor. For righting, rats are placed supine and then released. The reflex is complete when the rat has returned to a prone position with its weight centered. For placing, a stimulus is applied to the top of a hind paw. The reflex is displayed when the rat lifts the paw and places it onto the spatula. For the crossed extensor reflex, a hind paw is lightly pinched. This reflex is displayed by withdrawal of the pinched paw and extension of the contralateral hindlimb. We found no effect of surgical condition on any of the reflexes. Overall, the P50 rats tested here did not show consistent reflex responses. Findings suggest that, unlike in younger rats, spinal-mediated reflexes degrade over time.
- Zeolite Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Acylations
Authors: Angela Hayden et al.
Abstract: Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions are traditionally catalyzed using a metal halide catalyst which acts as a Lewis acid. Due to product inhibition of the catalyst, metal halides are used in stoichiometric quantities which creates large amounts of toxic waste and is harmful to the environment. By replacing the metal halide with zeolites it is possible to make this process more sustainable. Zeolites are heterogenous, aluminosilicate compounds with micropores ranging from 0.1 - 2.0 nm and are easily recycled and safer to handle than the traditional metal halide catalysts. Our work thus far suggests that zeolite Y-hydrogen is the best catalyst for the acylation of m-xylene with benzoic acid to form 2,4-dimethylbenzophenone. Different silica to alumina ratios in Y-hydrogen zeolites, reflux time, drying agents, and nucleophile equivalences have also been explored. An expanded substrate scope is being explored with a variety of electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents on the nucleophile. Reactions with unprotected nucleophilic substrates (such as phenol and aniline) and benzoic acid have produced low conversions thus far, so we have begun to study the effect of substrate protection with silyl ether groups on conversion. Future work will consist of exploring more silyl ether protecting groups and electrophilic substrates with varying electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents as well as learning about zeolite selectivity for ortho/para products.
- Synthesis and Characterization of Amino Acid Capped ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Aislin Isaak et al.
Abstract: Antibiotics have been used for treating different bacterial infections ranging from meningitis to urinary tract infections. With those uses comes an increase in the number of drug resistant bacteria strains. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is used in medicine to help treat and prevent different skin irritations like minor burns, cuts, and rashes. Metal oxides are being studied as potential antibiotics; this research focuses on capping ZnO nanoparticles with biologically active molecules to enhance their ability to combat bacteria. ZnO was synthesized with glutamic acid and valine. All the materials were made by alkali precipitation at 65oC. The materials were made by both a rapid and a slow process to evaluate how nucleation time alters crystallite growth and capping and, in turn, how it modifies the biological activity. The materials were characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy to verify the capping molecules attached to the nanoparticles, thermogravimetric analysis to determine the amount of organic capping molecules attached to the nanoparticles, and diffuse reflectance Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy to measure the bandgap of the materials. The materials were used to degrade an organic dye by photocatalysis under UVA illumination. Rate constants were determined and used to assess the chemical reactivity of each material.
- Rural Secondary Teachers: The "Jack-of-All-Trades"
Authors: Kailey Marler et al.
Abstract: I attended the TRAIL Experience program through the College of Education at Idaho State University this May. I, as well as seven other colleagues, were hosted by the town of Arco, Idaho. There were two goals: (1) to gain more knowledge and experience about teaching—specifically in a smaller school—and (2) to experience life in a rural remote area. For four days, we each shadowed a teacher’s day, explored the town, and gathered to discuss our successes, observations, and concerns. On the fourth day, we also had an opportunity to visit Mackay High School and learn from Idaho Teacher of the Year Trent Van Leuven’s experience at a rural remote school.My project centers around the common practice of teachers in remote schools, especially middle and high school teachers, to take on multiple roles. Teaching multiple subjects and grade levels, coaching, facilitating clubs, and even running businesses. My research questions why one would put this extra stress on themselves, how educators can cope with this strain, and why this is more common and even expected in a town like Arco with a population of just under 1,000.
- Synthesis of Small Molecule Inhibitors Using "Click Chemistry" for the
Inhibition of Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Michael Kendall et al.
Abstract: Metastasis of breast cancer plays a crucial role in patient survival rates, plummeting from 99% down to 27% once the cancer spreads. It has been associated with a particular inflammatory cytokine (IC), which we hypothesize can be disrupted via a small molecule inhibitor (SMI). A virtual screening of 1.65 million SMI analogs identified 26 promising SMIs; of which SMI-8, 10, and 26 were found to effectively inhibit the targeted IC. SMI-26 has gone through several design iterations, during which specific regions of the drug were optimized. Currently, a new library of analogs is being synthesized. Specifically, a new kind of synthesis using “Click Chemistry” through triazole is being used to make new analogs. The results of the research will be discussed in the following presentation.
- Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithm to Improve Fruit Yield Estimation
Authors: Allison Verner et al.
Abstract: Accurately estimating the fruit yield is an extremely important part of precision agriculture. Northwest Nazarene University is developing a mobile application to help farmers estimate the fruit yield of apple trees more accurately and efficiently. Before the development of fruit yield apps, farmers would have to manually count the fruit and take the averages from multiple trees to estimate the fruit yield. The app currently uses an RGB color mask to count the fruit. A new color masking system was created to see if the RGB color model is the most accurate model to use for the purpose of apple counting. Machine learning algorithms were also investigated and prototyped for fruit yield estimation.
- Development and Implementation of a Dual-Vision Harvesting Robot Utilizing
the Robot Operating System (ROS)
Authors: Christian Salisbury et al.
Abstract: With increasing demand for labor in the orchard harvesting field and limited supply to meet that demand, creating a tool for farmers to meet this need is important. Northwest Nazarene University is developing a robot to help farmers by automating harvesting. This robot uses a dual vision system that allows the robot to detect apples on a tree and pick them using the attached arm. This system utilizes the Robotic Operating System, ROS, to allow each piece of the system to communicate to create a seamless package.
- Synthesis of Small Molecule Inhibitors by Click Chemistry to Combat Breast
Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Logan Hansen et al.
Abstract: 266,000 thousand women per year are diagnosed with breast cancer, and of them between 20 to thirty percent will metastasize. When cancer metastasizes, it travels from its point of origin to other organs in the body dropping five year survival rates from 99% to 29% when it does. Previous work has shown an inflammatory cytokine is a promoter of cancer metastasis when over expressed. This is achieved via the JAK/STAT pathway, which allows small molecule inhibitors to interfere with the IC binding to its receptors. Previous work on SMI 26 showed promise, but the methods by which the SMI and its analogs were produced resulted in low water solubility. By the use of click chemistry, we aim to solve this issue, and create a simpler reaction path to the SMI and its derivatives. Three azide compounds were created with different functional groups attached, then via click chemistry linked to the core of SMI 26. The theoretical binding values were then analyzed and we found that [data to be analyzed].
- Studying Topographical and Mechanical Properties of Bovine Lens-Lipid
Nuclear and Cortical Membrane Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Dieter Haemmerle et al.
Abstract: The Chol concertation in the eye lens plasma membrane of the nuclear and cortical regions varies significantly. In the bovine eye lens, the cholesterol to lipid (phospholipids plus sphingolipids) ratio for the nuclear membrane is ~2, and for the cortical membrane is ~1. The effect on the membrane elastic properties of the lens due to the difference in Chol content in the lens's plasma membrane is unclear. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we investigated the properties of the nuclear lens lipid membrane and cortical lens lipid membrane. Total lipids (lipids plus Chol) from a two-year-old bovine lens are extracted using the monophasic extraction method. Rapid solvent exchange (RSE) exchange method is used to prepare multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). MLVs are transitioned to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) using Probe-tip sonication. The SUV suspension solution is dispensed on a freshly cleaved mica surface, which forms a supported lipid membrane (SLM). After acquiring the topographical images, force curves were obtained to assess the mechanical properties of the membranes. The membrane thickness was measured on a partially prepared SLM. The compressibility modulus (KA) and Young’s Modulus (E) were estimated by fitting force curves in the elastic regime of a fully prepared SLM.
- Investigating the Mechanism of DNA-Protein Crosslink Formation Facilitated
by Synthetic Aziridinomitosenes
Authors: Rosie Foltz-Ahlrichs et al.
Abstract: Aziridinomitosenes (AZMs) are DNA alkylating agents derived from the chemotherapeutic drug mitomycin C (MC). MC displays anti-tumor activity through the formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which inhibit DNA replication, resulting in cell death. However, prior to DNA binding, MC must undergo a well studied bioreductive activation sequence. Historically, AZMs were known to produce DNA-monoalkylated adducts without reductive activation, while synthetic AZMs have been shown to generate both ICLs and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) without reducing agents. Given that these were previously unreported adducts for AZMs, a nucleophilic activation sequence involving either of the C-6 or C-7 positions on the quinone ring (mitomycin numbering) was proposed. To test this mechanism, analogs with the C-6 and/or C-7 positions blocked were synthesized and tested via the ARK assay to quantify DPC formation. The C6-AZM and H-AZM formed significant DPCs (41.3 ± 1.9% and 10.2 ± 0.7%, respectively), while MC and dimethyl-AZM, both blocked at C-6 and C-7 positions, formed fewer DPCs (2.8 ± 0.4% and 5.6 ± 1.2%, respectively). These results indicate that AZMs unsubstituted at either C-6 or C-7 positions form significant amounts of DPCs, while those blocked at both positions do not.
- Optimization of Vitamin C Extraction from Whey Protein Concentrate Powder
Using Methanol and Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Sophia Garcia-Buenrostro et al.
Abstract: With the growing public use of protein powders and dietary supplements to enhance nutrient intake, accurately quantifying vitamins in fortified foods is becoming increasingly important. Measuring vitamin C in whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder is essential for maintaining nutritional quality and meeting regulatory standards in food. Vitamin degradation over time complicates accurate product labeling and can pose health risks, making reliable methods to monitor vitamin content and predict the necessary overage to meet end-of-shelf-life claims essential. This study aimed to develop an extraction method for this water-soluble vitamin from WPC, using protein precipitation with methanol and hydrochloric acid. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) at 210 nm was used for analysis. Using our method, we recovered 94.1% of Vitamin C. Extraction of vitamin C from WPC is difficult because the proteins in the sample are detected at the same time and wavelength as the vitamin, this is why protein precipitation was employed.
- Synthesis and Characterization of Kanamycin- and Curcumin-Capped ZnO
Authors: Emily Curtis et al.
Abstract: Antibiotics have been used to treat bacterial infections for nearly a century. Because of the increasing number of drug resistant bacteria strains, metal oxides are being studied as possible antibiotics. ZnO is used in medicine to treat and prevent skin irritations like burns, cuts, and rashes. This research focuses on attaching molecules with known antimicrobial activity to ZnO nanoparticles to enhance their ability to combat bacteria. ZnO was synthesized with chloramphenicol, kanamycin sulfate, and curcumin. The materials were characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to verify that the capping molecules are attached to the nanoparticles, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the amount (%) of organic capping molecules attached to the nanoparticles, and diffuse reflectance Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to measure the optical band gap of the materials. Kanamycin sulfate and curcumin were successfully bound to the ZnO, while chloramphenicol was not bound. The materials were used to photocatalytically degrade an organic dye under UVA illumination. Rate constants and the percent degradation for each material were determined and used to access the chemical activity of each material. The materials were tested against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative rod), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive coccus), and Candida albicans (yeast) to assess their antibacterial and antifungal properties.
- Accessibility & Inclusion of Students with Disabilities at UI
Authors: Kincaid Moberly et al.
Abstract: Since 2006, the number of undergraduate students with disabilities has increased from 11% to 19.4 % across four-year universities nationwide (Pingry O’Neill et al., 2007; Tarconish et al., 2023). However, compared to students without disabilities, those with disabilities have lower rates of enrollment, retention, and graduation (Soria, 2021). They also report a lower sense of belonging and rate their campus climate worse than nondisabled peers (Soria, 2021). A 2020 University of Idaho survey reported perspectives on inclusivity and accessibility for students receiving academic accommodations, finding that University services were an important part of the positive experiences of students with disabilities (Hannon & O’Neal, 2020). However, this survey was short, qualitative, and did not collect data on students without disabilities, students with disabilities not receiving accommodations, or demographics including disability type. This proposed study methodology surveys the student body and their perspectives on campus environment, services, and student life, seeking to expand on previous findings about inclusion and accessibility on the U of I campus.ReferencesHannon, L., & O’Neal, S. (2020). Accessibility at the University of Idaho: Feedback from 56 Students with Disabilities [dataset].Pingry O’Neill, L., Markward, M., & French, J. (2007). Predictors of Graduation Among College Students with Disabilities. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 25(1), 21–36.Soria, K. (2021). Supporting Undergraduate Students with Disabilities: A Focus on Campus Climate and Sense of Belonging (pp. 1–16). National Center for College Students with Disabilities.Tarconish, E., Lombardi, A., & Taconet, A. (2023). Disability Awareness & Inclusive Teaching Online Training Videos for College Instructors Featuring Students with Disabilities. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 35(4), 339–353.
- Characterizing Material Catalytic Abilities Using Chebyshev Polynomials
and Radial & Angular Distribution Functions
Authors: Zayah Cortright et al.
Abstract: The discovery of new material catalysts are crucial for harnessing the energy of water via storing H2 and O2. This research focuses on developing accelerated methodologies to evaluate the ability of new materials to carry out the catalytic reactions of water.
- Modifying the Prins-Pinacol Reaction Using Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Brinlee Adams et al.
Abstract: Green chemistry has recently become a more common branch in chemistry and helps to promote the use of more environmentally friendly, safer, sustainable, cost efficient, and effective methods to help benefit the environment and other organizations. Zeolites are excellent acid catalysts and they are non-toxic, reusable, and abundant, allowing them to be used to make the synthesis of various materials more green and environmentally friendly. This project uses zeolites as a greener and safer alternative in place of homogenous Lewis acid catalysts in the Prins-pinacol reaction. Originally discovered by Mousset in 1969 and researched further by Overman, the Prins-pinacol reaction is an excellent way to synthesize substituted tetrahydrofuran rings. Initial reactions using zeolite as a heterogeneous catalyst were carried out using both batch and flow reactors at moderate temperatures and have had percent conversions of up to 95%. Percent conversions were determined and stereochemistry was analyzed using 1H NMR. Further work on the project will include testing additional heterogeneous zeolite catalysts, analyzing the reactions via gas chromatography, continued and improved use of the flow reactor to achieve higher percent conversions, expanding the substrate scope, and identifying the effect heterogeneous catalysts and restricted pore sizes have on the stereochemistry of the products.
- Quantification of Shear Force Vectors in the Knee Through Motion Capture
and Force Plate Analysis
Authors: Riley Robarge et al.
Abstract: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degeneration, i.e., “wear and tear” of the joint’s articular cartilage. Multi-directional motion, i.e., cross-shear, between articulating surfaces is reported to accelerate material wear, and cross-shear between the tibia and femur may produce the articular cartilage wear that leads to OA. Because we currently lack a method to quantify in-vivo cross-shear of the tibiofemoral joint, this study aimed to develop such ability and quantify tibiofemoral cross-shear for adults during an over-ground walk task. Healthy adult males and females had knee biomechanics recorded while performing an over-ground walk task (1.3 m/s). Then, the relative position of the tibia concerning the femur was quantified, and position values were used to calculate the velocity vector angle at each instance of stance. The maximum velocity vector angle will be submitted to a paired t-test to determine differences between adults. Calculating the relative motion between the tibia and femur during a walking task seems like a feasible, novel approach to understanding knee biomechanics. It would provide insight into the direction of shear forces on the knee. This measure could quantify the mechanical stressors contributing to articular cartilage degeneration that leads to OA and may inform targeted interventions to mitigate joint deterioration and OA development.
- How Does VR Facilitate Motor Learning': A Literature Review
Authors: Alicia Johnson et al.
Abstract: Through motor learning, we develop essential motor skills that allow us to perform crucial daily living activities. Thus, the development of strategies to make the process of acquiring motor skills more effective is important not only for researchers, but also for practitioners, whose job relies on teaching others how to perform motor skills. Due to recent technological advancements, virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a cost-effective alternative to support the learning of motor skills. In the present study, we reviewed the literature to investigate how VR has been used in motor learning. Overall, the few studies that have examined the use of VR in skill training support its benefits. For example, studies showed that VR can be used to improve performance in golf putting, tennis, and surgical skill training. In one study, however, the real-world (RW) group performed better than the VR group, which may be due to the fact that the virtual and RW environments were not as similar as in the previous studies. In sum, VR might be a good strategy to improve motor skill acquisition, but more research is needed to determine what type of VR works better and how VR should be implemented into training.
- Rapid Aging in Dense, Self-Healing Carbon/Carbon Composites for Use in
Concentrating Solar Power
Authors: Jadyn Hart et al.
Abstract: Concentrating solar power (CSP) is a form of renewable energy that transforms solar irradiance into a form of useful heat. This is accomplished by collecting heat from the sun in thermal receivers and using a heat transfer fluid to carry the thermal energy from thermal receivers to heat engines . Although CSP is an efficient energy production technology, there are limitations due to the current technologies. The major drawbacks of current CSP technologies are the failure of thermal receivers due to the transient temperature changes and high temperature gradients.In order to combat this, a dense, self-healing carbon/carbon composites has been tested through a cyclic rapid aging process using a High Heat Flux Solar Simulator. Throughout the rapid aging process, the temperature of the carbon/carbon composite sample is monitored to ensure the sample is experiencing the minimum and maximum operating temperatures, creating a valid and accurate experiment. Between rapid aging cycles the mass of the sample and the spectral reflectivity are measured, typically every 25 rapid aging cycles. To ensure that the sample is a suitable candidate for use as a thermal receiver, the solar weighted reflectance is calculated between rapid aging cycles, as well as the mass loss. After 500 rapid aging cycles, the sample underwent an initial decrease in both solar weighted reflectance and mass; however, after this initial decrease, the values of both mass and solar weighted reflectance remained fairly constant. The findings of these experiments validate that this carbon/carbon composite would be a viable alternative for solar receivers as they can withstand extreme temperatures, transient temperature changes, high amounts of solar irradiation, and extremely high temperature gradients.
- Gendered Privilege in the Idahoan LGBTQ+ Community
Authors: Niamh Winters et al.
Abstract: As scholars such as Dr. Bonnie J. Morris have discussed, there is a well known divide between Lesbians and Gays in the LGBTQ+ community. For decades, gay men have typically taken leadership of the LGBTQ+ movement and prioritized their own identities and experiences as gay men as representative of all of LGBTQ+ persons. Lesbians have often felt their struggles as gay women have been overlooked or minimized within the movement. This issue of dismissal has been mentioned in passing in scholarship, but not investigated in-depth, as it is more subtle than other forms of sexism women have endured historically. Because of this lack of knowledge, I am investigating gender privileges in the LGBTQ+ community in Idaho, focusing on issues such as language, representation, communication, and leadership. I have explored this by digging through Boise States archives, particularly the LGBT Collections, focusing on previous oral histories, as well as interviewing and personally taking oral histories from LGBTQ+ Idahoans about their internal community struggles. I found confirmation of this disregard towards gay women, but I also found that while there is division and exclusion, there is also unity in the LGBTQ+ Idahoan community.
- Role of Cholinergic Agonists & Hyperthermia on Regional Skin Barriers:
Exposure Science Implications
Authors: Natalie Empey et al.
Abstract: The skin impedes entry to harmful exposures, and neural-induced changes to skin condition or function may impact barrier stability. In this study, we explored how cholinergic neurotransmitters influence skin barriers by assessing epithelial transport. We hypothesized increasing methylcholine (MCh) or acetylcholine (ACh) would decrease transepithelial resistance across mouse pawpad skin at skin (32°C) or internal (37°C) temperature. We also predicted transepithelial resistance would be higher in tail skin vs pawpads, and subjecting samples to 40°C (heat stress) would lower transepithelial resistance compared to 32°C.30 C57BL/6 mouse rear pawpads (containing sweat glands) and seven mouse tail skins (no sweat glands) were dissected and mounted into a vertical Ussing chamber filled with Krebs bicarbonate buffer, gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2, and encased in a temperature jacket. Transepithelial resistance utilized a current clamp and was measured using Ag–AgCl2 electrodes placed in both epidermal and hypodermal baths with hypodermal-side-only cholinergic dosing.MCh and ACh (data not shown) invoked significant dose-dependent decreases in transepithelial resistance in pawpads at 37°C and 32 °C. Tail skin transepithelial resistance was higher than pawpad skin, and MCh decreased transepithelial resistance significantly at both sites. Increasing temperature to 40°C altered the magnitude of decrease in transepithelial resistance to MCh in pawpads compared to 32°C. Increased ion movement (signifying a leakier epithelium) occurred with cholinergic stimulation and local hyperthermia, suggesting neural and external influences can sufficiently affect skin function enough to alter regional skin barriers.
- Assessing Barriers to Housing in Boise
Authors: Kristi Spalding et al.
Abstract: The Housing Opportunities for All VIP service-learning course partnered with the City of Boise Housing and Community Development Division across two semesters, Fall of 2023 and Spring of 2024. This course was tasked with revising two surveys that the City of Boise distributes annually focused on local housing issues. During the Fall 2023 semester, students revised and redesigned the survey instruments and during the Spring 2024 semester, students tested those instruments and distributed them throughout the community.Throughout this partnership, our students learned about survey design, distribution strategies, community engagement, and analyzing survey data. This partnership helped students gain a deeper understanding of housing issues impacting Boise as well as the value of a well-constructed survey in addressing those issues. If we had this project to complete again, we would engage sooner and more often with community partners and create more thorough plans for community engagement. This project has allowed our students to gain real-time understanding of how much of our community experiences housing struggles and what those struggles most often are.
- Combining Self-Talk and Attentional Focus: An Investigation of the Optimal
Implementation of Self-Talk in Sports
Authors: Katelin Crutcher et al.
Abstract: Self-talk is a psychological technique where people say statements to themselves silently or aloud to motivate or goal-direct movement. The latter, called instructional self-talk, consists of cue word strings that athletes use to guide performance (e.g., “bend-shoot” in basketball), which has been shown to enhance performance. Depending on the type of cue words used during self-talk, athletes can shift their attention to their own body (internal focus) or to the outcome of the movement (external focus). However, studies in motor learning have shown that an internal focus of attention negatively impacts performance. Thus, this study investigated whether the type of self-talk cue used affects performance in a golf-putting task. We predicted that participants would show better performance when using external-focus cues. In this experiment, participants performed a golf-putting task while implementing self-talk. After completing a familiarization phase and self-talk training, participants completed 80 trials using internal-focus cues in half of them and external-focus cues in the other half. Based on preliminary results, the type of instructional self-talk cue did not significantly affect performance (p> 0.05). The lack of difference between conditions suggests that athletes might be able to use internal- or external-focus cues without any performance detriments.
- Effects of Beaver Dams on Songbird Diversity in Semi-Arid Western
Rangelands
Authors: Annie Vaage et al.
Abstract: Semi-arid western rangelands are moisture-limited systems, and riparian habitats are vital for wildlife in these regions. Within riparian habitats, beavers are ecosystem engineers that modify the landscape by building dams along rivers and creeks. Past studies have shown that beavers can positively impact other wildlife, including songbirds. This study examines songbird diversity in relation to dam presence and characteristics at Rinker Rock Creek Ranch (semi-arid sagebrush steppe traversed by a riparian corridor) in southern Idaho. The objective is to test the hypothesis that beaver activity increases songbird diversity in riparian habitats in western rangelands. We predict that songbird diversity will be higher at shorter distances to beaver dams and positively correlated with dam size and density. To test this hypothesis, we are censusing beaver dams and collecting songbird occupancy data via point counts at 15 randomly generated sites along Rock Creek. We will relate songbird diversity with beaver dam locations and characteristics using occupancy models. This research will provide valuable information to managers at Rinker Rock as they implement the construction of artificial beaver dam analogs along the creek in the future. This research is in progress, but the data collection will be completed by the end of Summer 2024.
- The Role of Manual Lateralization in Manual Performance of Object
Manipulation and Tool Use During Infancy
Authors: Kylie Llamas et al.
Abstract: Manual lateralization, or hand preference, emerges in infancy and gets manifested in object acquisition and manipulation. The magnitude of manual lateralization refers to the strength of hand preference, irrespective of its direction (right vs. left). Manual lateralization has evolved as a useful adaptation, but does it improve manual performance' Previous research showed inconsistent results on the relation between manual lateralization and manual performance. This may have been due to differences in measures of hand preference, with some research looking at the direction rather than magnitude of manual lateralization. The aim of this research was to determine whether the magnitude of infants’ manual lateralization was related to the performance of role-differentiated bimanual manipulation (RDBM) and tool-use (TU). This longitudinal study included 158 full-term infants (91 males, aged 9.13 ± 0.15 months at baseline) who were tested monthly from 9 to 14 months. Statistical analyses were performed using HLM software. Results revealed that the magnitude of manual lateralization was negatively associated with RDBM performance, suggesting that infants with a weaker hand preference performed more RDBMs than those with a stronger hand preference. It was also shown that the magnitude of infants’ manual lateralization had no association with TU performance. Therefore, a coupling of the hands (using both hands collaboratively during a task, or frequently switching from left to right) showed to be the best predictor of advanced RDBM performance. This research emphasizes the importance of bimanual use in infants since it may facilitate the development of complex coordination during bimanual tasks.
- A Tale of Two Residues: Exploring Novel Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
Sodium Channel Mutations K1126I and R1129Q
Authors: Shanae Van Leuven et al.
Abstract: A difference in membrane potential dictates the electrical signal across a cell membrane, and its dysfunction is observed in diseases of neural and muscle cells. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a hypoexcitable skeletal muscle disorder in which patients experience attacks of muscle paralysis. This state of paralysis is associated with mutations of the human voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel. Two novel periodic paralysis mutants within the S4 segment of domain III in the channel, K1126I and R1129Q, have not yet been studied. Here, we determined the impact of these mutations on channel function using cut open oocyte voltage clamp (COVC) electrophysiology. To compare wild type and mutant channels, Xenopus oocytes were injected with the desired messenger RNA. A series of protocols were employed to analyze the impact of mutations on the sodium channel. These included probability of activation and inactivation, and kinetics of deactivation, entry into inactivation, and recovery from inactivation. Our findings suggest that these mutations enhance inactivation to produce hypoexcitability in muscle fiber. In the future, we will use double cysteine mutations to investigate interactions of K1126 and R1129 with other DIII residues that we hypothesize are disrupted by the S4 mutations.
- Enhancing Comfort and Repeatability of Human-Robot Attachment Systems:
Comparison of Compliant Orthoses for BLUE SABINO
Authors: Emile Johnson et al.
Abstract: The human-robot attachments (HRA) connecting humans to exoskeleton robots should facilitate user independence and maintain alignment while balancing comfortable interface compliance against structural rigidity. Because exoskeletons are shared devices, constraints must fit a wide population of users. Size adjustment and misalignment between the user and robot’s joints have often been accommodated in HRA through compliant foam padding and flexible fabric straps. However, this limits the controllability and accuracy of recorded forces and motions. Further, fabric straps are difficult to repeatably set, usually requiring therapist assistance. Improved designs must create even pressure distribution to maintain comfort and facilitate user independence.This research proposes a proof-of-concept comparison of innovative self-aligning, size-adjustable HRA components. Leveraging recent soft robotics advancements, novel orthotics were developed and evaluated against the existing conventional rigid designs used on BLUE SABINO. A ballistic gel simulated human arm fitted with an array of piezoresistive force sensors was used to measure and map applied forces. Kinematic alignment was assessed across 5th percentile female to 95th percentile male sizes using 3D printed arm cross-sections, a with a mounted laser used to quantify the misalignment. The developed mechanism and findings provide evidence-based recommendations for the design of HRA.
- Integration of Control for Diverse Multi-Robot System
Authors: Lacey Hunt et al.
Abstract: The University of Idaho’s Center for Intelligent Industrial Robotics (CI2R) aims to further research in the fields of precision agriculture and industrial automation. One ongoing project is an automated farming robot (FarmBot) which autonomously takes care of crops using light from a temporary, fixed lighting system. A new, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-controlled variable height Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lighting gantry robot has been designed and built, thanks to grants from the University’s Office of Undergraduate Research, but its software is yet to be fully integrated into the FarmBot autonomous plant care system. The use of a PLC, an industrial automation tool, in this domain serves as an application of industrial automation techniques to precision agriculture. This semester, efforts will be directed towards establishing necessary communication between the FarmBot and the lighting gantry robot. This integration aims to ensure collision avoidance within the multi-robot system and enable the light panels to adjust dynamically to the plants' changing lighting requirements. To address this challenge, research will focus on leveraging the recently developed Python Control Module (PCM). Initially designed to manage FarmBot plant care routines, the PCM will be explored as a potential solution for facilitating communication between the two systems. The lighting gantry robot is currently installed over a second, unused FarmBot for testing purposes but will be mounted over the original FarmBot upon completion of various consistency and safety tests.